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Guerlin M, Mourou K, Martini V, Soetart N, Comazzi S, Trumel C, Granat F. Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia in a Normoproteinemic Dog with Atypical Bimorphic Plasmacytoid Differentiation and Monoclonal Gammopathy. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10050355. [PMID: 37235438 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10050355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A 2-year-old neutered female Small Munsterlander dog was presented for an insect bite. Physical examination revealed a poor body condition, a peripheral lymphadenomegaly, and suspected splenomegaly. A complete blood count (Sysmex XN-V) revealed marked leukocytosis with lymphocytosis and abnormal dot plots. An abnormal monomorphic lymphoid population and marked rouleaux formation were noted on the blood smear. Lymph node aspirates contained an atypical bimorphic population of lymphocytes, either with a plasmacytoid or a blastic appearance. This double population was also found in the spleen, liver, bone marrow, tonsils, and other tissues. Peripheral blood and lymph node clonality assays revealed clonal BCR gene rearrangement. Flow cytometry revealed a mixed population of small-sized B-cells (CD79a+ CD21+ MHCII+) and medium-sized B-cells (CD79a+ CD21- MHCII-) in lymph nodes and a dominant population of small-sized mature B-cells (CD21+ MHCII+) in peripheral blood. Though normoproteinemic, serum protein electrophoresis revealed an increased α2-globulin fraction with an atypical restricted peak, identified as monoclonal IgM by immunofixation. Urine protein immunofixation revealed a Bence-Jones proteinuria. A diagnosis of Waldenström's macroglobulinemia was made. Chemotherapy was initiated, but the dog was euthanized 12 months after the initial presentation due to marked clinical degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Guerlin
- Département des Sciences Cliniques des Animaux de Compagnie et de Sport, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, 31000 Toulouse, France
- CREFRE, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, ENVT, UPS, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Kévin Mourou
- Département des Animaux de Compagnie, Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Marcy L'Etoile, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Valeria Martini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Nicolas Soetart
- LabOniris-Department of Biology, Pathology and Food Science, Oniris-Nantes Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, 44300 Nantes, France
| | - Stefano Comazzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Catherine Trumel
- Département des Sciences Cliniques des Animaux de Compagnie et de Sport, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, 31000 Toulouse, France
- CREFRE, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, ENVT, UPS, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Fanny Granat
- Département des Sciences Cliniques des Animaux de Compagnie et de Sport, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, 31000 Toulouse, France
- CRCT, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, UMR 1037, ENVT, 31000 Toulouse, France
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Zitzer NC. The Greatness of Glass. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023; 53:29-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Foreman M, Belmudes A, Villiers E, Scarpante E. Case Report: Diffuse Lumbar Hyperostosis Causing Vertebral Canal Stenosis in a Dog With Concurrent Multicentric T-Cell Lymphoma. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:825525. [PMID: 35812849 PMCID: PMC9258736 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.825525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A 4-year-old female spayed Bullmastiff-cross presented with a 24-h history of progressive paraparesis. Neurological examination was consistent with L4-S3 myelopathy. On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), all vertebrae showed homogenously increased short tau inversion recovery (STIR) signal with strong contrast enhancement. The vertebral canal was concentrically narrowed along the length of the L5 vertebra secondary to bony proliferation of the vertebral pedicles, dorsal lamina, and vertebral body. Cytological analysis of the peripheral lymph nodes and subsequent flow cytometry was consistent with T-cell lymphoma. The dog was euthanised due to poor prognosis. Necropsy confirmed the presence of stage V multicentric T-cell lymphoma, as well as diffuse hyperostosis of the vertebral bodies. This is the first report of presumed paraneoplastic lumbar skeletal hyperostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Foreman
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Service, Dick White Referrals, Part of Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Audrey Belmudes
- Diagnostic Imaging Service, Dick White Referrals, Part of Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Villiers
- Clinical Pathology Service, Dick White Referrals, Part of Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Scarpante
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Service, Dick White Referrals, Part of Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
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Multiple Myeloma with Skin and Renal Involvement and Anaplasma Phagocytophilum Co-Infection in a Dog. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2022-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
An 11-year-old male Cocker Spaniel was presented with acute onset of apathy, polyuria and polydipsia. Blood examination showed hypoalbuminemia and hyperglobulinemia, while electrophoresis revealed monoclonal gammopathy. Subsequent tests showed glycosuria, proteinuria, a positive serology test for Anaplasma spp. and ultrasonographical changes of the liver and spleen. Urine electrophoresis confirmed the presence of Bence-Jones protein. The dog’s condition deteriorated, and the dog had developed skin lesions on the neck and body. The owner decided to euthanize the dog and agreed to bone marrow and skin biopsy. Bone marrow cytology revealed an increased number of plasma cells and several cellular atypia. Histopathology of the skin lesions showed a round cell tumor of lymphoid or plasmacytoid origin. Subsequent immunohistology supported the diagnosis of multiple myeloma cutaneous involvement.
This case report describes unusual features observed in a dog with multiple myeloma.
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A bitesize introduction to canine hematologic malignancies. Blood Adv 2022; 6:4073-4084. [PMID: 35316831 PMCID: PMC9278293 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021005045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematologic malignancies are frequently diagnosed in dogs and result in a spectrum of clinical signs associated with specific disease types. The most frequently encountered hematologic tumors in dogs include lymphoma, lymphoid and myeloid leukemias, and mast cell, plasma cell, and histiocytic neoplasias. Coupled with the heterogeneous presentations of the different categories and subtypes of canine hematologic malignancies, outcomes for these tumors are also variable. Considering this, appropriate treatment options range from active surveillance to curative intent approaches harnessing surgical, chemotherapeutic, and radiation-based modalities. The underlying pathology of many of these diseases bears remarkable resemblance to that of the corresponding diagnosis made in human patients. We introduce some of the pathogenic drivers of canine hematologic cancers alongside their clinical presentations. An overview of standard-of-care therapies for each of these diseases is also provided. As comparative oncology gains recognition as a valuable setting in which to investigate the pathogenesis of neoplasia and provide powerful, clinically relevant, immunocompetent models for the evaluation of novel therapies, the number of clinicians and scientists participating in cancer research involving dogs is expected to increase. This review aims at providing an introductory overview of canine hematologic malignancies.
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Brown JE, Russell EB, Moore AR, Oscos-Snowball A, Stent A, Courtman NF. Hypoglobulinemia in a dog with disseminated plasma cell neoplasia: Case report and review of the diagnostic criteria. Vet Clin Pathol 2021; 50:227-235. [PMID: 33913178 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This is the first reported case of hypoglobulinemia in a dog with disseminated plasma cell neoplasia. A 6-year-old male intact Rottweiler was referred to the U-Vet Animal Hospital (Werribee, Vic, Australia) for weight loss, hyporexia, lethargy, vomiting, and soft stools. Examination of a buffy coat preparation and splenic and liver aspirates revealed a monomorphic population of plasmacytoid cells, and the same cells comprised approximately 90% of bone marrow samples submitted for cytologic and histologic evaluation. Biochemistry revealed a hypoglobulinemia, and the presence of an M-protein was not supported by serum and urine protein electrophoresis or serum immunofixation. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated strong nuclear labeling for MUM-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet E Brown
- U-Vet Werribee Animal Hospital and Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Vic., Australia
| | - Elise B Russell
- U-Vet Werribee Animal Hospital and Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Vic., Australia
| | - A Russell Moore
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Astrid Oscos-Snowball
- U-Vet Werribee Animal Hospital and Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Vic., Australia
| | - Andrew Stent
- U-Vet Werribee Animal Hospital and Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Vic., Australia
| | - Natalie F Courtman
- U-Vet Werribee Animal Hospital and Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Vic., Australia
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Moore AR, Harris RA, Jeffries C, Ashton L, Avery PR. Diagnostic performance of routine electrophoresis and immunofixation for the detection of immunoglobulin paraproteins (M-Proteins) in dogs with multiple myeloma and related disorders: Part 2-Toward improved diagnostic performance. Vet Clin Pathol 2021; 50:249-258. [PMID: 33855710 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnostic performance of routine electrophoresis (agarose gel electrophoresis [AGE] and capillary zone electrophoresis [CZE]) and species-specific immunofixation (IF) for the detection of immunoglobulin paraproteins (M-proteins) and diagnosis of secretory myeloma-related disorders (sMRD) can be improved. Available canine IF targets were IgG-FC, IgA, IgM, light chain (LC), IgG4, and free LC (fLC) antibodies. OBJECTIVE We aimed to review specific features associated with the presence of M-proteins in canine serum samples and the common features causing inaccurate reporting of M-proteins to improve the diagnostic performance of routine electrophoresis and IF for the detection of M-proteins. METHODS Features found in AGE, CZE, routine IF, IgG4 IF, and fLC IF of 100 canine serum samples from Part 1 of this study were evaluated by simple and multivariate logistic regression to identify factors associated with the presence of M-proteins. Cases falsely called negative or positive for M-proteins were reviewed to identify the common features that could be used to increase the diagnostic performance of SPE and IF for M-protein detection. RESULTS The presence of hypogammaglobulinemia or any peak taller than albumin was associated with an M-protein. Total protein concentrations, globulin concentrations, or peaks wider than albumin were not associated with an M-protein. Free LC sMRD cases were not diagnosed by SPE and routine IF. Cases with infectious and inflammatory etiologies had a restricted polyclonal gammopathy with multiple γ-globulin restrictions resulting in some false-positive results. SPE combined with all available IF results and the specific features identified in this study had an estimated sensitivity of 95.1% and specificity of 81.4%. CONCLUSIONS The identified criteria of this study increase the diagnostic performance of the electrophoretic evaluation for M-proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Russell Moore
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - R Adam Harris
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Christina Jeffries
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Laura Ashton
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Paul R Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Rout ED, Moore AR, Burnett RC, Labadie JD, Hughes KL, Navin PA, Yoshimoto JA, Avery PR, Avery AC. Polyclonal B-cell lymphocytosis in English bulldogs. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:2622-2635. [PMID: 33058280 PMCID: PMC7694837 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background English bulldogs disproportionally develop an expansion of small B‐cells, which has been interpreted as B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (BCLL). However, clonality testing in these cases has often not been supportive of neoplasia. Hypothesis English bulldogs have a syndrome of nonneoplastic B‐cell expansion. Animals Eighty‐four English bulldogs with small‐sized CD21+ B‐cell lymphocytosis in the blood as determined by flow cytometry. Methods This is a retrospective study. We characterized this syndrome by assessing B‐cell clonality, clinical presentation, flow cytometric features, and immunoglobulin gammopathy patterns. We identified 84 cases with CD21+ lymphocytosis among 195 English bulldogs with blood samples submitted to the Colorado State University‐Clinical Immunology laboratory for immunophenotyping between 2010 and 2019. Flow cytometry features were compared to normal B‐cells and BCLL cases. PCR for antigen receptor rearrangements (PARR) by multiple immunoglobulin primers was performed to assess B‐cell clonality. A subset of cases with gammopathy were examined by protein electrophoresis, immunofixation, and immunoglobulin subclass ELISA quantification. Results Seventy percent (58/83) of cases had polyclonal or restricted polyclonal immunoglobulin gene rearrangements, suggesting nonmalignant B‐cell expansion. The median age of all dogs in the study was 6.8 years and 74% were male. The median (range) lymphocyte count was 22 400/μL (2000‐384 400/μL) and B‐cells had low expression of class II MHC and CD25. Splenomegaly or splenic masses were detected in 57% (26/46) of cases and lymphadenopathy in 11% (7/61). Seventy‐one percent (52/73) of cases had hyperglobulinemia and 77% (23/30) with globulin characterization had IgA ± IgM polyclonal or restricted polyclonal gammopathy patterns. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Polyclonal B‐cell lymphocytosis in English bulldogs is characterized by low B‐cell class II MHC and CD25 expression, splenomegaly and hyperglobulinemia consisting of increased IgA ± IgM. We hypothesize that this syndrome has a genetic basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily D Rout
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - A Russell Moore
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Robert C Burnett
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Julia D Labadie
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kelly L Hughes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Paul A Navin
- VCA All Pets Animal Hospital, Lockport, Illinois, USA
| | - Janna A Yoshimoto
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Paul R Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Anne C Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Burton W, Drake C, Ogeer J, Buch J, Mack R, McCrann D, Coyne MJ. Association Between Exposure to Ehrlichia spp. and Risk of Developing Chronic Kidney Disease in Dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2020; 56:159-164. [PMID: 32182116 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-7012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ehrlichiosis is a common vector-borne disease caused by Ehrlichia spp. This retrospective matched cohort study was performed to determine if dogs with Ehrlichia spp. antibodies had an increased incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Exposure to Ehrlichia spp. was defined as having an Ehrlichia spp. antibody-positive result recorded at any point in their available patient history. The outcome of CKD was defined as concurrent increased symmetric dimethylarginine (>14 µg/dL) and creatinine (>1.5 mg/dL) for a minimum of 25 days with inappropriate urine specific gravity (<1.030). Patients were matched using propensity score matching to control for age, geography, and breed. A total of 22,440 patients and controls in E canis-endemic regions of the United States were used in this analysis. Contingency tables were used to compare dogs with and without exposure to Ehrlichia spp.-infected ticks and CKD outcome. The relative risk of CKD for patients exposed to ticks carrying Ehrlichia spp. was found to be 2.12 (95% confidence interval [1.35-3.15], p < 0.0006). This study identified that testing positive for Ehrlichia spp. antibodies in E canis-endemic regions is associated with higher incidence of CKD in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wade Burton
- From IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., Westbrook, Maine
| | - Corie Drake
- From IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., Westbrook, Maine
| | | | - Jesse Buch
- From IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., Westbrook, Maine
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Melendez-Lazo A, Jasensky AK, Jolly-Frahija IT, Kehl A, Müller E, Mesa-Sánchez I. Clonality testing in the lymph nodes from dogs with lymphadenomegaly due to Leishmania infantum infection. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226336. [PMID: 31841533 PMCID: PMC6913964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In southern European countries, multicentric lymphoma and leishmaniosis are the main differential diagnoses in dogs presented with generalized lymphadenomegaly. The cytological examination is in some cases inconclusive and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for antigen receptor rearrangement (PARR) has become a common method to confirm or rule out a lymphoproliferative neoplasia. According to the literature, leishmaniosis may lead to clonal arrangements and therefore to a false diagnosis of lymphoma, but this assumption is made from a single leishmania infected dog. Therefore, the objective of this study was to prospectively evaluate results from PARR in dogs with lymphadenomegaly due to clinical leishmaniosis at the moment of diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS 31 dogs with a diagnosis of leishmaniosis based on the LeishVet guidelines were included in the study. Samples from enlarged lymph nodes were taken for cytological examination, clonality testing and Leishmania infantum PCR. RESULTS All 31 dogs had medium to high positive antibody titers against Leishmania spp. and 30/31 had a positive Leishmania PCR from the lymph node. A polyclonal arrangement for B cells (immunoglobulin heavy chain gene) and T cells (T-cell receptor gamma chain gene) antigen receptors was found in 28/31 dogs. Two out of 31 dogs showed a monoclonal arrangement for Ig with high (1:2) and low (1:7) polyclonal background respectively; and one of the 31 dogs showed a monoclonal arrangement for T cell receptor with low (1:3) polyclonal background. CONCLUSION Infections with Leishmania infantum resulted in clonal rearrangement, and therefore in a possible false diagnosis of lymphoma, in 3 out of 31 dogs (9.7%). Although, PARR is a useful method to differentiate lymphoma from reactive lymphoid hyperplasia in dogs with leishmaniosis, mono-/biclonal results should be interpreted carefully, especially in the presence of any degree of polyclonal background, and together with other clinicopathological findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Melendez-Lazo
- LABOKLIN GmbH & Co. KG, Bad Kissingen, Germany
- Laboratorio Veterinario LABOKLIN, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Veterinario Puchol, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Caldin M, Campigli M, Zoia A, Zanella A, Bertolini G, Furlanello T, Lubas G. Bleeding diathesis in canine multiple myeloma and prognostic implications: A cohort study in 156 dogs. Res Vet Sci 2019; 125:305-308. [PMID: 31351200 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a tumor of plasma cells representing approximately 1% of all canine tumors. Clinical evident bleeding is often referred to as the main finding. The aim of the study was to evaluate the occurrence of clinical bleedings in dogs with MM and its prognostic implications compared to a population of dogs not affected by MM. Two groups of dogs (# 78 each) individually matched for breed, age and gender were considered. Group-1 (exposed) was affected by MM and group-2 (unexposed) was affected by other diseases. They were compared for bleeding and mortality at 90 days after diagnosis (relative risk, RR; attributable risk, AR). Among group-1, bleeding patients (B) were compared with non-bleeding patients (NB) in terms of mortality at 90 days (RR, AR). Incident cases of MM were 78/57,694 (0.13%). Signs of bleeding up to 30 days before the referral presentation were found in 33 (42.3%) group-1 dogs in comparison to 6 (7.7%) group-2 dogs (RR, 5.50, CI 95% 2.55-12.3, p = 0.0001; AR, 0.34, CI 95% 0.22-0.47, p = 0.0001). Epistaxis was the most frequent sign of bleeding recorded. Nineteen dogs from group-1 (24.3%) and eight from group-2 (10.2%) were non-survivors (RR = 2.37, CI 95% 1.14-5.06, p = 0.01; AR = 0.14, CI 95% 0.02-0.26, p = 0.01). Among the group-1, the B dogs, 4/33 (12.1%) were non-survivors, while 15/45 NB dogs (33.3%) were non-survivors (RR = 2.75, CI 95% 1.08-7.44, p = 0.03; AR = 0.21, CI 95% 0.20-0.38, p = 0.03). Epistaxis at diagnosis was frequent in MM dogs, and signs of bleeding were associated with a more favorable 90-day prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Caldin
- San Marco Veterinary Clinic, Via Dell'Industria 3, Veggiano, Padua, Italy
| | - Michela Campigli
- San Marco Veterinary Clinic, Via Dell'Industria 3, Veggiano, Padua, Italy.
| | - Andrea Zoia
- San Marco Veterinary Clinic, Via Dell'Industria 3, Veggiano, Padua, Italy
| | - Anna Zanella
- San Marco Veterinary Clinic, Via Dell'Industria 3, Veggiano, Padua, Italy
| | - Giovanna Bertolini
- San Marco Veterinary Clinic, Via Dell'Industria 3, Veggiano, Padua, Italy
| | - Tommaso Furlanello
- San Marco Veterinary Laboratory, Via Dell'Industria 3, Veggiano, Padua, Italy
| | - George Lubas
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Via Livornese, Pisa, Italy
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Moore AR, Avery PR. Protein characterization using electrophoresis and immunofixation; a case-based review of dogs and cats. Vet Clin Pathol 2019; 48 Suppl 1:29-44. [PMID: 31270837 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein electrophoresis and immunotyping can be a useful adjunct to the standard biochemical techniques for characterizing serum and urine proteins. This paper reviews currently available and commonly used methods for diagnostic protein electrophoresis, including both agarose gel and capillary zone electrophoretic techniques and total protein assessments. Immunofixation and immunosubtraction methods for identification of immunoglobulin location and class are also presented. Practical application of quality assurance and quality control strategies in compliance with American Society of Veterinary Clinical Pathology (ASVCP) best practices are discussed. Commonly encountered serum and urine electrophoretic diagnostic patterns, including electrophoretically normal, acute-phase protein responses, polyclonal gammopathies, restricted polyclonal/oligoclonal gammopathies, paraproteinemias (monoclonal or biclonal gammopathies), and Bence-Jones proteinurias are also reviewed using relevant case material. Cases in which immunofixation electrophoresis are particularly useful are highlighted, and methodologies to more accurately quantify serum monoclonal proteins (M-proteins), monitoring tests commonly used in human medicine, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Russell Moore
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Paul R Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Eberhardt C, Malbon A, Riond B, Schoster A. κ Light-chain monoclonal gammopathy and cast nephropathy in a horse with multiple myeloma. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2018; 253:1177-1183. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.253.9.1177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Cervone M, Beurlet S. Primary bronchial carcinoma associated with bone marrow metastasis and paraneoplastic monoclonal gammopathy in a cat. JFMS Open Rep 2017; 2:2055116916668200. [PMID: 28491436 PMCID: PMC5362843 DOI: 10.1177/2055116916668200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary Herein we describe an unusual metastatic pattern and paraneoplastic manifestation of a bronchial carcinoma in a cat. An 8 year-old cat presented with a diminished appetite, dysphagia, weight loss, lethargy and coughing. Thoracic radiographs revealed a lung mass. Bronchial carcinoma was diagnosed on the basis of histology and was associated with a lymphoplasmocytic infiltration of the fibrovascular stroma. Biochemistry showed hyperproteinaemia. Serum protein electrophoresis showed a narrow spike in the gamma region. Bone marrow cytology revealed an infiltrate with numerous clustered epithelial cells. The cat was euthanased 2 months later because of anorexia and poor general condition. Relevance and novel information To the best of our knowledge, this is the first clinical description of primary bronchial carcinoma associated with bone marrow metastases and paraneoplastic monoclonal gammopathy in a cat.
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Jania B, Andraszek K. Application of native agarose gel electrophoresis of serum proteins in veterinary diagnostics. J Vet Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/jvetres-2016-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Electrophoretic techniques, used to separate mixtures of electrically charged particles, are widely used in science. One of these techniques, native protein electrophoresis in an agarose gel, is applied in human and veterinary medicine. Changes in the proportions of individual protein fractions correspond to significant changes in the physiology of the body. Although the pattern obtained by electrophoretic separation rarely indicates a specific disease, it provides valuable information for the differential diagnosis. Decades of research on the types of patterns obtained in the case of particular diseases have led to the accumulation of substantial knowledge. The paper presents the available information on this topic. Serum protein electrophoresis is recommended in cases of increased levels of total protein in order to reveal the nature of the process. The basic information which can be obtained from electrophoretic separation includes the immune status of the organism. Both increased antigenic stimulation and immunodeficiency are clearly visible in electropherograms. Moreover, the level of heterogeneity of the corresponding protein fractions can help to distinguish between infectious diseases and cancer - multiple myeloma - the latter producing a homogeneous immunoglobulin fraction. Analysis of other protein fractions helps to detect or confirm an ongoing inflammatory process and provides information regarding liver function. Even when the concentration of total protein is within the reference range, this analysis can be recommended as a basic laboratory test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Jania
- Department of Animal Genetics and Horse Breeding, Institute of Bioengineering and Animal Breeding, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 08-110 Siedlce Poland
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory LAB-WET, 02-661 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Andraszek
- Department of Animal Genetics and Horse Breeding, Institute of Bioengineering and Animal Breeding, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
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Lindquist T, Viall A, Meren I, Flaherty HA. Multiple myeloma in a dog: a typical presentation with an atypical serum protein electrophoretogram. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2016-000304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Lindquist
- Department of Veterinary Clinical PathologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
| | - Austin Viall
- Department of Veterinary Clinical PathologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
| | - Ilyssa Meren
- Department of Veterinary Clinical PathologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
| | - Heather A Flaherty
- Department of Veterinary Clinical PathologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
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Proverbio D, Spada E, Perego R, de Giorgi GB. Seizures as a Consequence of Hyperviscosity Syndrome in Two Dogs Naturally Infected with Leishmania infantum. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2016; 52:119-23. [PMID: 26808431 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Serum hyperviscosity syndrome (HVS) was documented in two dogs with canine leishmaniasis (CanL) and seizures as the major clinical complaint. In both cases, laboratory abnormalities included mild non-regenerative anemia, thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia, hyperproteinemia with monoclonal gammopathy, and marked serum hyperviscosity. CanL was diagnosed using cytology in one case and indirect immunofluorescence assay and conventional polymerase chain reaction in the second. Specific therapy with meglumine antimoniate and allopurinol(c) led to short-term remission in both dogs and normalization of serum viscosity. Although dogs rarely develop HVS, it should be suspected if hyperproteinemia and monoclonal gammopathy are present. Since CanL manifests with a variety of clinical presentations, including seizures resulting from HVS-induced central nervous system hypoxia, it should also be considered as a differential diagnosis in animals with seizures as a primary presenting sign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Proverbio
- From Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Eva Spada
- From Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Perego
- From Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Nevitt BN, Langan JN, Adkesson MJ, Landolfi JA, Wilson R. Diagnosis and treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in a bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 245:1391-5. [PMID: 25459484 DOI: 10.2460/javma.245.12.1391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION Severe lymphocytosis and leukocytosis were detected during examination of a 10-year-old sexually intact male bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis) with regionally extensive alopecia. CLINICAL FINDINGS A CBC revealed severe leukocytosis (39,100 leukocytes/μL) and marked lymphocytosis (90%). A blood smear consisted predominantly of intermediate-sized lymphocytes and few large lymphocytes, with mild to moderate nuclear atypia. These findings were highly suggestive of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Cytologic evaluation of bone marrow aspirates revealed no evidence of overt malignancy, with 10% of all cells identified as small to intermediate-sized mature lymphocytes. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME Treatment with chlorambucil and prednisone administered orally over a 1.8-year period decreased the leukocyte and lymphocyte counts to within reference intervals with no adverse effects. Although repeated flow cytometry revealed evidence of residual disease, the fox remained free of clinical disease, and WBC counts were within reference intervals for this species. At 22 months after initial evaluation, the fox was euthanized because of debilitating arthritis. No evidence of CLL was detected grossly or histologically during necropsy. CLINICAL RELEVANCE To the authors' knowledge, this was the first report of CLL in a bat-eared fox and first successful treatment in a nondomestic carnivore. Treatment in accordance with a chemotherapeutic protocol successfully resolved the leukocytosis and lymphocytosis with no serious adverse effects. Description of this fox and the treatment protocol should provide a valuable reference for future cases in this and other nondomestic canine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin N Nevitt
- Illinois Zoological and Aquatic Animal Residency Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802
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21
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Qurollo BA, Balakrishnan N, Cannon CZ, Maggi RG, Breitschwerdt EB. Co-infection with Anaplasma platys, Bartonella henselae, Bartonella koehlerae and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum' in a cat diagnosed with splenic plasmacytosis and multiple myeloma. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 16:713-20. [PMID: 24445821 PMCID: PMC11164167 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13519632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Anaplasma platys (Apl), 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum' (CMh), Bartonella henselae (Bh) and Bartonella koehlerae (Bk) were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and DNA sequencing in a cat diagnosed with multiple myeloma. Other inconsistently documented hematologic abnormalities included anemia, thrombocytopenia, eosinophilia and hypoglycemia. Persistent Apl infection was confirmed for the first time in a North American cat by sequencing three bacterial genes (16S rRNA, p44 and GroEL) in peripheral blood samples collected 100 days apart. Following doxycycline treatment for Apl, multiple myeloma was diagnosed based upon a monoclonal gammopathy and splenic plasmacytosis, and the cat was treated with melphalan, chlorambucil and prednisolone. Apl DNA was not amplified from post-treatment blood samples and the hyperglobulinemia resolved temporarily following chemotherapy. Retrospective PCR analysis of stored DNA extracts identified CMh, Bk and Bh infections. Retrospective PCR for antigen receptor rearrangements (PARR) of splenic aspirates did not confirm B- or T-cell clonality. Co-infection with multiple vector-borne pathogens should be a diagnostic consideration in cats with chronic hypergammaglobulinemia, monoclonal gammopathy and splenic plasmacytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Qurollo
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Nandhakumar Balakrishnan
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Coralie Zegre Cannon
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Ricardo G Maggi
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Edward B Breitschwerdt
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, NC, USA
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22
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Changes in the serum proteome of canine lymphoma identified by electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Vet J 2013; 196:320-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Hematopoietic Tumors. WITHROW AND MACEWEN'S SMALL ANIMAL CLINICAL ONCOLOGY 2013. [PMCID: PMC7161412 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-2362-5.00032-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Webb JL, Steinberg H, Stein TJ, Friedrichs KR. What is your diagnosis? Pleural effusion in a dog with hypertension. Vet Clin Pathol 2012; 41:599-600. [PMID: 23095129 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2012.00483.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie L Webb
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA.
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FUKUMOTO S, HANAZONO K, KAWASAKI N, HORI Y, HIGUCHI S, SASAKI T, TEMMA K, UCHIDE T. Anaplastic Atypical Myeloma with Extensive Cutaneous Involvement in a Dog. J Vet Med Sci 2012; 74:111-5. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shinya FUKUMOTO
- Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University
| | - Kiwamu HANAZONO
- Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University
| | | | - Yasutomo HORI
- Department of Veterinary Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Kitasato University
| | - Seiichi HIGUCHI
- Department of Veterinary Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Kitasato University
| | - Takushi SASAKI
- Department of Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences,Kitasato University
| | - Kyosuke TEMMA
- Department of Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences,Kitasato University
| | - Tsuyoshi UCHIDE
- Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University
- Department of Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences,Kitasato University
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26
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Childress MO. Hematologic Abnormalities in the Small Animal Cancer Patient. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2012; 42:123-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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27
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Seelig DM, Perry JA, Zaks K, Avery AC, Avery PR. Monoclonal immunoglobulin protein production in two dogs with secretory B-cell lymphoma with Mott cell differentiation. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011; 239:1477-82. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.239.11.1477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Giori L, Tricomi FM, Zatelli A, Roura X, Paltrinieri S. High-resolution gel electrophoresis and sodium dodecyl sulphate–agarose gel electrophoresis on urine samples for qualitative analysis of proteinuria in dogs. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 23:682-90. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638711407900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of the current study were to assess whether sodium dodecyl sulphate–agarose gel electrophoresis (SDS-AGE) and high-resolution electrophoresis (HRE) can identify dogs with a urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio (UPC ratio) >0.2 and whether HRE can provide preliminary information about the type of proteinuria, using SDS-AGE as a reference method. HRE and SDS-AGE were conducted on 87 urine samples classified according to the International Renal Interest Society as non-proteinuric (NP; UPC ratio: <0.20; 32/87), borderline proteinuric (BP; UPC ratio: 0.21–0.50; 15/87), or proteinuric (P; UPC ratio: >0.51; 40/87). SDS-AGE and HRE were positive in 14 out of 32 and 3 out of 32 NP samples and in 52 out of 55 and 40 out of 55 samples with a UPC ratio >0.20, respectively. The concordance between HRE or SDS and UPC ratio was comparable (κ = 0.59; κ = 0.55). However, specificity (90%) and positive likelihood ratio (7.76) were higher for HRE than for SDS-AGE (56% and 2.16) while sensitivity was lower (73% vs. 94%). The analysis of HRE results revealed that a percentage of albumin >41.4% and an albumin/α1-globulin ratio (alb/α1 ratio) >1.46 can identify samples classified by SDS-AGE as affected by glomerular proteinuria while a percentage of α1-globulin >40.8% and an alb/α1 ratio <0.84 can identify samples classified by SDS-AGE as affected by tubular proteinuria. In conclusion, both SDS-AGE and HRE could misclassify samples with a UPC ratio higher or lower than 0.20. Therefore, UPC ratio must always be determined before conducting these tests. The percentage of albumin and α1-globulin or the alb/α1 ratio determined by HRE can provide preliminary information about the origin of proteinuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Giori
- Department of Veterinary Pathology Hygiene and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Giori, Tricomi, Paltrinieri)
- Clinica Veterinaria Pirani, Reggio Emilia, Italy (Zatelli)
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain (Roura)
| | - Flavia Marcella Tricomi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology Hygiene and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Giori, Tricomi, Paltrinieri)
- Clinica Veterinaria Pirani, Reggio Emilia, Italy (Zatelli)
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain (Roura)
| | - Andrea Zatelli
- Department of Veterinary Pathology Hygiene and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Giori, Tricomi, Paltrinieri)
- Clinica Veterinaria Pirani, Reggio Emilia, Italy (Zatelli)
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain (Roura)
| | - Xavier Roura
- Department of Veterinary Pathology Hygiene and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Giori, Tricomi, Paltrinieri)
- Clinica Veterinaria Pirani, Reggio Emilia, Italy (Zatelli)
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain (Roura)
| | - Saverio Paltrinieri
- Department of Veterinary Pathology Hygiene and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Giori, Tricomi, Paltrinieri)
- Clinica Veterinaria Pirani, Reggio Emilia, Italy (Zatelli)
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain (Roura)
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Tappin SW, Taylor SS, Tasker S, Dodkin SJ, Papasouliotis K, Murphy KF. Serum protein electrophoresis in 147 dogs. Vet Rec 2011; 168:456. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.d88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. W. Tappin
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Langford Veterinary Services; University of Bristol; Langford House Langford Bristol BS40 5DU
| | - S. S. Taylor
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Langford Veterinary Services; University of Bristol; Langford House Langford Bristol BS40 5DU
| | - S. Tasker
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Langford Veterinary Services; University of Bristol; Langford House Langford Bristol BS40 5DU
| | - S. J. Dodkin
- Diagnostic Laboratories, Langford Veterinary Services; University of Bristol; Langford House Langford Bristol BS40 5DU
| | - K. Papasouliotis
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Langford Veterinary Services; University of Bristol; Langford House Langford Bristol BS40 5DU
| | - K. F. Murphy
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Langford Veterinary Services; University of Bristol; Langford House Langford Bristol BS40 5DU
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30
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Bienzle D, Vernau W. The Diagnostic Assessment of Canine Lymphoma: Implications for Treatment. Clin Lab Med 2011; 31:21-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Monoclonal gammopathy associated with multiple myeloma and visceral leishmaniasis in the dog: a comparison of two cases. Vet Res Commun 2011; 34 Suppl 1:S97-101. [PMID: 20461463 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-010-9365-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The term monoclonal gammopathy (MG) suggests the presence of clonal immunoglobulins in blood serum that are recognized as narrow spikes in the beta and/or gamma region of the electrophoretic pattern of serum. In the dog, MG is rare and is associated with a heterogeneous group of diseases that include multiple myeloma (the most common source of MG) as well as infectious and chronic inflammatory diseases such as Leishmaniasis. In this paper, two cases of MG are described: the first case is associated with multiple myeloma of monoclonal component type IgA/lambda, with the latter rare in dogs, and the second case involves MG that developed 3 years after an initial diagnosis of Leishmaniasis.
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Taylor SS, Tappin SW, Dodkin SJ, Papasouliotis K, Casamian-Sorrosal D, Tasker S. Serum protein electrophoresis in 155 cats. J Feline Med Surg 2010; 12:643-53. [PMID: 20655494 PMCID: PMC10911482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2010.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
All serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) results obtained between 2002 and 2009 from clinical cases presented to the University of Bristol Feline Centre were examined retrospectively. One hundred and fifty-five results met the inclusion criteria. Signalment and final diagnoses were obtained from the case records. Clinical cases were classified as having normal or abnormal SPE results by comparison to reference intervals for SPE created using 77 clinically normal cats. Abnormal results were then further divided according to the specific SPE abnormality. Cases were also categorised, according to the final diagnosis, using the DAMNITV classification system. Of the 155 cases, 136 (87.7%) had abnormal SPE results, most commonly due to a polyclonal increase in gamma globulins. A monoclonal gammopathy occurred in four cats; one with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), one with lymphoma and two cases of splenic plasmacytoma (one suspected, one confirmed). The most common DAMNITV classification associated with SPE abnormalities was infectious/inflammatory disease (80/136; 58.8%), including 39 cats diagnosed with FIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha S Taylor
- The Feline Centre, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Division of Companion Animals, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK.
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Zatelli A, Paltrinieri S, Nizi F, Roura X, Zini E. Evaluation of a urine dipstick test for confirmation or exclusion of proteinuria in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2010; 71:235-40. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.71.2.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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de Caprariis D, Sasanelli M, Paradies P, Otranto D, Lia R. Monoclonal Gammopathy Associated With Heartworm Disease in a Dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2009; 45:296-300. [DOI: 10.5326/0450296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A 12-year-old, intact female, mixed Yorkshire terrier was evaluated for syncopal episodes, weakness, decreased appetite, and weight loss. Heartworm disease was diagnosed based on evidence of circulating microfilariae of Dirofilaria immitis on direct examination of blood smears and a positive SNAP heartworm antigen test. An immunoglobulin G (IgG) gammopathy, demonstrated by serum protein electrophoresis, was associated with heartworm disease in this dog. Response to treatment with both an adulticide and the microfilaricide ivermectin included remission of clinical signs and a decrease in the monoclonal gammopathy. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an IgG gammopathy associated with heartworm disease in the dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato de Caprariis
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Strada Provinciale per Casamassima, Km. 3, Valenzano, Bari, 70010 Italy
- From the
| | - Mariateresa Sasanelli
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Strada Provinciale per Casamassima, Km. 3, Valenzano, Bari, 70010 Italy
- From the
| | - Paola Paradies
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Strada Provinciale per Casamassima, Km. 3, Valenzano, Bari, 70010 Italy
- From the
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Strada Provinciale per Casamassima, Km. 3, Valenzano, Bari, 70010 Italy
- From the
| | - Riccardo Lia
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Strada Provinciale per Casamassima, Km. 3, Valenzano, Bari, 70010 Italy
- From the
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35
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Saridomichelakis MN. Advances in the pathogenesis of canine leishmaniosis: epidemiologic and diagnostic implications. Vet Dermatol 2009; 20:471-89. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2009.00823.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Calazans S, Daleck C, Fagliari J, Repetti C, De Nardi A, Castro J, Fernandes S, César J, Rodigheri S. Proteinograma sérico de cães sadios e com linfoma obtido por eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (SDS-PAGE). ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352009000500005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Foram avaliadas amostras de soro sanguíneo de 10 cães sadios e de 12 com linfoma, utilizando-se a eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida contendo dodecil sulfato de sódio. Houve diferença entre as médias dos teores de proteína total de cães sadios, 7,68g/dL±0,46 e de cães com linfoma, 7,93g/dL±2,49. As concentrações de IgA e IgG não foram diferentes entre os grupos. Os teores das proteínas de pesos moleculares 142000, 110000, 52000, 49000, 24000 e 18000 dáltons foram mais elevados em cães com linfoma. Os cães com linfoma apresentaram concentrações mais elevadas de ceruloplasmina, 43,95mg/dL±18,19, e haptoglobina, 554mg/dL±449,51, e menores de albumina, 2908mg/dL±476,67, em comparação aos cães sadios (ceruloplasmina: 3,42mg/dL±7,44; haptoglobina: 94,54mg/dL±59,50 e albumina: 4207mg/dL±206,18). Conclui-se que concentrações séricas mais elevadas de ceruloplasmina e haptoglobina e menores de albumina podem estar associadas ao linfoma em cães.
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Benchekroun G, Desmyter A, Hidalgo A, Boulouis HJ, Gomes E, Garnier F, Escoffier L, Poujol L, de Fornel-Thibaud P, Maurey C, Rosenberg D. Primary Hyperparathyroidism and Monoclonal Gammopathy in a Dog. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23:211-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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38
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Petanides T, Koutinas A, Mylonakis M, Day M, Saridomichelakis M, Leontides L, Mischke R, Diniz P, Breitschwerdt E, Kritsepi M, Garipidou V, Koutinas C, Lekkas S. Factors Associated with the Occurrence of Epistaxis in Natural Canine Leishmaniasis (Leishmania infantum). J Vet Intern Med 2008; 22:866-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Bissett SA, Drobatz KJ, McKnight A, Degernes LA. Prevalence, clinical features, and causes of epistaxis in dogs: 176 cases (1996-2001). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008; 231:1843-50. [PMID: 18081523 DOI: 10.2460/javma.231.12.1843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine prevalence, clinical features, and causes of epistaxis in dogs. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 176 dogs with epistaxis. PROCEDURES Medical records were reviewed for information related to signalment, clinical features, diagnosis, and outcome. RESULTS 132 (75%) dogs were initially examined by the hospital's emergency service; prevalence of epistaxis was 0.3%. Dogs with epistaxis were more likely to be old (> or = 6 years), male, and large (> or = 26 kg [58.5 lb]) than were dogs in a reference population. In 109 (62%) dogs with epistaxis, an underlying cause was identified; 115 underlying disorders were identified, with 90 classified as local and 25 classified as systemic. Local causes of epistaxis included nasal neoplasia (n = 35), trauma (33), idiopathic rhinitis (20), and periapical abscess (2). Systemic causes included thrombocytopenia (12), thrombocytopathia (7), coagulopathy (3), hypertension (2), and vasculitis (1). Dogs with local causes were more likely to have unilateral than bilateral epistaxis, but 11 of 21 (52%) dogs with systemic disorders also had unilateral epistaxis. Dogs with systemic disorders were more likely to have clinical signs of systemic disease. Duration of epistaxis (acute vs chronic), severity, and duration of hospitalization were similar for dogs with local versus systemic disorders. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that epistaxis was a common disorder in dogs and frequently regarded as an emergency. Local causes of epistaxis were predominant, but clinical features traditionally thought to be helpful in distinguishing local versus systemic causes could not be reliably used for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally A Bissett
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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Yamada O, Tamura K, Yagihara H, Isotani M, Azakami M, Sawada S, Ono K, Washizu T, Bonkobara M. Light-chain multiple myeloma in a cat. J Vet Diagn Invest 2007; 19:443-7. [PMID: 17609361 DOI: 10.1177/104063870701900421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A diagnosis of light-chain multiple myeloma was made in an 11-year-old male American Shorthair cat. The cat showed atypical plasma cell infiltration in the bone marrow, biclonal gammopathy caused by polymerization of myeloma protein (M-protein), and Bence-Jones proteinuria. The M-protein in the serum of the cat was analyzed by using 12% sodium dodeyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with Coomassie brilliant blue staining. An intense band with a size of 27 kDa, the size of the immunoglobulin light chain, was clearly observed, whereas the band corresponding to the immunoglobulin heavy chain (59 kDa) was undetectable. The 27-kDa band was confirmed to be an immunoglobulin light chain by Western blotting by using antibodies for feline immunoglobulin. These data suggested that the neoplastic plasma cells produce light chain only, leading to the diagnosis of light-chain multiple myeloma in the cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Yamada
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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Hayes AM, Gregory SP, Murphy S, McConnell JF, Patterson-Kane JC. Solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma of the canine larynx. J Small Anim Pract 2007; 48:288-91. [PMID: 17425696 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2006.00265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An 11-year-old, female, spayed cocker spaniel was presented with dysphonia caused by a solitary laryngeal mass. Excisional biopsy was performed, and a diagnosis of plasmacytoma was made on the basis of histological examination. Further investigations showed no signs of systemic involvement. Coarse fractionated radiation therapy failed to control the tumour. Therapy was successfully instituted with a conventional combination chemotherapy protocol over a period of 14 months. The dog remains disease free 30 months after diagnosis. Most solitary, extramedullary plasmacytomas in dogs arise in the gastrointestinal tract, with fewer reports in other sites. The larynx is an uncommon sight of involvement in any species, and to the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of this tumour type in the canine larynx. In contrast to the therapeutic benefits reported in humans, the combination of surgery and radiation therapy was unsuccessful in this case, although sustained remission was gained following chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Hayes
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwandes Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU
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Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited published information regarding feline multiple myeloma. Diagnostic criteria are derived from canine studies and to our knowledge, have not been critically reviewed for cats. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical and laboratory findings in cats with multiple myeloma and appraise diagnostic criteria. METHODS Retrospective evaluation of medical records was performed. Inclusion required an antemortem diagnosis of multiple myeloma using 2 of 4 criteria: 1) >or=20% plasma cells in the bone marrow, or >or=10% if atypical plasma cells; 2) paraproteinemia; 3) radiographically-evident osteolysis; 4) light chain proteinuria. Alternatively, a postmortem diagnosis was based on the findings of multiple plasma cell neoplasms, with marrow involvement. RESULTS Sixteen cats were diagnosed with multiple myeloma between 1996 and 2004, with a median age of 14.0 years; 9 of 16 (56%) were castrated males, and 7 of 16 (44%) were spayed females. Laboratory abnormalities included hyperglobulinemia (14/16, 87.5%), with 11/14 (78.5%) monoclonal and 3/14 (21.4%) biclonal gammopathies; hypoalbuminemia (4/16, 25%); light chain proteinuria, (4/9, 44.4%); hypocholesterolemia (11/16, 68.7%); hypercalcemia, (3/15, 20%); nonregenerative anemia, (11/16, 68.7%); regenerative anemia, (1/16, 6.2%); neutropenia (5/15, 33.3%); thrombocytopenia (8/16, 50%); and marrow plasmacytosis (14/15, 93.3%). Plasma cells were markedly immature, atypical, or both in 10 of 12 (83.3%) cats. Focal or multifocal osteolysis was noted in 6 of 12 (50%) cats for which radiographs were available for review; generalized osteopenia was found in 1 (8.3%) cat. Noncutaneous, extramedullary tumors were found in all cats assessed, 7/7 (100%), including spleen (6), liver (3), and lymph nodes (4). The disease in 1 of 2 cats with cutaneous tumors progressed to plasmacytic leukemia. CONCLUSIONS Common findings in feline multiple myeloma include atypical plasma cell morphology, hypocholesterolemia, anemia, bone lesions, and multi-organ involvement. Based on the results of this study, we advocate modifying diagnostic criteria in cats to include consideration of plasma cell morphology and visceral organ infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reema T. Patel
- From the Departments of Pathobiology (Patel, French, McManus) and Clinical Studies (Caceres), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. Dr. McManus now is with Veterinary Diagnostic Imaging and Cytopathology, 16900 SE 82nd Drive, Clackamas, OR. This study was presented, in part, at the 38th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Banff Springs, Alberta, Canada, November 15–19, 2003. Corresponding author: Patricia M. McManus ()
| | - Ana Caceres
- From the Departments of Pathobiology (Patel, French, McManus) and Clinical Studies (Caceres), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. Dr. McManus now is with Veterinary Diagnostic Imaging and Cytopathology, 16900 SE 82nd Drive, Clackamas, OR. This study was presented, in part, at the 38th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Banff Springs, Alberta, Canada, November 15–19, 2003. Corresponding author: Patricia M. McManus ()
| | - Adrienne F. French
- From the Departments of Pathobiology (Patel, French, McManus) and Clinical Studies (Caceres), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. Dr. McManus now is with Veterinary Diagnostic Imaging and Cytopathology, 16900 SE 82nd Drive, Clackamas, OR. This study was presented, in part, at the 38th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Banff Springs, Alberta, Canada, November 15–19, 2003. Corresponding author: Patricia M. McManus ()
| | - Patricia M. McManus
- From the Departments of Pathobiology (Patel, French, McManus) and Clinical Studies (Caceres), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. Dr. McManus now is with Veterinary Diagnostic Imaging and Cytopathology, 16900 SE 82nd Drive, Clackamas, OR. This study was presented, in part, at the 38th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Banff Springs, Alberta, Canada, November 15–19, 2003. Corresponding author: Patricia M. McManus ()
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Gentilini F, Calzolari C, Buonacucina A, Di Tommaso M, Militerno G, Bergamini PF. Different biological behaviour of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia in two dogs. Vet Comp Oncol 2005; 3:87-97. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5810.2005.00068.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Pusterla N, Stacy BA, Vernau W, De Cock HEV, Magdesian KG. Immunoglobulin A monoclonal gammopathy in two horses with multiple myeloma. Vet Rec 2004; 155:19-23. [PMID: 15264485 DOI: 10.1136/vr.155.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The clinical findings in two horses with secretory multiple myeloma and secondary immunoglobulin A (IgA) monoclonal gammopathy were non-specific and included weight loss, pale mucous membranes, limb oedema and bacterial respiratory tract infection. Consistent laboratory abnormalities included hyperproteinaemia, hyperglobulinaemia, hypoalbuminaemia and hypercalcaemia. The diagnosis was based on the presence of IgA monoclonal gammopathy in serum and urine and bone marrow plasmacytosis (> 10 per cent). One horse was euthanased; it had neoplastic plasma cell infiltrates in its kidneys, spleen, liver, bone marrow, myocardium and adrenal glands. The other horse was treated for a bacterial pneumonia and was still alive six months after it was first examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Workman HC, Vernau W. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia in dogs and cats: the veterinary perspective. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2004; 33:1379-99, viii. [PMID: 14664204 DOI: 10.1016/s0195-5616(03)00120-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in dogs and cats shares many similarities with its human counterpart but also has significant differences. In marked contrast to people, CLL in dogs and cats is primarily a T-lymphocyte proliferation. Cytotoxic T-cell proliferations with granular lymphocyte morphology predominate in dogs, and T helper cell proliferations seem to be most common in cats with CLL. Immunophenotyping and assessment of clonality by molecular genetic analysis are newer adjunctive tools in veterinary medicine that are useful in the characterization and diagnosis of CLL in dogs and cats. The clinical presentation, typical hematologic findings, diagnosis, course of disease, prognosis, and therapy of CLL in dogs and cats are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather C Workman
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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