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AlBashtawi J, Al-Jaber H, Ahmed S, Al-Mansoori L. Impact of Obesity-Related Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress on Cancer and Associated Molecular Targets. Biomedicines 2024; 12:793. [PMID: 38672148 PMCID: PMC11047871 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity, characterized by excessive body fat, is closely linked to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, leading to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Inflammatory pathways like c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) worsen insulin resistance, impacting insulin signaling. Moreover, ER stress plays a substantial role in cancer, influencing tumor cell survival and growth by releasing factors like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The unfolded protein response (UPR) is pivotal in this process, offering both pro-survival and apoptotic pathways. This review offers an extensive exploration of the sophisticated connection between ER stress provoked by obesity and its role in both the onset and advancement of cancer. It delves into the intricate interplay between oncogenic signaling and the pathways associated with ER stress in individuals who are obese. Furthermore, this review sheds light on potential therapeutic strategies aimed at managing ER stress induced by obesity, with a focus on addressing cancer initiation and progression. The potential to alleviate ER stress through therapeutic interventions, which may encompass the use of small molecules, FDA-approved medications, and gene therapy, holds great promise. A more in-depth examination of pathways such as UPR, ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD), autophagy, and epigenetic regulation has the potential to uncover innovative therapeutic approaches and the identification of predictive biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joud AlBashtawi
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar;
| | - Hend Al-Jaber
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; (H.A.-J.); (S.A.)
| | - Sara Ahmed
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; (H.A.-J.); (S.A.)
| | - Layla Al-Mansoori
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; (H.A.-J.); (S.A.)
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Moon S, Lim JY, Lee M, Han Y, Kim H, Kwon W, Jang JY, Kim MN, Park KS, Jung HS. Glucolipotoxicity Suppressed Autophagy and Insulin Contents in Human Islets, and Attenuation of PERK Activity Enhanced Them in an ATG7-Dependent Manner. Diabetes Metab J 2024; 48:231-241. [PMID: 37670417 PMCID: PMC10995495 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2022.0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGRUOUND Administration of pancreatic endoplasmic reticulum kinase inhibitor (PERKi) improved insulin secretion and hyperglycemia in obese diabetic mice. In this study, autophagic balance was studied whether to mediate it. METHODS Human islets were isolated from living patients without diabetes. PERKi GSK2606414 effects were evaluated in the islets under glucolipotoxicity by palmitate. Islet insulin contents and secretion were measured. Autophagic flux was assessed by microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) conversion, a red fluorescent protein (RFP)-green fluorescent protein (GFP)- LC3 tandem assay, and P62 levels. For mechanical analyses, autophagy was suppressed using 3-methyladenine in mouse islets. Small interfering RNA for an autophagy-related gene autophagy related 7 (Atg7) was transfected to interfere autophagy. RESULTS PERKi administration to mice decreased diabetes-induced P62 levels in the islets. Glucolipotoxicity significantly increased PERK phosphorylation by 70% and decreased insulin contents by 50% in human islets, and addition of PERKi (40 to 80 nM) recovered both. PERKi also enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (6-fold). PERKi up-regulated LC3 conversion suppressed by glucolipotoxicity, and down-regulated P62 contents without changes in P62 transcription, indicating enhanced autophagic flux. Increased autophagosome-lysosome fusion by PERKi was visualized in mouse islets, where PERKi enhanced ATG7 bound to LC3. Suppression of Atg7 eliminated PERKi-induced insulin contents and secretion. CONCLUSION This study provided functional changes of human islets with regard to autophagy under glucolipotoxicity, and suggested modulation of autophagy as an anti-diabetic mechanism of PERKi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoil Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Yoon Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mirang Lee
- Department of Surgery and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngmin Han
- Department of Surgery and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hongbeom Kim
- Department of Surgery and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wooil Kwon
- Department of Surgery and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Young Jang
- Department of Surgery and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Na Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyong Soo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Seung Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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3
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Libberecht K, Vangansewinkel T, Van Den Bosch L, Lambrichts I, Wolfs E. Proteostasis plays an important role in demyelinating Charcot Marie Tooth disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 216:115760. [PMID: 37604292 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT1) is the most common demyelinating peripheral neuropathy. Patients suffer from progressive muscle weakness and sensory problems. The underlying disease mechanisms of CMT1 are still unclear and no therapy is currently available, hence patients completely rely on supportive care. Balancing protein levels is a complex multistep process fundamental to maintain cells in their healthy state and a disrupted proteostasis is a hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases. When protein misfolding occurs, protein quality control systems are activated such as chaperones, the lysosomal-autophagy system and proteasomal degradation to ensure proper degradation. However, in pathological circumstances, these mechanisms are overloaded and thereby become inefficient to clear the load of misfolded proteins. Recent evidence strongly indicates that a disbalance in proteostasis plays an important role in several forms of CMT1. In this review, we present an overview of the protein quality control systems, their role in CMT1, and potential treatment strategies to restore proteostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Libberecht
- UHasselt, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Lab for Functional Imaging & Research on Stem Cells (FIERCELab), Diepenbeek, Belgium; VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Tim Vangansewinkel
- UHasselt, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Lab for Functional Imaging & Research on Stem Cells (FIERCELab), Diepenbeek, Belgium; VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium; UHasselt, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Lab for Histology and Regeneration (HISTOREGEN Lab), Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ludo Van Den Bosch
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ivo Lambrichts
- UHasselt, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Lab for Histology and Regeneration (HISTOREGEN Lab), Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Esther Wolfs
- UHasselt, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Lab for Functional Imaging & Research on Stem Cells (FIERCELab), Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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4
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Li B, Yang H, Wu H, Wang H, Ye Z, Wu Y, Chen Y, Tang H. Hydroquinone-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress affects TK6 cell autophagy and apoptosis via ATF6-mTOR. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37148176 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydroquinone (HQ), one of the main active metabolites of benzene in vivo, 7is commonly used as a surrogate for benzene in in vitro studies and has been shown to be cytotoxic. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in HQ-induced autophagy and apoptosis in human lymphoblastoid cells (TK6) and how activating transcription factor 6 (ATF-6) is involved. We treated TK6 cells with HQ to establish a cytotoxicity model and found that HQ induced cellular ERS, autophagy and apoptosis by Western blot, flow cytometry and transmission electron microscopy. In addition, inhibition of both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ERS inhibited cellular autophagy and apoptosis, suggesting that ERS may be induced by ROS, which in turn affects autophagy and apoptosis. Our study also found that HQ could inhibit ATF6 expression and mTOR activation. Knockdown of ATF6 enhanced autophagy and apoptosis levels and further inhibited mTOR activation; activation of ATF6 by AA147 enhanced cellular activity, suggesting that ATF6 may affect cellular autophagy and apoptosis through mTOR. In conclusion, our data suggest that ROS mediated ERS may promote autophagy and apoptosis by inhibiting ATF6-mTOR pathway after HQ treatment of TK6 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boxin Li
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Haipeng Wu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Huanhuan Wang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zhongming Ye
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yao Wu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yuting Chen
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Huanwen Tang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
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Benedetti R, Romeo MA, Arena A, Gilardini Montani MS, Di Renzo L, D'Orazi G, Cirone M. ATF6 prevents DNA damage and cell death in colon cancer cells undergoing ER stress. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:295. [PMID: 35752616 PMCID: PMC9233702 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01085-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Colon cancer represents one of the most common and aggressive cancers in its advanced state. Among the most innovative anti-cancer approaches, the manipulation of UPR is a promising one, effective also against cancers carrying dysfunctional p53. Interestingly, it is emerging that UPR cross-talks with DDR and that targeting the interplay between these two adaptive responses may be exploited to overcome the resistance to the single DDR- and UPR-targeting treatments. Previous studies have highlighted the role of IRE1 alpha and PERK UPR sensors on DDR, while the impact of ATF6 on this process remains under-investigated. This study shows for the first time that ATF6 sustains the expression level of BRCA-1 and protects colon cancer cells from the cytotoxic effect of ER stressors DPE and Thapsigargin. At molecular level, ATF6 activates mTOR to sustain the expression of HSP90, of which BRCA-1 is a client protein. Therefore, pharmacological or genetic inhibition of ATF6 promoted BRCA-1 degradation and increased DNA damage and cell death, particularly in combination with Adriamycin. All together this study suggests that targeting ATF6 may not only potentiate the cytotoxic effect of drugs triggering ER stress but may render colon cancer cells more sensitive to Adriamycin and possibly to other DNA damaging agents used to treat colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Benedetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Anele Romeo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Arena
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Saveria Gilardini Montani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Livia Di Renzo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella D'Orazi
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G. D'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini 33, 66100, Chieti, Italy.,Department of Research and Technological Innovation, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Mara Cirone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy. .,Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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6
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D’Orazi G, Cirone M. Interconnected Adaptive Responses: A Way Out for Cancer Cells to Avoid Cellular Demise. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14112780. [PMID: 35681760 PMCID: PMC9179898 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Different from normal cells, cancer cells must hyperactivate a variety of integrated responses in order to survive their basal stress or its exacerbation caused by exposure to anti-cancer agents. As cancer cells become particularly dependent on these adaptive responses, namely UPR, DDR autophagy, anti-oxidant and heat shock responses, this turns out to be an Achille’s heel, which allows them to be selectively killed while sparing normal unstressed cells. Better knowledge of the cross-talk between these adaptive processes and their impact on the immune system is needed to design more effective anti-cancer therapies, as reviewed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella D’Orazi
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. D’Annunzio”, 66013 Chieti, Italy;
- Unit of Cellular Networks, Department of Research and Advanced Technologies, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Mara Cirone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome LA Sapienza, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
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7
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Katow H, Vasudevan D, Ryoo HD. Drosophila Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) Assays In Vitro and In Vivo. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2378:261-277. [PMID: 34985706 PMCID: PMC9764256 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1732-8_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wildtype or mutant proteins expressed beyond the capacity of a cell's protein folding system could be detrimental to general cellular function and survival. In response to misfolded protein overload in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), eukaryotic cells activate the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) that helps cells restore protein homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). As part of the UPR, cells attenuate general mRNA translation and activate transcription factors that induce stress-responsive gene expression.UPR signaling draws research interest in part because conditions that cause chronic protein misfolding in the ER or those that impair UPR signaling underlie several diseases including neurodegeneration, diabetes, and cancers. Model organisms are frequently employed in the field as the UPR pathways are generally well-conserved throughout phyla. Here, we introduce experimental procedures to detect UPR in Drosophila melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Katow
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Deepika Vasudevan
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hyung Don Ryoo
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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8
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Charbord J, Ren L, Sharma RB, Johansson A, Ågren R, Chu L, Tworus D, Schulz N, Charbord P, Stewart AF, Wang P, Alonso LC, Andersson O. In vivo screen identifies a SIK inhibitor that induces β cell proliferation through a transient UPR. Nat Metab 2021; 3:682-700. [PMID: 34031592 PMCID: PMC9756392 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00391-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
It is known that β cell proliferation expands the β cell mass during development and under certain hyperglycemic conditions in the adult, a process that may be used for β cell regeneration in diabetes. Here, through a new high-throughput screen using a luminescence ubiquitination-based cell cycle indicator (LUCCI) in zebrafish, we identify HG-9-91-01 as a driver of proliferation and confirm this effect in mouse and human β cells. HG-9-91-01 is an inhibitor of salt-inducible kinases (SIKs), and overexpression of Sik1 specifically in β cells blocks the effect of HG-9-91-01 on β cell proliferation. Single-cell transcriptomic analyses of mouse β cells demonstrate that HG-9-91-01 induces a wave of activating transcription factor (ATF)6-dependent unfolded protein response (UPR) before cell cycle entry. Importantly, the UPR wave is not associated with an increase in insulin expression. Additional mechanistic studies indicate that HG-9-91-01 induces multiple signalling effectors downstream of SIK inhibition, including CRTC1, CRTC2, ATF6, IRE1 and mTOR, which integrate to collectively drive β cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Charbord
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lipeng Ren
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rohit B Sharma
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anna Johansson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rasmus Ågren
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Lianhe Chu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dominika Tworus
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nadja Schulz
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pierre Charbord
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, CNRS UMR 7622, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Andrew F Stewart
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peng Wang
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura C Alonso
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Olov Andersson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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9
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D'Orazi G, Cordani M, Cirone M. Oncogenic pathways activated by pro-inflammatory cytokines promote mutant p53 stability: clue for novel anticancer therapies. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:1853-1860. [PMID: 33070220 PMCID: PMC11072129 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03677-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and cancerogenesis are strongly interconnected processes, not only because inflammation promotes DNA instability, but also because both processes are driven by pathways such as NF-kB, STAT3, mTOR and MAPKs. Interestingly, these pathways regulate the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β that in turn control their activation and play a crucial role in shaping immune response. The transcription factor p53 is the major tumor suppressor that is often mutated in cancer, contributing to tumor progression. In this overview, we highlight how the interplay between pro-inflammatory cytokines and pro-inflammatory/pro-oncogenic pathways, regulating and being regulated by UPR signaling and autophagy, affects the stability of mutp53 that in turn is able to control autophagy, UPR signaling, cytokine release and the activation of the same oncogenic pathways to preserve its own stability and promote tumorigenesis. Interrupting these positive feedback loops may represent a promising strategy in anticancer therapy, particularly against cancers carrying mutp53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella D'Orazi
- Department of Research and Advanced Technologies, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Cordani
- IMDEA Nanociencia, C/Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mara Cirone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Laboratory Affiliated to Pasteur Institute Italy Foundation Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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Grandjean JMD, Wiseman RL. Small molecule strategies to harness the unfolded protein response: where do we go from here? J Biol Chem 2020; 295:15692-15711. [PMID: 32887796 PMCID: PMC7667976 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.010218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) plays a central role in regulating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and global cellular physiology in response to pathologic ER stress. The UPR is comprised of three signaling pathways activated downstream of the ER membrane proteins IRE1, ATF6, and PERK. Once activated, these proteins initiate transcriptional and translational signaling that functions to alleviate ER stress, adapt cellular physiology, and dictate cell fate. Imbalances in UPR signaling are implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous, etiologically-diverse diseases, including many neurodegenerative diseases, protein misfolding diseases, diabetes, ischemic disorders, and cancer. This has led to significant interest in establishing pharmacologic strategies to selectively modulate IRE1, ATF6, or PERK signaling to both ameliorate pathologic imbalances in UPR signaling implicated in these different diseases and define the importance of the UPR in diverse cellular and organismal contexts. Recently, there has been significant progress in the identification and characterization of UPR modulating compounds, providing new opportunities to probe the pathologic and potentially therapeutic implications of UPR signaling in human disease. Here, we describe currently available UPR modulating compounds, specifically highlighting the strategies used for their discovery and specific advantages and disadvantages in their application for probing UPR function. Furthermore, we discuss lessons learned from the application of these compounds in cellular and in vivo models to identify favorable compound properties that can help drive the further translational development of selective UPR modulators for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M D Grandjean
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - R Luke Wiseman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
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11
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Bhardwaj M, Leli NM, Koumenis C, Amaravadi RK. Regulation of autophagy by canonical and non-canonical ER stress responses. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 66:116-128. [PMID: 31838023 PMCID: PMC7325862 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells encounter numerous stresses that pose a threat to their survival. Tumor microenviroment stresses that perturb protein homeostasis can produce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which can be counterbalanced by triggering the unfolded protein response (UPR) which is considered the canonical ER stress response. The UPR is characterized by three major proteins that lead to specific changes in transcriptional and translational programs in stressed cells. Activation of the UPR can induce apoptosis, but also can induce cytoprotective programs such as autophagy. There is increasing appreciation for the role that UPR-induced autophagy plays in supporting tumorigenesis and cancer therapy resistance. More recently several new pathways that connect cell stresses, components of the UPR and autophagy have been reported, which together can be viewed as non-canonical ER stress responses. Here we review recent findings on the molecular mechanisms by which canonical and non-canonical ER stress responses can activate cytoprotective autophagy and contribute to tumor growth and therapy resistance. Autophagy has been identified as a druggable pathway, however the components of autophagy (ATG genes) have proven difficult to drug. It may be the case that targeting the UPR or non-canonical ER stress programs can more effectively block cytoprotective autophagy to enhance cancer therapy. A deeper understanding of these pathways could provide new therapeutic targets in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bhardwaj
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Nektaria Maria Leli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Constantinos Koumenis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ravi K Amaravadi
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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12
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Abstract
Background A growing body of literature suggests the cell–intrinsic activity of Atf6α during ER stress responses has implications for tissue cell number during growth and development, as well as in adult biology and tumorigenesis [1]. This concept is important, linking the cellular processes of secretory protein synthesis and endoplasmic reticulum stress response with functional tissue capacity and organ size. However, the field contains conflicting observations, especially notable in secretory cell types like the pancreatic beta cell. Scope of review Here we summarize current knowledge of the basic biology of Atf6α, along with the pleiotropic roles Atf6α plays in cell life and death decisions and possible explanations for conflicting observations. We include studies investigating the roles of Atf6α in cell survival, death and proliferation using well-controlled methodology and specific validated outcome measures, with a focus on endocrine and metabolic tissues when information was available. Major conclusions The net outcome of Atf6α on cell survival and cell death depends on cell type and growth conditions, the presence and degree of ER stress, and the duration and intensity of Atf6α activation. It is unquestioned that Atf6α activity influences the cell fate decision between survival and death, although opposite directions of this outcome are reported in different contexts. Atf6α can also trigger cell cycle activity to expand tissue cell number through proliferation. Much work remains to be done to clarify the many gaps in understanding in this important emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit B Sharma
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jarin T Snyder
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Laura C Alonso
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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Song JY, Wang XG, Zhang ZY, Che L, Fan B, Li GY. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and the protein degradation system in ophthalmic diseases. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8638. [PMID: 32117642 PMCID: PMC7036270 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is involved in the pathogenesis of various ophthalmic diseases, and ER stress-mediated degradation systems play an important role in maintaining ER homeostasis during ER stress. The purpose of this review is to explore the potential relationship between them and to find their equilibrium sites. Design This review illustrates the important role of reasonable regulation of the protein degradation system in ER stress-mediated ophthalmic diseases. There were 128 articles chosen for review in this study, and the keywords used for article research are ER stress, autophagy, UPS, ophthalmic disease, and ocular. Data sources The data are from Web of Science, PubMed, with no language restrictions from inception until 2019 Jul. Results The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy are important degradation systems in ER stress. They can restore ER homeostasis, but if ER stress cannot be relieved in time, cell death may occur. However, they are not independent of each other, and the relationship between them is complementary. Therefore, we propose that ER stability can be achieved by adjusting the balance between them. Conclusion The degradation system of ER stress, UPS and autophagy are interrelated. Because an imbalance between the UPS and autophagy can cause cell death, regulating that balance may suppress ER stress and protect cells against pathological stress damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yao Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, ChangChun, China
| | - Xue-Guang Wang
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, Third People's Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Zi-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, ChangChun, China
| | - Lin Che
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, ChangChun, China
| | - Bin Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, ChangChun, China
| | - Guang-Yu Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, ChangChun, China
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Esch N, Jo S, Moore M, Alejandro EU. Nutrient Sensor mTOR and OGT: Orchestrators of Organelle Homeostasis in Pancreatic β-Cells. J Diabetes Res 2020; 2020:8872639. [PMID: 33457426 PMCID: PMC7787834 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8872639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to integrate the role of nutrient-sensing pathways into β-cell organelle dysfunction prompted by nutrient excess during type 2 diabetes (T2D). T2D encompasses chronic hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and inflammation, which each contribute to β-cell failure. These factors can disrupt the function of critical β-cell organelles, namely, the ER, mitochondria, lysosomes, and autophagosomes. Dysfunctional organelles cause defects in insulin synthesis and secretion and activate apoptotic pathways if homeostasis is not restored. In this review, we will focus on mTORC1 and OGT, two major anabolic nutrient sensors with important roles in β-cell physiology. Though acute stimulation of these sensors frequently improves β-cell function and promotes adaptation to cell stress, chronic and sustained activity disturbs organelle homeostasis. mTORC1 and OGT regulate organelle function by influencing the expression and activities of key proteins, enzymes, and transcription factors, as well as by modulating autophagy to influence clearance of defective organelles. In addition, mTORC1 and OGT activity influence islet inflammation during T2D, which can further disrupt organelle and β-cell function. Therapies for T2D that fine-tune the activity of these nutrient sensors have yet to be developed, but the important role of mTORC1 and OGT in organelle homeostasis makes them promising targets to improve β-cell function and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Esch
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Seokwon Jo
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mackenzie Moore
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Emilyn U. Alejandro
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Rodriguez M, Parola R, Andreola S, Pereyra C, Martínez-Noël G. TOR and SnRK1 signaling pathways in plant response to abiotic stresses: Do they always act according to the "yin-yang" model? PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 288:110220. [PMID: 31521220 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants are sessile photo-autotrophic organisms continuously exposed to a variety of environmental stresses. Monitoring the sugar level and energy status is essential, since this knowledge allows the integration of external and internal cues required for plant physiological and developmental plasticity. Most abiotic stresses induce severe metabolic alterations and entail a great energy cost, restricting plant growth and producing important crop losses. Therefore, balancing energy requirements with supplies is a major challenge for plants under unfavorable conditions. The conserved kinases target of rapamycin (TOR) and sucrose-non-fermenting-related protein kinase-1 (SnRK1) play central roles during plant growth and development, and in response to environmental stresses; these kinases affect cellular processes and metabolic reprogramming, which has physiological and phenotypic consequences. The "yin-yang" model postulates that TOR and SnRK1 act in opposite ways in the regulation of metabolic-driven processes. In this review, we describe and discuss the current knowledge about the complex and intricate regulation of TOR and SnRK1 under abiotic stresses. We especially focus on the physiological perspective that, under certain circumstances during the plant stress response, the TOR and SnRK1 kinases could be modulated differently from what is postulated by the "yin-yang" concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianela Rodriguez
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales (IFRGV), Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (CIAP), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Camino 60 Cuadras km 5.5, X5020ICA, Córdoba, Argentina; Unidad de Estudios Agropecuarios (UDEA- CONICET), Camino 60 Cuadras km 5.5 X5020ICA, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Rodrigo Parola
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales (IFRGV), Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (CIAP), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Camino 60 Cuadras km 5.5, X5020ICA, Córdoba, Argentina; Unidad de Estudios Agropecuarios (UDEA- CONICET), Camino 60 Cuadras km 5.5 X5020ICA, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Sofia Andreola
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales (IFRGV), Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (CIAP), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Camino 60 Cuadras km 5.5, X5020ICA, Córdoba, Argentina; Unidad de Estudios Agropecuarios (UDEA- CONICET), Camino 60 Cuadras km 5.5 X5020ICA, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Cintia Pereyra
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología (INBIOTEC-CONICET), y Fundación para Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (FIBA), Vieytes 3103, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
| | - Giselle Martínez-Noël
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología (INBIOTEC-CONICET), y Fundación para Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (FIBA), Vieytes 3103, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
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Perochon J, Grandon B, Roche D, Wintz C, Demay Y, Mignotte B, Szuplewski S, Gaumer S. The endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response varies depending on the affected region of the tissue but independently from the source of stress. Cell Stress Chaperones 2019; 24:817-824. [PMID: 31144193 PMCID: PMC6629755 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-019-01009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of unfolded proteins and calcium dyshomeostasis induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which can be resolved by the unfolded protein response (UPR). We have previously reported that activation of the PERK/ATF4 branch of the UPR, by overexpressing Presenilin in part of the vestigial domain of Drosophila wing imaginal discs, induces both a caspase-dependent apoptosis and a Slpr/JNK/Dilp8-dependent developmental delay that allows compensation of cell death in the tissue. Recently, dDad1 depletion in Drosophila in engrailed-expressing cells of wing imaginal discs was also reported to activate the PERK/ATF4 branch but induced Mekk1/JNK-dependent apoptosis. Here, we assessed whether the stressed cell location in the wing imaginal disc could explain these differences in response to chronic ER stress or whether the stress source could be responsible for the signaling discrepancy. To address this question, we overexpressed a Rhodopsin-1 mutant prone to aggregate either in vestigial- or engrailed-expressing cells. We observed similar responses to the Presenilin overexpression in the vestigial domain and to the dDad1 depletion in the engrailed domain. Therefore, the consequences of a PERK/ATF4 branch activation depend on the position of the cell in the Drosophila wing imaginal disc, suggesting interactions of PERK signaling with developmental pathways involved in the determination or maintenance of wing domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Perochon
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Biologie Cellulaire, EA4589, UVSQ/Université Paris-Saclay, EPHE/PSL Research University, 2 rue de la source de la Bièvre, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
- Present Address: Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH UK
| | - Benjamin Grandon
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Biologie Cellulaire, EA4589, UVSQ/Université Paris-Saclay, EPHE/PSL Research University, 2 rue de la source de la Bièvre, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Delphine Roche
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Biologie Cellulaire, EA4589, UVSQ/Université Paris-Saclay, EPHE/PSL Research University, 2 rue de la source de la Bièvre, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Christine Wintz
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Biologie Cellulaire, EA4589, UVSQ/Université Paris-Saclay, EPHE/PSL Research University, 2 rue de la source de la Bièvre, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Yohan Demay
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Biologie Cellulaire, EA4589, UVSQ/Université Paris-Saclay, EPHE/PSL Research University, 2 rue de la source de la Bièvre, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Bernard Mignotte
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Biologie Cellulaire, EA4589, UVSQ/Université Paris-Saclay, EPHE/PSL Research University, 2 rue de la source de la Bièvre, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Sébastien Szuplewski
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Biologie Cellulaire, EA4589, UVSQ/Université Paris-Saclay, EPHE/PSL Research University, 2 rue de la source de la Bièvre, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Sébastien Gaumer
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Biologie Cellulaire, EA4589, UVSQ/Université Paris-Saclay, EPHE/PSL Research University, 2 rue de la source de la Bièvre, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
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Bakshi A, Moin M, Madhav MS, Kirti PB. Target of rapamycin, a master regulator of multiple signalling pathways and a potential candidate gene for crop improvement. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21:190-205. [PMID: 30411830 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The target of rapamycin (TOR) protein regulates growth and development in photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic eukaryotes. Although the TOR regulatory networks are involved in nutrient and energy signalling, and transcriptional and translational control of multiple signalling pathways, the molecular mechanism of TOR regulation of plant abiotic stress responses is still unclear. The TOR-mediated transcriptional regulation of genes encoding ribosomal proteins (RP) is a necessity under stress conditions for balanced growth and productivity in plants. The activation of SnRKs (sucrose non-fermenting-related kinases) and the inactivation of TOR signalling in abiotic stresses is in line with the accumulation of ABA and transcriptional activation of stress responsive genes. Autophagy is induced under abiotic stress conditions, which results in degradation of proteins and the release of amino acids, which might possibly induce phosphorylation of TOR and, hence, its activation. TOR signalling also has a role in regulating ABA biosynthesis for transcriptional regulation of stress-related genes. The switch between activation and inactivation of TOR by its phosphorylation and de-phosphorylation maintains balanced growth in response to stresses. In the present review, we discuss the important signalling pathways that are regulated by TOR and try to assess the relationship between TOR signalling and tolerance to abiotic stresses in plants. The review also discusses possible cross-talk between TOR and RP genes in response to abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bakshi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - M Moin
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - M S Madhav
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - P B Kirti
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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