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Thangavelu RM, Luis da Silva W. Innovative stain-free technique for high-resolution imaging of virus particles via standard transmission electron microscopy. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26172. [PMID: 38390116 PMCID: PMC10882026 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This research presents a groundbreaking approach in virus-related research, addressing challenges in electron microscopy (EM). This imaging technique has been crucial in exploring virus structures; however, traditional methods involve complex sample preparations and the risk of contamination. Herein, we introduce an approach that overcomes these obstacles, enabling high-resolution virus imaging without toxic staining procedures. Focusing on Begomovirus particles, an economically significant plant virus genus, our images confirm their non-enveloped structure and their twin icosahedral symmetry. Our methods involve sample collection, purification, and crystallization, followed by transmission electron microscopy - selected area electron diffraction (TEM-SAED) analysis. Notably, this study achieves 2D and 3D virus imaging through standard TEM, providing a new avenue for virus structure analysis and advancing virus-related research. Remarkable high image quality stemmed from the crystallization process, offering exciting possibilities for improving virus research and diagnosis while eliminating staining limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Washington Luis da Silva
- Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, USA
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2
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Vignesh S, Renukadevi P, Nagendran K, Senthil N, Kumar RV, SwarnaPriya R, Behera TK, Karthikeyan G. A distinct strain of tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus that causes mosaic disease in ash gourd and other cucurbitaceous crops. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1268333. [PMID: 37965544 PMCID: PMC10641021 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1268333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Ash gourd (Benincasa hispida) is a cucurbitaceous crop cultivated as an edible vegetable rich in vitamins, minerals, dietary fibers and antioxidants. In a field survey conducted in the Udumalpet region of Tamil Nadu during 2019, the incidence of mosaic disease on ash gourd crop was observed to be 75%. The DNA-A and DNA-B components of begomovirus genome have been identified as associated with this disease. Both the cloned DNA-A and DNA-B genomic components shared highest pairwise sequence identities with the isolates of tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV), a bipartite begomovirus. Recombinant analysis showed that both the components are possibly evolved through intra-species recombination between ToLCNDV isolates. Tomato leaf curl Bangladesh betasatellite (ToLCBB) is not naturally associated with this sample. The results of infectivity studies on ash gourd and other cucurbitaceous crops demonstrates the Koch's postulates, when co-inoculation of DNA-A and DNA-B of ToLCNDV was undertaken. However, the inoculation of non-cognate ToLCBB along with DNA-A and DNA-B enhances the symptom expression and reduces the time taken for symptom development. Thus, Koch's postulates were proved for these virus complexes on cucurbitaceous crops. Furthermore, an enhanced accumulation of DNA-A component was detected in the cucurbits co-inoculated with ToLCNDV and ToLCBB. This report highlights the importance of investigating the spread of these disease complexes with other cucurbitaceous crops in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Vignesh
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P. Renukadevi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K. Nagendran
- Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - N. Senthil
- Department of Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R. Vinoth Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R. SwarnaPriya
- Floriculture Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - G. Karthikeyan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
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3
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Neoh ZY, Lai HC, Lin CC, Suwor P, Tsai WS. Genetic Diversity and Geographic Distribution of Cucurbit-Infecting Begomoviruses in the Philippines. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:272. [PMID: 36678986 PMCID: PMC9862860 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cucurbits are important economic crops worldwide. However, the cucurbit leaf curl disease (CuLCD), caused by whitefly-transmitted begomoviruses constrains their production. In Southeast Asia, three major begomoviruses, Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV), Squash leaf curl China virus (SLCCNV) and Squash leaf curl Philippines virus (SLCuPV) are associated with CuLCD. SLCuPV and SLCCNV were identified in Luzon, the Philippines. Here, the genetic diversity and geographic distribution of CuLCD-associated begomoviruses in the Philippines were studied based on 103 begomovirus detected out of 249 cucurbit samples collected from 60 locations throughout the country in 2018 and 2019. The presence of SLCCNV and SLCuPV throughout the Philippines were confirmed by begomovirus PCR detection and viral DNA sequence analysis. SLCuPV was determined as a predominant CuLCD-associated begomovirus and grouped into two strains. Interestingly, SLCCNV was detected in pumpkin and bottle gourd without associated viral DNA-B and mixed-infected with SLCuPV. Furthermore, the pathogenicity of selected isolates of SLCCNV and SLCuPV was confirmed. The results provide virus genetic diversity associated with CuLCD for further disease management, especially in developing the disease-resistant cultivars in the Philippines as well as Southeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuan Yi Neoh
- Department of Plant Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City 600355, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Chun Lai
- Department of Plant Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City 600355, Taiwan
| | | | - Patcharaporn Suwor
- Agriculture Technology, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
| | - Wen-Shi Tsai
- Department of Plant Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City 600355, Taiwan
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Wu H, Liu M, Kang B, Liu L, Hong N, Peng B, Gu Q. AC5 protein encoded by squash leaf curl China virus is an RNA silencing suppressor and a virulence determinant. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:980147. [PMID: 36060769 PMCID: PMC9437540 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.980147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Squash leaf curl China virus (SLCCNV) is a bipartite Begomovirus. The function of the protein AC5, which is encoded by SLCCNV, is unknown. Here, we confirmed that the 172-amino acids (aa) long AC5 protein of SLCCNV could suppress single-stranded RNA but not double-stranded RNA-induced post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). Furthermore, we determined that the C-terminal domain (96–172 aa) of the AC5 protein was responsible for RNA silencing suppressor (RSS) activity via deletion mutant analysis. The AC5 protein can reverse GFP silencing and inhibit systemic silencing of GFP by interfering with the systemic spread of the GFP silencing signal. The SLCCNV AC5 protein was localized to both the nucleus and cytoplasm of Nicotiana benthamiana cells. Furthermore, deletion analysis showed that the putative nuclear localization signal (NLS, 102–155 aa) was crucial for the RNA silencing suppression activity of AC5. In addition, the AC5 protein elicited a hypersensitive response and enhanced potoao virus X (PVX) RNA accumulation in infected N. benthamiana plants. Using the infectious clones of the SLCCNV and SLCCNV-AC5 null mutants, mutational analysis confirmed that knockout of the AC5 gene abolished SLCCNV-induced leaf curl symptoms, showing SLCCNV AC5 is also a virulence determinant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Wu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Baoshan Kang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liming Liu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ni Hong
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University/Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Peng
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- Bin Peng,
| | - Qinsheng Gu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qinsheng Gu,
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Chen YJ, Lai HC, Lin CC, Neoh ZY, Tsai WS. Genetic Diversity, Pathogenicity and Pseudorecombination of Cucurbit-Infecting Begomoviruses in Malaysia. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2396. [PMID: 34834759 PMCID: PMC8624487 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cucurbits are important crops in the world. However, leaf curl disease constrains their production. Here, begomovirus diversity and pathogenicity associated with the disease in Malaysia were studied based on 49 begomovirus-detected out of 69 symptomatic plants from seven cucurbit crops in 15 locations during 2016 and 2017. The presence of Squash leaf curl China virus (SLCCNV) and Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) were confirmed by virus detection by polymerase chain reaction, viral DNA sequence analysis and specific detection of the viral components. ToLCNDV Malaysian isolates were further distinguished into strains A, B, C and D. Virus co-infection was detected in bitter gourd, bottle gourd and squash. Among them, eight bitter gourd samples were detected without SLCCNV DNA-A. However, one bottle gourd and five squash samples were without ToLCNDV DNA-B. Pseudorecombination of ToLCNDV DNA-A and SLCCNV DNA-B was detected in two bitter gourd samples. The pathogenic viruses and pseudorecombinants were confirmed by agroinoculation. The viral DNA-B influencing on symptomology and host range was also confirmed. The results strengthen the epidemic of cucurbit-infecting begomovirus in Malaysia as well as Southeast Asia. Especially, the natural pseudorecombinant of begomovirus that extends host range and causes severe symptom implies a threat to crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jeng Chen
- Department of Plant Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City 600355, Taiwan; (Y.-J.C.); (H.-C.L.); (Z.Y.N.)
| | - Hsuan-Chun Lai
- Department of Plant Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City 600355, Taiwan; (Y.-J.C.); (H.-C.L.); (Z.Y.N.)
| | | | - Zhuan Yi Neoh
- Department of Plant Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City 600355, Taiwan; (Y.-J.C.); (H.-C.L.); (Z.Y.N.)
| | - Wen-Shi Tsai
- Department of Plant Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City 600355, Taiwan; (Y.-J.C.); (H.-C.L.); (Z.Y.N.)
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Venkataravanappa V, Reddy CNL, Nandan M, Hiremath S, Ashwathappa KV, Shankarappa KS, Vinay Kumar HD, Reddy MK. Transmission, characterization and occurrence of recombination in Indian strain of squash leaf curl China virus associated with yellow mosaic and leaf curl disease of Summer squash. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:265. [PMID: 33996377 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02821-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Summer squash is one of the important vegetable crops and its production is hampered by various abiotic and biotic stresses. Of the different biotic stresses, viral infections are responsible for causing great losses to this crop. Diseases caused by begomoviruses are becoming a major constraint in the cultivation of summer squash. Samples from summer squash plants exhibiting severe yellow mosaic and leaf curl symptoms were collected from the Varanasi district of Uttar Pradesh (India) and begomovirus associated with these plants was transmitted through whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) to healthy squash plants. The relationship between causal virus and whitefly vector was determined. The minimum acquisition access period (AAP) and inoculation feeding period (IFP) required by B. tabaci to transmit the virus was determined to be 10 min and female insects have greater efficiency in transmitting virus than male insects. The partial genome of the virus was amplified by PCR (1.2 kb), cloned and sequenced from the ten infected plant samples collected from field. Partial genome sequence analysis (1.2 kb) obtained from the ten samples revealed that they are associated with begomovirus species closely related to the Indian strain of Squash leaf curl China virus (SLCCNV). Therefore, one representative sample (Sq-1) was selected and complete genome of the virus was amplified by rolling circle amplification (RCA) method. Sequence analysis by Sequence Demarcation Tool (SDT) showed that the current isolate has maximum nucleotide (nt) identity of 93.7-98.4% and 89-98.1% with respect to DNA A DNA B, respectively with Indian strains of SLCCNV infecting cucurbits in India. Recombination analysis of genomes (DNA A and DNA B components) showed that a major part of genomes likely to be originated from already known begomoviruses (ToLCNDV, SLCCNV-CN and SLCCNV-IN) are infecting cucurbitaceous crops. Serological assays such as triple antibody sandwich-enzyme-linked immune-sorbent (TAS-ELISA) assay, dot blot immunobinding assay (DIBA), immuno-capture polymerase chain reaction (IC-PCR) were developed for the detection of SLCCNV. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02821-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Venkataravanappa
- Division of Plant Pathology, CHES, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Chettalli, Madikeri District, Bangalore, Karnataka, 571248 India
| | - C N Lakshminarayana Reddy
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru, Karnataka 563125 India
| | - M Nandan
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru, Karnataka 563125 India
| | - Shridhar Hiremath
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru, Karnataka 563125 India
| | - K V Ashwathappa
- Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake PO, Bangalore, Karnataka 560089 India
| | - K S Shankarappa
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Horticulture, University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560065 India
| | - H D Vinay Kumar
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru, Karnataka 563125 India
| | - M Krishna Reddy
- Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake PO, Bangalore, Karnataka 560089 India
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8
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Thangavelu RM, Sundarajan D, Savaas Umar MR, Denison MIJ, Gunasekaran D, Rajendran G, Duraisamy N, Kathiravan K. Developing a Programmable, Self-Assembling Squash Leaf Curl China Virus (SLCCNV) Capsid Proteins into "Nanocargo"-like Architecture. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2018; 1:1741-1757. [PMID: 34996223 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A new era has begun in which pathogens have become useful scaffolds for nanotechnology applications. In this research/study, an attempt has been made to generate an empty cargo-like architecture from a plant pathogenic virus named Squash leaf curl China virus (SLCCNV). In this approach, SLCCNV coat protein monomers are obtained efficiently by using a yeast Pichia pastoris expression system. Further, dialysis of purified SLCCNV-CP monomers against various pH modified (5-10) disassembly and assembly buffers produced a self-assembled "Nanocargo"-like architecture, which also exhibited an ability to encapsulate magnetic nanoparticles in vitro. Bioinformatics tools were also utilized to predict the possible self-assembly kinetics and bioconjugation sites of coat protein monomers. Significantly, an in vitro biocompatibility study using SLCCNV-Nanocargo particles showed low toxicity to the cells, which eventually proved as a potential nanobiomaterial for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Muthuramalingam Thangavelu
- Plant Molecular Virology and Nanobiotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600025, India
| | - Deepan Sundarajan
- Plant Molecular Virology and Nanobiotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600025, India
| | - Mohammed Riyaz Savaas Umar
- Plant Molecular Virology and Nanobiotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600025, India
| | - Michael Immanuel Jesse Denison
- Plant Molecular Virology and Nanobiotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600025, India
| | - Dharanivasan Gunasekaran
- Plant Molecular Virology and Nanobiotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600025, India
| | - Ganapathy Rajendran
- Plant Molecular Virology and Nanobiotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600025, India
| | - Nallusamy Duraisamy
- Plant Molecular Virology and Nanobiotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600025, India
| | - Krishnan Kathiravan
- Plant Molecular Virology and Nanobiotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600025, India
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Denison MIJ, Raman S, Duraisamy N, Thangavelu RM, Riyaz SUM, Gunasekaran D, Krishnan K. Preparation, characterization and application of antibody-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles in the purification of begomovirus. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra17982c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Purification of begomovirus from infected ash gourd leaf samples using anti-ACMV antibody-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles (Ab-MNPs) and their characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sukanya Raman
- Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology
- Banasthali University
- India
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