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Szacawa E, Dudek K, Wasiak M, Bednarek D, Bederska-Łojewska D, Muszyńska B, Pieszka M. Effect of Supplementation with the Combination of Se-Enriched Lentinula edodes Mycelium, Exogenous Enzymes, Acidifiers, Sodium Butyrate and Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticle Feed Additives on Selected Parameters in Calves. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165163. [PMID: 36014403 PMCID: PMC9413389 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During the initial months of calves’ lives, the young animals are exposed to bacterial and viral infections, and during this period, crucial physiological changes take place in their organisms. Offering calves feed additives that will have a beneficial influence on their organisms and improve their growth while reducing the morbidity rate is the optimal task of feeding. This is the first study to investigate the effect of experimental supplementation for calves with the combination of two feed additives—one containing Lentinula edodes enriched with selenium (Se), and the second containing pancreatic-like enzymes, fat-coated organic acids, sodium butyrate, and silicon dioxide nanoparticles—on the serum Se concentration, selected immune parameters, and the average daily gains in the calves. During the study, the serum Se concentration was examined by means of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and the immunoglobulin and cytokine concentrations with ELISA assays. The white blood cell (WBC) count with leukocyte differentiation was examined with the use of a hematological analyzer, and the percentages of subpopulations of T lymphocytes and monocytes, phagocytic activity, and oxidative burst of monocytes and granulocytes with the use of a flow cytometer. The average daily gains of the calves were also evaluated. In summary, the supplementation of the experimental calves with the combination of two feed additives resulted in significantly higher serum Se concentrations, and the immune systems of the calves were not suppressed while the examined feed additives were being delivered. Although not statistically significant, some positive effects on the calves were seen: a tendency towards the improvement of some of the immune parameters evaluated, and a tendency for higher average daily gains in the calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Szacawa
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Katarzyna Dudek
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wasiak
- Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Dariusz Bednarek
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Dorota Bederska-Łojewska
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, National Research Institute of Animal Production, 32-083 Balice, Poland
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Bożena Muszyńska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marek Pieszka
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, National Research Institute of Animal Production, 32-083 Balice, Poland
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Song M, Kim B, Cho JH, Kyoung H, Choe J, Cho JY, Kim Y, Kim HB, Lee JJ. Modification of Gut Microbiota and Immune Responses via Dietary Protease in Soybean Meal-Based Protein Diets. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:885-891. [PMID: 35719080 PMCID: PMC9628920 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2205.05033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Plant-based protein sources such as soybean meal have low digestibility and are generally promoted accumulation of undigested proteins into the intestine by enzymatic treatments. Moreover, potential intestinal pathogens ferment undigested proteins, producing harmful substances, such as ammonia, amines and phenols, leading to an overactive immune response and diarrhea in weaned pigs. As a solution, dietary proteases hydrolyze soybean-based antinutritive factors, which negatively affect immune responses and gut microbiota. In this study, we investigated the effects of dietary proteases (PRO) in a low-crude protein (CP) commercial diet on the immune responses and gut microbiota of weaned pigs. The experimental design consisted of three dietary treatments: a commercial diet as a positive control (PC; phase1 CP = 23.71%; phase 2 CP: 22.36%), a lower CP diet than PC as negative control (NC; 0.61% less CP than PC), and NC diet supplement with 0.02% PRO. We found that PRO tended to decrease the frequency of diarrhea in the first two weeks after weaning compared with PC and NC. In addition, pigs fed PRO showed decreased TNF-α and TGF-β1 levels compared with those fed PC and NC. The PRO group had a higher relative proportion of the genus Lactobacillus and lower levels of the genus Streptococcus than the PC and NC groups. In conclusion, the addition of PRO to a low CP commercial weaned diet attenuated inflammatory responses and modified gut microbiota in weaned pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minho Song
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeonghyeon Kim
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Ho Cho
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjin Kyoung
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeehwan Choe
- Department of Beef Science, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Yeon Cho
- DSM Nutrition Korea Ltd., Seoul 06675, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Jae Lee
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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3
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Lee JJ, Song M, Kyoung H, Park KI, Ryu S, Kim Y, Shin M. Effects of Dietary Carbohydrases on Fecal Microbiome Composition of Lactating Sows and Their Piglets. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:776-782. [PMID: 35586929 PMCID: PMC9628907 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2203.03026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Corn-soybean meal diets are commonly used in the pork industry as a primary source of energy and protein. However, such a diet generally contains non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) which present a challenge in finding ways to improve their availability and digestibility. Dietary multi-carbohydrases (MCs) have been proposed as an efficient approach to utilize NSPs, and can result in improved growth performance and host intestinal fitness. In this study, we evaluated the effects of MC in lactation diets on gut microbiota composition of lactating sows and their litters. The experimental design contained two dietary treatments, a diet based on corn-soybean meal (CON), and CON supplemented with 0.01% multigrain carbohydrases (MCs). Sow and piglet fecal samples were collected on days 7 and 28 after farrowing. Based on the results from 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, MC led to changes in species diversity and altered the microbial compositions in lactating sows and their piglets. Specifically, the MC treatment induced an increase in the proportions of Lactobacillus in piglets. Clostridium and Spirochaetaceae showed a significantly reduced proportion in MC-treated sows at day 28. Our results support the beneficial effects of dietary carbohydrases and their link with improved production due to better host fitness outcomes and gut microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Jae Lee
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Song
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjin Kyoung
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Il Park
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangdon Ryu
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhye Shin
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
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Song M, Kim B, Cho JH, Kyoung H, Park S, Cho JY, Park KII, Kim HB, Lee JJ. Effects of dietary protease supplementation on growth rate, nutrient
digestibility, and intestinal morphology of weaned pigs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 64:462-470. [PMID: 35709123 PMCID: PMC9184710 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minho Song
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science,
Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Byeonghyeon Kim
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science,
Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Cho
- Division of Food and Animal Science,
Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Hyunjin Kyoung
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science,
Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Sangwoo Park
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science,
Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | | | - Kyeong II Park
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science,
Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science,
Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
- Corresponding author: Hyeun Bum Kim, Department of
Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea. Tel:
+82-41-550-3653, E-mail:
| | - Jeong Jae Lee
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science,
Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
- Institute of Agricultural Science and
Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566,
Korea
- Corresponding author: Jeong Jae Lee, Institute of
Agricultural Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566,
Korea. Tel: +82-53-950-7764, E-mail:
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A pilot study on the effect of a novel feed additive containing exogenous enzymes, acidifiers, sodium butyrate and silicon dioxide nanoparticles on selected cellular immune indices and body weight gains of calves. J Vet Res 2021; 65:497-504. [PMID: 35112005 PMCID: PMC8775742 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2021-000068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The rearing of calves is a difficult period for farmers due to health problems to which the animals are prone this time. Since the use of antibiotics as growth promoters has been forbidden, various innovative feed additives have been tested in many countries around the world. Material and Methods In this study, experimental (E) calves were supplemented with a novel feed additive consisting of the pancreatic-like enzymes protease and lipase, a fat-coated mixture of organic fumaric, malic, citric and sorbic acids, sodium butyrate and silicon dioxide nanoparticles. Control (C) calves received feed without additive. During the supplementation, white blood cell (WBC) counts with leukocyte differentiation, percentages of B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes and their subpopulations, phagocytic activity and oxidative burst of circulating monocytes and granulocytes were examined. Body weight (b.w.) gains of the calves were also monitored. Results The WBC counts in the E and C calves were within the reference ranges throughout the study. In the analysis of the percentages of the lymphocyte subpopulations, phagocytic activity and oxidative burst, no statistically significant differences were reported between the E and C groups. However, higher average daily body weight gains were obtained for the E calves. Conclusion The study revealed that the examined feed additive did not modulate the immune response of the calves significantly. The tendency to higher daily average b.w. gains in the E calves than in the C calves suggests a beneficial effect of this feed additive.
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He F, Chao J, Yang D, Zhang X, Yang C, Xu Z, Jiewei T, Yongqiang T. Optimization of fermentation conditions for production of neutral metalloprotease by Bacillus subtilis SCK6 and its application in goatskin-dehairing. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 52:789-799. [PMID: 34747342 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2021.1995413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a high protease-producing strain was screened by spread plate method and identified by molecular biology and morphological identification. It was identified as Bacillus sp. LCB14. A neutral protease gene was cloned and heterologous expressed by B. subtilis SCK6. Then, the recombinant protease was used to dehair the goat skins. The fermentation conditions of neutral protease production by B. subtilis SCK6 were optimized. The single factor experiments, Plackett-Burma experiment, and response surface method were conducted to determine fermentation medium and culture conditions. The optimized medium contained corn meal 49 g/L, soluble starch 28 g/L, soybean meal 17 g/L, corn steep liquor powder 8 g/L, yeast extract 10 g/L, Na2HPO4 2.3 g/L, KH2PO4 1.9 g/L, MgSO4 0.5 g/L, MnCl2 0.1 g/L and ZnSO4 0.05 g/L. The optimized culture conditions were 35 °C and pH 7.0. Under the optimum conditions, the recombinant strain reached 33467.28 U/mL after 72 hr ferment. Moreover, by fed batch in 30 L fermenters, neutral protease production reached 39,440.78 U/mL and shortened fermentation time from 72 hr to 46 hr. Finally, the crude enzyme was utilized to replace sodium sulfide for dehairing of goatskins. The enzymatic dehaired pelts were white, smooth, and soft; the grain side of enzymatic dehaired pelts were clear; there was no obvious damage to the grain side of enzymatic dehaired pelts by visual observation and tactile test. Furthermore, there were no hair roots, hair follicles and other glands in enzymatic dehaired belts, and the collagen fibers of enzymatic dehaired belt were dispersed well by histological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuming He
- Chambroad Chemical Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd, Binzhou, China
| | - Jin Chao
- Chambroad Chemical Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd, Binzhou, China
| | - Dandan Yang
- Chambroad Chemical Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd, Binzhou, China
| | - Xinqing Zhang
- Chambroad Chemical Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd, Binzhou, China
| | - Chuanlun Yang
- Chambroad Chemical Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd, Binzhou, China
| | - Zeping Xu
- Chambroad Chemical Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd, Binzhou, China
| | - Tian Jiewei
- Chambroad Chemical Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd, Binzhou, China.,Shan Dong Chambroad Holding Group Co., Ltd, Binzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education and College of Light Industry, Textile and Food Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tian Yongqiang
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education and College of Light Industry, Textile and Food Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Lee JJ, Kim S, Cho JH, Kyoung H, Lee S, Choe J, Liu Y, Ji P, Xiong X, Kim Y, Kim HB, Song M. Potential use of ground brown rice for weanling pigs. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:skab267. [PMID: 34558617 PMCID: PMC8525501 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to assess the effects of substituting corn with ground brown rice on growth performance, immune status, and gut microbiota in weanling pigs. Seventy-two weanling pigs (28 d old with 6.78 ± 0.94 kg body weight [BW]) were randomly allotted to two dietary treatments with six pens and six pigs (three barrows and gilts) per pen within a randomized complete block design. The control pigs were fed a typical diet for weanling pigs based on corn and soybean meal diet (control diet: CON), and the other pigs were fed a formulated diet with 100% replacement of corn with ground brown rice for 35d (treatment diet: GBR). Growth performance, immune status, and gut microbiota of weanling pigs were measured. The substitution of corn with GBR did not affect growth performance or diarrhea frequency. Additionally, there were no differences in white blood cell number, hematocrit, cortisol, C-reactive protein, and serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels between pigs fed CON or GBR for the first 2 wk after weaning. However, weanling pigs fed GBR had lower (P < 0.05) serum transforming growth factor-beta 1 level than those fed CON. Furthermore, weanling pigs fed GBR had increased (P < 0.05) relative abundance of phylum Firmicutes and genus Lactobacillus and Streptococcus and decreased (P < 0.05) relative abundance of phylum Bacteroidetes and genus Clostridium and Prevotella in the gut microbiota compared with those fed CON. In conclusion, there was no significant difference in growth performance when corn was replaced with ground brown rice in diets for weanling pigs. Furthermore, the substitution of corn with ground brown rice in weaning diet modulated immune status and gut microbiota of pigs by increasing beneficial microbial communities and reducing harmful microbial communities. Overall, ground brown rice-based diet is a potential alternative to corn-based diet without negative effects on growth performance, immune status, and gut microbiota changes of weanling pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Jae Lee
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Sheena Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Cho
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Hyunjin Kyoung
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Seonmin Lee
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Jeehwan Choe
- Department of Beef Science, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju 54874, Korea
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Peng Ji
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Xia Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Minho Song
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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Lee JJ, Kyoung H, Cho JH, Choe J, Kim Y, Liu Y, Kang J, Lee H, Kim HB, Song M. Dietary Yeast Cell Wall Improves Growth Performance and Prevents of Diarrhea of Weaned Pigs by Enhancing Gut Health and Anti-Inflammatory Immune Responses. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082269. [PMID: 34438727 PMCID: PMC8388398 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Post-weaning stress can substantially affect performance of weaned pigs as well as overall pig production, and thus, a practical approach is needed to improve their performance by alleviating the stress that can cause intestinal barrier dysfunction of weaned pigs. There are potential ways to solve the concern in swine production, but dietary yeast cell wall in weaner diets may be one possible solution. The results of the present study suggest that dietary yeast cell wall improves growth performance of weaned pigs by enhancing gut health and provide its potential mechanism. Abstract Dietary yeast cell wall products (YCW) are recognized as a feed additive due to multifunctional benefits by the biological response modulators. Thus, this study was conducted to verify a potential advantage of YCW for improving growth performance, nutrient digestibility, immune responses, and intestinal health and microbiota of weaned pigs. A total of 112 weaned pigs (7.99 ± 1.10 kg of body weight; 28 days old) were arbitrarily allocated to two experimental treatments with eight pigs (four barrows and four gilts) per pen and seven replicate pens per treatment in a completely randomized block design (block = BW and sex): (1) a basal diet based on corn and soybean meal (CON) and (2) CON + 0.05% YCW. The experimental period was for 4 weeks. There were no differences in final body weight, average daily feed intake, and gain-to-feed ratio between dietary treatments. In contrast, pigs fed YCW had higher average daily gain (p = 0.088) and apparent ileal digestibility of DM (p < 0.05) and energy (p = 0.052) and lower diarrhea frequency (p = 0.083) than those fed control diet (CON). Pigs fed YCW also had a higher (p < 0.05) ratio between villus height and crypt depth, villus width and area, and goblet cell counts in the duodenum and/or jejunum than those fed CON. Dietary YCW decreased (p < 0.05) serum TNF-α and IL–1β of weaned pigs on day 7 and 14, respectively, compared with CON. Furthermore, pigs fed YCW had higher (p < 0.05) ileal gene expression of claudin family, occludin, MUC1, INF-γ, and IL-6 and lower (p < 0.05) that of TNF-α than those fed CON. Lastly, there were no differences in the relative abundance of bacteria at the phylum level between CON and YCW. However, dietary YCW increased (p < 0.05) the relative abundance of genera Prevotella and Roseburia compared with CON. This study provided that dietary YCW improved growth rate, nutritional digestibility, and intestinal health and modified immune responses and intestinal microbiota of weaned pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Jae Lee
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (J.J.L.); (H.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Hyunjin Kyoung
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (J.J.L.); (H.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Jin Ho Cho
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea;
| | - Jeehwan Choe
- Department of Beef Science, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju 54874, Korea;
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Joowon Kang
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (J.J.L.); (H.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Hanbae Lee
- Pathway Intermediates, Seoul 06253, Korea;
| | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.B.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Minho Song
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (J.J.L.); (H.K.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: (H.B.K.); (M.S.)
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Kang J, Lee JJ, Cho JH, Choe J, Kyoung H, Kim SH, Kim HB, Song M. Effects of dietary inactivated probiotics on growth performance and immune responses of weaned pigs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:520-530. [PMID: 34189502 PMCID: PMC8203999 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was performed to verify whether dietary heat-killed
Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LR) improves growth performance
and modulates immune responses of weaned pigs. Ninety-six weaned pigs ([Landrace
× Yorkshire] × Duroc; 6.95 ± 0.25 kg body weight [BW]; 28 d
old) were randomly allocated to four treatments: 1) a basal diet without
heat-killed LR (CON), 2) T1 (CON with 0.1% heat-killed LR), 3) T2 (CON with 0.2%
heat-killed LR), and 4) T3 (CON with 0.4% heat-killed LR). Each treatment had
six pens with four pigs (6 replicates per treatment) in a randomized completely
block design. The heat-killed LR used in this study contained 1 ×
109 FU/g of LR in a commercial product. Pigs were fed each
treatment for four weeks using a two-phase feeding program to measure growth
performance and frequency of diarrhea. During the last week of this study, all
diets contained 0.2% chromic oxide as an indigestible marker. Fecal sampling was
performed through rectal palpation for the consecutive three days after the four
adaptation days to measure apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry
matter, crude protein, and gross energy (GE). Blood sampling was also performed
on day 1, 3, 7, and 14 after weaning to measure immune responses such as serum
tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), transforming growth
factor-β1 (TGF-β1), C-reactive protein (CRP), and cortisol. The
heat-killed LR increased (p < 0.05) growth rate, feed
efficiency, and ATTD of GE for overall experimental period compared with CON,
but reduced (p < 0.05) post-weaning diarrhea. In
addition, pigs fed diets contained heat-killed had lower concentrations of serum
TNF-α (d 7; p < 0.05), TGF-β1 (d 7;
p < 0.10), and cortisol (d 3 and 7;
p < 0.05) than pigs fed CON. In conclusion, dietary
heat-killed LR improved growth rate, modified immune responses of weaned pigs,
and alleviated post-weaning diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joowon Kang
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Jeong Jae Lee
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Cho
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Jeehwan Choe
- Department of Beef Science, Korea National Collage of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju 54874, Korea
| | - Hyunjin Kyoung
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | | | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resource, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Minho Song
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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Kyoung H, Lee JJ, Cho JH, Choe J, Kang J, Lee H, Liu Y, Kim Y, Kim HB, Song M. Dietary Glutamic Acid Modulates Immune Responses and Gut Health of Weaned Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020504. [PMID: 33671988 PMCID: PMC7919271 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Weaning stress can lead to intestinal barrier dysfunction, immune system destruction, and intestinal microbiota disruption, thereby reducing the absorption of nutrients and causing intestinal diseases. Glutamic acid is a non-essential amino acid that is abundantly present in the body and plays an essential function in cellular metabolism and immune responses. In this study, the effects of dietary glutamic acid on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, immune responses, and intestinal health of weaned pigs were evaluated. Based on the results, dietary glutamic acid increased growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, and ileal gene expression of tight junction proteins of weaned pigs and modified immune responses and gut microbiota. This study provides information to understand the functional use of dietary glutamic acid as a feed additive for improving the growth performance and intestinal health of weaned pigs. Abstract Dietary glutamic acid (GLU) is used as a feed additive because of its functional characteristics that may affect the growth performance and health of pigs. This study was carried out to determine the effects of dietary GLU on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, immune responses, and intestinal health of weaned pigs. A total of ninety-six weaned pigs (8.07 ± 1.17 kg of body weight; 28 days of age) were assigned to two dietary treatments (8 pigs/pen; 6 replicates/treatment) in a randomized complete block design (block: body weight): (1) a typical weaner diet (CON) and (2) CON supplemented with 0.5% GLU. The experimental period was for 4 weeks. All data and sample collections were performed at the specific time points during the experimental period. Pigs fed GLU had higher average daily gain and average daily feed intake for the first two weeks and nutrient digestibility than pigs fed CON. In addition, dietary GLU increased villus height to crypt depth ratio, number of goblet cells, and ileal gene expression of claudin family and occludin compared with CON, but decreased serum TNF-α and IL-6 and ileal gene expression of TNF-α. Moreover, pigs fed GLU had increased relative composition of bacterial communities of genus Prevotella and Anaerovibrio and decreased genus Clostridium and Terrisporobacter compared with those fed CON. This study suggests that dietary GLU influences growth performance and health of weaned pigs by modulating nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, ileal gene expression of tight junction proteins and cytokines, immune responses, and microbial community in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjin Kyoung
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (H.K.); (J.J.L.); (J.K.)
| | - Jeong Jae Lee
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (H.K.); (J.J.L.); (J.K.)
| | - Jin Ho Cho
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea;
| | - Jeehwan Choe
- Department of Beef Science, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju 54874, Korea;
| | - Joowon Kang
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (H.K.); (J.J.L.); (J.K.)
| | - Hanbae Lee
- Pathway Intermediates, Seoul 06253, Korea;
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research, Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.B.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Minho Song
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (H.K.); (J.J.L.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: (H.B.K.); (M.S.)
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Lee JJ, Kang J, Park S, Cho JH, Oh S, Park DJ, Perez-Maldonado R, Cho JY, Park IH, Kim HB, Song M. Erratum to: Effects of dietary protease on immune responses of weaned pigs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020; 62:427-428. [PMID: 32568262 PMCID: PMC7288237 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2020.62.3.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Jae Lee
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Joowon Kang
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Sangwoo Park
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Cho
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Sejong Oh
- Department of Animal Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | | | | | | | - Il-Hun Park
- DSM Nutrition Korea Ltd., Seoul 06675, Korea
| | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Minho Song
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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