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Özkaya V, Eren E, Özgen Özkaya Ş, Denkboy Öngen Y. Prevalence of obesity in prepubertal and pubertal with Turkish population type 1 diabetes. Diabetol Int 2021; 12:412-419. [PMID: 34567924 DOI: 10.1007/s13340-021-00498-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To determine the prevalence of prepubertal and pubertal obesity in children and adolescents with type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (Type 1 DM). One hundred fifty children and adolescents aged 6-18 years with Type 1 DM who attended the Pediatric Endocrinology Polyclinic and were diagnosed with type 1 DM were included in the study. Tanner staging was used to estimate pubertal status. Age- and gender-specific body mass index (BMI) percentile between 85 and 95% was accepted as overweight and > 95% as obese. It was determined that the overweight prevalence rates in children and adolescents with type 1 DM were 13.3% and the obesity rate was 14.3%. It was found that while the overweight prevalence rates (14.1%) were higher in males, the obesity prevalence was higher in females (19.0%). The obesity prevalence rates at the prepubertal and pubertal stages were found to be 17.1% and 13.8%, respectively. The obesity prevalence at the pubertal stage was higher in girls (22.4%) than boys (3.9%) (p < 0.05). The rates both of overweight and obesity in boys decreased from prepubertal to pubertal periods, while those rates increased in girls. Our results indicated that the obesity prevalence in prepubertal and pubertal children and adolescents with type 1 DM was higher compared to healthy peers in the literature. The authors believe that the risk factors for obesity in this population should be determined and obesity-prevention programs for diabetes should be prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volkan Özkaya
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Istanbul Medipol University School of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erdal Eren
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Uludağ University School of Medicine, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Şebnem Özgen Özkaya
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Fenerbahce University School of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Denkboy Öngen
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Uludağ University School of Medicine, Bursa, Turkey
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Fernández-Aparicio Á, Perona JS, Schmidt-RioValle J, González-Jiménez E. Concordance among diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome is inconsistent in Spanish adolescents. Eur J Clin Invest 2021; 51:e13384. [PMID: 32810293 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The metabolic syndrome (MetS), although more frequent in adults, is a growing health problem in adolescent population. There are different criteria for the diagnosis, however without a consensus of which is the best to be used in this population. The heterogeneity of the different diagnostic criteria makes it necessary to carry out more studies that analyse the degree of agreement among these criteria. The present study was aimed to evaluate the agreement between different criteria for diagnosis of MetS in adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed on 981 adolescents (13.2 ± 1.2 years) randomly recruited from 18 schools in south-east Spain. MetS was diagnosed by eight different criteria. RESULTS The criteria proposed by the IDF showed the highest mean values for WC and systolic blood pressure in boys and girls with MetS, and the lowest for glucose and triglycerides in boys. Depending on the diagnostic criteria used, the prevalence of MetS cases in boys ranged from 5.5% to 14.9%, while in girls varied from 3.4% to 32.6%. Both in boys and girls, the criteria proposed by the IDF was the less concordant with the other suggested criteria, while those proposed by Duncan et al, Rodriguez-Moran et al and Cruz and Goran, were very concordant among each other. However, in girls, concordance values were not as high as those found for boys. CONCLUSION The variability observed in the agreement among the existing criteria suggests the need to validate uniform criteria for the diagnosis of MetS in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javier S Perona
- Department of Food and Health, Instituto de la Grasa-CSIC, Campus of the University Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
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Yayıcı Köken Ö, Kara C, Can Yılmaz G, Aydın HM. Prevalence of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in Children with Type 1 Diabetes: A Comparative Assessment Based on Criteria Established by the International Diabetes Federation, World Health Organisation and National Cholesterol Education Program. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2020; 12:55-62. [PMID: 31434460 PMCID: PMC7127892 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2019.2019.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine the prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and to compare the widely accepted and used diagnostic criteria for MetS established by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), World Health Organisation (WHO) and National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATPIII). Methods We conducted a descriptive, cross sectional study including T1D patients between 8-18 years of age. The three sets of criteria were used to determine the prevalence of MetS and findings compared. Risk factors related to MetS were extracted from hospital records. Results The study included 200 patients with T1D (52% boys). Of these, 18% (n=36) were overweight/obese (body mass index percentile ≥85%). MetS prevalence was 10.5%, 8.5% and 13.5% according to IDF, WHO and NCEP criteria, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in age, gender, family history of T1D and T2D, pubertal stage, duration of diabetes, hemoglobin A1c levels and daily insulin doses between patients with or without MetS. In the overweight or obese T1D patients, the prevalence of MetS was 44.4%, 38.8% and 44.4% according to IDF, WHO and NCEP-ATPIII criteria, respectively. Conclusion Obesity prevalence in the T1D cohort was similar to that of the healthy population of the same age. Prevalence of MetS was higher in children and adolescents with T1D compared to the obese population in Turkey. The WHO criteria include microvascular complications which are rare in childhood and the NCEP criteria do not include a primary criterion while diagnosing non-obese patients according to waist circumference as MetS because the existence of diabetes is considered as a direct criterion. Our study suggests that IDF criteria which allows the diagnosis of MetS with obesity and have accepted criteria for the childhood are more suitable for the diagnosis of MetS in children and adolescents with T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özlem Yayıcı Köken
- University of Health Sciences Turkey, Dr. Sami Ulus Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Pediatric Neurology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cengiz Kara
- İstinye University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Gülay Can Yılmaz
- Mardin State Hospital, Clinic of Pediatric Endocrinology, Mardin, Turkey
| | - Hasan Murat Aydın
- Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Samsun, Turkey
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Saeed W, AL-Habori M, Saif-Ali R, Al-Eryani E. Metabolic Syndrome and Prediabetes Among Yemeni School-Aged Children. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:2563-2572. [PMID: 32765035 PMCID: PMC7381798 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s260131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In view of the high rate of obesity and physical inactivity as well as the rising incidence of Type 2 DM among children in the neighboring Gulf countries and Middle East region; the aim of this study was, therefore, to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and prediabetes in Yemeni school-aged children. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this study, 1402 school children aged 12-13 years old (grade 7) were recruited from public schools in the capital Sana'a during the period April-May 2013. Anthropometric measurements and BP were recorded and BMI was calculated. Fasting venous blood (5 mL) was collected for biochemical analysis including FBG, HbA1c, insulin and lipids profile. Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and β-cell function (HOMA-β) were calculated. RESULTS The prevalence of prediabetes (as defined by impaired fasting glucose) and MetS (as classified by the IDF 2007) were 0.86% and 0.5%, respectively. Our results also showed 5.21% and 20.26% of the children to have two or one factor(s) of the MetS criteria fulfilled, respectively, with low HDL-c (17%) being the most prevalent MetS component, followed by metabolic glucose (8%), raised TG (5.3%), DBP (1.4%), and high WC (0.5%). Moreover, the prevalence of overweight and obesity was 4.2% and 2.8%, respectively; and about 1.2% of children had abnormal high insulin levels. Children with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) had increased HOMA-IR (p = 0.016) and SBP (p = 0.042) and decreased HDL-c (p = 0.034) and HOMA-β (p < 0.001); whereas obese children had increased WC (p < 0.001) and TG (p = 0.049). CONCLUSION The main finding of this study is that Yemeni children are at potential risk of obesity, metabolic syndrome and prediabetes despite their low prevalences. These results highlight the need for early identification and close monitoring of children at risk of later Type 2 DM as an important primary care strategy that can effectively prevent or delay the onset of such condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Saeed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sana`a, Sana`a, Yemen
| | - Molham AL-Habori
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sana`a, Sana`a, Yemen
- Correspondence: Molham AL-Habori Email
| | - Riyadh Saif-Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sana`a, Sana`a, Yemen
| | - Ekram Al-Eryani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sana`a, Sana`a, Yemen
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Kilinc A, Col N, Demircioglu-Kilic B, Aydin N, Balat A, Keskin M. Waist to height ratio as a screening tool for identifying childhood obesity and associated factors. Pak J Med Sci 2019; 35:1652-1658. [PMID: 31777510 PMCID: PMC6861473 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.35.6.748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the prevalence of obesity and associated factors during childhood in Southeastern Turkey. Another objective was to determine the cut-off points of Waist to Height Ratio (WHtR) values for defining obesity/abdominal obesity. Methods: The community-based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Gaziantep Turkey between November 2011 and December 2011 with 2718 primary school/high schools students aged 6-17 years. The SPSS 22.00 was used for the analysis of data. Results: The prevalence of overweight, obesity, abdominal obesity, was 13.2%, 4.2% ,26.4%, respectively. There was a reverse relationship between BMI/WC values and sleep durations (p<0.05). The BMI/WC values were higher in students with computer usage time ≥1 hours in a day (p<0.05). Parental obesity status has an effective role on the WC/BMI values of children (p<0.05). The WHtR was a good predictor of diagnosis on obesity and abdominal obesity (AUC=0.928, p<0.0001; AUC=0.920, p<0.0001; respectively). The optimal cut-off values for obesity and abdominal obesity were detected as 0.5077, 0.4741, respectively. Conclusions: The WHtR can be used for diagnosis of obesity/abdominal obesity. Parental obesity, short sleep duration and computer use more than one hour per day are risk factors for the development of obesity in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arda Kilinc
- Arda Kilinc, Department of Intensive Care Unit, Ege University, School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Nilgun Col
- Nilgun Col, Department of Social Pediatrics, Gaziantep University, School of Medicine, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Beltinge Demircioglu-Kilic
- Beltinge Demircioglu-Kilic, Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Gaziantep University, School of Medicine, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Neriman Aydin
- Neriman Aydin, Department of Public Health, Gaziantep University, School of Medicine, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Ayse Balat
- Ayse Balat, Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Istanbul Aydin University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Keskin
- Mehmet Keskin, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gaziantep University, School of Medicine, Gaziantep, Turkey
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Reuter CP, Burgos MS, Barbian CD, Renner JDP, Franke SIR, de Mello ED. Comparison between different criteria for metabolic syndrome in schoolchildren from southern Brazil. Eur J Pediatr 2018; 177:1471-1477. [PMID: 29974212 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-018-3202-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The metabolic syndrome (MetS), although more frequent in adults, is already evident in the infant-juvenile population. On the other hand, there are different criteria for the diagnosis, without a consensus of which is the best to be used in this population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the agreement between different criteria for diagnosis of MetS in adolescents from southern Brazil. A cross-sectional study consisting of a sample of 1200 subjects, 679 females, aged between 12 and 17 years. MetS was assessed by three different criteria: Cook (2003), Ferranti (2004), and International Diabetes Federation - IDF (2007). The agreement between the criteria was evaluated by the Kappa index. Low prevalence of MetS was found among schoolchildren (1.9% for Cook, 5.0% for Ferranti, and 2.1% for IDF). Regular (Ferranti - IDF: Kappa 0.382; p < 0.001) and moderate (Cook - Ferranti: Kappa 0.542; p < 0.001; Cook - IDF: Kappa 0.532; p < 0.001) agreement was demonstrated between the criteria. Elevated blood pressure was the most frequent condition in all the criteria, and the least frequent condition was in the glycemia (Cook and Ferranti) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. CONCLUSION The low prevalence of MetS and the low agreement among the existing criteria suggest the elaboration of new criteria for the diagnosis of MetS in the child and adolescent population. What is Known: • There are different criteria for the diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome (MetS), without a consensus of which is the best to be used in the infant-juvenile population. What is New: • Low prevalence of MetS identified among schoolchildren and the low agreement among the existing criteria suggest the elaboration of new criteria for the diagnosis of MetS in the child and adolescent population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cézane Priscila Reuter
- Departamento de Educação Física e Saúde, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Avenida Independência, 2293 - Bloco 42, sala 4201, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Promoção da Saúde, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil.
| | - Miria Suzana Burgos
- Departamento de Educação Física e Saúde, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Avenida Independência, 2293 - Bloco 42, sala 4201, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Promoção da Saúde, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Daniela Barbian
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Promoção da Saúde, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Jane Dagmar Pollo Renner
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Promoção da Saúde, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia e Farmácia, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Silvia Isabel Rech Franke
- Departamento de Educação Física e Saúde, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Avenida Independência, 2293 - Bloco 42, sala 4201, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Promoção da Saúde, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Elza Daniel de Mello
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Ostovar R, Kiani F, Sayehmiri F, Yasemi M, Mohsenzadeh Y, Mohsenzadeh Y. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Iran: A meta-analysis. Electron Physician 2017; 9:5402-5418. [PMID: 29238477 PMCID: PMC5718841 DOI: 10.19082/5402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolic syndrome) MetS( is a complex risk factor which increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. There are many studies with various populations and results about the prevalence of MetS in Iran; in order to authenticate these studies and have an overall estimation of its prevalence in Iran, performing a meta-analysis seems to be necessary. Objective This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of MetS and its components in Iran via meta-analysis method. Methods All associated published papers in national and international journals of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Magiran, Iranmedex, Science Direct, Medlib, and SID databases were searched from January, 2000 to October, 2016. All types of studies, including local and national surveys that reported the prevalence of MetS among healthy populations in Iran were reviewed. The effects of age, sample size and publication date as possible sources of heterogeneity among the study findings was examined by meta-regression. P-values less than 0.05 were considered as significant in heterogeneity tests. All analysis was done by R Ver. 3.2.1 and STATA (version 10). Results Seventy eligible studies were selected for meta-analysis. The overall estimation of MetS prevalence was 25% (95% CI: 22-29%) based on the Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) criteria, 30% (95% CI: 25-36%) according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), and 39% (95% CI: 26-52%) based on the Joint Interim Societies (JIS) criteria. The prevalence of MetS was lower in men than in women (26.9% versus 35.7%). The prevalence of various MetS components including High TG (triglyceride), Low HDL-C, High BP and High FBS (fasting blood sugar) was 43%, 54%, 38% and 22% among the adult population. Conclusion Findings from the present meta-analyses study displayed a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Iran, especially in women, which increases with age in both sexes. It alerts health care providers and policy makers to find solutions in order to take action to reduce MetS risk in society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Ostovar
- PhD, Associate Professor, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Faezeh Kiani
- Msc, Student Research Committee, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sayehmiri
- PhD, Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masood Yasemi
- MD, Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Yazdan Mohsenzadeh
- MSc, Department of Paramedical Sciences, Faculty of Emergency Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Yousof Mohsenzadeh
- MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
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Teixeira FC, Pereira FEF, Pereira AF, Ribeiro BG. Metabolic syndrome's risk factors and its association with nutritional status in schoolchildren. Prev Med Rep 2017; 6:27-32. [PMID: 28239539 PMCID: PMC5318537 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic risk factors (RF) to the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome (MetS) have been evidenced at early ages, including children. The aim of the present study was to identify the prevalence of RF to the diagnosis of MetS and its association with nutritional status of schoolchildren from 6 to 10 years old. A cross-sectional study was carried out in 505 students of municipal schools in Macae, Brazil, conducted from 2013 to 2014. The RF evaluated were: blood pressure (mm Hg), triglycerides (mmol/L), HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) fasting glucose (mmol/L) and waist circumference (cm). At least one RF was present in 61% (n = 308) of the sample. By nutritional status, there was higher prevalence of RF in overweight/obese schoolchildren compared to those with normal weight, except in the concentration of HDL-c. The prevalence of one, two and three RF (MetS) were 34.7% (n = 175), 21.0% (n = 106) and 5.3% (n = 27), respectively. Two RF were more present in overweight (28.2% 95%CI 19.0; 39.0) and obese (41.5% 95%CI 31.4; 52.1) compared to normal weight children (13.5% 95%CI 9.9; 17.8). Three or more RF were more frequent among obese (25.5% 95%CI 17.0; 35.5) in relation to overweight (2.4% 95%CI 0.2; 8.2) and normal weight children (0.3% 95%CI 0; 1.7). The data indicate high prevalence of RF and its relationship with the magnitude of body weight excess. Therefore, the identification and early treatment of these RF might minimize the risk of MetS and related diseases.
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Key Words
- 95%CI, 95% confidence interval
- Abdominal obesity
- BMI, body mass index
- BP, blood pressure
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- Children
- DBP, diastolic blood pressure
- DM2, type 2 diabetes mellitus
- Dyslipidemia
- HAS, hypertension
- HDL-c, high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration
- Hypertension
- IR, insulin resistance
- MetS, metabolic syndrome
- Metabolic syndrome
- RF, metabolic risk factors
- SBP, systolic blood pressure
- TG, triglycerides
- WC, waist circumference
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Costa Teixeira
- Programa Pós Graduação em Nutrição, Instituto de Nutrição UFRJ, Laboratório Integrado de Pesquisa em Ciências do Esporte, UFRJ Campus Macaé, RJ,Brazil
| | - Flavia Erika Felix Pereira
- Programa Pós Graduação em Alimentação, Nutrição e Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro UERJ, RJ, Laboratório Integrado de Pesquisa em Ciências do Esporte, UFRJ Campus Macaé, RJ,Brazil
| | | | - Beatriz Gonçalves Ribeiro
- Prof. Curso de Nutrição, Laboratório Integrado de Pesquisa em Ciências do Esporte, UFRJ Campus Macaé, RJ, Brazil
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Zardast M, Namakin K, Chahkandi T, Taheri F, Kazemi T, Bijari B. Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Elementary School Children in East of Iran. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res 2015; 7:158-63. [PMID: 26702345 PMCID: PMC4685282 DOI: 10.15171/jcvtr.2015.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Metabolic Syndrome (MS) in children and adolescents is becoming a global public health concern. MS tracks into adulthood increasing the risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. This study was designed to verify the rate of MS in elementary school students of Birjand, as a representative sample of Iranian children to verify the best preventive measures in this age group.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical, cross-sectional study was performed on 1425 elementary school children through multiple-cluster sampling in 2013. Height, weight, waist circumference and blood pressure of children were measured by standard methods. Blood glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were also measured after 12 hours fasting. MS was defined according to the Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP-III) based on the National Cholesterol Education Program. Data were analyzed by SPSS using t test and chi-square test. Significance level was set at P < 0.05.
Results: The prevalence of MS was 5.3% which increased with age. 43.5% of the studied cases had one or more components of the MS. The most common components were hypertension, abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-cholesterol and impaired fasting glucose, respectively. MS prevalence was 0.9% in normal weight, 11.3% in overweight and 36.2% in obese children.
Conclusion: Regarding the high prevalence of MS in elementary school children in our region, screening for obesity is recommended to prevent adulthood complications. Therapeutic lifestyle changes and maintenance of regular physical activity are the most important strategies for preventing childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Zardast
- Birjand Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Kokab Namakin
- Birjand Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Tayeb Chahkandi
- Birjand Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Taheri
- Birjand Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Toba Kazemi
- Birjand Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Diseases Research Center, Department of Cardiology, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Bita Bijari
- Birjand Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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