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Makary S, Abd El Moez K, Elsayed M, Hassan H. Second-generation antipsychotic medications and metabolic disturbance in children and adolescents. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROSURGERY 2023; 59:14. [DOI: 10.1186/s41983-023-00612-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) are a group of antipsychotic drugs, used to treat psychiatric conditions. SGAs have been shown to precipitate rapid weight gain and dyslipidemia, as well as to promote insulin resistance, leading to the emergence of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Prescriptions of SGAs in children have increased 6- to 10-fold during the last decade. This research work designed to find correlation between duration of second-generation antipsychotics (SGA) use, in children and adolescent, and the increase in metabolic syndrome disturbance components including weight gain, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes mellitus. This is cross-sectional analytic study was carried out in Suez Canal University Hospital, Psychiatry Outpatient Clinic on Children and adolescent aged 4–17 years. It included 151 children and adolescents diagnosed by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 (DSM-5). They were divided into two groups, 72 patients who regular on (SGA) as treated group and 79 patients who did not receive pharmacological medication as control group.
Results
The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the current study was high 27.81% in SGA-treated children compared to 0.60% in control group. In the SGA-treated group, 22.22% had type 2 diabetes, compared with 2.53% in the control group. SGA-treated patients showed a highly significant increase in their weight, body mass index and waist circumference compared to their control group patients. The correlation of different metabolic syndrome indices and SGAs duration showed positive correlation with body mass index, fasting blood sugar, and blood lipids (low density lipoproteins and cholesterol) but negative correlation with high density lipoproteins. Blood pressure did not correlate with SGA-duration in the studied patients. Indices which showed correlation could be predictors of the metabolic syndrome developments. Although the correlation and regression model showed moderate degree of association, this is considered important issue for the young patients.
Conclusion
SGA treatment in children and adolescence confers a significantly increased risk for metabolic syndrome and SGA-treatment duration is important for MtS development.
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Wahb AMSE, Elsaid NBA, Abouzouna ZS, Habieb MSE, Arafat ESE. Vascular endothelial growth factor C gene expression and its serum level as potential biomarkers for obesity in Egyptian children. GENE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Elfaki FA, Mukhayer AIG, Moukhyer ME, Chandika RM, Kremers SPJ. Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Early Adolescents in Khartoum State, Sudan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192214876. [PMID: 36429592 PMCID: PMC9690848 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192214876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is rapidly increasing in prevalence with rising childhood obesity and sedentary lifestyles worldwide. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of MetS and its components among Sudanese early adolescents in Khartoum State. METHODS A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at primary schools in Khartoum State. A questionnaire was administered to assess the sociodemographic characteristics of the participants. Anthropometric, blood pressure, and biochemical measurements were taken. RESULTS In total, 921 students, boys and girls aged 10-15 years old, participated in the study. The mean age of the participants was 12.59 ± 1.21 years. The overall prevalence rate of MetS was 2.3% using International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. MetS was significantly more prevalent among boys than girls (3.4% vs. 1.5%). Obese adolescents had higher MetS prevalence than those who were overweight (14.9 vs. 2.8, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Boys had a significantly higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome than girls. Early adolescents from Sudan who are obese had more risk factors for MetS than those who are normal weight or overweight. It is important to address the causes of increased risk for MetS early in life to prevent the development of the disease in adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima A. Elfaki
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan P.O. Box 114, Saudi Arabia
- School of Nutrition and Translation Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Aziza I. G. Mukhayer
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School of Medicine, Ahfad University for Women, Omdurman P.O. Box 167, Sudan
| | - Mohamed E. Moukhyer
- Department of Emergency Medical Services, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan P.O. Box 114, Saudi Arabia
- Public Health Programs, School of Medicine, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Rama M. Chandika
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan P.O. Box 114, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stef P. J. Kremers
- School of Nutrition and Translation Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Shahin NN, Abd-Elwahab GT, Tawfiq AA, Abdelgawad HM. Potential role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling in childhood obesity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158714. [PMID: 32302739 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a growing concern that junk food has contributed to the childhood obesity epidemic. Recently, experimental studies suggested that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) gene is strongly linked to western diet-induced obesity. AIM This study investigated the potential role of AHR signaling in childhood obesity and the possible associations of the AHR-aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor (AHRR)-cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) axis with fatty acid homeostasis and the appetite-related hormones, leptin and ghrelin. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The study included 80 children; 54 obese and 26 non-obese of matched age and sex. Demographic data, anthropometric measurements, and lipid profile were assessed. Expression of AHR signaling genes was analyzed in blood cells by qRT-PCR. Serum insulin, leptin and ghrelin levels were measured using ELISA. RESULTS The statistical power of this study, calculated using G*Power version 3.1.9.2, was 90% (α = 0.05). AHR and CYP1B1 gene expression levels were upregulated in the obese group compared to controls, whereas AHRR, stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ2 (PPARγ2) were downregulated. Serum leptin correlated positively, while serum ghrelin correlated negatively with both AHR and CYP1B1. Stratification of obese children by age revealed more activated AHR signaling in younger than in older children. Receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed that AHR, AHRR and CYP1B1 could discriminate between obese and normal weight children. Multivariate analysis showed that AHRR, CYP1B1 and ghrelin could be significant independent predictors of obesity. CONCLUSION This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms contributing to childhood obesity by revealing alterations in the AHR-AHRR-CYP1B1 axis, which could serve as a promising therapeutic target for childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy N Shahin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghada T Abd-Elwahab
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | | | - Hanan M Abdelgawad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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AHMADI N, SADR SM, MOHAMMADI MR, MIRZAEI M, MEHRPARVAR AH, YASSINI ARDEKANI SM, SAREBANHASSANABADI M, NILFOROSHAN N, MOSTAFAVI SA. Prevalence of Abdominal Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents: A Community Based Cross-Sectional Study. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 49:360-368. [PMID: 32461944 PMCID: PMC7231702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the prevalence of abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome has been widely studied in the adult population, little is known about it in children and adolescents especially in developing countries. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome among children and adolescents in Yazd Greater Area, Iran; over the period of 2016-2017. METHODS This study was part of a larger national study with a cross-sectional design. Using multistage cluster random sampling method, 1035 children, and adolescents of both sexes aged 6-18 yr were randomly selected from rural and urban districts in Yazd Greater Area, Iran. Components of metabolic syndrome, and anthropometry measured in the standard situation. RESULTS The prevalence of abdominal obesity in children 6-10 yr old was 13.2% in boys versus 24.7% in girls. The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome according to International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria in adolescents aged 10-18 yr old was 7.6% (9.4% in boys). The most prevalent metabolic syndrome components were low HDL-cholesterol (56.2%) and abdominal obesity (27.8%). CONCLUSION Comparatively, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Yazd is high. Low HDL-cholesterol levels and abdominal obesity were the most common component, and family history of heart disease, BMI, and male gender were the main determinants of metabolic syndrome in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran AHMADI
- Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahmood SADR
- Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza MOHAMMADI
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud MIRZAEI
- Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Amir Hooshang MEHRPARVAR
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Yazd University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Seyed-Ali MOSTAFAVI
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding Author:
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Saeed W, AL-Habori M, Saif-Ali R, Al-Eryani E. Metabolic Syndrome and Prediabetes Among Yemeni School-Aged Children. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:2563-2572. [PMID: 32765035 PMCID: PMC7381798 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s260131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In view of the high rate of obesity and physical inactivity as well as the rising incidence of Type 2 DM among children in the neighboring Gulf countries and Middle East region; the aim of this study was, therefore, to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and prediabetes in Yemeni school-aged children. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this study, 1402 school children aged 12-13 years old (grade 7) were recruited from public schools in the capital Sana'a during the period April-May 2013. Anthropometric measurements and BP were recorded and BMI was calculated. Fasting venous blood (5 mL) was collected for biochemical analysis including FBG, HbA1c, insulin and lipids profile. Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and β-cell function (HOMA-β) were calculated. RESULTS The prevalence of prediabetes (as defined by impaired fasting glucose) and MetS (as classified by the IDF 2007) were 0.86% and 0.5%, respectively. Our results also showed 5.21% and 20.26% of the children to have two or one factor(s) of the MetS criteria fulfilled, respectively, with low HDL-c (17%) being the most prevalent MetS component, followed by metabolic glucose (8%), raised TG (5.3%), DBP (1.4%), and high WC (0.5%). Moreover, the prevalence of overweight and obesity was 4.2% and 2.8%, respectively; and about 1.2% of children had abnormal high insulin levels. Children with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) had increased HOMA-IR (p = 0.016) and SBP (p = 0.042) and decreased HDL-c (p = 0.034) and HOMA-β (p < 0.001); whereas obese children had increased WC (p < 0.001) and TG (p = 0.049). CONCLUSION The main finding of this study is that Yemeni children are at potential risk of obesity, metabolic syndrome and prediabetes despite their low prevalences. These results highlight the need for early identification and close monitoring of children at risk of later Type 2 DM as an important primary care strategy that can effectively prevent or delay the onset of such condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Saeed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sana`a, Sana`a, Yemen
| | - Molham AL-Habori
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sana`a, Sana`a, Yemen
- Correspondence: Molham AL-Habori Email
| | - Riyadh Saif-Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sana`a, Sana`a, Yemen
| | - Ekram Al-Eryani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sana`a, Sana`a, Yemen
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Gies I, AlSaleem B, Olang B, Karima B, Samy G, Husain K, Elhalik M, Miqdady M, Rawashdeh M, Salah M, Mouane N, Rohani P, Singhal A, Vandenplas Y. Early childhood obesity: a survey of knowledge and practices of physicians from the Middle East and North Africa. BMC Pediatr 2017; 17:115. [PMID: 28454516 PMCID: PMC5408831 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-017-0865-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Childhood obesity is one of the most serious public health issues of the twenty-first century affecting even low- and middle-income countries. Overweight and obese children are more likely to stay obese into adulthood. Due to the paucity of data on local practices, our study aimed to assess the knowledge and practices of physicians from the Middle East and North Africa region with respect to early-onset obesity. Methods A specific questionnaire investigating the perception and knowledge on early-onset obesity was circulated to healthcare providers (general physicians, pediatricians, pediatric gastroenterologist, neonatologists) practicing in 17 Middle East and North African countries. Results A total of 999/1051 completed forms (95% response) were evaluated. Of all respondents, 28.9% did not consistently use growth charts to monitor growth during every visit and only 25.2% and 46.6% of respondents were aware of the correct cut-off criterion for overweight and obesity, respectively. Of those surveyed, 22.3, 14.0, 36.1, 48.2, and 49.1% of respondents did not consider hypertension, type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, fatty liver disease, and decreased life span, respectively, to be a long-term complication of early childhood obesity. Furthermore, only 0.7% of respondents correctly answered all survey questions pertaining to knowledge of early childhood overweight and obesity. Conclusion The survey highlights the low use of growth charts in the evaluation of early childhood growth in Middle East and North Africa region, and demonstrated poor knowledge of healthcare providers on the short- and long-term complications of early-onset obesity. This suggests a need for both continued professional education and development, and implementation of guidelines for the prevention and management of early childhood overweight and obesity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12887-017-0865-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Gies
- Department of Pediatrics, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bader AlSaleem
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Department, Children's Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Beheshteh Olang
- Mofid Children's Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Berkouk Karima
- Hepatology and Nutrition Society Group Member, Maillot Hospital Algiers, Algeria, Gastroenterology, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Gamal Samy
- Department of Medical Childhood Studies, Institute of Postgraduate Childhood Studies, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khaled Husain
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Amiri Hospital, Arabian Gulf Street, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Mahmoud Elhalik
- Pediatric and Neonatology Department, Latifa Hospital, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamad Miqdady
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Division, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | | | - Nezha Mouane
- Gastroenterology Nutrition Department, Children Hospital Ibn Sina, University Mohammed V Faculty of Medicine, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Pejman Rohani
- Mofid Children's Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atul Singhal
- The Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Yvan Vandenplas
- Department of Pediatrics, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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Zardast M, Namakin K, Chahkandi T, Taheri F, Kazemi T, Bijari B. Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Elementary School Children in East of Iran. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res 2015; 7:158-63. [PMID: 26702345 PMCID: PMC4685282 DOI: 10.15171/jcvtr.2015.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Metabolic Syndrome (MS) in children and adolescents is becoming a global public health concern. MS tracks into adulthood increasing the risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. This study was designed to verify the rate of MS in elementary school students of Birjand, as a representative sample of Iranian children to verify the best preventive measures in this age group.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical, cross-sectional study was performed on 1425 elementary school children through multiple-cluster sampling in 2013. Height, weight, waist circumference and blood pressure of children were measured by standard methods. Blood glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were also measured after 12 hours fasting. MS was defined according to the Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP-III) based on the National Cholesterol Education Program. Data were analyzed by SPSS using t test and chi-square test. Significance level was set at P < 0.05.
Results: The prevalence of MS was 5.3% which increased with age. 43.5% of the studied cases had one or more components of the MS. The most common components were hypertension, abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-cholesterol and impaired fasting glucose, respectively. MS prevalence was 0.9% in normal weight, 11.3% in overweight and 36.2% in obese children.
Conclusion: Regarding the high prevalence of MS in elementary school children in our region, screening for obesity is recommended to prevent adulthood complications. Therapeutic lifestyle changes and maintenance of regular physical activity are the most important strategies for preventing childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Zardast
- Birjand Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Kokab Namakin
- Birjand Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Tayeb Chahkandi
- Birjand Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Taheri
- Birjand Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Toba Kazemi
- Birjand Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Diseases Research Center, Department of Cardiology, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Bita Bijari
- Birjand Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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Salama HM, Galal A, Motawie AA, Kamel AF, Ibrahim DM, Aly AA, Hassan EA. Adipokines Vaspin and Visfatin in Obese Children. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2015; 3:563-6. [PMID: 27275288 PMCID: PMC4877888 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2015.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipokines provides new insights about the physiology, pathology and treatment of obesity. AIM We investigated the association between serum vaspin and serum visfatin concentrations with obesity in Egyptian children. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty two obese children with body mass index (BMI) above 95th percentile; 11 males and 11 females were included in this study. Their mean age was 9.18 ± 2.8 years. After general clinical examination, fasting blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol were measured in cases and controls (n=11). Fasting insulin, vaspin and visfatin were detected using ELIZA. Insulin resistance was estimated by Homeostasis model assessment method (HOMA-IR). RESULTS Blood pressure, in both systolic and diastolic measurements was elevated significantly in obese children. Significant elevation of serum insulin and insulin resistance (HOMA/IR) were observed in obese children too. Vaspin and visfatin showed significant elevation in obese children than controls. Significant positive correlations were detected between visfatin and BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference and HOMA/IR. We found that Vaspin and visfatin are higher in obese children. CONCLUSION Visfatin but not vaspin correlates positively with waist circumference and HOMA/IR in obese children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashraf Galal
- National Research Centre, Pediatrics, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | | | - Azza A Aly
- National Research Centre, Department of Chemical and Clinical Pathology, Cairo, Egypt
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Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities characterized by central obesity, dyslipidemias, hypertension, high fasting glucose, chronic low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress. This condition has become an increasing problem in our society where about 34 % of adults are diagnosed with MetS. In parallel with the adult situation, a significant number of children present lipid abnormalities and insulin resistance, which can be used as markers of MetS in the pediatric population. Changes in lifestyle including healthy dietary regimens and increased physical activity should be the first lines of therapy to decrease MetS. In this article, we present the most recent information on successful dietary modifications that can reduce the parameters associated with MetS. Successful dietary strategies include energy restriction and weight loss, manipulation of dietary macronutrients--either through restriction of carbohydrates, fat, or enrichment in beneficial fatty acids, incorporation of functional foods and bioactive nutrients, and adherence to dietary and lifestyle patterns such the Mediterranean diet and diet/exercise regimens. Together, the recent findings presented in this review serve as evidence to support the therapeutic treatment of MetS through diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J Andersen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, 3624 Horsebarn Road Ext., Unit 4017, Storrs, CT, 06269-4017, USA
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