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Extreme Aerosol Events at Mesa Verde, Colorado: Implications for Air Quality Management. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12091140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A significant concern for public health and visibility is airborne particulate matter, especially during extreme events. Of most relevance for health, air quality, and climate is the role of fine aerosol particles, specifically particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5). The purpose of this study was to examine PM2.5 extreme events between 1989 and 2018 at Mesa Verde, Colorado using Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) monitoring data. Extreme events were identified as those with PM2.5 on a given day exceeding the 90th percentile value for that given month. We examine the weekly, monthly, and interannual trends in the number of extreme events at Mesa Verde, in addition to identifying the sources of the extreme events with the aid of the Navy Aerosol Analysis and Prediction (NAAPS) aerosol model. Four sources were used in the classification scheme: Asian dust, non-Asian dust, smoke, and “other”. Our results show that extreme PM2.5 events in the spring are driven mostly by the dust categories, whereas summertime events are influenced largely by smoke. The colder winter months have more influence from “other” sources that are thought to be largely anthropogenic in nature. No weekly cycle was observed for the number of events due to each source; however, interannual analysis shows that the relative amount of dust and smoke events compared to “other” events have increased in the last decade, especially smoke since 2008. The results of this work indicate that, to minimize and mitigate the effects of extreme PM2.5 events in the southwestern Colorado area, it is important to focus mainly on smoke and dust forecasting in the spring and summer months. Wintertime extreme events may be easier to regulate as they derive more from anthropogenic pollutants accumulating in shallow boundary layers in stagnant conditions.
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Corral AF, Braun RA, Cairns B, Gorooh VA, Liu H, Ma L, Mardi AH, Painemal D, Stamnes S, van Diedenhoven B, Wang H, Yang Y, Zhang B, Sorooshian A. An Overview of Atmospheric Features Over the Western North Atlantic Ocean and North American East Coast - Part 1: Analysis of Aerosols, Gases, and Wet Deposition Chemistry. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2021; 126:e2020JD032592. [PMID: 34211820 PMCID: PMC8243758 DOI: 10.1029/2020jd032592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Western North Atlantic Ocean (WNAO) and adjoining East Coast of North America are of great importance for atmospheric research and have been extensively studied for several decades. This broad region exhibits complex meteorological features and a wide range of conditions associated with gas and particulate species from many sources regionally and other continents. As Part 1 of a 2-part paper series, this work characterizes quantities associated with atmospheric chemistry, including gases, aerosols, and wet deposition, by analyzing available satellite observations, ground-based data, model simulations, and reanalysis products. Part 2 provides insight into the atmospheric circulation, boundary layer variability, three-dimensional cloud structure, properties, and precipitation over the WNAO domain. Key results include spatial and seasonal differences in composition along the North American East Coast and over the WNAO associated with varying sources of smoke and dust and meteorological drivers such as temperature, moisture, and precipitation. Spatial and seasonal variations of tropospheric carbon monoxide and ozone highlight different pathways toward the accumulation of these species in the troposphere. Spatial distributions of speciated aerosol optical depth and vertical profiles of aerosol mass mixing ratios show a clear seasonal cycle highlighting the influence of different sources in addition to the impact of intercontinental transport. Analysis of long-term climate model simulations of aerosol species and satellite observations of carbon monoxide confirm that there has been a significant decline in recent decades among anthropogenic constituents owing to regulatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea F Corral
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Rachel A Braun
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Brian Cairns
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vesta Afzali Gorooh
- Center for Hydrometeorology and Remote Sensing (CHRS), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Hongyu Liu
- National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ali Hossein Mardi
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - David Painemal
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | - Bastiaan van Diedenhoven
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA
- Columbia University Center for Climate System Research, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hailong Wang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Bo Zhang
- National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Ma L, Dadashazar H, Hilario MRA, Cambaliza MO, Lorenzo GR, Simpas JB, Nguyen P, Sorooshian A. Contrasting wet deposition composition between three diverse islands and coastal North American sites. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2021; 244:117919. [PMID: 33192157 PMCID: PMC7660117 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study examined spatial variations of precipitation accumulation and chemistry for six sites located on the West and East Coasts of the U.S., and one site each on the islands of Hawaii, Bermuda, and Luzon of the Philippines (specifically Manila). The nine coastal sites ranged widely in both mean annual precipitation accumulation, ranging from 40 cm (Mauna Loa, Hawaii) to 275 cm (Washington), and in terms of monthly profiles. The three island sites represented the extremes of differences in terms of chemical profiles, with Bermuda having the highest overall ion concentrations driven mainly by sea salt, Hawaii having the highestSO 4 2 - mass fractions due to the nearby influence of volcanic SO2 emissions and mid-tropospheric transport of anthropogenic pollution, and Manila exhibiting the highest concentration of non-marine ions (NH 4 + non-sea salt [nss]SO 4 2 - , nss Ca2+,NO 3 - , nss K+, nss Na+, nss Mg2+) linked to anthropogenic, biomass burning, and crustal emissions. The Manila site exhibited the most variability in composition throughout the year due to shifting wind directions and having diverse regional and local pollutant sources. In contrast to the three island sites, the North American continental sites exhibited less variability in precipitation composition with sea salt being the most abundant constituent followed by some combination ofSO 4 2 - ,NO 3 - , andNH 4 + . The mean-annual pH values ranged from 4.88 (South Carolina) to 5.40 (central California) withNH 4 + exhibiting the highest neutralization factors for all sites except Bermuda where dust tracer species (nss Ca2+) exhibited enhanced values. The results of this study highlight the sensitivity of wet deposition chemistry to regional considerations, elevation, time of year, and atmospheric circulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ma
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Hossein Dadashazar
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Maria Obiminda Cambaliza
- Air Quality Dynamics Laboratory, Manila Observatory, Quezon City, 1108, Philippines
- Department of Physics, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, 1108, Philippines
| | - Genevieve Rose Lorenzo
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - James Bernard Simpas
- Air Quality Dynamics Laboratory, Manila Observatory, Quezon City, 1108, Philippines
- Department of Physics, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, 1108, Philippines
| | - Phu Nguyen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Corral AF, Dadashazar H, Stahl C, Edwards EL, Zuidema P, Sorooshian A. Source Apportionment of Aerosol at a Coastal Site and Relationships with Precipitation Chemistry: A Case Study over the Southeast United States. ATMOSPHERE 2020; 11:1212. [PMID: 34211764 PMCID: PMC8243544 DOI: 10.3390/atmos11111212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on the long-term aerosol and precipitation chemistry measurements from colocated monitoring sites in Southern Florida between 2013 and 2018. A positive matrix factorization (PMF) model identified six potential emission sources impacting the study area. The PMF model solution yielded the following source concentration profiles: (i) combustion; (ii) fresh sea salt; (iii) aged sea salt; (iv) secondary sulfate; (v) shipping emissions; and (vi) dust. Based on these results, concentration-weighted trajectory maps were developed to identify sources contributing to the PMF factors. Monthly mean precipitation pH values ranged from 4.98 to 5.58, being positively related to crustal species and negatively related to SO4 2-. Sea salt dominated wet deposition volume-weighted concentrations year-round without much variability in its mass fraction in contrast to stronger seasonal changes in PM2.5 composition where fresh sea salt was far less influential. The highest mean annual deposition fluxes were attributed to Cl-, NO3 -, SO4 2-, and Na+ between April and October. Nitrate is strongly correlated with dust constituents (unlike sea salt) in precipitation samples, indicative of efficient partitioning to dust. Interrelationships between precipitation chemistry and aerosol species based on long-term surface data provide insight into aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea F. Corral
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Hossein Dadashazar
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Connor Stahl
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Eva-Lou Edwards
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Paquita Zuidema
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Keresztesi Á, Nita IA, Boga R, Birsan MV, Bodor Z, Szép R. Spatial and long-term analysis of rainwater chemistry over the conterminous United States. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 188:109872. [PMID: 32846651 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive analysis of the chemical composition of precipitation was performed on rainwater samples collected between 1978 and 2017 over the conterminous US. A total of 86470 data records downloaded from the National Atmospheric Deposition Program were statistically analyzed and assessed in terms of precipitation chemistry. The ion abundance followed the Cl⁻ > Na⁺ > SO₄2⁻ > Ca2⁺ > H⁺ > NH₄⁺ > NO₃⁻ > Mg2⁺ > HCO₃⁻ > K⁺ downward trend, showing that chloride and sodium were the most dominant among anions and cations. Ca2+, SO42- and NH4+ concentrations were notable in desert areas or in regions with significant anthropogenic activity. Frequency analysis of pH values showed that the 87.90% of the pH is acidic, exhibiting values under 5.6. According to the acidifying and neutralization potential, rainwater pH is mostly alkaline in the Western region, presenting acidic values in highly industrialized areas, in the Central and Eastern Regions. Fractional acidity showed that in the majority of the studied sampling sites 61% of the acidity in precipitation is neutralized, due to the presence of the main neutralizing agents (NH4+, Ca2+, Na+), fact sustained by the neutralization factor values. The relationship between acidic and alkaline components was thoroughly examined by ionic ratios and the ammonium availability index. Wet deposition rates of major ions confirmed the dominance of acidic species over neutralizing ones, as well as the significant imprint of regional climate and heavily industrialized areas on the precipitation chemistry. The complex major ion source apportionment, including marine and crustal enrichment factors, sea salt and non-sea salt fractions, Spearman's rank correlation analysis and Principal Component Analysis, showed that anthropogenic influences are the most significant, including coal-fired power plants, oil refineries, major industries and agricultural activities. Crustal and marine sources also presented a prominent imprint on the rainwater chemistry of the conterminous US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes Keresztesi
- University of Pécs, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Doctoral School of Chemistry, Ifjúság 6, 7624, Pécs, Hungary; Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Faculty of Economics, Socio - Human Sciences and Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Piaţa Libertăţii 1, 530104, Miercurea Ciuc, Romania; Institute for Research and Development for Hunting and Mountain Resources, Progresului 35B, 530240, Miercurea Ciuc, Romania
| | - Ion-Andrei Nita
- Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Faculty of Geography and Geology, Doctoral School of Geosciences, Bulevardul Carol I 11, 700506, Iași, Romania; Meteo Romania (National Meteorological Administration), Department of Research and Infrastructure Projects. Sos. București-Ploiești 97, 013686, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Réka Boga
- University of Pécs, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Doctoral School of Chemistry, Ifjúság 6, 7624, Pécs, Hungary; Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Faculty of Economics, Socio - Human Sciences and Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Piaţa Libertăţii 1, 530104, Miercurea Ciuc, Romania
| | - Marius-Victor Birsan
- Meteo Romania (National Meteorological Administration), Department of Research and Infrastructure Projects. Sos. București-Ploiești 97, 013686, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Zsolt Bodor
- Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Faculty of Economics, Socio - Human Sciences and Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Piaţa Libertăţii 1, 530104, Miercurea Ciuc, Romania
| | - Róbert Szép
- University of Pécs, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Doctoral School of Chemistry, Ifjúság 6, 7624, Pécs, Hungary; Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Faculty of Economics, Socio - Human Sciences and Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Piaţa Libertăţii 1, 530104, Miercurea Ciuc, Romania; Institute for Research and Development for Hunting and Mountain Resources, Progresului 35B, 530240, Miercurea Ciuc, Romania.
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Kattan Z. Factors affecting the chemical composition of precipitation in Syria. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:28408-28428. [PMID: 32418089 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08257-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of the major ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, NH4+, Cl-, HCO3-, SO42- and NO3-), pH and electrical conductivity (EC) values in the rainwater (RW) samples at 16 stations in Syria were determined for characterizing the principal factors affecting the chemical composition of precipitation (P) in this country. Collection of the RW samples was made on a monthly basis during the period (1989-2006). The volume-weighted mean (VWM) values calculated for the different parameters at all stations show VWM values of 6.84 and 96 μS/cm for pH and EC, respectively. The ionic trend of the VWM concentrations (μeq/L) in the RW samples of entire dataset follows the descending order: Ca2+ ≥ HCO3- > SO42- > Mg2+ > Cl- > Na+ > NO3- > K+ > NH4+. The lowest pH and EC values were found for the southern mountainous stations, while the highest were reported for the interior inland stations, depending on the amount of carbonate dust present in the atmosphere. The major part of the RW salinity (> 70%) was due to Ca2+, HCO3- and SO42- concentrations. The highest concentrations of Na+ and Cl- were found for the Tartous coastal station, where the Na+/Cl- ratio (0.84 ± 0.16) was remarkably very close to that of the Mediterranean Sea (MS) value (0.86), implying thus the sea spray effect. The highest NO3- concentrations (≈ 8-9 mg/L), with relatively high SO42-/NO3- ratios (> 2 ± 1), were found for the major cities (Damascus, Homs and Aleppo), implying hence the influence of intensive traffics and urban pollutions. The pH parameter was moderately linked with Ca2+ and HCO3- (R2 ≈ 0.36), while EC was correlated with all ions, except NH4+. This later ion was weakly correlated with NO3- (R2 ≈ 0.23). Strong correlations were found between Ca2+ and SO42- (R2 ≈ 0.80) and between Cl- and Na+ (R2 ≈ 0.95). Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions were the most responsible for neutralizing the RW acidity. The role of K+ and NH4+ as acidity neutralizers was small. By using the principal component analysis (PCA), five major factors, explaining ≈ 87% of the total variance, were suggested for the possible sources affecting the chemical composition of RW in this country. The factors are (1) crustal natural materials, (2) sea salts, (3) fossil fuel combustion, (4) rural activity, and (5) biomass burning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuhair Kattan
- Department of Geology, Atomic Energy Commission (AECS), Damascus, Syria.
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Mardi AH, Dadashazar H, MacDonald AB, Crosbie E, Coggon MM, Aghdam MA, Woods RK, Jonsson HH, Flagan RC, Seinfeld JH, Sorooshian A. Effects of Biomass Burning on Stratocumulus Droplet Characteristics, Drizzle Rate, and Composition. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2019; 124:12301-12318. [PMID: 33274175 PMCID: PMC7709909 DOI: 10.1029/2019jd031159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study reports on airborne measurements of stratocumulus cloud properties under varying degrees of influence from biomass burning (BB) plumes off the California coast. Data are reported from five total airborne campaigns based in Marina, California, with two of them including influence from wildfires in different areas along the coast of the western United States. The results indicate that subcloud cloud condensation nuclei number concentration and mass concentrations of important aerosol species (organics, sulfate, nitrate) were better correlated with cloud droplet number concentration (N d) as compared to respective above-cloud aerosol data. Given that the majority of BB particles resided above cloud tops, this is an important consideration for future work in the region as the data indicate that the subcloud BB particles likely were entrained from the free troposphere. Lower cloud condensation nuclei activation fractions were observed for BB-impacted clouds as compared to non-BB clouds due, at least partly, to less hygroscopic aerosols. Relationships between N d and either droplet effective radius or drizzle rate are preserved regardless of BB influence, indicative of how parameterizations can exhibit consistent skill for varying degrees of BB influence as long as N d is known. Lastly, the composition of both droplet residual particles and cloud water changed significantly when clouds were impacted by BB plumes, with differences observed for different fire sources stemming largely from effects of plume aging time and dust influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hossein Mardi
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Hossein Dadashazar
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Alexander B MacDonald
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ewan Crosbie
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Matthew M Coggon
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Mojtaba Azadi Aghdam
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Roy K Woods
- Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA
| | | | - Richard C Flagan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - John H Seinfeld
- Department of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Rastegari Mehr M, Keshavarzi B, Sorooshian A. Influence of natural and urban emissions on rainwater chemistry at a southwestern Iran coastal site. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 668:1213-1221. [PMID: 31018461 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The influence of pollutant sources on rainwater chemistry is investigated at an industrial coastal site in Iran (Mahshahr) where frequent dust storms occur throughout the year. For this purpose, rainwater samples from two main pluvial systems were collected and analyzed for major ions and selected heavy metals (Al, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn). The differences in calculated and measured pH values of rainwater pointed to the important effect of neutralizing agents, specifically Ca2+, Na+ and Mg2+, in offsetting the high acidity generated by NO3- and SO42- to yield alkaline rainwater. A comparison of species concentration ratios relative to those for pure seawater and Earth's crust revealed that nearly all NO3- and most Ca2+, SO42- and Mg2+ originated from non-marine and local sources. Compared with other areas around the world, some heavy metals (particularly Zn) displayed higher concentrations in Mahshahr rainwater. Enrichment factor (EF) analysis revealed that Cu and Ni were moderately enriched, while Pb and Zn in particular (EF > 100) were highly enriched indicating that these species in rainwater stemmed from anthropogenic activities. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) modeling indicated that the four main pollutant sources impacting the regional rainwater were soil, combustion processes, marine emissions, and the local industrial sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meisam Rastegari Mehr
- Department of Applied Geology, Faculty of Earth Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran 15614, Iran.
| | - Behnam Keshavarzi
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71454, Iran.
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Dadashazar H, Ma L, Sorooshian A. Sources of pollution and interrelationships between aerosol and precipitation chemistry at a central California site. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:1776-1787. [PMID: 30316095 PMCID: PMC6246821 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study examines co-located aerosol and precipitation chemistry data between 2010 and 2016 at Pinnacles National Monument ~65 km east of the coastline in central California. Positive matrix factorization analysis of the aerosol composition data revealed seven distinct pollutant sources: aged sea salt (25.7% of PM2.5), biomass burning (24.2% of PM2.5), fresh sea salt (15.0% of PM2.5), secondary sulfate (11.7% of PM2.5), dust (10.0% of PM2.5), vehicle emissions (8.2% of PM2.5), and secondary nitrate (5.2% of PM2.5). The influence of meteorology and transport on monthly patterns of PM2.5 composition is discussed. Only secondary sulfate exhibited a statistically significant change (a reduction) over time among the PM2.5 source factors. In contrast, PMcoarse exhibited a significant increase most likely due to dust influence. Monthly profiles of precipitation chemistry are summarized showing that the most abundant species in each month was either SO42-, NO3-, or Cl-. Intercomparisons between the precipitation and aerosol data revealed several features: (i) precipitation pH was inversely related to factors associated with more acidic aerosol constituents such as secondary sulfate and aged sea salt, in addition to being reduced by uptake of HNO3 in the liquid phase; (ii) two aerosol source factors (dust and aged sea salt) and PMcoarse exhibited a positive association with Ca2+ in precipitation, suggestive of directly emitted aerosol types with larger sizes promoting precipitation; and (iii) sulfate levels in both the aerosol and precipitation samples analyzed were significantly correlated with dust and aged sea salt PMF factors, pointing to the partitioning of secondary sulfate to dust and sea salt particles. The results of this work have implications for the region's air quality and hydrological cycle, in addition to demonstrating that the use of co-located aerosol and precipitation chemistry data can provide insights relevant to aerosol-precipitation interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Dadashazar
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, PO BOX 210011, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, PO BOX 210011, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, PO BOX 210011, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, PO BOX 210011, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Naimabadi A, Shirmardi M, Maleki H, Teymouri P, Goudarzi G, Shahsavani A, Sorooshian A, Babaei AA, Mehrabi N, Baneshi MM, Zarei MR, Lababpour A, Ghozikali MG. On the chemical nature of precipitation in a populated Middle Eastern Region (Ahvaz, Iran) with diverse sources. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 163:558-566. [PMID: 30077153 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.07.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study reports on the chemical composition of rainwater collected at three ground sites with varying degrees of pollution in Ahvaz, Iran, between January 2014 and February 2015. A total of 24 rainwater samples were analyzed for pH and concentrations of trace elements (Fe, Al, Pb, and Cd) and major ions (Na+, NH4+, Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3-, NO3-, Cl- and SO42-). Principle Component Analysis (PCA) was used to identify sources of the measured species. The equivalent concentration of the components followed the order of Ca2+ > SO42- > HCO3- > NH4+ > Cl- > Na+ > NO3- > Mg2+. The average pH of the rainwater samples was 6, and only three events exhibited acidic conditions below a pH of 5.6. The lowest and the highest average pH values were observed in the high traffic area (5.96) and industrial area (6.54), respectively. The highest and lowest Ca2+ levels were observed in the industrial and high traffic areas, respectively. Na+, Mg2+, and SO42- exhibited their highest and lowest concentrations in the industrial and high traffic areas, respectively. 70.36% of the total variance was due to anthropogenic species (Ca2+, SO42-, Mg2+, NO3-, Cl-), soil particles (Cl-, Na+, and HCO3-), and biomass burning (NH4+, pH). The results of this study show that local anthropogenic sources and Middle Eastern Dust (MED) storms affect the rainwater chemistry strongly, which the latter stems from the Arabian Peninsula, Kuwait, Iraq, and some parts of Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Naimabadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran; Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shirmardi
- Environmental Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Heidar Maleki
- MS of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Water Sciences Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Pari Teymouri
- Health and Environment Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Goudarzi
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Abbas Shahsavani
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ali Akbar Babaei
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nasim Mehrabi
- Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences and Baghmalek Health Center, Water Laboratory, Baghmalek, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Baneshi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zarei
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Abdolmajid Lababpour
- Shohadaye Hoveizeh University of Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Susangerd, Iran
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11
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Sánchez-Cañete EP, Barron-Gafford GA, Chorover J. A considerable fraction of soil-respired CO 2 is not emitted directly to the atmosphere. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13518. [PMID: 30202073 PMCID: PMC6131168 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29803-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil CO2 efflux (Fsoil) is commonly considered equal to soil CO2 production (Rsoil), and both terms are used interchangeably. However, a non-negligible fraction of Rsoil can be consumed in the subsurface due to a host of disparate, yet simultaneous processes. The ratio between CO2 efflux/O2 influx, known as the apparent respiratory quotient (ARQ), enables new insights into CO2 losses from Rsoil not previously captured by Fsoil. We present the first study using continuous ARQ estimates to evaluate annual CO2 losses of carbon produced from Rsoil. We found that up to 1/3 of Rsoil was emitted directly to the atmosphere, whereas 2/3 of Rsoil was removed by subsurface processes. These subsurface losses are attributable to dissolution in water, biological activities and chemical reactions. Having better estimates of Rsoil is key to understanding the true influence of ecosystem production on Rsoil, as well as the role of soil CO2 production in other connected processes within the critical zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique P Sánchez-Cañete
- B2 Earthscience, Biosphere 2, University of Arizona, Tucson, 85721, USA.
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad de Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain.
- IISTA-CEAMA, Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación del Sistema Tierra en Andalucía, Granada, 18006, Spain.
| | - Greg A Barron-Gafford
- B2 Earthscience, Biosphere 2, University of Arizona, Tucson, 85721, USA
- School of Geography and Development, University of Arizona, Tucson, 85721, USA
| | - Jon Chorover
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, 85721, USA
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12
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Mora M, Braun RA, Shingler T, Sorooshian A. Analysis of remotely sensed and surface data of aerosols and meteorology for the Mexico Megalopolis Area between 2003 and 2015. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2017; 122:8705-8723. [PMID: 28955600 PMCID: PMC5611832 DOI: 10.1002/2017jd026739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an aerosol characterization study from 2003 to 2015 for the Mexico City Metropolitan Area using remotely sensed aerosol data, ground-based measurements, air mass trajectory modeling, aerosol chemical composition modeling, and reanalysis data for the broader Megalopolis of Central Mexico region. The most extensive biomass burning emissions occur between March and May concurrent with the highest aerosol optical depth, ultraviolet aerosol index, and surface particulate matter (PM) mass concentration values. A notable enhancement in coarse PM levels is observed during vehicular rush hour periods on weekdays versus weekends owing to nonengine-related emissions such as resuspended dust. Among wet deposition species measured, PM2.5, PM10, and PMcoarse (PM10-PM2.5) were best correlated with NH4+, SO42-, and Ca2+, suggesting that the latter three constituents are important components of the aerosol seeding raindrops that eventually deposit to the surface in the study region. Reductions in surface PM mass concentrations were observed in 2014-2015 owing to reduced regional biomass burning as compared to 2003-2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mora
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Now at Department of Physico-Mathematics, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Rachel A Braun
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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13
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Schlosser JS, Braun RA, Bradley T, Dadashazar H, MacDonald AB, Aldhaif AA, Aghdam MA, Mardi AH, Xian P, Sorooshian A. Analysis of aerosol composition data for western United States wildfires between 2005 and 2015: Dust emissions, chloride depletion, and most enhanced aerosol constituents. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2017; 122:8951-8966. [PMID: 28955601 PMCID: PMC5611831 DOI: 10.1002/2017jd026547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This study examines major wildfires in the western United States between 2005 and 2015 to determine which species exhibit the highest percent change in mass concentration on day of peak fire influence relative to preceding nonfire days. Forty-one fires were examined using the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) data set. Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) constituents exhibited the highest percent change increase. The sharpest enhancements were for the volatile (OC1) and semivolatile (OC2) OC fractions, suggestive of secondary organic aerosol formation during plume transport. Of the noncarbonaceous constituents, Cl, P, K, NO3-, and Zn levels exhibited the highest percent change. Dust was significantly enhanced in wildfire plumes, based on significant enhancements in fine soil components (i.e., Si, Ca, Al, Fe, and Ti) and PMcoarse (i.e., PM10-PM2.5). A case study emphasized how transport of wildfire plumes significantly impacted downwind states, with higher levels of fine soil and PMcoarse at the downwind state (Arizona) as compared to the source of the fires (California). A global model (Navy Aerosol Analysis and Prediction System, NAAPS) did not capture the dust influence over California or Arizona during this case event because it is not designed to resolve dust dynamics in fires, which motivates improved treatment of such processes. Significant chloride depletion was observed on the peak EC day for almost a half of the fires examined. Size-resolved measurements during two specific fires at a coastal California site revealed significant chloride reductions for particle aerodynamic diameters between 1 and 10 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S Schlosser
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Rachel A Braun
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Trevor Bradley
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Hossein Dadashazar
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Alexander B MacDonald
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Abdulmonam A Aldhaif
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Mojtaba Azadi Aghdam
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Ali Hossein Mardi
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Peng Xian
- United States Naval Research Laboratory, Monterey, California, USA
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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14
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Gaston CJ, Pratt KA, Suski KJ, May NW, Gill TE, Prather KA. Laboratory Studies of the Cloud Droplet Activation Properties and Corresponding Chemistry of Saline Playa Dust. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:1348-1356. [PMID: 28005339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Playas emit large quantities of dust that can facilitate the activation of cloud droplets. Despite the potential importance of playa dusts for cloud formation, most climate models assume that all dust is nonhygroscopic; however, measurements are needed to clarify the role of dusts in aerosol-cloud interactions. Here, we report measurements of CCN activation from playa dusts and parameterize these results in terms of both κ-Köhler theory and adsorption activation theory for inclusion in atmospheric models. κ ranged from 0.002 ± 0.001 to 0.818 ± 0.094, whereas Frankel-Halsey-Hill (FHH) adsorption parameters of AFHH = 2.20 ± 0.60 and BFHH = 1.24 ± 0.14 described the water uptake properties of the dusts. Measurements made using aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ATOFMS) revealed the presence of halite, sodium sulfates, and sodium carbonates that were strongly correlated with κ underscoring the role that mineralogy, including salts, plays in water uptake by dust. Predictions of κ made using bulk chemical techniques generally showed good agreement with measured values. However, several samples were poorly predicted suggesting that chemical heterogeneities as a function of size or chemically distinct particle surfaces can determine the hygroscopicity of playa dusts. Our results further demonstrate the importance of dust in aerosol-cloud interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra J Gaston
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California , San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine & Atmospheric Science, University of Miami , Miami, Florida 33149, United States
| | - Kerri A Pratt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kaitlyn J Suski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Nathaniel W May
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Thomas E Gill
- Environmental Science and Engineering Program, University of Texas at El Paso , El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso , El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Kimberly A Prather
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California , San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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15
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Xing J, Song J, Yuan H, Li X, Li N, Duan L, Kang X, Wang Q. Fluxes, seasonal patterns and sources of various nutrient species (nitrogen, phosphorus and silicon) in atmospheric wet deposition and their ecological effects on Jiaozhou Bay, North China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 576:617-627. [PMID: 27835853 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric wet deposition (AWD) is an important pathway for anthropogenic and natural pollutants entering aquatic ecosystems. However, the study on the magnitudes and ecological effects of AWD of various nutrient species (nitrogen, phosphorus and silicon) on Jiaozhou Bay is scarce. To address these issues, in this study, wet deposition samples were collected at a coastline site along Jiaozhou Bay from June 2015 to May 2016. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN, including NH4-N, NO3-N and NO2-N), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP, i.e. PO4-P), dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) and reactive silicate (SiO3-Si) were analyzed. The volume-weighted mean (VWM) concentrations of NH4-N, NO3-N and DON in AWD were higher compared with those of NO2-N, PO4-P, DOP and SiO3-Si. The annual influxes of NH4-N, NO3-N, NO2-N, DON, DIP, DOP, and SiO3-Si via AWD were 92.8, 54.5, 0.427, 47.5, 0.274, 0.448 and 1.73mmol·m-2·yr-1 respectively; NH4-N and DOP were the dominant species for N and P, and the roles of DON and DOP in AWD could not be neglected. Significant seasonal variations were observed in concentrations and fluxes of all nutrient species owing to the effects of rainfall, the intensities of local emission sources and the long-distance transports of natural and anthropogenic pollutants. The major sources of N, Si and P in AWD were agricultural activities, soil dust and a mixing one involving both anthropogenic and natural sources, respectively. Though AWD represents relatively low percentages of external inputs for nutrients and low contribution to primary productivity (PP) of Jiaozhou Bay, large amounts of nutrient inputs originating from sudden heavy rains may enhance PP prominently, as well as aggravate P-limitation and Si-limitation and further affect phytoplankton community structures and size-fractioned structures with the quite high DIN:DIP ratios and extremely low Si:DIN ratios in AWD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Xing
- Key laboratory of marine ecology and environmental sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266071 Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Jinming Song
- Key laboratory of marine ecology and environmental sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266071 Qingdao, China; Function Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 266237 Qingdao, China.
| | - Huamao Yuan
- Key laboratory of marine ecology and environmental sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266071 Qingdao, China; Function Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 266237 Qingdao, China
| | - Xuegang Li
- Key laboratory of marine ecology and environmental sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266071 Qingdao, China; Function Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 266237 Qingdao, China
| | - Ning Li
- Key laboratory of marine ecology and environmental sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266071 Qingdao, China; Function Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 266237 Qingdao, China
| | - Liqin Duan
- Key laboratory of marine ecology and environmental sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266071 Qingdao, China; Function Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 266237 Qingdao, China
| | - Xuming Kang
- Key laboratory of marine ecology and environmental sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266071 Qingdao, China; Function Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 266237 Qingdao, China
| | - Qidong Wang
- Key laboratory of marine ecology and environmental sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266071 Qingdao, China; Function Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 266237 Qingdao, China
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16
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Youn JS, Csavina J, Rine KP, Shingler T, Taylor MP, Sáez AE, Betterton EA, Sorooshian A. Hygroscopic Properties and Respiratory System Deposition Behavior of Particulate Matter Emitted By Mining and Smelting Operations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:11706-11713. [PMID: 27700056 PMCID: PMC5089925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This study examines size-resolved physicochemical data for particles sampled near mining and smelting operations and a background urban site in Arizona with a focus on how hygroscopic growth impacts particle deposition behavior. Particles with aerodynamic diameters between 0.056-18 μm were collected at three sites: (i) an active smelter operation in Hayden, AZ, (ii) a legacy mining site with extensive mine tailings in Iron King, AZ, and (iii) an urban site, inner-city Tucson, AZ. Mass size distributions of As and Pb exhibit bimodal profiles with a dominant peak between 0.32 and 0.56 μm and a smaller mode in the coarse range (>3 μm). The hygroscopicity profile did not exhibit the same peaks owing to dependence on other chemical constituents. Submicrometer particles were generally more hygroscopic than supermicrometer ones at all three sites with finite water-uptake ability at all sites and particle sizes examined. Model calculations at a relative humidity of 99.5% reveal significant respiratory system particle deposition enhancements at sizes with the largest concentrations of toxic contaminants. Between dry diameters of 0.32 and 0.56 μm, for instance, ICRP and MPPD models predict deposition fraction enhancements of 171%-261% and 33%-63%, respectively, at the three sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-sang Youn
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Janae Csavina
- National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON), 1685 38 Street, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Kyle P. Rine
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Taylor Shingler
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Mark Patrick Taylor
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - A. Eduardo Sáez
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Eric A. Betterton
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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17
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Abstract
We examine the spatio-temporal variability of aerosol loading in the recent decade (2005–2014) over the North American Monsoon (NAM) region. Emerging patterns are characterized using aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrievals from the NASA Terra/Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument along with a suite of satellite retrievals of atmospheric and land-surface properties. We selected 20 aerosol hotspots and classified them into fire, anthropogenic, dust, and NAM alley clusters based on the dominant driver influencing aerosol variability. We then analyzed multivariate statistics of associated anomalies during pre-, monsoon, and post-monsoon periods. Our results show a decrease in aerosol loading for the entire NAM region, confirming previous reports of a declining AOD trend over the continental United States. This is evident during pre-monsoon and monsoon for fire and anthropogenic clusters, which are associated with a decrease in the lower and upper quartile of fire counts and carbon monoxide, respectively. The overall pattern is obfuscated in the NAM alley, especially during monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. While the NAM alley is mostly affected by monsoon precipitation, the frequent occurrence of dust storms in the area modulates this trend. We find that aerosol loading in the dust cluster is associated with observed vegetation index and has only slightly decreased in the recent decade.
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18
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Frequency and Character of Extreme Aerosol Events in the Southwestern United States: A Case Study Analysis in Arizona. ATMOSPHERE 2015; 7. [PMID: 27088005 PMCID: PMC4830501 DOI: 10.3390/atmos7010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study uses more than a decade's worth of data across Arizona to characterize the spatiotemporal distribution, frequency, and source of extreme aerosol events, defined as when the concentration of a species on a particular day exceeds that of the average plus two standard deviations for that given month. Depending on which of eight sites studied, between 5% and 7% of the total days exhibited an extreme aerosol event due to either extreme levels of PM10, PM2.5, and/or fine soil. Grand Canyon exhibited the most extreme event days (120, i.e., 7% of its total days). Fine soil is the pollutant type that most frequently impacted multiple sites at once at an extreme level. PM10, PM2.5, fine soil, non-Asian dust, and Elemental Carbon extreme events occurred most frequently in August. Nearly all Asian dust extreme events occurred between March and June. Extreme Elemental Carbon events have decreased as a function of time with statistical significance, while other pollutant categories did not show any significant change. Extreme events were most frequent for the various pollutant categories on either Wednesday or Thursday, but there was no statistically significant difference in the number of events on any particular day or on weekends versus weekdays.
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19
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Youn JS, Crosbie E, Maudlin L, Wang Z, Sorooshian A. Dimethylamine as a major alkyl amine species in particles and cloud water: Observations in semi-arid and coastal regions. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2015; 122:250-258. [PMID: 26807039 PMCID: PMC4719122 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol and cloud water measurements of dimethylamine (DMA), the most abundant amine in this study, were conducted in semi-arid (Tucson, Arizona) and marine (Nucleation in California Experiment, NiCE; central coast of California) areas. In both regions, DMA exhibits a unimodal aerosol mass size distribution with a dominant peak between 0.18 and 0.56 μm. Particulate DMA concentrations increase as a function of marine biogenic emissions, sulfate, BVOC emissions, and aerosol-phase water. Such data supports biogenic sources of DMA, aminium salt formation, and partitioning of DMA to condensed phases. DMA concentrations exhibit positive correlations with various trace elements and most especially vanadium, which warrants additional investigation. Cloud water DMA levels are enhanced significantly during wildfire periods unlike particulate DMA levels, including in droplet residual particles, due to effective dissolution of DMA into cloud water and probably DMA volatilization after drop evaporation. DMA:NH+4 molar ratios peak between 0.18 and 1.0 μm depending on the site and time of year, suggesting that DMA competes better with NH3 in those sizes in terms of reactive uptake by particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.-S. Youn
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - E. Crosbie
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - L.C. Maudlin
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Z. Wang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - A. Sorooshian
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Corresponding author. PO Box 210011, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA. (A. Sorooshian)
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Sorooshian A, Crosbie E, Maudlin LC, Youn JS, Wang Z, Shingler T, Ortega AM, Hersey S, Woods RK. Surface and Airborne Measurements of Organosulfur and Methanesulfonate Over the Western United States and Coastal Areas. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2015; 120:8535-8548. [PMID: 26413434 PMCID: PMC4581448 DOI: 10.1002/2015jd023822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This study reports on ambient measurements of organosulfur (OS) and methanesulfonate (MSA) over the western United States and coastal areas. Particulate OS levels are highest in summertime, and generally increase as a function of sulfate (a precursor) and sodium (a marine tracer) with peak levels at coastal sites. The ratio of OS to total sulfur (TS) is also highest at coastal sites, with increasing values as a function of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the ratio of organic carbon to elemental carbon. Correlative analysis points to significant relationships between OS and biogenic emissions from marine and continental sources, factors that coincide with secondary production, and vanadium due to a suspected catalytic role. A major OS species, methanesulfonate (MSA), was examined with intensive field measurements and the resulting data support the case for vanadium's catalytic influence. Mass size distributions reveal a dominant MSA peak between aerodynamic diameters of 0.32-0.56 μm at a desert and coastal site with nearly all MSA mass (≥ 84%) in sub-micrometer sizes; MSA:non-sea salt sulfate ratios vary widely as a function of particle size and proximity to the ocean. Airborne data indicate that relative to the marine boundary layer, particulate MSA levels are enhanced in urban and agricultural areas, and also the free troposphere when impacted by biomass burning. Some combination of fires and marine-derived emissions leads to higher MSA levels than either source alone. Finally, MSA differences in cloud water and out-of-cloud aerosol are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Sorooshian
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Ewan Crosbie
- Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | | | - Jong-Sang Youn
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Zhen Wang
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Taylor Shingler
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Amber M. Ortega
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Scott Hersey
- Olin College of Engineering, Needham, MA, United States
| | - Roy K. Woods
- Center for Interdisciplinary Remotely Piloted Aircraft Studies, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, United States
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21
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Chemical Composition of Water Soluble Inorganic Species in Precipitation at Shihwa Basin, Korea. ATMOSPHERE 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos6060732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Crosbie E, Youn JS, Balch B, Wonaschütz A, Shingler T, Wang Z, Conant WC, Betterton EA, Sorooshian A. On the competition among aerosol number, size and composition in predicting CCN variability: a multi-annual field study in an urbanized desert. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2015; 15:6943-6958. [PMID: 26316879 PMCID: PMC4548966 DOI: 10.5194/acp-15-6943-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A 2-year data set of measured CCN (cloud condensation nuclei) concentrations at 0.2 % supersaturation is combined with aerosol size distribution and aerosol composition data to probe the effects of aerosol number concentrations, size distribution and composition on CCN patterns. Data were collected over a period of 2 years (2012-2014) in central Tucson, Arizona: a significant urban area surrounded by a sparsely populated desert. Average CCN concentrations are typically lowest in spring (233 cm-3), highest in winter (430 cm-3) and have a secondary peak during the North American monsoon season (July to September; 372 cm-3). There is significant variability outside of seasonal patterns, with extreme concentrations (1 and 99 % levels) ranging from 56 to 1945 cm-3 as measured during the winter, the season with highest variability. Modeled CCN concentrations based on fixed chemical composition achieve better closure in winter, with size and number alone able to predict 82% of the variance in CCN concentration. Changes in aerosol chemical composition are typically aligned with changes in size and aerosol number, such that hygroscopicity can be parameterized even though it is still variable. In summer, models based on fixed chemical composition explain at best only 41% (pre-monsoon) and 36% (monsoon) of the variance. This is attributed to the effects of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) production, the competition between new particle formation and condensational growth, the complex interaction of meteorology, regional and local emissions and multi-phase chemistry during the North American monsoon. Chemical composition is found to be an important factor for improving predictability in spring and on longer timescales in winter. Parameterized models typically exhibit improved predictive skill when there are strong relationships between CCN concentrations and the prevailing meteorology and dominant aerosol physicochemical processes, suggesting that similar findings could be possible in other locations with comparable climates and geography.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Crosbie
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - J.-S. Youn
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - B. Balch
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - A. Wonaschütz
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna, Austria
| | - T. Shingler
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Z. Wang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - W. C. Conant
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - E. A. Betterton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - A. Sorooshian
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Prabhakar G, Sorooshian A, Toffol E, Arellano AF, Betterton EA. Spatiotemporal Distribution of Airborne Particulate Metals and Metalloids in a Populated Arid Region. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2014; 92:339-347. [PMID: 24955017 PMCID: PMC4063530 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A statistical analysis of data from the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) network of aerosol samplers has been used to study the spatial and temporal concentration trends in airborne particulate metals and metalloids for southern Arizona. The study region is a rapidly growing area in southwestern North America characterized by high fine soil concentrations (among the highest in the United States), anthropogenic emissions from an area within the fastest growing region in the United States, and a high density of active and abandoned mining sites. Crustal tracers in the region are most abundant in the summer (April - June) followed by fall (October - November) as a result of dry meteorological conditions which favor dust emissions from natural and anthropogenic activity. A distinct day-of-week cycle is evident for crustal tracer mass concentrations, with the greatest amplitude evident in urban areas. There have been significant reductions since 1988 in the concentrations of toxic species that are typically associated with smelting and mining. Periods with high fine soil concentrations coincide with higher concentrations of metals and metalloids in the atmosphere, with the enhancement being higher at urban sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gouri Prabhakar
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona,
PO BOX 210081, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona,
PO BOX 210081, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering,
University of Arizona, PO BOX 210011, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA
| | - Emily Toffol
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering,
University of Arizona, PO BOX 210011, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA
| | - Avelino F. Arellano
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona,
PO BOX 210081, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA
| | - Eric A. Betterton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona,
PO BOX 210081, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA
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