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Yang C, Qu L, Wang R, Wang F, Yang Z, Xiao F. Multi-layered effects of Panax notoginseng on immune system. Pharmacol Res 2024; 204:107203. [PMID: 38719196 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Recent research has demonstrated the immunomodulatory potential of Panax notoginseng in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases and cerebral hemorrhage, suggesting its significance in clinical practice. Nevertheless, the complex immune activity of various components has hindered a comprehensive understanding of the immune-regulating properties of Panax notoginseng, impeding its broader utilization. This review evaluates the effect of Panax notoginseng to various types of white blood cells, elucidates the underlying mechanisms, and compares the immunomodulatory effects of different Panax notoginseng active fractions, aiming to provide the theory basis for future immunomodulatory investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhao Yang
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China
| | - Liping Qu
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Innovation Materials Research and Development Center, Botanee Research Institute, Shanghai Jiyan Biomedical Development Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201702, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Innovation Materials Research and Development Center, Botanee Research Institute, Shanghai Jiyan Biomedical Development Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201702, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Yang
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China
| | - Fengkun Xiao
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China.
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Zhao L, Zhang T, Zhang K. Pharmacological effects of ginseng and ginsenosides on intestinal inflammation and the immune system. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1353614. [PMID: 38698858 PMCID: PMC11064651 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1353614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Intestinal inflammatory imbalance and immune dysfunction may lead to a spectrum of intestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and gastrointestinal tumors. As the king of herbs, ginseng has exerted a wide range of pharmacological effects in various diseases. Especially, it has been shown that ginseng and ginsenosides have strong immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory abilities in intestinal system. In this review, we summarized how ginseng and various extracts influence intestinal inflammation and immune function, including regulating the immune balance, modulating the expression of inflammatory mediators and cytokines, promoting intestinal mucosal wound healing, preventing colitis-associated colorectal cancer, recovering gut microbiota and metabolism imbalance, alleviating antibiotic-induced diarrhea, and relieving the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. In addition, the specific experimental methods and key control mechanisms are also briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kai Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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3
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Zhang KX, Zhu Y, Song SX, Bu QY, You XY, Zou H, Zhao GP. Ginsenoside Rb1, Compound K and 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol Attenuate High-Fat Diet-Induced Hyperlipidemia in Rats via Modulation of Gut Microbiota and Bile Acid Metabolism. Molecules 2024; 29:1108. [PMID: 38474620 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia, characterized by elevated serum lipid concentrations resulting from lipid metabolism dysfunction, represents a prevalent global health concern. Ginsenoside Rb1, compound K (CK), and 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD), bioactive constituents derived from Panax ginseng, have shown promise in mitigating lipid metabolism disorders. However, the comparative efficacy and underlying mechanisms of these compounds in hyperlipidemia prevention remain inadequately explored. This study investigates the impact of ginsenoside Rb1, CK, and PPD supplementation on hyperlipidemia in rats induced by a high-fat diet. Our findings demonstrate that ginsenoside Rb1 significantly decreased body weight and body weight gain, ameliorated hepatic steatosis, and improved dyslipidemia in HFD-fed rats, outperforming CK and PPD. Moreover, ginsenoside Rb1, CK, and PPD distinctly modified gut microbiota composition and function. Ginsenoside Rb1 increased the relative abundance of Blautia and Eubacterium, while PPD elevated Akkermansia levels. Both CK and PPD increased Prevotella and Bacteroides, whereas Clostridium-sensu-stricto and Lactobacillus were reduced following treatment with all three compounds. Notably, only ginsenoside Rb1 enhanced lipid metabolism by modulating the PPARγ/ACC/FAS signaling pathway and promoting fatty acid β-oxidation. Additionally, all three ginsenosides markedly improved bile acid enterohepatic circulation via the FXR/CYP7A1 pathway, reducing hepatic and serum total bile acids and modulating bile acid pool composition by decreasing primary/unconjugated bile acids (CA, CDCA, and β-MCA) and increasing conjugated bile acids (TCDCA, GCDCA, GDCA, and TUDCA), correlated with gut microbiota changes. In conclusion, our results suggest that ginsenoside Rb1, CK, and PPD supplementation offer promising prebiotic interventions for managing HFD-induced hyperlipidemia in rats, with ginsenoside Rb1 demonstrating superior efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Xi Zhang
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Master Lab for Innovative Application of Nature Products, National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Shu-Xia Song
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
- Master Lab for Innovative Application of Nature Products, National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Qing-Yun Bu
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
- Master Lab for Innovative Application of Nature Products, National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Xiao-Yan You
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
- Master Lab for Innovative Application of Nature Products, National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Hong Zou
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nutrition, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Guo-Ping Zhao
- Master Lab for Innovative Application of Nature Products, National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nutrition, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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4
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Kim ME, Lee JS. The Potential of Korean Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods for Immune Enhancement. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1334. [PMID: 38279334 PMCID: PMC10816026 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this review, we explore the immunomodulatory properties of Korean foods, focusing on ginseng and fermented foods. One notable example is Korean red ginseng, known for its immune system-regulating effects attributed to the active ingredient, ginsenoside. Ginsenoside stimulates immune cells, enhancing immune function and suppressing inflammatory responses. With a long history, Korean red ginseng has demonstrated therapeutic effects against various diseases. Additionally, Korean fermented foods like kimchi, doenjang, chongkukjang, gochujang, vinegar, and jangajji provide diverse nutrients and bioactive substances, contributing to immune system enhancement. Moreover, traditional Korean natural herbs such as Cirsium setidens Nakai, Gomchwi, Beak-Jak-Yak, etc. possess immune-boosting properties and are used in various Korean foods. By incorporating these foods into one's diet, one can strengthen their immune system, positively impacting their overall health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Sik Lee
- Department of Biological Science, Immunology Research Lab & BK21-Four Educational Research Group for Age-Associated Disorder Control Technology, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea;
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Monmai C, Kim JS, Sim HB, Yun DW, Oh SD, Rha ES, Kim JJ, Baek SH. Protopanaxadiol-Enriched Rice Exerted Antiadipogenic Activity during 3T3-L1 Differentiation and Anti-Inflammatory Activity in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2123. [PMID: 37631337 PMCID: PMC10458103 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginseng is a traditional medicine with health benefits for humans. Protopanaxadiol (PPD) is an important bioactive compound found in ginseng. Transgenic rice containing PPD has been generated previously. In the present study, extracts of this transgenic rice were evaluated to assess their antiadipogenic and anti-inflammatory activities. During adipogenesis, cells were treated with transgenic rice seed extracts. The results revealed that the concentrations of the rice seed extracts tested in this study did not affect cell viability at 3 days post-treatment. However, the rice seed extracts significantly reduced the accumulation of lipids in cells and suppressed the activation of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), which in turn inhibited the expression of adipogenesis-related mRNAs, such as adiponectin, PPARγ, C/EBPα, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1, glucose transport member 4, and fatty acid synthase. In adipocytes, the extracts significantly reduced the mRNA expression of inflammation-related factors following LPS treatment. The activation of NF-κB p65 and ERK 1/2 was inhibited in extract-treated adipocytes. Moreover, treatment with extract #8 markedly reduced the cell population of the G2/M phase. Collectively, these results indicate that transgenic rice containing PPD may act as an obesity-reducing and/or -preventing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaiwat Monmai
- Department of Agricultural Life Science, Sunchon National University, Sunchon 59722, Republic of Korea; (C.M.); (J.-S.K.); (E.-S.R.)
| | - Jin-Suk Kim
- Department of Agricultural Life Science, Sunchon National University, Sunchon 59722, Republic of Korea; (C.M.); (J.-S.K.); (E.-S.R.)
| | - Hyun Bo Sim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Sunchon National University, Sunchon 57922, Republic of Korea;
| | - Doh-Won Yun
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Republic of Korea; (D.-W.Y.); (S.-D.O.)
| | - Sung-Dug Oh
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Republic of Korea; (D.-W.Y.); (S.-D.O.)
| | - Eui-Shik Rha
- Department of Agricultural Life Science, Sunchon National University, Sunchon 59722, Republic of Korea; (C.M.); (J.-S.K.); (E.-S.R.)
| | - Jong-Jin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Sunchon National University, Sunchon 57922, Republic of Korea;
| | - So-Hyeon Baek
- Department of Agricultural Life Science, Sunchon National University, Sunchon 59722, Republic of Korea; (C.M.); (J.-S.K.); (E.-S.R.)
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Dong F, Qu L, Duan Z, He Y, Ma X, Fan D. Ginsenoside Rh4 inhibits breast cancer growth through targeting histone deacetylase 2 to regulate immune microenvironment and apoptosis. Bioorg Chem 2023; 135:106537. [PMID: 37043883 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
High expression of histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) is recognized as a marker of invasive breast cancer (BC). HDAC2 is not only responsible for enhancing tumor cell growth, development, and anti-apoptosis, but also plays a significant role in regulating PD-L1 on the surface of tumor cells. Continuous expression of PD-L1 allows tumor cells to escape immune surveillance. There is not much research on how HDAC2 affects the immune system in breast cancer. Ginsenoside Rh4 (Rh4) is a major rare saponin in heat-treated ginseng, which is widely applied in treating and preventing various diseases because of its potent medicinal value and stable safety. However, it is unclear how Rh4 affects the tumor immune microenvironment in breast cancer. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the effect of Rh4 on HDAC2 in breast cancer, specifically the effect of HDAC2 on apoptosis and the immune microenvironment to inhibit breast cancer growth. According to our study, ginsenoside Rh4 has been shown to significantly suppress breast cancer cell proliferation without any adverse effects. The molecular docking results of Rh4 and HDAC2 indicate a binding energy of -6.06 kcal/mol, suggesting the potential of Rh4 as a targeting modulator of HDAC2. Mechanistically, Rh4 induces apoptosis of breast cancer cells by the HDAC2-mediated caspase pathway and inhibits the HDAC2-mediated JAK/STAT pathway to regulate the immune microenvironment, which inhibits breast cancer growth. Specifically, Rh4 was shown for the first time to blockade immune checkpoints (PD-1/PD-L1) and increase levels of T-lymphocytes in the tumor. In a word, our study establishes a theoretical framework for applying Rh4 as an immune checkpoint inhibitor as part of breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangming Dong
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Linlin Qu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Zhiguang Duan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Ying He
- Shaanxi Giant Biotechnology Co., LTD, No. 20, Zone C, Venture R&D Park, No. 69, Jinye Road, High-tech Zone, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710076, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Ma
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China.
| | - Daidi Fan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China.
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Chandra Das R, Ratan ZA, Rahman MM, Runa NJ, Mondal S, Konstantinov K, Hosseinzadeh H, Cho JY. Antiviral activities of ginseng and its potential and putative benefits against monkeypox virus: A mini review. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:S1226-8453(23)00028-3. [PMID: 37362081 PMCID: PMC10065872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the Covid-19 pandemic more than 6 million people have died, and it has bought unprecedented challenges to our lives. The recent outbreak of monkeypox virus (MPXV) has brought out new tensions among the scientific community. Currently, there is no specific treatment protocol for MPXV. Several antivirals, vaccinia immune globulin (VIG) and smallpox vaccines have been used to treat MPXV. Ginseng, one of the more famous among traditional medicines, has been used for infectious disease for thousands of years. It has shown promising antiviral effects. Ginseng could be used as a potential adaptogenic agent to help prevent infection by MPXV along with other drugs and vaccines. In this mini review, we explore the possible use of ginseng in MPXV prevention based on its antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Chandra Das
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronics Materials (ISEM), University of Wollongong (UOW), Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Zubair Ahmed Ratan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh
- School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Md Mustafizur Rahman
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
| | | | - Susmita Mondal
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronics Materials (ISEM), University of Wollongong (UOW), Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Konstantin Konstantinov
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronics Materials (ISEM), University of Wollongong (UOW), Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Biomolecule Control and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Silvestrini P, Beccaria C, Renna MS, Engler C, Simonutti V, Cellone I, Calvinho LF, Dallard BE, Baravalle C. In vitro evaluation of ginsenoside Rg1 immunostimulating effect in bovine mononuclear cells. Res Vet Sci 2023; 158:1-12. [PMID: 36898322 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on mammary secretion and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MSMC and PBMC, respectively). The mRNA expression of TLR2, TLR4 and selected cytokines were evaluated on MSMC after Rg1 treatment. Also, TLR2 and TLR4 protein expression was evaluated on MSMC and PBMC after Rg1 treatment. Phagocytic activity and capacity, ROS production and MHC-II expression were evaluated on MSMC and PBMC after Rg1 treatment and co-culture with Staphylococcus aureus strain 5011. Rg1 induced mRNA expression of TLR2, TLR4, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 in groups treated with different concentrations and at different times in MSMC, and induced TLR2 and TLR4 protein expression in MSMC and PBMC. Rg1 increased phagocytic capacity and ROS production in MSMC and PBMC. Rg1 increased MHC-II expression by PBMC. However, Rg1 pre-treatment had no effect on cells co-cultured with S. aureus. In conclusion, Rg1 was able to stimulate several sensing and effector activities in these immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Silvestrini
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (UNL-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Camila Beccaria
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (UNL-CONICET), Argentina
| | - María S Renna
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (UNL-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Carolina Engler
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (UNL-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Valeria Simonutti
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (UNL-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Ivana Cellone
- Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina
| | - Luis F Calvinho
- Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA-CONCET), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Bibiana E Dallard
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (UNL-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Celina Baravalle
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (UNL-CONICET), Argentina.
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9
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Monmai C, Kim JS, Baek SH. Effect of Ginseng Sapogenin Protopanaxadiol-Enriched Rice (DJ-PPD) on Immunomodulation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:767. [PMID: 36840113 PMCID: PMC9959806 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Protopanaxadiol (PPD), a gut microbiome-induced ginseng metabolite, has positive immune effects. We previously reported the immune-boosting and anti-inflammatory effects of PPD-enricshed rice seed extracts in normal and inflammatory cell environments, respectively. In the present study, the immunomodulatory activity of PPD-enriched transgenic rice seed extract (DJ-PPD), which exhibited the highest immune-related activity among all available extracts, was compared with that of commercially synthesized 20s-PPD (S-PPD) and natural ginseng root extract (GE), in RAW264.7 cells. Compared with S-PPD and GE treatment, DJ-PPD treatment (i) significantly promoted NF-κB p65 and c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) phosphorylation; (ii) upregulated IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2, TLR-4, and TNF-α expression; (iii) and increased prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production. However, there were no significant differences in the effects of the three treatments containing PPD-type sapogenin or saponins on nitric oxide (NO) production and phagocytic activity. In the inflammatory cell environment, DJ-PPD treatment markedly decreased the production of LPS-induced inflammatory factors, including NO and PGE2, as well as proinflammatory cytokine expression, by decreasing phosphorylated (p-)NF-κB p65, p-p38 MAPK, and p-JNK levels. Thus, DJ-PPD that does not require complex intestinal microbial processes to exert higher anti-inflammatory effects compared with S-PPD and GE. However, DJ-PPD exerted similar or higher immune-boosting effects (depending on inflammatory biomarkers) than S-PPD and GE. These findings indicate the potential of PPD-enriched transgenic rice as an alternative immunomodulatory agent.
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10
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Monmai C, Kim JS, Baek SH. Transgenic Rice Seed Extracts Exert Immunomodulatory Effects by Modulating Immune-Related Biomarkers in RAW264.7 Macrophage Cells. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14194143. [PMID: 36235795 PMCID: PMC9573073 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protopanaxadiol (PPD), a native active triterpenoid present in Panax ginseng, has been reported to exert immune-related effects. We previously created PPD-producing transgenic rice by introducing the P. ginseng protopanaxadiol synthase and dammarenediol-II synthase genes into Dongjin rice. In the present study, the seeds of the T4 generation of this transgenic rice were tested for their immunomodulatory effects in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Treatment with transgenic rice seed extract in RAW264.7 cells (i) significantly enhanced nitric oxide (NO) production in a dose-dependent manner without any cytotoxicity (up to 100 µg/mL), (ii) upregulated the expression of immune-related genes and increased production of the inflammation mediator prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and (iii) activated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) by promoting the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65, p38 MAPK, and c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK). In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells used to mimic the inflammation condition, treatment with transgenic rice seed extract significantly reduced NO production, proinflammatory cytokine expression, and PGE2 production, all of which are LPS-induced inflammation biomarkers, by inhibiting the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65, p38 MAPK, and JNK. Collectively, these results indicate that PPD-producing transgenic rice has immunomodulatory effects.
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Chen J, Duan Z, Liu Y, Fu R, Zhu C. Ginsenoside Rh4 Suppresses Metastasis of Esophageal Cancer and Expression of c-Myc via Targeting the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153042. [PMID: 35893895 PMCID: PMC9331240 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a leading cause of death worldwide, however, it has a poor prognosis. Ginsenoside Rh4 is a rare saponin that has been shown to have potential antitumor effectiveness in ESCC. However, the utility of Rh4 in ESCC metastasis and its undiscovered mode of action has not yet been explored. In this study, we found that Rh4 could inhibit ESCC metastasis by regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and the level of c-Myc, which is an important transcription factor in cancer. In in vitro experiments, Rh4 could inhibit the migration and invasion of ESCC cells without affecting cell viability. In in vivo experiments, Rh4 restrained ESCC metastasis to the lymph nodes and lungs via the suppression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The Wnt agonist HLY78 promoted EMT and migration of ESCC cells, whereas treatment of Rh4 can attenuate the promotion effect of HLY78. The siRNA knocking out c-Myc can also significantly reduce the expression of EMT-related marker proteins. This study illustrates a new concept for further research on the mechanism of Rh4 in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi’an 710069, China; (J.C.); (Z.D.); (Y.L.); (R.F.)
- Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi’an 710069, China
- Biotech & Biomed Research Institute, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Zhiguang Duan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi’an 710069, China; (J.C.); (Z.D.); (Y.L.); (R.F.)
- Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi’an 710069, China
- Biotech & Biomed Research Institute, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Yannan Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi’an 710069, China; (J.C.); (Z.D.); (Y.L.); (R.F.)
- Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi’an 710069, China
- Biotech & Biomed Research Institute, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Rongzhan Fu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi’an 710069, China; (J.C.); (Z.D.); (Y.L.); (R.F.)
- Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi’an 710069, China
- Biotech & Biomed Research Institute, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Chenhui Zhu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi’an 710069, China; (J.C.); (Z.D.); (Y.L.); (R.F.)
- Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi’an 710069, China
- Biotech & Biomed Research Institute, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi’an 710069, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-29-8830-5118
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12
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Ginsenoside Rh4 Inhibits Colorectal Cancer Cell Proliferation by Inducing Ferroptosis via Autophagy Activation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:6177553. [PMID: 35677385 PMCID: PMC9168088 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6177553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a severe threat to human health. Ginsenosides such as ginsenoside Rh4 have been widely studied in the antitumor field. Here, we investigated the antiproliferative activity and mechanism of Rh4 against CRC in vivo and in vitro. The CRC xenograft model showed that Rh4 inhibited xenograft tumor growth with few side effects (p < 0.05). As determined by MTT colorimetric assays, Western blotting, and immunohistochemical analysis, Rh4 effectively inhibited CRC cell proliferation through autophagy and ferroptosis (p < 0.05). Rh4 significantly upregulated autophagy and ferroptosis marker expression in CRC cells and xenograft tumor tissues in the present study (p < 0.05). Interestingly, the ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) reversed Rh4-induced ferroptosis (p < 0.05). Moreover, the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) also reversed Rh4-induced ferroptosis (p < 0.05). These results indicate that Rh4-induced ferroptosis is regulated via the autophagy pathway. In addition, Rh4 increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, leading to the activation of the ROS/p53 signaling pathway (p < 0.05). Transcriptome sequencing also confirmed this (p < 0.05). Moreover, the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) reversed the inhibitory effect of Rh4 on CRC cells (p < 0.05). Therefore, this study proves that Rh4 inhibits cancer cell proliferation by activating the ROS/p53 signaling pathway and activating autophagy to induce ferroptosis, which provides necessary scientific evidence of the great anticancer potential of Rh4.
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Jiang H, Ma P, Duan Z, Liu Y, Shen S, Mi Y, Fan D. Ginsenoside Rh4 Suppresses Metastasis of Gastric Cancer via SIX1-Dependent TGF-β/Smad2/3 Signaling Pathway. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14081564. [PMID: 35458126 PMCID: PMC9032069 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Surgery remains the cornerstone of gastric cancer treatment, and new strategies with adjuvant chemotherapy are currently gaining more and more acceptance. Ginsenoside Rh4 has excellent antitumor activity. Conversely, the mechanisms involved in treatment of GC are not completely understood. In this study, we certified that Rh4 showed strong anti-GC efficiency in vitro and in vivo. MTT and colony formation assays were performed to exhibit that Rh4 significantly inhibited cellular proliferation and colony formation. Results from the wound healing assay, transwell assays, and Western blotting indicated that Rh4 restrained GC cell migration and invasion by reversing epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Further validation by proteomic screening, co-treatment with disitertide, and SIX1 signal silencing revealed that SIX1, a target of Rh4, induced EMT by activating the TGF-β/Smad2/3 signaling pathway. In summary, our discoveries demonstrated the essential basis of the anti-GC metastatic effects of Rh4 via suppressing the SIX1–TGF-β/Smad2/3 signaling axis, which delivers a new idea for the clinical treatment of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Jiang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials, Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi’an 710069, China; (H.J.); (P.M.); (Z.D.); (Y.L.); (S.S.)
- Biotech and Biomed Research Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Pei Ma
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials, Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi’an 710069, China; (H.J.); (P.M.); (Z.D.); (Y.L.); (S.S.)
- Biotech and Biomed Research Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Zhiguang Duan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials, Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi’an 710069, China; (H.J.); (P.M.); (Z.D.); (Y.L.); (S.S.)
- Biotech and Biomed Research Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Yannan Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials, Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi’an 710069, China; (H.J.); (P.M.); (Z.D.); (Y.L.); (S.S.)
- Biotech and Biomed Research Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Shihong Shen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials, Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi’an 710069, China; (H.J.); (P.M.); (Z.D.); (Y.L.); (S.S.)
- Biotech and Biomed Research Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Yu Mi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials, Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi’an 710069, China; (H.J.); (P.M.); (Z.D.); (Y.L.); (S.S.)
- Biotech and Biomed Research Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi’an 710069, China
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (D.F.); Tel.: +86-29-88305118 (Y.M. & D.F.)
| | - Daidi Fan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials, Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi’an 710069, China; (H.J.); (P.M.); (Z.D.); (Y.L.); (S.S.)
- Biotech and Biomed Research Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi’an 710069, China
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (D.F.); Tel.: +86-29-88305118 (Y.M. & D.F.)
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14
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Tong Y, Song X, Zhang Y, Xu Y, Liu Q. Insight on structural modification, biological activity, structure-activity relationship of PPD-type ginsenoside derivatives. Fitoterapia 2022; 158:105135. [PMID: 35101587 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2022.105135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenosides, characterized by triterpenoid, are one of the active components of ginseng. Among them, PPD-type ginsenosides have potent and diverse pharmacological activities, while the effective applications and clinical studies are limited by the poor stability, water solubility and oral bioavailability. In this review, we have attempted to demonstrate the structural-activity relationship of chemical modifications on the dammarane-type skeleton and the C-17 side chain, noting that certain structurally modified derivatives exhibit satisfactory pharmacological activity. This review will provide ideas for the design and synthesis of novel PPD derivatives, and valuable help for the further study of PPD derivatives to make it realize clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangliu Tong
- College of Chemical Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xiaoping Song
- College of Chemical Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China; Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Yanxin Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Ying Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Qingchao Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China.
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15
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Ha AT, Rahmawati L, You L, Hossain MA, Kim JH, Cho JY. Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, Moisturizing, and Antimelanogenesis Effects of Quercetin 3-O-β-D-Glucuronide in Human Keratinocytes and Melanoma Cells via Activation of NF-κB and AP-1 Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010433. [PMID: 35008862 PMCID: PMC8745180 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucuronide (Q-3-G), the glucuronide conjugate of quercetin, has been reported as having anti-inflammatory properties in the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages, as well as anticancer and antioxidant properties. Unlike quercetin, which has been extensively described to possess a wide range of pharmacological activities including skin protective effects, the pharmacological benefits and mechanisms Q-3-G in the skin remained to be elucidated. This study focused on characterizing the skin protective properties, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, of Q-3-G against UVB-induced or H2O2-induced oxidative stress, the hydration effects, and antimelanogenesis activities using human keratinocytes (HaCaT) and melanoma (B16F10) cells. Q-3-G down-regulated the expression of the pro-inflammatory gene and cytokine such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in H2O2 or UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells. We also showed that Q-3-G exhibits an antioxidant effect using free radical scavenging assays, flow cytometry, and an increased expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2- related factor 2 (Nrf2). Q-3-G reduced melanin production in α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-induced B16F10 cells. The hydration effects and mechanisms of Q-3-G were examined by evaluating the moisturizing factor-related genes, such as transglutaminase-1 (TGM-1), filaggrin (FLG), and hyaluronic acid synthase (HAS)-1. In addition, Q-3-G increased the phosphorylation of c-Jun, Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase 4 (MKK4), and TAK1, involved in the MAPKs/AP-1 pathway, and the phosphorylation of IκBα, IκB kinase (IKK)-α, Akt, and Src, involved in the NF-κB pathway. Taken together, we have demonstrated that Q-3-G exerts anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, moisturizing, and antimelanogenesis properties in human keratinocytes and melanoma cells through NF-κB and AP-1 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Thu Ha
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (A.T.H.); (L.R.); (L.Y.)
| | - Laily Rahmawati
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (A.T.H.); (L.R.); (L.Y.)
| | - Long You
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (A.T.H.); (L.R.); (L.Y.)
| | - Mohammad Amjad Hossain
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea;
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea;
- Correspondence: (J.-H.K.); (J.Y.C.); Tel.: +82-63-270-2563 (J.-H.K.); +82-31-290-7868 (J.Y.C.)
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (A.T.H.); (L.R.); (L.Y.)
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-H.K.); (J.Y.C.); Tel.: +82-63-270-2563 (J.-H.K.); +82-31-290-7868 (J.Y.C.)
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You L, Cha S, Kim MY, Cho JY. Ginsenosides are active ingredients in Panax ginseng with immunomodulatory properties from cellular to organismal levels. J Ginseng Res 2021; 46:711-721. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Qu L, Ma X, Fan D. Ginsenoside Rk3 Suppresses Hepatocellular Carcinoma Development through Targeting the Gut-Liver Axis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:10121-10137. [PMID: 34415764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Our previous reports showed that ginsenoside Rk3 provided excellent efficacy in alleviating the intestinal inflammatory response and protecting the liver, but its mechanism for HCC prevention remains to be explored. Here, the results suggested that Rk3 displayed potent antitumor effects against a dimethyl nitrosamine- and CCl4-induced HCC mouse model. Results revealed that Rk3 application inhibited liver injury, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. In parallel, Rk3 lowered the inflammatory response by decreasing the expression of inflammatory cytokines, inducing apoptosis, and blocking the cell cycle. Meanwhile, Rk3 effectively ameliorated the gut microbiota dysbiosis. Furthermore, correlation analysis revealed that the LPS-TLR4 signaling pathway, which was inhibited by Rk3, plays a key role in preventing HCC. To conclude, our research provides valuable insights into how Rk3 application targets the gut-liver axis and suppresses HCC development, suggesting that Rk3 might be a promising candidate for clinical treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Qu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
- Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
- Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Ma
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
- Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
- Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Daidi Fan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
- Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
- Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
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18
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Ratan ZA, Youn SH, Kwak YS, Han CK, Haidere MF, Kim JK, Min H, Jung YJ, Hosseinzadeh H, Hyun SH, Cho JY. Adaptogenic effects of Panax ginseng on modulation of immune functions. J Ginseng Res 2021; 45:32-40. [PMID: 33437154 PMCID: PMC7790873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional medicinal practices have used natural products such as adaptogens to treat inflammatory, autoimmune, neurodegenerative, bacterial, and viral diseases since the early days of civilization. Panax ginseng Myer is a common herb used in East Asian countries for millennia, especially in Korea, China, and Japan. Numerous studies indicate that ginseng can modulate the immune system and thereby prevent diseases. Although the human immune system comprises many different types of cells, multiple studies suggest that each type of immune cell can be controlled or stimulated by ginseng or its derivatives. Provisional lists of ginseng's potential for use against viruses, bacteria, and other microorganisms suggest it may prove to be a valuable pharmaceutical resource, particularly if higher-quality evidence can be found. Here, we reviewed the role of ginseng as an immune-modulating agent in attempt to provide a valuable starting point for future studies on the herb and the human immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubair Ahmed Ratan
- School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Soo Hyun Youn
- R&D Headquarters, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi-Seong Kwak
- R&D Headquarters, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Kyun Han
- R&D Headquarters, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jin Kyeong Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeyoung Min
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Jung Jung
- Biological Resources Utilization Department, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sun Hee Hyun
- R&D Headquarters, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Ginsenoside Rh4 suppresses aerobic glycolysis and the expression of PD-L1 via targeting AKT in esophageal cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 178:114038. [PMID: 32422139 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rh4, as a bioactive component obtained from Panax notoginseng, has excellent pharmacological efficacy especially antitumor effects. However, its anticancer effects and target mechanisms in regulating human esophageal cancer are still poorly understood. Here, the results suggested that Rh4 exhibited potent anti-esophageal cancer effects in vivo and in vitro. Flow cytometric analysis and Western Blot showed that Rh4 significantly inhibited the growth by inducing G1 phase arrest. In parallel, Rh4 inhibited aerobic glycolysis in esophageal cancer cells by hindering lactate production, glucose uptake and ATP production; reducing the extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) and oxygen consumption rate (OCR); suppressing aerobic glycolysis-related protein expression. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that AKT is a possible target of Rh4, which suppresses aerobic glycolysis. Rh4 administration resulted in AKT deregulation, whereas treatment with insulin abolished the inhibitory effect of Rh4 on aerobic glycolysis. In contrast, treatment with AKT inhibitors or siRNA that silenced AKT enhanced the inhibitory effect of Rh4 on aerobic glycolysis. Moreover, molecular docking results indicated that Rh4 was able to bind to the interdomain region of AKT. Interestingly, the results revealed that Rh4 also inhibited the expression of PD-L1 via the AKT/mTOR pathway. Taken together, our findings provide important insights into the anti-esophageal cancer effects of Rh4 via suppressing aerobic glycolysis and PD-L1 expression, which indicated Rh4 could be as promising drug for clinical treatment.
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20
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Zhang N, An X, Lang P, Wang F, Xie Y. Ginsenoside Rd contributes the attenuation of cardiac hypertrophy in vivo and in vitro. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 109:1016-1023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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21
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Connection between Systemic Inflammation and Neuroinflammation Underlies Neuroprotective Mechanism of Several Phytochemicals in Neurodegenerative Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:1972714. [PMID: 30402203 PMCID: PMC6196798 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1972714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation are strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), and a substantial portion of elderly population at risk of these diseases requires nutritional intervention to benefit health due to lack of clinically relevant drugs. To this end, anti-inflammatory mechanisms of several phytochemicals such as curcumin, resveratrol, propolis, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and ginsenosides have been extensively studied. However, correlation of the phytochemicals with neuroinflammation or brain nutrition is not fully considered, especially in their therapeutic mechanism for neuronal damage or dysfunction. In this article, we review the advance in antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of phytochemicals and discuss the potential communication with brain microenvironment by improved gastrointestinal function, enhanced systemic immunity, and neuroprotective outcomes. These data show that phytochemicals may modulate and suppress neuroinflammation of the brain by several approaches: (1) reducing systemic inflammation and infiltration via the blood-brain barrier (BBB), (2) direct permeation into the brain parenchyma leading to neuroprotection, (3) enhancing integrity of disrupted BBB, and (4) vagal reflex-mediated nutrition and protection by gastrointestinal function signaling to the brain. Therefore, many phytochemicals have multiple potential neuroprotective approaches contributing to therapeutic benefit for pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, and development of strategies for preventing these diseases represents a considerable public health concern and socioeconomic burden.
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Hong YH, Kim D, Nam G, Yoo S, Han SY, Jeong SG, Kim E, Jeong D, Yoon K, Kim S, Park J, Cho JY. Photoaging protective effects of BIOGF1K, a compound-K-rich fraction prepared from Panax ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2018; 42:81-89. [PMID: 29348726 PMCID: PMC5766695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND BIOGF1K, a compound-K-rich fraction, has been shown to display anti-inflammatory activity. Although Panax ginseng is widely used for the prevention of photoaging events induced by UVB irradiation, the effect of BIOGF1K on photoaging has not yet been examined. In this study, we investigated the effects of BIOGF1K on UVB-induced photoaging events. METHODS We analyzed the ability of BIOGF1K to prevent UVB-induced apoptosis, enhance matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression, upregulate anti-inflammatory activity, reduce sirtuin 1 expression, and melanin production using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, melanin content assay, tyrosinase assay, and flow cytometry. We also evaluated the effects of BIOGF1K on the activator protein-1 signaling pathway, which plays an important role in photoaging, by immunoblot analysis and luciferase reporter gene assays. RESULTS Treatment of UVB-irradiated NIH3T3 fibroblasts with BIOGF1K prevented UVB-induced cell death, inhibited apoptosis, suppressed morphological changes, reduced melanin secretion, restored the levels of type I procollagen and sirtuin 1, and prevented mRNA upregulation of MMP-1, MMP-2, and cyclo-oxygenase-2; these effects all occurred in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, BIOGF1K markedly reduced activator-protein-1-mediated luciferase activity and decreased the activity of mitogen-activated protein kinases (extracellular response kinase, p38, and C-Jun N-terminal kinase). CONCLUSION Our results strongly suggest that BIOGF1K has anti-photoaging activity and that BIOGF1K could be used in anti-aging cosmeceutical preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Han Hong
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyun Kim
- Amorepacific Research and Development Unit, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Gibaeg Nam
- Amorepacific Research and Development Unit, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Sulgi Yoo
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yun Han
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Gu Jeong
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Jeong
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Keejung Yoon
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunggyu Kim
- Research and Business Foundation, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Junseong Park
- Amorepacific Research and Development Unit, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Yi YS. Roles of ginsenosides in inflammasome activation. J Ginseng Res 2017; 43:172-178. [PMID: 30962733 PMCID: PMC6437422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an innate immune response that protects the body from pathogens, toxins, and other dangers and is initiated by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns or danger-associated molecular patterns by pattern-recognition receptors expressing on or in immune cells. Intracellular pattern-recognition receptors, including nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs), absent in melanoma 2, and cysteine aspartate–specific protease (caspase)-4/5/11 recognize various pathogen-associated molecular patterns and danger-associated molecular patterns and assemble protein complexes called “inflammasomes.” These complexes induce inflammatory responses by activating a downstream effector, caspase-1, leading to gasdermin D –mediated pyroptosis and the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. Ginsenosides are natural steroid glycosides and triterpene saponins found exclusively in the plant genus Panax. Various ginsenosides have been identified, and their abilities to regulate inflammatory responses have been evaluated. These studies have suggested a link between ginsenosides and inflammasome activation in inflammatory responses. Some types of ginsenosides, including Rh1, Rg3, Rb1, compound K, chikusetsu saponin IVa, Rg5, and Rg1, have been clearly demonstrated to inhibit inflammatory responses by suppressing the activation of various inflammasomes, including the NLRP3, NLRP1, and absent in melanoma 2 inflammasomes. Ginsenosides have also been shown to inhibit caspase-1 and to decrease the expression of IL-1β and IL-18. Given this body of evidence, the functional relationship between ginsenosides and inflammasome activation provides new insight into the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of ginsenoside-mediated antiinflammatory actions. This relationship also has applications regarding the development of antiinflammatory remedies by ginsenoside-mediated targeting of inflammasomes, which could be used to prevent and treat inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Su Yi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Cheongju University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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Pu WL, Sun LK, Gao XM, Rüegg C, Cuendet M, Hottiger MO, Zhou K, Miao L, Zhang YS, Gebauer M. Targeting tumor-associated macrophages by anti-tumor Chinese materia medica. Chin J Integr Med 2017; 23:723-732. [PMID: 28988387 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-017-2974-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a key role in all stages of tumorigenesis and tumor progression. TAMs secrete different kinds of cytokines, chemokines, and enzymes to affect the progression, metastasis, and resistance to therapy depending on their state of reprogramming. Therapeutic benefit in targeting TAMs suggests that macrophages are attractive targets for cancer treatment. Chinese materia medica (CMM) is an important approach for treating cancer in China and in the Asian region. According to the theory of Chinese medicine (CM) and its practice, some prescriptions of CM regulate the body's internal environment possibly including the remodeling the tumor microenvironment (TME). Here we briefly summarize the pivotal effects of TAMs in shaping the TME and promoting tumorigenesis, invasion, metastasis and immunosuppression. Furthermore, we illustrate the effects and mechanisms of CMM targeting TAMs in antitumor therapy. Finally, we reveal the CMM's dual-regulatory and multi-targeting functions on regulating TAMs, and hopefully, provide the theoretical basis for CMM clinical practice related to cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ling Pu
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Li-Kang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
| | - Xiu-Mei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Curzio Rüegg
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Sciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Muriel Cuendet
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Micheal O Hottiger
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich-Irchel, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Lin Miao
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich-Irchel, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yun-Sha Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Sciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Margaret Gebauer
- Chingcura, Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zurich, Switzerland
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Hou J, Xue J, Lee M, Sung C. Ginsenoside Rd as a potential neuroprotective agent prevents trimethyltin injury. Biomed Rep 2017; 6:435-440. [PMID: 28413642 DOI: 10.3892/br.2017.864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trimethyltin (TMT) is a potent neurotoxicant that affects various regions within the central nervous system, including the neocortex, cerebellum, and hippocampus. In the present study, ginsenoside Rd was investigated as a candidate neuroprotective agent in a primary hippocampal neuron culture and mouse models. TMT induced neurotoxicity in a seven-day primary hippocampal neuron culture in a dose-dependent manner (2.5-10 µM). However, pre-treatment with 20 µg/ml ginsenoside Rd for 24 h reversed the toxic action. ICR mice were administered a single injection of 2 mg/kg body weight TMT. Apparent tremor seizure and impaired passive avoidance tests demonstrated significant differences when compared with a saline treated control group. Nissl staining was performed to evaluate the neuronal loss in the hippocampus. In addition, immunostaining of glial fibrillary acidic protein characterized the features of astroglial activation. These results demonstrated that TMT markedly induced Cornu Ammonis 1 subregion neuronal loss and reactive astrocytes in the hippocampus, indicating disrupted hippocampal function. Notably, ginsenoside Rd attenuated the tremor seizures and cognitive decline in behavioral tests. Additionally, significantly reduced neuronal loss (P=0.018) and active astroglials (P=0.003) were observed in the ginsenoside Rd treated group. Ginsenoside Rd prevented TMT-induced cell apoptosis via regulation of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), bcl-2-like protein 4 and caspase-3. These results demonstrate that ginsenoside may be developed as a neuroprotective agent to prevent TMT-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingang Hou
- Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jianjie Xue
- Qingdao Jingcheng Detection Technology Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong 266555, P.R. China
| | - Mira Lee
- Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Changkeun Sung
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305764, Republic of Korea
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Potential accumulation of protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides in six-months toxicokinetic study of SHENMAI injection in dogs. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 83:5-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Yu T, Rhee MH, Lee J, Kim SH, Yang Y, Kim HG, Kim Y, Kim C, Kwak YS, Kim JH, Cho JY. Ginsenoside Rc from Korean Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) Attenuates Inflammatory Symptoms of Gastritis, Hepatitis and Arthritis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2016; 44:595-615. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x16500336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) is an herbal medicine prescribed worldwide that is prepared from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Araliaceae). Out of ginseng’s various components, ginsenosides are regarded as the major ingredients, exhibiting anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities. Although recent studies have focused on understanding the anti-inflammatory activities of KRG, compounds that are major anti-inflammatory components, precisely how these can suppress various inflammatory processes has not been fully elucidated yet. In this study, we aimed to identify inhibitory saponins, to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of the saponins, and to understand the inhibitory mechanisms. To do this, we employed in vitro lipopolysaccharide-treated macrophages and in vivo inflammatory mouse conditions, such as collagen (type II)-induced arthritis (CIA), EtOH/HCl-induced gastritis, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-triggered hepatitis. Molecular mechanisms were also verified by real-time PCR, immunoblotting analysis, and reporter gene assays. Out of all the ginsenosides, ginsenoside Rc (G-Rc) showed the highest inhibitory activity against the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-[Formula: see text], interleukin (IL)-1[Formula: see text], and interferons (IFNs). Similarly, this compound attenuated inflammatory symptoms in CIA, EtOH/HCl-mediated gastritis, and LPS/D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-triggered hepatitis without altering toxicological parameters, and without inducing gastric irritation. These anti-inflammatory effects were accompanied by the suppression of TNF-[Formula: see text] and IL-6 production and the induction of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in mice with CIA. G-Rc also attenuated the increased levels of luciferase activity by IRF-3 and AP-1 but not NF-[Formula: see text]B. In support of this phenomenon, G-Rc reduced TBK1, IRF-3, and ATF2 phosphorylation in the joint and liver tissues of mice with hepatitis. Therefore, our results strongly suggest that G-Rc may be a major component of KRG with useful anti-inflammatory properties due to its suppression of IRF-3 and AP-1 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, P. R. China
| | - Man Hee Rhee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsung Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyung Kim
- Institute of Traditional Medicine and Bioscience, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, Republic of Korea
| | - Yanyan Yang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, P. R. China
| | - Han Gyung Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaekyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi-Seong Kwak
- Korean Ginseng Corporation, Central Research Institute, Daejeon 34337, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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Kim JH, Lee Y, Kim MY, Cho JY. 4-(Tert-butyl)-2,6-bis(1-phenylethyl)phenol induces pro-apoptotic activity. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 20:253-9. [PMID: 27162479 PMCID: PMC4860367 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2016.20.3.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we found that KTH-13 isolated from the butanol fraction of Cordyceps bassiana (Cb-BF) displayed anti-cancer activity. To improve its antiproliferative activity and production yield, we employed a total synthetic approach and derivatized KTH-13 to obtain chemical analogs. In this study, one KTH-13 derivative, 4-(tert-butyl)-2,6-bis(1-phenylethyl)phenol (KTH-13-t-Bu), was selected to test its anti-cancer activity. KTH-13-t-Bu diminished the proliferation of C6 glioma, MDA-MB-231, LoVo, and HCT-15 cells. KTH-13-t-Bu induced morphological changes in C6 glioma cells in a dose-dependent manner. KTH-13-t-Bu also increased the level of early apoptotic cells stained with annexin V-FITC. Furthermore, KTH-13-t-Bu increased the levels of cleaved caspase-3 and -9. In contrast, KTH-13-t-Bu upregulated the levels of pro- and cleaved forms of caspase-3, -8, and -9 and Bcl-2. Phospho-STAT3, phospho-Src, and phospho-AKT levels were also diminished by KTH13-t-Bu treatment. Therefore, these results strongly suggest that KTH-13-t-Bu can be considered a novel anti-cancer drug displaying pro-apoptotic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ho Kim
- Depatment of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Yunmi Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea
| | - Mi-Yeon Kim
- School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Depatment of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
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Park JG, Kang WS, Park KT, Park DJ, Aravinthan A, Kim JH, Cho JY. Anticancer effect of joboksansam, Korean wild ginseng germinated from bird feces. J Ginseng Res 2016; 40:304-8. [PMID: 27616908 PMCID: PMC5005356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Joboksansam, Korean bird wild ginseng, is an artificially cultivated wild ginseng germinated from bird feces. Although numerous pharmacologic activities of wild ginsengs have been reported, the beneficial effect of joboksansam in cancer has not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the in vivo and in vitro anticancer activities of joboksansam powder. METHODS To evaluate the in vivo anticancer activity of joboksansam, we established a xenograft mouse model bearing RMA cell-derived cancer. Direct cytotoxicity induced by joboksansam powder was also investigated in vitro using (3-4-5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The inhibitory activity of this powder on the activation of cell survival signaling involving Akt and Src was examined with immunoblot analysis. RESULTS Joboksansam powder displayed strong inhibitory activity against the increased tumor size, increased weight of total body and cancer tissues, and mortality of tumor-bearing mice. Joboksansam powder also suppressed the activation of survival regulatory enzymes Akt and Src, as assessed by phosphorylation levels in the immunoblot analysis of tumor tissues. Interestingly, the viability of RMA cells in vitro was directly decreased by joboksansam treatment. CONCLUSION Overall, our results strongly suggest that joboksansam powder has the potential to protect against cancer generation by direct cytotoxic effects on cancer cells resulting from suppression of cell survival signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Gwang Park
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | | | - Kyung Tae Park
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Dong Jun Park
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Adithan Aravinthan
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
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Hossen MJ, Hong YD, Baek KS, Yoo S, Hong YH, Kim JH, Lee JO, Kim D, Park J, Cho JY. In vitro antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of the compound K-rich fraction BIOGF1K, prepared from Panax ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2016; 41:43-51. [PMID: 28123321 PMCID: PMC5223069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background BIOGF1K, a compound K-rich fraction prepared from the root of Panax ginseng, is widely used for cosmetic purposes in Korea. We investigated the functional mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities of BIOGF1K by discovering target enzymes through various molecular studies. Methods We explored the inhibitory mechanisms of BIOGF1K using lipopolysaccharide-mediated inflammatory responses, reporter gene assays involving overexpression of toll-like receptor adaptor molecules, and immunoblotting analysis. We used the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay to measure the antioxidative activity. We cotransfected adaptor molecules, including the myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) and Toll/interleukin-receptor domain containing adaptor molecule-inducing interferon-β (TRIF), to measure the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). Results BIOGF1K suppressed lipopolysaccharide-triggered NO release in macrophages as well as DPPH-induced electron-donating activity. It also blocked lipopolysaccharide-induced mRNA levels of interferon-β and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Moreover, BIOGF1K diminished the translocation and activation of IRF3 and NF-κB (p50 and p65). This extract inhibited the upregulation of NF-κB-linked luciferase activity provoked by phorbal-12-myristate-13 acetate as well as MyD88, TRIF, and inhibitor of κB (IκBα) kinase (IKKβ), and IRF3-mediated luciferase activity induced by TRIF and TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1). Finally, BIOGF1K downregulated the NF-κB pathway by blocking IKKβ and the IRF3 pathway by inhibiting TBK1, according to reporter gene assays, immunoblotting analysis, and an AKT/IKKβ/TBK1 overexpression strategy. Conclusion Overall, our data suggest that the suppression of IKKβ and TBK1, which mediate transcriptional regulation of NF-κB and IRF3, respectively, may contribute to the broad-spectrum inhibitory activity of BIOGF1K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Jahangir Hossen
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea; Department of Animal Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Yong Deog Hong
- Heritage Material Research Team, Amorepacific R&D Unit, Yongin, Korea
| | - Kwang-Soo Baek
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sulgi Yoo
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Yo Han Hong
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jeong-Oog Lee
- Bio-inspired Aerospace Information Laboratory, Department of Aerospace Information Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Donghyun Kim
- Heritage Material Research Team, Amorepacific R&D Unit, Yongin, Korea
| | - Junseong Park
- Heritage Material Research Team, Amorepacific R&D Unit, Yongin, Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
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Ma R, Sun L, Chen X, Mei B, Chang G, Wang M, Zhao D. Proteomic Analyses Provide Novel Insights into Plant Growth and Ginsenoside Biosynthesis in Forest Cultivated Panax ginseng (F. Ginseng). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1. [PMID: 26858731 PMCID: PMC4726751 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
F. Ginseng (Panax ginseng) is planted in the forest to enhance the natural ginseng resources, which have an immense medicinal and economic value. The morphology of the cultivated plants becomes similar to that of wild growing ginseng (W. Ginseng) over the years. So far, there have been no studies highlighting the physiological or functional changes in F. Ginseng and its wild counterparts. In the present study, we used proteomic technologies (2DE and iTRAQ) coupled to mass spectrometry to compare W. Ginseng and F. Ginseng at various growth stages. Hierarchical cluster analysis based on protein abundance revealed that the protein expression profile of 25-year-old F. Ginseng was more like W. Ginseng than less 20-year-old F. Ginseng. We identified 192 differentially expressed protein spots in F. Ginseng. These protein spots increased with increase in growth years of F. Ginseng and were associated with proteins involved in energy metabolism, ginsenosides biosynthesis, and stress response. The mRNA, physiological, and metabolic analysis showed that the external morphology, protein expression profile, and ginsenoside synthesis ability of the F. Ginseng increased just like that of W. Ginseng with the increase in age. Our study represents the first characterization of the proteome of F. Ginseng during development and provides new insights into the metabolism and accumulation of ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ma
- Jilin Technology Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Biology, Beihua UniversityJilin, China
- Ginseng Research Center, Changchun University of Chinese MedicineChangchun, China
| | - Liwei Sun
- Jilin Technology Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Biology, Beihua UniversityJilin, China
- *Correspondence: Liwei Sun
| | - Xuenan Chen
- Ginseng Research Center, Changchun University of Chinese MedicineChangchun, China
- The first affiliated hospital to Changchun University of Chinese MedicineChangchun, China
| | - Bing Mei
- Ginseng Research Center, Changchun University of Chinese MedicineChangchun, China
| | - Guijuan Chang
- Ginseng Research Center, Changchun University of Chinese MedicineChangchun, China
| | - Manying Wang
- Jilin Technology Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Biology, Beihua UniversityJilin, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Ginseng Research Center, Changchun University of Chinese MedicineChangchun, China
- Daqing Zhao
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Kwak JH, Park JY, Lee D, Kwak JY, Park EH, Kim KH, Park HJ, Kim HY, Jang HJ, Ham J, Hwang GS, Yamabe N, Kang KS. Inhibitory effects of ginseng sapogenins on the proliferation of triple negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 24:5409-12. [PMID: 25453798 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Because of poor prognosis, clinical treatment of triple-negative (TN) breast cancer remains the most challenging factor in cancer treatment. Extensive research into alternative cancer therapies includes studying the naturopathic effects of the medicinal herb ginseng. This study investigates the anti-neoplastic properties of ginseng sapogenins and the derivatives: (1) (20(S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD), (2) 20(S)-protopanaxatriol), (3) (20(S)-dihydroprotopanaxadiol, and (4) 20(S)-dihydroprotopanaxatriol). These compounds were found to prevent the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. PPD was the most potent inhibitor, exhibiting an IC₅₀ (5.87 μM) comparable to that of the chemotherapeutic drug taxol. Furthermore, PPD induced dose-dependent cleavage of caspase-8, caspase-3, and PARP in MDA-MB-231 cells. Thus, we propose that PPD acts as anti-cancer agent by stimulating caspase-dependent apoptosis in breast cancer cells.
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Hossen MJ, Kim MY, Kim JH, Cho JY. AP-1-Targeted Inhibition of Macrophage Function and Lipopolysaccharide/D-Galactosamine-Induced Hepatitis by Phyllanthus acidus Methanolic Extract. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2015; 43:1137-58. [PMID: 26381032 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x15500652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, Phyllanthus acidus (Phyllanthaceae) has been used for the treatment of rheumatism, bronchitis, asthma, respiratory disorders, and hepatitis. Recently, we showed that a methanol extract of Phyllanthaceae (Pa-ME) has a potent anti-inflammatory activity in RAW264.7 cells and strongly ameliorates HCl / EtOH -induced gastric ulcers in mice by targeting the Src/Syk of NF-κB. In the present study, we explored the molecular mechanism of Pa-ME on the AP-1 activation pathway and evaluated its potential hepatoprotective effects. To do this, we employed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and U937 cells and an LPS/D-galactosamine (D- GaIN )-induced acute hepatitis mouse model. We utilized a multitude of assays, including immunoblotting analysis, reporter gene assays, and mRNA expression analysis, to determine the effect of Pa-ME on the AP-1 pathway. Pa-ME strikingly suppressed the production of LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Furthermore, Pa-ME also strongly inhibited activator protein-1 (AP-1) activation and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages cells and the U937 monocyte like human cell line. Moreover, pre-treatment with Pa-ME exhibited strong hepatoprotective and curative effects in an LPS/D-Gal-induced mouse hepatitis model as evidenced by a decrease in elevated serum AST and ALT levels and the amelioration of histological damage. Taken together, our data suggest that Pa-ME might play a crucial ethnopharmacological role as a hepatoprotective herbal remedy by suppressing MAPK signaling and the activity of the downstream transcription factor AP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Jahangir Hossen
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea.,Department of Animal Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali 8602, Bangladesh
| | - Mi-Yeon Kim
- School of Systems Biological Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
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Thai HV, Kim E, Kim SC, Jeong D, Yang S, Baek KS, Kim Y, Ratan ZA, Yoon KD, Kim JH, Cho JY. Boerhavia diffusa L. ethanol extract suppresses inflammatory responses via inhibition of Src/Syk/TRAF6. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Kim MS, Lee Y, Sung GH, Kim JH, Park JG, Kim HG, Baek KS, Cho JH, Han J, Lee KH, Hong S, Kim JH, Cho JY. Pro-Apoptotic Activity of 4-Isopropyl-2-(1-Phenylethyl) Aniline Isolated from Cordyceps bassiana. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2015; 23:367-73. [PMID: 26157554 PMCID: PMC4489832 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2015.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps species including Cordyceps bassiana are a notable anti-cancer dietary supplement. Previously, we identified several compounds with anti-cancer activity from the butanol fraction (Cb-BF) of Cordyceps bassiana. To expand the structural value of Cb-BF-derived anti-cancer drugs, we employed various chemical moieties to produce a novel Cb-BF-derived chemical derivative, KTH-13-amine-monophenyl [4-isopropyl-2-(1-phenylethyl) aniline (KTH-13-AMP)], which we tested for anti-cancer activity. KTH-13-AMP suppressed the proliferation of MDA-MB-231, HeLa, and C6 glioma cells. KTH-13-AMP also dose-dependently induced morphological changes in C6 glioma cells and time-dependently increased the level of early apoptotic cells stained with annexin V-FITC. Furthermore, the levels of the active full-length forms of caspase-3 and caspase-9 were increased. In contrast, the levels of total forms of caspases-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, and Bcl-2 were decreased in KTH-13-AMP treated-cells. We also confirmed that the phosphorylation of STAT3, Src, and PI3K/p85, which is linked to cell survival, was diminished by treatment with KTH-13-AMP. Therefore, these results strongly suggest that this compound can be used to guide the development of an anti-cancer drug or serve as a lead compound in forming another strong anti-proliferative agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Seon Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746
| | - Yunmi Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 139-701
| | - Gi-Ho Sung
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, International St. Mary's Hospital and College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 404-834
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746
| | - Jae Gwang Park
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746
| | - Han Gyung Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746
| | - Kwang Soo Baek
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746
| | - Jae Han Cho
- Mushroom Research Division, Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 369-873
| | - Jaegu Han
- Mushroom Research Division, Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 369-873
| | - Kang-Hyo Lee
- Mushroom Research Division, Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 369-873
| | - Sungyoul Hong
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746
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Baek KS, Ahn S, Lee J, Kim JH, Kim HG, Kim E, Kim JH, Sung NY, Yang S, Kim MS, Hong S, Kim JH, Cho JY. Immunotoxicological Effects of Aripiprazole: In vivo and In vitro Studies. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 19:365-72. [PMID: 26170741 PMCID: PMC4499649 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2015.19.4.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aripiprazole (ARI) is a commonly prescribed medication used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. To date, there have been no studies regarding the molecular pathological and immunotoxicological profiling of aripiprazole. Thus, in the present study, we prepared two different formulas of aripiprazole [Free base crystal of aripiprazole (ARPGCB) and cocrystal of aripiprazole (GCB3004)], and explored their effects on the patterns of survival and apoptosis-regulatory proteins under acute toxicity and cytotoxicity test conditions. Furthermore, we also evaluated the modulatory activity of the different formulations on the immunological responses in macrophages primed by various stimulators such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), pam3CSK, and poly(I:C) via toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), TLR2, and TLR3 pathways, respectively. In liver, both ARPGCB and GCB3004 produced similar toxicity profiles. In particular, these two formulas exhibited similar phospho-protein profiling of p65/nuclear factor (NF)-κB, c-Jun/activator protein (AP)-1, ERK, JNK, p38, caspase 3, and bcl-2 in brain. In contrast, the patterns of these phospho-proteins were variable in other tissues. Moreover, these two formulas did not exhibit any cytotoxicity in C6 glioma cells. Finally, the two formulations at available in vivo concentrations did not block nitric oxide (NO) production from activated macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells stimulated with LPS, pam3CSK, or poly(I:C), nor did they alter the morphological changes of the activated macrophages. Taken together, our present work, as a comparative study of two different formulas of aripiprazole, suggests that these two formulas can be used to achieve similar functional activation of brain proteins related to cell survival and apoptosis and immunotoxicological activities of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Soo Baek
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | | | - Jaehwi Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Han Gyung Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Eunji Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Jun Ho Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Nak Yoon Sung
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Sungjae Yang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Mi Seon Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Sungyoul Hong
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
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The dietary flavonoid Kaempferol mediates anti-inflammatory responses via the Src, Syk, IRAK1, and IRAK4 molecular targets. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:904142. [PMID: 25922567 PMCID: PMC4398932 DOI: 10.1155/2015/904142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Even though a lot of reports have suggested the anti-inflammatory activity of kaempferol (KF) in macrophages, little is known about its exact anti-inflammatory mode of action and its immunopharmacological target molecules. In this study, we explored anti-inflammatory activity of KF in LPS-treated macrophages. In particular, molecular targets for KF action were identified by using biochemical and molecular biological analyses. KF suppressed the release of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), downregulated the cellular adhesion of U937 cells to fibronectin (FN), neutralized the generation of radicals, and diminished mRNA expression levels of inflammatory genes encoding inducible NO synthase (iNOS), TNF-α, and cyclooxygenase- (COX-) 2 in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) and sodium nitroprusside- (SNP-) treated RAW264.7 cells and peritoneal macrophages. KF reduced NF-κB (p65 and p50) and AP-1 (c-Jun and c-Fos) levels in the nucleus and their transcriptional activity. Interestingly, it was found that Src, Syk, IRAK1, and IRAK4 responsible for NF-κB and AP-1 activation were identified as the direct molecular targets of KF by kinase enzyme assays and by measuring their phosphorylation patterns. KF was revealed to have in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity by the direct suppression of Src, Syk, IRAK1, and IRAK4, involved in the activation of NF-κB and AP-1.
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Antiproliferative and Apoptosis-Inducing Activities of 4-Isopropyl-2,6-bis(1-phenylethyl)phenol Isolated from Butanol Fraction of Cordyceps bassiana. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:739874. [PMID: 25918546 PMCID: PMC4397031 DOI: 10.1155/2015/739874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The Cordyceps species have been widely used for treating various cancer diseases. Although the Cordyceps species have been widely known as an alternative anticancer remedy, which compounds are responsible for their anticancer activity is not fully understood. In this study, therefore, we examined the anticancer activity of 5 isolated compounds derived from the butanol fraction (Cb-BF) of Cordyceps bassiana. For this purpose, several cancer cell lines such as C6 glioma, MDA-MB-231, and A549 cells were employed and details of anticancer mechanism were further investigated. Of 5 compounds isolated by activity-guided fractionation from BF of Cb-EE, KTH-13, and 4-isopropyl-2,6-bis(1-phenylethyl)phenol, Cb-BF was found to be the most potent antiproliferative inhibitor of C6 glioma and MDA-MB-231 cell growth. KTH-13 treatment increased DNA laddering, upregulated the level of Annexin V positive cells, and altered morphological changes of C6 glioma and MDA-MB-231 cells. In addition, KTH-13 increased the levels of caspase 3, caspase 7, and caspase 9 cleaved forms as well as the protein level of Bax but not Bcl-2. It was also found that the phosphorylation of AKT and p85/PI3K was also clearly reduced by KTH-13 exposure. Therefore, our results suggest KTH-13 can act as a potent antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing component from Cordyceps bassiana, contributing to the anticancer activity of this mushroom.
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Hossen MJ, Kim SC, Son YJ, Baek KS, Kim E, Yang WS, Jeong D, Park JG, Kim HG, Chung WJ, Yoon K, Ryou C, Lee SY, Kim JH, Cho JY. AP-1-Targeting Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Methanolic Extract of Persicaria chinensis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2015; 2015:608126. [PMID: 25878717 PMCID: PMC4386570 DOI: 10.1155/2015/608126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In traditional Chinese medicine, Persicaria chinensis L. has been prescribed to cure numerous inflammatory disorders. We previously analyzed the bioactivity of the methanol extract of this plant (Pc-ME) against LPS-induced NO and PGE2 in RAW264.7 macrophages and found that it prevented HCl/EtOH-induced gastric ulcers in mice. The purpose of the current study was to explore the molecular mechanism by which Pc-ME inhibits activator protein- (AP-) 1 activation pathway and mediates its hepatoprotective activity. To investigate the putative therapeutic properties of Pc-ME against AP-1-mediated inflammation and hepatotoxicity, lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) stimulated RAW264.7 and U937 cells, a monocyte-like human cell line, and an LPS/D-galactosamine- (D-GalN-) induced acute hepatitis mouse model were employed. The expression of LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin- (IL-) 1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was significantly diminished by Pc-ME. Moreover, Pc-ME reduced AP-1 activation and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation in both LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and differentiated U937 cells. Additionally, we highlighted the hepatoprotective and curative effects of Pc-ME pretreated orally in a mouse model of LPS/D-GalN-intoxicated acute liver injury by demonstrating the significant reduction in elevated serum AST and ALT levels and histological damage. Therefore, these results strongly suggest that Pc-ME could function as an antihepatitis remedy suppressing MAPK/AP-1-mediated inflammatory events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Jahangir Hossen
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
- Department of Animal Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali 8602, Bangladesh
| | - Seung Cheol Kim
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jin Son
- Department of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 540-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Soo Baek
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Seok Yang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Jeong
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Gwang Park
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Gyung Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Jae Chung
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Keejung Yoon
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Chongsuk Ryou
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yeol Lee
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Sungnam 461-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
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Hossen MJ, Baek KS, Kim E, Yang WS, Jeong D, Kim JH, Kweon DH, Yoon DH, Kim TW, Kim JH, Cho JY. In vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of Persicaria chinensis methanolic extract targeting Src/Syk/NF-κB. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 159:9-16. [PMID: 25446596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGIC RELEVANCE Persicaria chinensis L. (Polygonaceae) [also synonym as Polygonum chimnense L.] has been used as Chinese traditional medicine to treat ulcer, eczema, stomach ache, and various inflammatory skin diseases. Due to no molecular pharmacological evidence of this anti-inflammatory herbal plant, we investigated the inhibitory mechanisms and target proteins contributing to the anti-inflammatory responses of the plant by using its methanolic extract (Pc-ME). MATERIALS AND METHODS We used lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated macrophages and a murine HCl/EtOH-induced gastritis model to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of Pc-ME. HPLC analysis was employed to identify potential active components of this extract. Molecular approaches including kinase assays, reporter gene assays, immunoprecipitation analysis, and overexpression of target enzymes were used to confirm target enzymes. RESULTS Pc-ME inhibited LPS-induced nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 release by RAW264.7 macrophages and ameliorated HCl/EtOH-induced gastric ulcers in mice. The nuclear translocation of NF-κB (p65 and p50) was suppressed by Pc-ME. Phosphorylation of Src and Syk, their kinase activities, and formation of the signaling complex of these proteins were repressed by Pc-ME. Phosphorylation of p85 and Akt induced by Src or Syk overexpression was blocked by Pc-ME. In the mouse gastritis model, orally administered Pc-ME suppressed the increased phosphorylation of IκBα, Αkt, Src, and Syk. Caffeic acid, kaempferol, and quercetin, identified as major anti-inflammatory components of Pc-ME by HPLC, displayed strong nitric oxide inhibitory activity in LPS-treated macrophages. CONCLUSION Pc-ME might play a pivotal ethnopharmacologic role as an anti-inflammatory herbal medicine by targeting Syk and Src kinases and their downstream transcription factor NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Jahangir Hossen
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea; Department of Animal Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh
| | - Kwang-Soo Baek
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Seok Yang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Jeong
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Ho Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyuk Kweon
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Hyo Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chucheon 220-700, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Woong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chucheon 220-700, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea.
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Cheon GJ, Kim KH, Park JY, Lee D, Jang HJ, Kwak JH, Choi KM, Kim JH, Hwang GS, Ham J, Lee S, Eom DW, Kang KS. Caspase-mediated Apoptotic Effects of Diol-type Ginseng Sapogenins on Human Hepatoma Cell Lines. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gab Jin Cheon
- Department of Internal Medicine; University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung Asan Hospital; Gangneung 210-711 Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- Natural Product Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 440-746 Korea
| | - Jun Yeon Park
- College of Korean Medicine; Gachon University; Seongnam 461-701 Korea
| | - Dahae Lee
- College of Korean Medicine; Gachon University; Seongnam 461-701 Korea
| | - Hyuk-Jai Jang
- Department of Surgery; University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung Asan Hospital; Gangneung 210-711 Korea
| | - Jin Ho Kwak
- Department of Surgery; University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung Asan Hospital; Gangneung 210-711 Korea
| | - Kun Moo Choi
- Department of Surgery; University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung Asan Hospital; Gangneung 210-711 Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Kim
- Department of Surgery; University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung Asan Hospital; Gangneung 210-711 Korea
| | - Gwi Seo Hwang
- College of Korean Medicine; Gachon University; Seongnam 461-701 Korea
| | - Jungyeob Ham
- Natural Products Research Institute; Korea Institute of Science and Technology; Gangneung 210-340 Korea
| | - Sanghyun Lee
- Department of Integrative Plant Science; Chung-Ang University; Anseong 456-756 Korea
| | - Dae-Woon Eom
- Department of Pathology; University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung Asan Hospital; Gangneung 210-711 Korea
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine; Gachon University; Seongnam 461-701 Korea
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20(S)-Protopanaxatriol inhibits release of inflammatory mediators in immunoglobulin E-mediated mast cell activation. J Ginseng Res 2014. [PMID: 26199549 PMCID: PMC4506377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antiallergic effect of 20(S)-protopanaxatriol (PPT), an intestinal metabolite of ginseng saponins, was investigated in guinea pig lung mast cells and mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells activated by a specific antigen/antibody reaction. Methods Increasing concentrations of PPT were pretreated 5 min prior to antigen stimulation, and various inflammatory mediator releases and their relevant cellular signaling events were measured in those cells. Results PPT dose-dependently reduced the release of histamine and leukotrienes in both types of mast cells. Especially, in activated bone marrow-derived mast cells, PPT inhibited the expression of Syk protein, cytokine mRNA, cyclooxygenase-1/2, and phospholipase A2 (PLA2), as well as the activities of various protein kinase C isoforms, mitogen-activated protein kinases, PLA2, and transcription factors (nuclear factor-κB and activator protein-1). Conclusion PPT reduces the release of inflammatory mediators via inhibiting multiple cellular signaling pathways comprising the Ca2+ influx, protein kinase C, and PLA2, which are propagated by Syk activation upon allergic stimulation of mast cells.
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Dung TTM, Lee J, Kim E, Yoo BC, Ha VT, Kim Y, Yoon DH, Hong S, Baek KS, Sung NY, Kim TW, Kim JH, Cho JY. Anti-inflammatory Activities of Gouania leptostachya
Methanol Extract and its Constituent Resveratrol. Phytother Res 2014; 29:381-92. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- To Thi Mai Dung
- Department of Genetic Engineering; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 440-746 Korea
| | - Jongsung Lee
- Department of Dermatological Health Management; Eulji University; Seongnam 461-713 Korea
| | - Eunji Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 440-746 Korea
| | - Byong Chul Yoo
- Research Institute and Hospital; National Cancer Center; Goyang 410-769 Republic of Korea
| | - Van Thai Ha
- Department of Genetic Engineering; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 440-746 Korea
| | - Yong Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 440-746 Korea
| | - Deok Hyo Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry; Kangwon National University; Chuncehon 200-701 Korea
| | - Sungyoul Hong
- Department of Genetic Engineering; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 440-746 Korea
| | - Kwang-Soo Baek
- Department of Genetic Engineering; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 440-746 Korea
| | - Nak Yoon Sung
- Department of Genetic Engineering; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 440-746 Korea
| | - Tae Woong Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 440-746 Korea
- Department of Biochemistry; Kangwon National University; Chuncehon 200-701 Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Chonbuk National University; Jeonju 561-756 Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 440-746 Korea
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21-O-angeloyltheasapogenol E3, a novel triterpenoid saponin from the seeds of tea plants, inhibits macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses in a NF-κB-dependent manner. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:658351. [PMID: 25477714 PMCID: PMC4245502 DOI: 10.1155/2014/658351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
21-O-Angeloyltheasapogenol E3 (ATS-E3) is a triterpenoid saponin recently isolated from the seeds of the tea tree Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze. ATS-E3 has several beneficial properties including anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antiatherosclerotic, and anticancer effects. Unlike other phenolic compounds isolated from tea plants, there are no studies reporting the pharmacological action of ATS-E3. In this study, we therefore aimed to explore the cellular and molecular inhibitory activities of ATS-E3 in macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses. ATS-E3 remarkably diminished cellular responses of macrophages such as FITC-dextran-induced phagocytic uptake, sodium nitroprusside- (SNP-) induced radical generation, and LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production. Analysis of its molecular activity showed that this compound significantly suppressed the expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), nuclear translocation of nuclear factor- (NF-) κB subunits (p50 and p65), phosphorylation of inhibitor of κB kinase (IKK), and the enzyme activity of AKT1. Taken together, the novel triterpenoid saponin compound ATS-E3 contributes to the beneficial effects of tea plants by exerting anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities in an AKT/IKK/NF-κB-dependent manner.
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Kim MY, Kim JH, Cho JY. Cytochalasin B modulates macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2014; 22:295-300. [PMID: 25143807 PMCID: PMC4131529 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2014.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton plays an important role in macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses by modulating the activation of Src and subsequently inducing nuclear factor (NF)-κB translocation. In spite of its critical functions, few papers have examined how the actin cytoskeleton can be regulated by the activation of toll-like receptor (TLR). Therefore, in this study, we further characterized the biological value of the actin cytoskeleton in the functional activation of macrophages using an actin cytoskeleton disruptor, cytochalasin B (Cyto B), and explored the actin cytoskeleton’s involvement in morphological changes, cellular attachment, and signaling events. Cyto B strongly suppressed the TLR4-mediated mRNA expression of inflammatory genes such as cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and inducible nitric oxide (iNOS), without altering cell viability. This compound also strongly suppressed the morphological changes induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a TLR4 ligand. Cyto B also remarkably suppressed NO production under non-adherent conditions but not in an adherent environment. Cyto B did not block the co-localization between surface glycoprotein myeloid differentiation protein-2 (MD2), a LPS signaling glycoprotein, and the actin cytoskeleton under LPS conditions. Interestingly, Cyto B and PP2, a Src inhibitor, enhanced the phagocytic uptake of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran. Finally, it was found that Cyto B blocked the phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) at 1 min and the phosphorylation of heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) at 5 min. Therefore, our data suggest that the actin cytoskeleton may be one of the key components involved in the control of TLR4-mediated inflammatory responses in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Yeon Kim
- Department of Bioinformatics and Life Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
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Lim SW, Doh KC, Jin L, Jin J, Piao SG, Heo SB, Chung BH, Yang CW. Ginseng treatment attenuates autophagic cell death in chronic cyclosporine nephropathy. Nephrology (Carlton) 2014; 19:490-9. [DOI: 10.1111/nep.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sun Woo Lim
- Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease; Seoul St. Mary's Hospital; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
- Transplant Research Center; Seoul St. Mary's Hospital; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
| | - Kyoung Chan Doh
- Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease; Seoul St. Mary's Hospital; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
- Transplant Research Center; Seoul St. Mary's Hospital; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
| | - Long Jin
- Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease; Seoul St. Mary's Hospital; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
- Transplant Research Center; Seoul St. Mary's Hospital; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
| | - Jian Jin
- Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease; Seoul St. Mary's Hospital; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
- Transplant Research Center; Seoul St. Mary's Hospital; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
| | - Shang Guo Piao
- Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease; Seoul St. Mary's Hospital; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
- Transplant Research Center; Seoul St. Mary's Hospital; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
| | - Seong Beom Heo
- Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease; Seoul St. Mary's Hospital; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
| | - Byung Ha Chung
- Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease; Seoul St. Mary's Hospital; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
- Division of Nephrology; Department of Internal Medicine; Seoul St. Mary's Hospital; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
| | - Chul Woo Yang
- Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease; Seoul St. Mary's Hospital; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
- Transplant Research Center; Seoul St. Mary's Hospital; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
- Division of Nephrology; Department of Internal Medicine; Seoul St. Mary's Hospital; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
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IKK β -Targeted Anti-Inflammatory Activities of a Butanol Fraction of Artificially Cultivated Cordyceps pruinosa Fruit Bodies. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:562467. [PMID: 25132860 PMCID: PMC4123572 DOI: 10.1155/2014/562467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory activities of the Cordyceps pruinosa butanol fraction (Cp-BF) were investigated by determining inflammatory responses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 macrophage cells and by evaluating HCl/ethanol (EtOH)-triggered gastric ulcers in mice. The molecular mechanisms of the inhibitory effects of Cp-BF were investigated by identifying target enzymes using biochemical and molecular biological approaches. Cp-BF strongly inhibited the production of NO and TNF-α, release of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phagocytic uptake of FITC-dextran, and mRNA expression levels of interleukin (IL)-6, inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF)-α in activated RAW264.7 cells. Cp-BF also strongly downregulated the NF-κB pathway by suppressing IKKβ according to luciferase reporter assays and immunoblot analysis. Furthermore, Cp-BF blocked both increased levels of NF-κB-mediated luciferase activities and phosphorylation of p65/p50 observed by IKKβ overexpression. Finally, orally administered Cp-BF was found to attenuate gastric ulcer and block the phosphorylation of IκBα induced by HCl/EtOH. Therefore, these results suggest that the anti-inflammatory activity of Cp-BF may be mediated by suppression of IKKα and its downstream NF-κB activation. Since our group has established the mass cultivation conditions by developing culture conditions for Cordyceps pruinosa, the information presented in this study may be useful for developing new anti-inflammatory agents.
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The regulatory role of activating transcription factor 2 in inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:950472. [PMID: 25049453 PMCID: PMC4090481 DOI: 10.1155/2014/950472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) is a member of the leucine zipper family of DNA-binding proteins and is widely distributed in tissues including the liver, lung, spleen, and kidney. Like c-Jun and c-Fos, ATF2 responds to stress-related stimuli and may thereby influence cell proliferation, inflammation, apoptosis, oncogenesis, neurological development and function, and skeletal remodeling. Recent studies clarify the regulatory role of ATF2 in inflammation and describe potential inhibitors of this protein. In this paper, we summarize the properties and functions of ATF2 and explore potential applications of ATF2 inhibitors as tools for research and for the development of immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Jeong D, Yi YS, Sung GH, Yang WS, Park JG, Yoon K, Yoon DH, Song C, Lee Y, Rhee MH, Kim TW, Kim JH, Cho JY. Anti-inflammatory activities and mechanisms of Artemisia asiatica ethanol extract. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 152:487-496. [PMID: 24503036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Artemisia asiatica Nakai (Compositae) is a representative herbal plant used to treat infection and inflammatory diseases. Although Artemisia asiatica is reported to have immunopharmacological activities, the mechanisms of these activities and the effectiveness of Artemisia asiatica preparations in use are not known. MATERIALS AND METHODS To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activities of Artemisia asiatica ethanol extract (Aa-EE), we assayed nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in macrophages and measured the extent of tissue injury in a model of gastric ulcer induced in mice by treatment with HCl in EtOH. Putative enzymatic mediators of Aa-EE activities were identified by nuclear fractionation, reporter gene assay, immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting, and kinase assay. Active compound in Aa-EE was identified using HPLC. RESULTS Treatment of RAW264.7 cells and peritoneal macrophages with Aa-EE suppressed the production of NO, PGE2, and TNF-α in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and induced heme oxygenase-1 expression. The Aa-EE also ameliorated symptoms of gastric ulcer in HCl/EtOH-treated mice. These effects were associated with the inhibition of nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and activator protein (AP)-1, implying that the anti-inflammatory action of the Aa-EE occurred through transcriptional inhibition. The upstream regulatory signals Syk and Src for translocation of NF-κB and TRAF6 for AP-1 were identified as targets of this effect. Analysis of Aa-EE by HPLC revealed the presence of luteolin, known to inhibit NO and PGE2 activity. CONCLUSION The anti-inflammatory activities attributed to Artemisia asiatica Nakai in traditional medicine may be mediated by luteolin through inhibition of Src/Syk/NF-κB and TRAF6/JNK/AP-1 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deok Jeong
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Su Yi
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Ho Sung
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institutes of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707, Korea
| | - Woo Seok Yang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Gwang Park
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Keejung Yoon
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Hyo Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncehon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsik Song
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunmi Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 139-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Hee Rhee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Woong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncehon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea.
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Lancemaside A from Codonopsis lanceolata modulates the inflammatory responses mediated by monocytes and macrophages. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:405158. [PMID: 24782593 PMCID: PMC3981472 DOI: 10.1155/2014/405158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to examine the cellular and molecular mechanisms of lancemaside A from Codonopsis lanceolata (Campanulaceae) in the inflammatory responses of monocytes (U937 cells) and macrophages (RAW264.7 cells). Lancemaside A significantly suppressed the inflammatory functions of lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) treated RAW264.7 cells by suppressing the production of nitric oxide (NO), the expression of the NO-producing enzyme inducible NO synthase (iNOS), the upregulation of the costimulatory molecule CD80, and the morphological changes induced by LPS exposure. In addition, lancemaside A diminished the phagocytic activity of RAW264.7 cells and boosted the neutralizing capacity of these cells when treated with the radical generator sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Interestingly, lancemaside A strongly blocked the adhesion activity of RAW264.7 cells to plastic culture plates, inhibited the cell-cell and cell-fibronectin (FN) adhesion of U937 cells that was triggered by treatment with an anti-β1-integrin (CD29) antibody and immobilized FN, respectively. By evaluating the activation of various intracellular signaling pathways and the levels of related nuclear transcription factors, lancemaside A was found to block the activation of inhibitor of κB kinase (IKK) and p65/nuclear factor- (NF-) κB. Taken together, our findings strongly suggest that the anti-inflammatory function of lancemaside A is the result of its strong antioxidative and IKK/NF-κB inhibitory activities.
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