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Cheng K, Niu J, Hu D, Zeng L, Zhao H, Wang J, Zhang X, Tang T, Yang M, Liu L, Zhang Y. Intestinal health of squab pigeons responded to parental dietary protein levels during breeding period. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103852. [PMID: 38861843 PMCID: PMC11215330 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary crude protein (CP) levels on intestinal antioxidant status, tight junction proteins expression, and amino acids transporters levels in squabs. A total of 180 pairs of White King parent pigeons approximately 10 mo old were randomly assigned to 5 groups with 6 replications of 6 pairs of parental pigeons each, and were fed with 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18% CP diets for 46 d, respectively. Dietary increasing CP levels increased final body weight (linear and quadratic, P < 0.05), serum urea nitrogen (linear, P<0.05) and triglyceride levels (quadratic, P < 0.05), and reduced kidney relative weight (quadratic, P < 0.05) in squabs. Final body weight of squabs in the 18% CP diet group was higher than that of the 14, 15, and 16% CP diet groups (P < 0.05) but was similar to that of the 17% CP diet group (P > 0.05). Increasing dietary CP levels reduced intestinal malondialdehyde contents (linear and quadratic, P < 0.05) and jejunal total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity (linear, P < 0.05), and enhanced (linear and quadratic, P<0.05) ileal catalase and T-SOD activities in squabs, and these effects were more prominent in the 17% CP diet group. Graded CP levels up-regulated the mRNA expression of intestinal zonula occludens 1 (linear, P < 0.05), solute carrier family 7 members 9 (linear, P < 0.05) and claudin 1 (CLDN1, linear and quadratic, P < 0.05), ileal CLDN3 and solute carrier family 6 members 14 (linear, P < 0.05) but lowered jejunal solute carrier family 6 member 14 (quadratic, P<0.05) mRNA expression in squabs. The effects of dietary CP levels on intestinal tight junction proteins expression were more apparent when its supplemental levels were 18%. These results suggested that increasing parental dietary CP levels ranged from 14 to 18% during breeding period improved growth and intestinal function of squabs, with its recommended level being 17%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Cheng
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyi Niu
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Daizi Hu
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Linfei Zeng
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyue Zhao
- School of International Education, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinrong Wang
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuelei Zhang
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyue Tang
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - MingJun Yang
- Henan Tiancheng Pigeon Industry Co., Ltd, Wugang 462500, People's Republic of China
| | - Laiting Liu
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhang
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
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da Cruz TA, Donatelli Muro BB, Machado Costa Lima E, Dos Santos Moreira V, de Carvalho JCC, Pospissil Garbossa CA, Batista Costa L. Aspartic protease supplementation enhancing the performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility and economic viability, without changing blood parameters and salivary cortisol of pigs. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11238. [PMID: 38755406 PMCID: PMC11099141 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Aiming to study the performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility, blood parameters, salivary cortisol levels, and economic viability of pigs administered aspartic protease, a total of 135 pigs were housed in pens in a randomized block design, divided into five treatments with nine replications. The experimental diets were positive control (PC), basic diet with a 5.0% reduction in protein and amino acid requirements; negative control (NC) with a 7.5% reduction in protein and amino acid requirements; NC + 100 g/mT of aspartic protease (NC100); NC + 150 g/mT of aspartic protease (NC150); and NC + 200 g/mT of neutral serine protease (NC200). The inclusion of protease, independently of the source and amount, increased the average daily weight gain (P < 0.05) of animals compared with the control treatments (PC and NC), improved feed conversion (P < 0.05) in early stages, and improved diet digestibility (P < 0.05) compared with the PC. Treatment with NC150 and NC200 resulted in greater carcass weights (P < 0.05) than treatment with the PC. NC100 led to a greater carcass yield than PC (P < 0.05), and NC150 resulted in a greater loin eye area than PC (P < 0.05). No differences (P > 0.05) in the blood parameters or salivary cortisol levels were found. Regarding economic viability, proteases increased the profitability, with NC150 leading to the best results. Thus, the use of aspartic proteases is recommended to improve performance and further facilitate pork production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Augusto da Cruz
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, St. Imaculada Conceição, 1155, Curitiba, PR, 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Bruno Bracco Donatelli Muro
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Cesar Augusto Pospissil Garbossa
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Leandro Batista Costa
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, St. Imaculada Conceição, 1155, Curitiba, PR, 80215-901, Brazil.
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Ha SH, Choi YH, Mun JY, Park SR, Kinara E, Park HJ, Hong JS, Kim YM, Kim JS. Correlation between reproductive performance and sow body weight change during gestation. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2024; 66:543-554. [PMID: 38975586 PMCID: PMC11222117 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2023.e63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the correlation between piglet performance and sow body weight change (BWC) during two gestational periods: 35-70, 70-105, and 35-105 days. A cohort of 70 sows was evaluated for BWC, backfat thickness change (BFC), caliper score change (CALC), feed intake, and weaning-to-estrus interval (WEI). The collected data were then analyzed according to the two specified periods. Our findings highlighted that piglet birth weight, weaning weight, and average daily weight gain (ADG) correlated with sow body characteristics, including BFC and CALC. The strongest correlation was observed with BWC. Piglet mortality was intimately associated with BFC. Piglet birth weight, weaning weight, and ADG showed a positive correlation with sow BWC, particularly during the 35-70 day period. Furthermore, sows displaying a higher BWC during the 70-105 day period, and also exhibiting a higher BW gain from 35-70 days, registered greater piglet weight gains and higher weaning weights. These trends became more apparent as the sow's BWC increased during the 70-105 day period. Piglet mortality increased when the sow exhibited a lower BWC during both the 35-70 and 70-105 day periods. No significant observations were found concerning the number of stillborn piglets, live-born piglets, or weaned piglets, and no interaction effects were detected between these periods. In conclusion, our findings underscore the significance of sow BWC during the early stages of gestation (d 35-70) for enhancing piglet performance from birth to weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hun Ha
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence,
Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Yo Han Choi
- Swine Science Division, National Institute
of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan
31000, Korea
| | - Jun Young Mun
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence,
Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Se Rin Park
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence,
Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Elick Kinara
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence,
Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Park
- Swine Science Division, National Institute
of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan
31000, Korea
| | - Jun Seon Hong
- Swine Science Division, National Institute
of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan
31000, Korea
| | - Yong Min Kim
- Swine Science Division, National Institute
of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan
31000, Korea
| | - Jin Soo Kim
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence,
Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
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Bohrer BM, Wang Y, Landero JL, Young M, Hansen B, Pollmann DS, Mellencamp MA, Van De Weyer L, Aldaz A. The effects of dietary net energy on grow-finish performance and carcass characteristics of market gilts managed with immunological suppression of ovarian function and estrus (Improvest). Transl Anim Sci 2024; 8:txae026. [PMID: 38496705 PMCID: PMC10943419 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txae026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective was to determine the effects of net energy (NE) during the grow-finish period on live performance and carcass characteristics of market gilts managed with immunological suppression of ovarian function and estrus (Improvest®; IMP) compared with market gilts not managed with Improvest (CON). The 104-d study began when 1,008 gilts (11 wk old; average starting weight of 30.8 kg) were allocated by weight to 48 pens with 21 gilts/pen. Half of the pens were randomly selected to be managed with Improvest while the other half of the pens were not managed with Improvest. Three dietary programs differing in their NE were formulated over five dietary phases (according to standardized ileal digestible lysine requirements) to provide an average of 2,218 kcal/kg (low NE), 2,343 kcal/kg (medium NE), or 2,468 kcal/kg (high NE). The experiment was designed as a 2 × 3 factorial with main effects of Improvest management and NE. For the overall study period, there were no significant interactions (P ≥ 0.20) for average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), or Gain:Feed (G:F). There were also no significant interactions between Improvest management and NE (P ≥ 0.30) for carcass characteristics. However, IMP gilts consumed more feed (6.8% greater ADFI; P < 0.01), grew faster (5.0% greater ADG; P < 0.01), were less efficient (1.8% lower G:F; P < 0.01), heavier (3.5 kg hot carcass weight; P < 0.01), and fatter (1.9 mm greater backfat thickness and 1.26% less predicted lean carcass yield; P < 0.01). No difference (P = 0.21) in carcass dressing percentage between IMP and CON gilts was reported. For the overall study period, gilts fed low NE and medium NE diets consumed more feed compared with gilts fed high NE diets (6.8% more ADFI for low NE and 5.7% more for medium NE; P < 0.01), and gilts fed low NE diets grew 2.5% slower (P < 0.01) than gilts fed medium NE diets, while gilts fed high NE diets were intermediate and not different from the other NE treatments. This resulted in gilts fed Low NE diets being the least efficient (3.8% lower G:F than medium NE and 7.1% lower G:F than High NE; P < 0.01). Overall, these data indicate that typical Improvest response levels were sustained at each of the NE treatments evaluated in this study as there were no significant interactions for Improvest management and NE; however, consideration should still be provided to the known production impacts of low NE diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Bohrer
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yifei Wang
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | - Malachy Young
- Gowan’s Feed Consulting, Wainwright, AB T9W 1L2, Canada
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Bohrer B, Wang Y, Landero J, Young M, Hansen B, Pollmann DS, Mellencamp M, Van De Weyer L, Aldaz A. The effects of dietary net energy on grow-finish performance and carcass characteristics of male market pigs managed with immunological castration (Improvest). Transl Anim Sci 2024; 8:txae027. [PMID: 38504947 PMCID: PMC10949435 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txae027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective was to determine the effects of dietary net energy (NE) during the grow-finish period on live performance and carcass characteristics of intact male pigs managed with immunological castration (Improvest) compared with physically castrated (PC) male pigs. The 101-d study began when 1,008 pigs (504 intact male pigs and 504 PC male pigs; 10 wk old) were allocated by weight to 48 pens with 21 intact males or 21 PC males per pen. Three dietary NE treatments were fed to pigs using five dietary phases (dietary programs were formulated according to standardized ileal digestible lysine requirements of Improvest males or PC males) to provide an average of 2,212 kcal/kg (low NE), 2,337 kcal/kg (medium NE), or 2,462 kcal/kg (high NE). The experiment was designed and analyzed as a 2 × 3 factorial with main effects of Improvest management and NE. For the overall study period, there were no significant interactions between Improvest management and NE (P ≥ 0.19) for average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), or gain:feed (G:F). There were also no significant interactions between Improvest management and NE (P ≥ 0.06) for carcass characteristics. Improvest males consumed less feed (5.3% lower ADFI; P < 0.01), grew faster (5.1% greater ADG; P < 0.01), and were more efficient (11.2% greater G:F; P < 0.01) compared with PC males. Hot carcass weight (HCW) did not differ (P = 0.16) between Improvest males and PC males (attributed to 1.6 percentage unit lower dressing percentage for Improvest males; P < 0.01); however, Improvest males were leaner (0.9 mm less backfat and 0.65% greater predicted lean yield; P < 0.01) compared with PC males. For the overall study period, pigs fed low NE and medium NE diets consumed 7.5% and 4.6% more feed (P < 0.01) than pigs fed high NE diets, respectively, and pigs fed low NE diets grew 1.7% slower (P < 0.02) than pigs fed medium NE and high NE diets. This resulted in pigs fed low NE diets having 4.4% lower G:F compared with pigs fed medium NE and 8.6% lower G:F compared with pigs fed high NE diets (P < 0.01). Pigs fed low NE had 3.0 kg lighter (P < 0.01) HCW compared with medium NE, while high NE had intermediate HCW that did not differ from the other two treatments. Overall, typical Improvest response levels for live performance and carcass characteristics when compared with PC males were achieved for each of the NE treatments evaluated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Bohrer
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yifei Wang
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jose L Landero
- Gowan’s Feed Consulting, Wainwright, Alberta, CanadaT9W 1L2
| | - Malachy Young
- Gowan’s Feed Consulting, Wainwright, Alberta, CanadaT9W 1L2
| | | | | | | | | | - Alvaro Aldaz
- Zoetis Inc., Parsippany, New Jersey, NJ 07054, USA
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Niyonsaba A, Jin XH, Kim YY. Effect of reducing dietary crude protein level on growth performance, blood profiles, nutrient digestibility, carcass traits, and odor emissions in growing-finishing pigs. Anim Biosci 2023; 36:1584-1595. [PMID: 37402445 PMCID: PMC10475375 DOI: 10.5713/ab.23.0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a low-protein diet on growth performance, carcass traits, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, and odor emissions in growing-finishing pigs. METHODS A total of 126 crossbred pigs ([Yorkshire×Landrace]×Duroc) with an average body weight (BW) of 38.56±0.53 kg were used for a 14-week feeding trial. Experimental pigs were allotted to one of 6 treatments in 3 replicates of 7 pigs per pen in a randomized complete block design. Pigs were fed each treatment diet with different levels of crude protein (CP). Phase 1 (early growing): 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%; phase 2 (late growing): 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%; phase 3 (early finishing): 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%; phase 4 (late finishing): 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%. All experimental diets in each phase were contained the same concentration of lysine (Lys), methionine (Met), threonine (Thr), and tryptophan (Trp). RESULTS Over the entire experimental period, there was no significant difference in BW, average daily feed intake, and gain-to-feed ratio among all treatments (p>0.05), but a quadratic effect (p = 0.04) was observed in average daily gain (ADG) during the late finishing phase with higher ADG in Group D. Blood urea nitrogen concentration linearly increased with an increase in dietary CP levels (p<0.01). Regarding nutrient digestibility, excreted nitrogen in urine and feces and nitrogen retention linearly increased as the CP level increased (p<0.01). A linear effect was observed with increasing CP levels in amines, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide in odor emissions (p<0.01). No significant effects were observed in the measurements of carcass traits and meat characteristics (p>0.05). CONCLUSION In phase feeding, reducing the CP level to 14% in early-growing pigs, 13% in late-growing pigs, 12% in early-finishing pigs, and 11% in late-finishing pigs is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Niyonsaba
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
| | - Xing Hao Jin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
| | - Yoo Yong Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
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Plasma Metabolomic Profiling Reveals Preliminary Biomarkers of Pork Quality Based on pH Value. Foods 2022; 11:foods11244005. [PMID: 36553747 PMCID: PMC9778167 DOI: 10.3390/foods11244005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify biomarkers for pork quality evaluation. Firstly, the correlation between indicators of pork quality evaluation was investigated. The pH of pork meat at 45 min post slaughter showed a significant negative correlation with meat color indicators (r: -0.4868--0.3040). Subsequently, porcine plasma samples were further divided into low pH (pH = 6.16 ± 0.22) or high pH (pH = 6.75 ± 0.08) groups. Plasma metabolites in both sample groups were investigated using untargeted metabolomics. In total, 90 metabolites were recognized as differential metabolites using partial least squares discriminant analysis. Pathway enrichment analysis indicated these differential metabolites were enriched in amino acid metabolism and energy metabolism. Correlation analysis revealed that creatinine, L-carnitine, D-sphingosine, citraconic acid, and other metabolites may constitute novel plasma biomarkers with the pH value of pork meat. The current study provides important insights into plasma biomarkers for predicting pork quality based on pH value.
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Rocha GC, Duarte ME, Kim SW. Advances, Implications, and Limitations of Low-Crude-Protein Diets in Pig Production. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:3478. [PMID: 36552397 PMCID: PMC9774321 DOI: 10.3390/ani12243478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, five crystalline essential amino acids (Lys, Met, Thr, Trp, and Val) are generally used, allowing formulation of low-crude-protein (CP) diets. Moreover, Ile may also be used depending on its economic value and the specific feeding program. Experimentally, it has been shown that further reduced CP levels can be achieved by supplemental His, Leu, and Phe to the diets. However, decreasing the dietary CP level while maintaining optimal ratios of amino acids has shown contradictory effects on pigs' growth performance. Due to the divergence in the literature and the importance for practical formulation strategies in the swine industry, a literature review and a meta-analysis were performed to estimate the minimum CP level that would not compromise pig performance. Based on the present review, there is a minimum CP level after which the growth performance of pigs can be compromised, even though diets are balanced for essential amino acids. Considering average daily gain and gain to feed, respectively, these levels were estimated to be 18.4% CP (95% confidence interval [CI]: 16.3 to 18.4) and 18.3% CP (95% CI: 17.4 to 19.2) for nursery, 16.1% CP (95% CI: 16.0 to 16.2) and 16.3% CP (95% CI: 14.5 to 18.0) for growing, and 11.6% CP (95% CI: 10.8 to 12.3) and 11.4% CP (95% CI: 10.3 to 12.5) for finishing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Cipriano Rocha
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Marcos Elias Duarte
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Go YB, Lee JH, Lee BK, Oh HJ, Kim YJ, An JW, Chang SY, Song DC, Cho HA, Park HR, Chun JY, Cho JH. Effect of insect protein and protease on growth performance, blood profiles, fecal microflora and gas emission in growing pig. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 64:1063-1076. [PMID: 36812026 PMCID: PMC9890344 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of Hermetia illucens larvae (HIL) as protein and protease on growth performance, blood profiles, fecal microflora, and gas emission in growing pig. In experiment 1, the seventy-two crossbred growing pigs ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc) with an initial body weight (BW) of 27.98 ± 2.95 kg were randomly allotted to one of four dietary treatments (3 pigs per pen and 6 replicates pen per treatments). The experimental design was a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments evaluating two diets (Poultry offal diets and HIL diets) without or with supplementing protease. The poultry offal in basal diet has been replaced by HIL. In experiment 2, the four crossbred growing pigs ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc) with an initial BW of 28.2 ± 0.1 kg were individually accepted in stainless steel metabolism cages. The dietary treatments included: 1) PO- (PO-; poultry offal diet), 2) PO+ (PO- + 0.05% protease), 3) HIL- (3% PO of PO- diet was replacement 3% HIL), 4) HIL+ (HIL- + 0.05% protease). In experiment 1, From weeks 0 to 2, average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (G:F) were significantly increased in the PO diet group compared with the HIL group. From weeks 2 to 4, ADG and G:F were higher for protease group than for non-protease group. At weeks 2 and 4, the PO diet group had lower blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels than HIL diet group. In experiment 2, crude protein (CP) and nitrogen (N) retention were decreased by HIL diet at weeks 2 and 4. The fecal microflora and gas emission were not affected by HIL and protease. The HIL diet showed lower CP digestibility than PO diet and total essential amino acids digestibility tended to higher in PO diet than HIL diet. In summary, the present study revealed that replacement of the PO protein with the HIL protein and the additive of protease in growing pig diets during the overall experimental period had no negative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Bin Go
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Ji Hwan Lee
- Department of Poultry Science, University
of Georgia (UGA), Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Byong Kon Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Han Jin Oh
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Yong Ju Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Jae Woo An
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Se Yeon Chang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Dong Cheol Song
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Hyun Ah Cho
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Hae Ryoung Park
- Korea Agriculture Technology Promotion
Agency, Iksan 54667, Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Chun
- Department of Food Bioengineering, College
of Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243,
Korea,Corresponding author Ji Yeon Chun,
Department of Food Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Jeju National
University, Jeju 63243, Korea. Tel: +82-64-754-3615, E-mail:
| | - Jin Ho Cho
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea,Corresponding author Jin Ho Cho,
Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644,
Korea. Tel: +82-43-261-2544, E-mail:
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Reduction in Diarrhoea and Modulation of Intestinal Gene Expression in Pigs Allocated a Low Protein Diet without Medicinal Zinc Oxide Post-Weaning. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12080989. [PMID: 35454236 PMCID: PMC9027983 DOI: 10.3390/ani12080989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Post-weaning diarrhoea in pigs can be a challenge and medicinal zinc oxide can decrease the need for antibiotic treatment. Low protein diets decrease diarrhoea post-weaning and soy protein concentrate improves protein digestion when compared to a soybean meal based diet. The aim of this study was to test the effect of low protein diets with different protein sources as an alternative to medicinal zinc oxide. The study demonstrated that low protein diets can decrease diarrhoea-related antibiotic treatments but also reduces growth performance. Additionally, the study presented a difference in gut nutrient metabolism when feeding very low protein levels. Abstract Weaning comprises a challenging period for pigs, but dietary tools can be implemented to avoid excess antibiotics usage. Therefore, we tested the effect of a 17.6% crude protein (CP) diet on growth and diarrhoea and investigated the effect of a 15.5% CP diet post-weaning on transcriptomic responses, growth, and diarrhoea-related antibiotic treatments. At weaning, pigs were divided into five dietary treatment groups in a three-phase diet from weaning to 30 kg bodyweight. The diets included a positive control group (PC) with medicinal zinc oxide, a negative control group (NC), a 17.6% CP diet based on soy protein concentrate (SP), a 17.6% CP diet based on soybean meal (SB), and a 15.5% CP diet with additional amino acids (XLA). Growth performance and the occurrence of diarrhoea were similar between the SP and SB groups. The XLA pigs had a reduced weight gain and fewer antibiotics treatments caused by diarrhoea, as well as a reduced level of blood proteins. Intestinal tissue samples from the XLA pigs displayed decreased expression of genes involved in nutrient metabolism and immune responses relative to the PC group. In conclusion, a very low CP diet reduces antibiotics treatments, but also adapts gut nutrient metabolism and reduces growth performance.
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Sampath V, Park JH, Kim IH. Inclusion of probiotic (Lactobacillus plantarum) in high- and low-nutrient-density diets reveals a positive result on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, gas emission, and blood profile in growing pigs. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2021-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A total of 160 growing pigs (24.69 ± 1.89 kg) were randomly assigned to one of four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design with two different levels of nutrient density diet with or without 0.3% probiotic (Lactobacillus plantarum). Each treatment had eight replicates with five pigs (three gilts and two barrows) per pen. At the end of the trial, pigs fed 0.3% probiotic supplement had significantly increased body weight, whereas the average daily gain and gain to feed ratio was significantly increased in both probiotic and high-nutrient density (HD) diet. The nutrient digestibility of dry matter was significantly increased in pigs fed HD diet, whereas nitrogen and gross energy digestibility and blood characters immunoglobulin and lymphocyte counts were significantly increased in both HD and probiotic groups. Inclusion of HD diet with 0.3% probiotic significantly decreased NH3 and H2S gas emission. Moreover, nitrogen and energy showed a significant interaction between probiotic and density diet. In summary, dietary probiotics with HD diet increased the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profile, and reduced gas emission. We suggest that 0.3% probiotic with HD diet could serve as an alternative feed additive to enhance the growth performance of growing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vetriselvi Sampath
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hong Park
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - In Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
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12
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Oh HJ, Kim MH, Song MH, Lee JH, Kim YJ, Chang SY, An JW, Go YB, Song DC, Cho HA, Kim MJ, Kim HB, Cho JH. Effects of Replacing Medical Zinc Oxide with Different Ratios of Inorganic: Organic Zinc or Reducing Crude Protein Diet with Mixed Feed Additives in Weaned Piglet Diets. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3132. [PMID: 34827863 PMCID: PMC8614496 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One hundred twenty weaned piglets (9.34 ± 0.74 kg) were used in a four-week experiment to investigate the effects of replacing medical ZnO with a different ratio of inorganic and organic zinc (IZ:OZ) or a low-crude-protein diet (LP) with mixed feed additives (MFAs) in the weaned piglets' diet. The dietary treatments included a control (CON), T1 (T1; ZnO 1000 mg/kg), T2 (IZ:OZ 850:150), T3 (IZ:OZ 700:300), T4 (IZ:OZ, 500:500), and T5 (LP with MFAs (0.1% essential oils + 0.08% protease + 0.02% xylanase)). The growth performance was decreased (p < 0.05) in the CON treatment compared with the T4 treatment. The diarrhea incidence was decreased (p < 0.05) in the T4 and the T5 treatment compared with the CON and the T1 treatments. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients were increased (p < 0.05) in the T4 and T5 treatments compared with the CON, T1, and T2 treatments. The T4 treatment had a higher (p < 0.05) ATTD of zinc than the T1, T2, and T3 treatments. The fecal microflora was improved (p < 0.05) in the T5 treatment compared with the CON and T3 treatments. In conclusion, IZ:OZ 500:500 could improve growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and zinc utilization while reducing diarrhea incidence in weaned piglets. Moreover, LP with MFA could replace medical ZnO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Jin Oh
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 286-44, Korea; (H.J.O.); (J.H.L.); (Y.J.K.); (S.Y.C.); (J.W.A.); (Y.B.G.); (D.C.S.); (H.A.C.)
| | - Myung Hoo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 504-63, Korea;
| | - Min Ho Song
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 341-34, Korea;
| | - Ji Hwan Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 286-44, Korea; (H.J.O.); (J.H.L.); (Y.J.K.); (S.Y.C.); (J.W.A.); (Y.B.G.); (D.C.S.); (H.A.C.)
| | - Yong Ju Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 286-44, Korea; (H.J.O.); (J.H.L.); (Y.J.K.); (S.Y.C.); (J.W.A.); (Y.B.G.); (D.C.S.); (H.A.C.)
| | - Se Yeon Chang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 286-44, Korea; (H.J.O.); (J.H.L.); (Y.J.K.); (S.Y.C.); (J.W.A.); (Y.B.G.); (D.C.S.); (H.A.C.)
| | - Jae Woo An
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 286-44, Korea; (H.J.O.); (J.H.L.); (Y.J.K.); (S.Y.C.); (J.W.A.); (Y.B.G.); (D.C.S.); (H.A.C.)
| | - Young Bin Go
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 286-44, Korea; (H.J.O.); (J.H.L.); (Y.J.K.); (S.Y.C.); (J.W.A.); (Y.B.G.); (D.C.S.); (H.A.C.)
| | - Dong Cheol Song
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 286-44, Korea; (H.J.O.); (J.H.L.); (Y.J.K.); (S.Y.C.); (J.W.A.); (Y.B.G.); (D.C.S.); (H.A.C.)
| | - Hyun Ah Cho
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 286-44, Korea; (H.J.O.); (J.H.L.); (Y.J.K.); (S.Y.C.); (J.W.A.); (Y.B.G.); (D.C.S.); (H.A.C.)
| | - Min Ji Kim
- Animal Nutrition and Physiology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 553-65, Korea;
| | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resource, and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 311-16, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Cho
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 286-44, Korea; (H.J.O.); (J.H.L.); (Y.J.K.); (S.Y.C.); (J.W.A.); (Y.B.G.); (D.C.S.); (H.A.C.)
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13
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Zhang C, Zhang C, Wang Y, Du M, Zhang G, Lee Y. Dietary Energy Level Impacts the Performance of Donkeys by Manipulating the Gut Microbiome and Metabolome. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:694357. [PMID: 34692802 PMCID: PMC8531409 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.694357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Considerable evidence suggests that dietary energy levels and gut microbiota are pivotal for animal health and productivity. However, little information exists about the correlations among dietary energy level, performance, and the gut microbiota and metabolome of donkeys. The objective of this study was to investigate the mechanisms by which dietary energy content dictates the growth performance by modulating the intestinal microbiome and metabolome of donkeys. Thirty-six nine-month-old male Dezhou donkeys with similar body weights were randomly assigned to two groups fed low- or high-energy diets (LE or HE). The results showed that donkeys fed HE had increased (p < 0.05) the average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (G/F) compared with those that received LE diet. The gut microbiota in both groups was dominated by the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes regardless of the dietary energy level. However, feeding HE to donkeys significantly decreased (p < 0.05) the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (F/B). Compared to the LE group, feeding HE specifically increased the abundances of unidentified_Prevotellaceae (p = 0.02) while decreasing the richness of unidentified_Ruminococcaceae (p = 0.05). Compared to the LE group, feeding the HE diet significantly (p < 0.05) upregulated certain metabolic pathways involving the aspartate metabolism and the urea cycle. In addition, the increased bacteria and metabolites in the HE-fed group exhibited a positive correlation with improved growth performance of donkeys. Taken together, feeding the HE diet increased the richness of Prevotellaceae and upregulated growth-related metabolic pathways, which may have contributed to the ameliorated growth performance of donkeys. Thus, it is a recommendable dietary strategy to feed HE diets to fattening donkeys for superior product performance and feed efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyu Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Meiyu Du
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Guiguo Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yunkyoung Lee
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju city, South Korea
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14
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Oh HJ, Kim MH, Lee JH, Kim YJ, An JW, Chang SY, Go YB, Song DC, Cho HA, Jo MS, Kim DY, Kim MJ, Cho SB, Kim HB, Cho JH. Effects of different inorganic:organic zinc ratios or combination of
low crude protein diet and feed additives in weaned piglet diets. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 64:23-37. [PMID: 35174340 PMCID: PMC8819320 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-six weaned piglets with an initial body weight (BW) of 8.43 ± 0.40
kg (28 days of age, ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc) were randomly
assigned to 6 treatments for a 2-week feeding trial to determine the effects of
different inorganic zinc (IZ), organic zinc (OZ) or combination of low crude
protein diet (LP) and Mixed feed additive (MFA) on diarrhea score, nutrient
digestibility, zinc utilization, blood profiles, organ weight, and fecal
microflora in weaned piglet diet. The pigs were individually placed in 45
× 55 × 45 cm stainless steel metabolism cages in an
environmentally controlled room (30 ± 1°C). The dietary treatments
included a negative control (NC), positive control (PC; zinc oxide, 1,000
mg/kg), T1 (IZ : OZ, 850 : 150), T2 (IZ : OZ 700 : 300), T3 (IZ : OZ, 500 :
500), and T4 (LP + MFA [0.1% Essential oils + 0.08% Protease + 0.02% Xylanase]).
The daily feed allowance was adjusted to 2.7 times the maintenance requirement
for digestible energy (2.7 × 110 kcal of DE/kg BW0.75). This
allowance was divided into two equal parts, and the piglets were fed at 08 : 30
and 17 : 30 each day. Water was provided ad libitum through a
drinking nipple. The diarrhea score was significantly increased
(p < 0.05) in NC treatment compared with other
treatments. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM),
nitrogen (N), and gross energy (GE) was significantly increased
(p < 0.05) in the T2 treatment compared with the PC
and NC treatments in week 1. In week 2, the ATTD of DM, N, and GE was
significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in the NC treatment
compared with other treatments. The T3 treatment had significantly higher
(p < 0.05) ATTD and apparent ileal digestibility of
zinc than the PC and T1 treatments. The Escherichia coli count
in feces was significantly decreased in the T4 treatment compared with the NC
and T2 treatments. The Lactobacillus count in feces was
significantly increased in the T4 and T1 treatment compared with the T2 and T3
treatments. In conclusion, IZ : OZ 500 : 500 levels could improve nutrient
digestibility and zinc utilization in weaned piglets, Moreover, MFA in LP diets
could be used as a zinc alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Jin Oh
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Myung Hoo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Pusan
National University, Miryang 50463, Korea
| | - Ji Hwan Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Yong Ju Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Jae Woo An
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Se Yeon Chang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Young Bin Go
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Dong Cheol Song
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Hyun Ah Cho
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Min Seok Jo
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Dae Young Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Min Ji Kim
- Animal Nutrition and Physiology Division,
National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development
Administration, Wanjugun 55365, Korea
| | - Sung Bo Cho
- Traditional Mongolian Medicine Research
Institute, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities,
Tongliao, 028000, China
| | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resource, and
Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
- Corresponding author: Hyeun Bum Kim, Department of
Animal Resource, and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea. Tel:
+82-41-550-3652, E-mail:
| | - Jin Ho Cho
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
- Corresponding author: Jin Ho Cho, Department of
Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea. Tel:
+82-43-261-2544, E-mail:
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15
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Larsen C, Lynegaard JC, Pedersen AØ, Kjeldsen NJ, Hansen CF, Nielsen JP, Amdi C. A reduced CP level without medicinal zinc oxide does not alter the intestinal morphology in weaned pigs 24 days post-weaning. Animal 2021; 15:100188. [PMID: 33610517 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of medicinal zinc oxide (ZnO) to prevent diarrhoea post-weaning will be banned in the EU from 2022. Therefore, new alternatives are needed to avoid an increase in diarrhoea and higher antibiotic use. A low dietary CP level has shown to lower the frequency of diarrhoea in pigs, due to lower microbial protein fermentation in the colon as well as improved conditions in the small intestine after weaning. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of decreased CP levels post-weaning as an alternative to medicinal ZnO on gut morphology and histopathology. Five hundred and sixty pigs were randomly assigned into one of six groups receiving a two-phase diet from 5.5 to 15 kg: positive control group (PC) with medicinal ZnO and standard levels of protein (19.1-18.4% CP), negative control group (NC) without medicinal ZnO and standard levels of protein (19.1-18.4% CP). The remaining four low protein groups were a low-standard (LS) CP level (16.6-18.4% CP), a low-low (LL) CP level (16.6-16.2% CP), a very low-high (VLH) CP level (14-19.3% CP) and a very low-medium (VLM) CP level (14-17.4% CP). Individual BW was recorded at day 0, 10 and 24 post-weaning, and all antibiotic treatments were recorded. Tissue samples from the small intestine (mid-jejunum) for morphological and histopathologic analysis, organ weights, blood and urine samples were collected at day 10 and 24 post-weaning from a total of 90 sacrificed weaners. The results demonstrated no differences in intestinal morphology between groups, but the histopathology showed a damaged brush border score in VLM and VLH pigs . In addition, a lower blood urea nitrogen in VLM pigs at 24 days was found. The LL and VLM pigs had a significantly decreased average daily gain in the overall trial period compared to PC and NC pigs. Conclusively, intestinal brush border was damaged by the very low protein diet at 24 days post-weaning, but intestinal morphology was unaffected by dietary strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Larsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J C Lynegaard
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - A Ø Pedersen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - N J Kjeldsen
- Pig Research Centre, Danish Agriculture and Food Council, SEGES, Axeltorv 3, DK-1609 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C F Hansen
- Pig Research Centre, Danish Agriculture and Food Council, SEGES, Axeltorv 3, DK-1609 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J P Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C Amdi
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Hoa VB, Seo HW, Seong PN, Cho SH, Kang SM, Kim YS, Moon SS, Choi YM, Kim JH, Seol KH. Back-fat thickness as a primary index reflecting the yield and overall acceptance of pork meat. Anim Sci J 2021; 92:e13515. [PMID: 33522042 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Predicting aspects of lean meat yield and eating quality of pork based on some particular carcass traits become increasingly important from an economic profitability point of view. The present study aimed to determine the relationship between the back-fat (BF) thickness with lean meat yield and meat quality traits of crossbred pigs. A total of 220 crossbred pigs [(Landrace × Yorkshire) ♀ × Duroc ♂] reared under identical conditions and harvested at 180 days old were slaughtered and screened for BF thickness. Four BF thickness groups: 12-15, 16-20, 21-25, and 26-30 mm were classified, and longissimus dorsi (LD) muscles from these groups were used to analyze meat quality characteristics. Results showed that increasing BF thickness decreased the lean meat yield and loin lean area. Increasing BF thickness up to 26-30 mm increased intramuscular fat content and pH of LD muscles. The LD muscles of the thicker BF (21-30 mm) groups received significantly higher flavor, juiciness, and overall acceptability scores than those of the thinner back-fat (12-20 mm) groups. Overall, when all the pre-harvest factors are kept the same, BF thickness could be considered as a primary index for predicting lean meat yield, and the minimal back-fat thickness of 21-30 mm is required to improve the overall acceptability of pork meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van-Ba Hoa
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Seo
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Korea
| | - Pil-Nam Seong
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Korea
| | - Soo-Hyun Cho
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Korea
| | - Sun-Moon Kang
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Korea
| | - Yun-Seok Kim
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Korea
| | | | - Yong-Min Choi
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Wanju, Korea
| | - Jin-Hyoung Kim
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Korea
| | - Kuk-Hwan Seol
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Korea
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