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Yang Z, Liu Z, Wan S, Xu J, Huang Y, He H, Liu T, Li L, Ren Y, Zhang J, Chen J. Discovery of Novel Small-Molecule-Based Potential PD-L1/EGFR Dual Inhibitors with High Druggability for Glioblastoma Immunotherapy. J Med Chem 2024; 67:7995-8019. [PMID: 38739112 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Based on the close relationship between programmed death protein ligand 1 (PD-L1) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in glioblastoma (GBM), we designed and synthesized a series of small molecules as potential dual inhibitors of EGFR and PD-L1. Among them, compound EP26 exhibited the highest inhibitory activity against EGFR (IC50 = 37.5 nM) and PD-1/PD-L1 interaction (IC50 = 1.77 μM). In addition, EP26 displayed superior in vitro antiproliferative activities and in vitro immunomodulatory effects by promoting U87MG cell death in a U87MG/Jurkat cell coculture model. Furthermore, EP26 possessed favorable pharmacokinetic properties (F = 22%) and inhibited tumor growth (TGI = 92.0%) in a GBM mouse model more effectively than Gefitinib (77.2%) and NP19 (82.8%). Moreover, EP26 increased CD4+ cells and CD8+ cells in tumor microenvironment. Collectively, these results suggest that EP26 represents the first small-molecule-based PD-L1/EGFR dual inhibitor deserving further investigation as an immunomodulating agent for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichao Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ziqing Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shanhe Wan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yaqi Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Haiqi He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ling Li
- The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Yichang Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jiajie Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Anderson HG, Takacs GP, Harris DC, Kuang Y, Harrison JK, Stepien TL. Global stability and parameter analysis reinforce therapeutic targets of PD-L1-PD-1 and MDSCs for glioblastoma. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.15.540846. [PMID: 37292799 PMCID: PMC10245580 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.15.540846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive primary brain cancer that currently has minimally effective treatments. Like other cancers, immunosuppression by the PD-L1-PD-1 immune checkpoint complex is a prominent axis by which glioma cells evade the immune system. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), which are recruited to the glioma microenviroment, also contribute to the immunosuppressed GBM microenvironment by suppressing T cell functions. In this paper, we propose a GBM-specific tumor-immune ordinary differential equations model of glioma cells, T cells, and MDSCs to provide theoretical insights into the interactions between these cells. Equilibrium and stability analysis indicates that there are unique tumorous and tumor-free equilibria which are locally stable under certain conditions. Further, the tumor-free equilibrium is globally stable when T cell activation and the tumor kill rate by T cells overcome tumor growth, T cell inhibition by PD-L1-PD-1 and MDSCs, and the T cell death rate. Bifurcation analysis suggests that a treatment plan that includes surgical resection and therapeutics targeting immune suppression caused by the PD-L1-PD1 complex and MDSCs results in the system tending to the tumor-free equilibrium. Using a set of preclinical experimental data, we implement the Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) rejection method to construct probability density distributions that estimate model parameters. These distributions inform an appropriate search curve for global sensitivity analysis using the extended Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test (eFAST). Sensitivity results combined with the ABC method suggest that parameter interaction is occurring between the drivers of tumor burden, which are the tumor growth rate and carrying capacity as well as the tumor kill rate by T cells, and the two modeled forms of immunosuppression, PD-L1-PD-1 immune checkpoint and MDSC suppression of T cells. Thus, treatment with an immune checkpoint inhibitor in combination with a therapeutic targeting the inhibitory mechanisms of MDSCs should be explored.
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Luo J, Wang Z, Zhang X, Yu H, Chen H, Song K, Zhang Y, Schwartz LM, Chen H, Liu Y, Shao R. Vascular Immune Evasion of Mesenchymal Glioblastoma Is Mediated by Interaction and Regulation of VE-Cadherin on PD-L1. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4257. [PMID: 37686533 PMCID: PMC10486786 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15174257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The mesenchymal subtype of glioblastoma (mGBM), which is characterized by rigorous vasculature, resists anti-tumor immune therapy. Here, we investigated the mechanistic link between tumor vascularization and the evasion of immune surveillance. Clinical datasets with GBM transcripts showed that the expression of the mesenchymal markers YKL-40 (CHI3L1) and Vimentin is correlated with elevated expression of PD-L1 and poor disease survival. Interestingly, the expression of PD-L1 was predominantly found in vascular endothelial cells. Orthotopic transplantation of glioma cells GL261 over-expressing YKL-40 in mice showed increased angiogenesis and decreased CD8+ T cell infiltration, resulting in a reduction in mouse survival. The exposure of recombinant YKL-40 protein induced PD-L1 and VE-cadherin (VE-cad) expression in endothelial cells and drove VE-cad-mediated nuclear translocation of β-catenin/LEF, where LEF upregulated PD-L1 expression. YKL-40 stimulated the dissociation of VE-cad from PD-L1, rendering PD-L1 available to interact with PD-1 from CD8+-positive TALL-104 lymphocytes and inhibit TALL-104 cytotoxicity. YKL-40 promoted TALL-104 cell migration and adhesion to endothelial cells via CCR5-dependent chemotaxis but blocked its anti-vascular immunity. Knockdown of VE-cad or the PD-L1 gene ablated the effects of YKL-40 and reinvigorated TALL-104 cell immunity against vessels. In summary, our study demonstrates a novel vascular immune escape mechanism by which mGBM promotes tumor vascularization and malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; (J.L.); (H.Y.); (H.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China;
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China;
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ziyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China;
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China;
| | - Haihui Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; (J.L.); (H.Y.); (H.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China;
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China;
| | - Hui Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; (J.L.); (H.Y.); (H.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China;
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China;
| | - Kun Song
- Nutshell Therapeutics, Shanghai 201203, China;
| | - Yang Zhang
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Lawrence M. Schwartz
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA;
| | - Hongzhuan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China;
| | - Yingbin Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; (J.L.); (H.Y.); (H.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China;
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Rong Shao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; (J.L.); (H.Y.); (H.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China;
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China;
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Individualized Multimodal Immunotherapy for Adults with IDH1 Wild-Type GBM: A Single Institute Experience. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041194. [PMID: 36831536 PMCID: PMC9954396 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Synergistic activity between maintenance temozolomide (TMZm) and individualized multimodal immunotherapy (IMI) during/after first-line treatment has been suggested to improve the overall survival (OS) of adults with IDH1 wild-type MGMT promoter-unmethylated (unmeth) GBM. We expand the data and include the OS of MGMT promoter-methylated (meth) adults with GBM. Unmeth (10 f, 18 m) and meth (12 f, 10 m) patients treated between 27 May 2015 and 1 January 2022 were analyzed retrospectively. There were no differences in age (median: 48 y) or Karnofsky performance index (median: 80). The IMI consisted of 5-day immunogenic cell death (ICD) therapies during TMZm: Newcastle disease virus (NDV) bolus injections and sessions of modulated electrohyperthermia (mEHT); subsequent active specific immunotherapy: dendritic cell (DC) vaccines plus modulatory immunotherapy; and maintenance ICD therapy. There were no differences in the number of vaccines (median: 2), total number of DCs (median: 25.6 × 106), number of NDV injections (median: 31), and number of mEHT sessions (median: 28) between both groups. The median OS of 28 unmeth patients was 22 m (2y-OS: 39%), confirming previous results. OS of 22 meth patients was significantly better (p = 0.0414) with 38 m (2y-OS: 81%). There were no major treatment-related adverse reactions. The addition of IMI during/after standard of care should be prospectively explored.
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Liu ET, Zhou S, Li Y, Zhang S, Ma Z, Guo J, Guo L, Zhang Y, Guo Q, Xu L. Development and validation of an MRI-based nomogram for the preoperative prediction of tumor mutational burden in lower-grade gliomas. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2022; 12:1684-1697. [PMID: 35284257 PMCID: PMC8899970 DOI: 10.21037/qims-21-300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High tumor mutational burden (TMB) is an emerging biomarker of sensitivity to immune checkpoint inhibitors. In this study, we aimed to determine the value of magnetic resonance (MR)-based preoperative nomogram in predicting TMB status in lower-grade glioma (LGG) patients. METHODS Overall survival (OS) data were derived from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and then analyzed by using the Kaplan-Meier method and time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (tdROC) analysis. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data of 168 subjects obtained from The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA) were retrospectively analyzed. The correlation was explored by univariate and multivariate regression analyses. Finally, we performed tenfold cross validation. TMB values were retrieved from the supplementary information of a previously published article. RESULTS The high TMB subtype was associated with the shortest median OS (high vs. low: 50.9 vs. 95.6 months, P<0.05). The tdROC for the high-TMB tumors was 74% (95% CI: 61-86%) for survival at 12 months, and 71% (95% CI: 60-82%) for survival at 24 months. Multivariate logistic regression analysis confirmed that three risk factors [extranodular growth: odds ratio (OR): 8.367, 95% CI: 3.153-22.199, P<0.01; length-width ratio ≥ median: OR: 1.947, 95% CI: 1.025-3.697, P<0.05; frontal lobe: OR: 0.455, 95% CI: 0.229-0.903, P<0.05] were significant independent predictors of high-TMB tumors. The nomogram showed good calibration and discrimination. This model had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.736 (95% CI: 0.655-0.817). Decision curve analysis (DCA) demonstrated that the nomogram was clinically useful. The average accuracy of the tenfold cross validation was 71.6% for high-TMB tumors. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that a distinct OS disadvantage was associated with the high TMB group. In addition, extranodular growth, nonfrontal lobe tumors and length-width ratio ≥ median can be conveniently used to facilitate the prediction of high-TMB tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- En-Tao Liu
- WeiLun PET Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuqin Zhou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine and Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingwen Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine and Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siwei Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine and Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zelan Ma
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine and Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junbiao Guo
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine and Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Guo
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine and Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine and Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Quanlai Guo
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine and Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Xu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine and Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Vimalathas G, Kristensen BW. Expression, prognostic significance and therapeutic implications of PD-L1 in gliomas. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2022; 48:e12767. [PMID: 34533233 PMCID: PMC9298327 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The advent of checkpoint immunotherapy, particularly with programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors, has provided ground-breaking results in several advanced cancers. Substantial efforts are being made to extend these promising therapies to other refractory cancers such as gliomas, especially glioblastoma, which represents the most frequent and malignant glioma and carries an exceptionally grim prognosis. Thus, there is a need for new therapeutic strategies with related biomarkers. Gliomas have a profoundly immunosuppressive tumour micro-environment and evade immunological destruction by several mechanisms, one being the expression of inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules such as PD-L1. PD-L1 is recognised as an important therapeutic target and its expression has been shown to hold prognostic value in different cancers. Several clinical trials have been launched and some already completed, but PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors have yet to show convincing clinical efficacy in gliomas. Part of the explanation may reside in the vast molecular heterogeneity of gliomas and a complex interplay within the tumour micro-environment. In parallel, critical knowledge about PD-L1 expression is beginning to accumulate including knowledge on expression levels, testing methodology, co-expression with other checkpoint molecules and prognostic and predictive value. This article reviews these aspects and points out areas where biomarker research is needed to develop more successful checkpoint-related therapeutic strategies in gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bjarne Winther Kristensen
- Department of PathologyOdense University HospitalOdenseDenmark
- Department of Pathology, RigshospitaletCopenhagen University HospitalCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Biotech Research and Innovation Center (BRIC)University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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El Samman DM, El Mahdy MM, Cousha HS, El Rahman Kamar ZA, Mohamed KAK, Gabal HHA. Immunohistochemical expression of programmed death-ligand 1 and CD8 in glioblastomas. J Pathol Transl Med 2021; 55:388-397. [PMID: 34638219 PMCID: PMC8601951 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2021.08.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma is the most aggressive primary malignant brain tumor in adults and is characterized by poor prognosis. Immune evasion occurs via programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)/programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) interaction. Some malignant tumors have responded to PD-L1/PD-1 blockade treatment strategies, and PD-L1 has been described as a potential predictive biomarker. This study discussed the expression of PD-L1 and CD8 in glioblastomas. METHODS Thirty cases of glioblastoma were stained immunohistochemically for PD-L1 and CD8, where PD-L1 expression in glioblastoma tumor tissue above 1% is considered positive and CD-8 is expressed in tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. The expression of each marker was correlated with clinicopathologic parameters. Survival analysis was conducted to correlate progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) with PD-L1 and CD8 expression. RESULTS Diffuse/fibrillary PD-L1 was expressed in all cases (mean expression, 57.6%), whereas membranous PD-L1 was expressed in six of 30 cases. CD8-positive tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (CD8+ TILs) had a median expression of 10%. PD-L1 and CD8 were positively correlated (p = .001). High PD-L1 expression was associated with worse PFS and OS (p = .026 and p = .001, respectively). Correlation of CD8+ TILs percentage with age, sex, tumor site, laterality, and outcomes were statistically insignificant. Multivariate analysis revealed that PD-L1 was the only independent factor that affected prognosis. CONCLUSIONS PD-L1 expression in patients with glioblastoma is robust; higher PD-L1 expression is associated with lower CD8+ TIL expression and worse prognosis.
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ÇAKIR E, SAYGIN İ, ERCİN ME. Investigation of the relationship between immune checkpoints and mismatch repair deficiency in recurrent and nonrecurrent glioblastoma. Turk J Med Sci 2021; 51:1800-1808. [PMID: 33600097 PMCID: PMC8569775 DOI: 10.3906/sag-2010-166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim Microsatellite instability tests and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) in the immune checkpoint pathway are the tests that determine who will benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. We aimed to show the expression of DNA mismatch repair proteins and PD-1/PD-L1 molecules that inhibit immune checkpoints, to explain the relationship between them, and to demonstrate their predictive role in recurrent and nonrecurrent glioblastoma. Materials and methods We analyzed 27 recurrent and 47 nonrecurrent cases at our archive. We performed immunohistochemical analysis to determine expressions of PD-1, PD-L1, and mismatch repair proteins in glioblastoma. We evaluated the relationship between these two group and compared the results with the clinicopathological features. Results The mean age of diagnosis was significantly lower in recurrent glioblastoma patients. Median survival was longer in this group. We found that PD-L1 expression was reduced in recurrent cases. Additionally, recurrent cases had a significantly higher rate of microsatellite instability. Loss of PMS2 was high in both group but was substantially higher in recurrent cases. Conclusion The presence of microsatellite instability and low PD-L1 levels, which are among the causes of treatment resistance in glioblastoma, were found to be compatible with the literature in our study, with higher rates in recurrent cases. In recurrent cases with higher mutations and where immunotherapy resistance is expected less, low PD-L1 levels thought that different combinations with other immune checkpoint inhibitors can be tried as predictive and prognostic marker in GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emel ÇAKIR
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, TrabzonTurkey
| | - İsmail SAYGIN
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, TrabzonTurkey
| | - Mustafa Emre ERCİN
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, TrabzonTurkey
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Shah A, Rauth S, Aithal A, Kaur S, Ganguly K, Orzechowski C, Varshney GC, Jain M, Batra SK. The Current Landscape of Antibody-based Therapies in Solid Malignancies. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:1493-1512. [PMID: 33391547 PMCID: PMC7738893 DOI: 10.7150/thno.52614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past three decades, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have revolutionized the landscape of cancer therapy. Still, this benefit remains restricted to a small proportion of patients due to moderate response rates and resistance emergence. The field has started to embrace better mAb-based formats with advancements in molecular and protein engineering technologies. The development of a therapeutic mAb with long-lasting clinical impact demands a prodigious understanding of target antigen, effective mechanism of action, gene engineering technologies, complex interplay between tumor and host immune system, and biomarkers for prediction of clinical response. This review discusses the various approaches used by mAbs for tumor targeting and mechanisms of therapeutic resistance that is not only caused by the heterogeneity of tumor antigen, but also the resistance imposed by tumor microenvironment (TME), including inefficient delivery to the tumor, alteration of effector functions in the TME, and Fc-gamma receptor expression diversity and polymorphism. Further, this article provides a perspective on potential strategies to overcome these barriers and how diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers are being used in predicting response to mAb-based therapies. Overall, understanding these interdependent parameters can improve the current mAb-based formulations and develop novel mAb-based therapeutics for achieving durable clinical outcomes in a large subset of patients.
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Treatment Results for Recurrent Glioblastoma and Alteration of Programmed Death-Ligand 1 Expression After Recurrence. World Neurosurg 2019; 135:e459-e467. [PMID: 31843727 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was designed to analyze the results of recurrent glioblastoma (GBM) treatment, investigate the changes in molecular expression on paired primary and recurrent tumor specimens of GBM, and evaluate the effect of these changes on patient survival. METHODS A total of 170 adult patients were diagnosed with recurrent GBM at a single institution between 2005 and 2015. Patients were divided into the reoperation and nonoperation groups. In addition, we evaluated the expression of immunologic markers of 43 paired surgical specimens from the first and second operations. RESULTS The median overall survival (OS) after recurrence in the reoperation group was significantly longer than that in the nonoperation group (median, 9.1 months vs. 5.6 months; P = 0.024). The groups differed in characteristics such as age, performance scale, and progression-free survival. In the reoperation group, higher performance scale at recurrence, better extent of resection, and adjuvant treatment were related to longer overall survival. Among 43 paired surgical specimens, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) was positively expressed in 17 (39.5%) and 6 (13.9%) patients after the first and second operations, respectively. PD-L1 expression after recurrence showed an increase, decrease, and no change in 6 (13.9%), 14 (32.5%), and 23 (53.4%) patients, respectively. Changes in PD-L1 expression after recurrence did not affect survival after recurrence during progression. CONCLUSIONS The extent of resection and adjuvant treatment was important for prolonged survival. Reoperation without adjuvant treatment was not effective for prolonged survival. Initial and follow-up PD-L1 expression from both operations did not influence patient survival.
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Litak J, Mazurek M, Grochowski C, Kamieniak P, Roliński J. PD-L1/PD-1 Axis in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5347. [PMID: 31661771 PMCID: PMC6862444 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most popular primary central nervous system cancer and has an extremely expansive course. Aggressive tumor growth correlates with short median overall survival (OS) oscillating between 14 and 17 months. The survival rate of patients in a three-year follow up oscillates around 10%. The interaction of the proteins programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death ligand (PD-L1) creates an immunoregulatory axis promoting invasion of glioblastoma multiforme cells in the brain tissue. The PD-1 pathway maintains immunological homeostasis and protects against autoimmunity. PD-L1 expression on glioblastoma surface promotes PD-1 receptor activation in microglia, resulting in the negative regulation of T cell responses. Glioblastoma multiforme cells induce PD-L1 secretion by activation of various receptors such as toll like receptor (TLR), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), interferon alpha receptor (IFNAR), interferon-gamma receptor (IFNGR). Binding of the PD-1 ligand to the PD-1 receptor activates the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2, which dephosphorylates Zap 70, and this inhibits T cell proliferation and downregulates lymphocyte cytotoxic activity. Relevant studies demonstrated that the expression of PD-L1 in glioma correlates with WHO grading and could be considered as a tumor biomarker. Studies in preclinical GBM mouse models confirmed the safety and efficiency of monoclonal antibodies targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis. Satisfactory results such as significant regression of tumor mass and longer animal survival time were observed. Monoclonal antibodies inhibiting PD-1 and PD-L1 are being tested in clinical trials concerning patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Litak
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland.
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Marek Mazurek
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Cezary Grochowski
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland.
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Piotr Kamieniak
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Jacek Roliński
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland.
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12
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Wang QM, Lian GY, Song Y, Huang YF, Gong Y. LncRNA MALAT1 promotes tumorigenesis and immune escape of diffuse large B cell lymphoma by sponging miR-195. Life Sci 2019; 231:116335. [PMID: 30898647 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PD-L1 enhanced the tumorigenesis and immune escape abilities of cancers. The upstream mechanisms of PD-L1 in regulating tumorigenesis and immune escape of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) remained unclear. METHODS Human DLBCL cell line OCI-Ly10 and DLBCL patient samples were used in this study. MALAT1 was knocked down by shRNA. MiR-195 was inhibited by miR-195 inhibitor. Levels of MALAT1, PD-L1, miR-195 and CD8 were detected by RT-qPCR. Protein levels of PD-L1, Ras, p-ERK1/2, ERK1/2, Slug, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Vimentin were detected by western blotting. The interaction between MALAT1 and miR-195, miR-195 and PD-L1 were detected by luciferase assay. OCI-Ly10 cell proliferation and apoptosis were detected by MTT and Annexin V/PI assays, respectively. Migration was detected by transwell assay. Cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells was detected by LDH cytotoxicity kit. Proliferation and apoptosis of CD8+ T cell co-cultured with OCI-Ly10 cells were analyzed by CFSE and Annexin V/PI staining. RESULTS MALAT1, PD-L1 and CD8 were up-regulated in DLBCL tissues while miR-195 was down-regulated. MiR-195 was negatively correlated with MALAT1 and PD-L1. MALAT1 could sponge miR-195 to regulate the expression of PD-L1. shMALAT1 treatment increased miR-195 level and decreased PD-L1 level. It also inhibited cell proliferation, migration and immune escape ability while increased apoptosis ratio of OCI-Ly10 cells. shMALAT1 treatment in OCI-Ly10 cells also promoted proliferation and inhibited apoptosis of CD8+ T cells. Knocking down of MALAT1 also suppressed EMT-like process via Ras/ERK signaling pathway. These effects were all rescued by miR-195 inhibitor. CONCLUSION Long non-coding RNA MALAT1 sponged miR-195 to regulate proliferation, apoptosis and migration and immune escape abilities of DLBCL by regulation of PD-L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Ming Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, PR China.
| | - Guang-Yu Lian
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuan Song
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, PR China
| | - Yan-Fang Huang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, PR China
| | - Yi Gong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, PR China.
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13
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Speranza MC, Passaro C, Ricklefs F, Kasai K, Klein SR, Nakashima H, Kaufmann JK, Ahmed AK, Nowicki MO, Obi P, Bronisz A, Aguilar-Cordova E, Aguilar LK, Guzik BW, Breakefield X, Weissleder R, Freeman GJ, Reardon DA, Wen PY, Chiocca EA, Lawler SE. Preclinical investigation of combined gene-mediated cytotoxic immunotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade in glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2019; 20:225-235. [PMID: 29016938 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Combined immunotherapy approaches are promising cancer treatments. We evaluated anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) treatment combined with gene-mediated cytotoxic immunotherapy (GMCI) performed by intratumoral injection of a prodrug metabolizing nonreplicating adenovirus (AdV-tk), providing in situ chemotherapy and immune stimulation. Methods The effects of GMCI on PD ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in glioblastoma were investigated in vitro and in vivo. The efficacy of the combination was investigated in 2 syngeneic mouse glioblastoma models (GL261 and CT-2A). Immune infiltrates were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results GMCI upregulated PD-L1 expression in vitro and in vivo. Both GMCI and anti-PD-1 increased intratumoral T-cell infiltration. A higher percentage of long-term survivors was observed in mice treated with combined GMCI/anti-PD-1 relative to single treatments. Long-term survivors were protected from tumor rechallenge, demonstrating durable memory antitumor immunity. GMCI led to elevated interferon gamma positive T cells and a lower proportion of exhausted double positive PD1+TIM+CD8+ T cells. GMCI also increased PD-L1 levels on tumor cells and infiltrating macrophages/microglia. Our data suggest that anti-PD-1 treatment improves the effectiveness of GMCI by overcoming interferon-induced PD-L1-mediated inhibitory signals, and GMCI improves anti-PD-1 efficacy by increasing tumor-infiltrating T-cell activation. Conclusions Our data show that the GMCI/anti-PD-1 combination is well tolerated and effective in glioblastoma mouse models. These results support evaluation of this combination in glioblastoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Carmela Speranza
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carmela Passaro
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Franz Ricklefs
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kazue Kasai
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah R Klein
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hiroshi Nakashima
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Johanna K Kaufmann
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Abdul-Kareem Ahmed
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Michal O Nowicki
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Prisca Obi
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Agnieszka Bronisz
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Estuardo Aguilar-Cordova
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laura K Aguilar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Advantagene Inc., Auburndale, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Xandra Breakefield
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David A Reardon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Neurooncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Patrick Y Wen
- Center for Neurooncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Sean E Lawler
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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14
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Matias D, Balça-Silva J, da Graça GC, Wanjiru CM, Macharia LW, Nascimento CP, Roque NR, Coelho-Aguiar JM, Pereira CM, Dos Santos MF, Pessoa LS, Lima FRS, Schanaider A, Ferrer VP, Moura-Neto V. Microglia/Astrocytes-Glioblastoma Crosstalk: Crucial Molecular Mechanisms and Microenvironmental Factors. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:235. [PMID: 30123112 PMCID: PMC6086063 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the functions of glial cells, namely, astrocytes and microglia, have gained prominence in several diseases of the central nervous system, especially in glioblastoma (GB), the most malignant primary brain tumor that leads to poor clinical outcomes. Studies showed that microglial cells or astrocytes play a critical role in promoting GB growth. Based on the recent findings, the complex network of the interaction between microglial/astrocytes cells and GB may constitute a potential therapeutic target to overcome tumor malignancy. In the present review, we summarize the most important mechanisms and functions of the molecular factors involved in the microglia or astrocytes-GB interactions, which is particularly the alterations that occur in the cell's extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton. We overview the cytokines, chemokines, neurotrophic, morphogenic, metabolic factors, and non-coding RNAs actions crucial to these interactions. We have also discussed the most recent studies regarding the mechanisms of transportation and communication between microglial/astrocytes - GB cells, namely through the ABC transporters or by extracellular vesicles. Lastly, we highlight the therapeutic challenges and improvements regarding the crosstalk between these glial cells and GB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Matias
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer - Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joana Balça-Silva
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer - Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Grazielle C da Graça
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer - Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Caroline M Wanjiru
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer - Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucy W Macharia
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer - Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carla Pires Nascimento
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer - Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Natalia R Roque
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer - Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana M Coelho-Aguiar
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer - Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos F Dos Santos
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana S Pessoa
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer - Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flavia R S Lima
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alberto Schanaider
- Centro de Cirurgia Experimental do Departamento de Cirurgia da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Valéria P Ferrer
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer - Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Vivaldo Moura-Neto
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer - Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Universidade do Grande Rio (Unigranrio), Duque de Caxias, Brazil
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15
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Wang Z, Huang W, Cen B, Wei Y, Liao L, Li G, Ji A. [Small interfering RNA-mediated programmed cell death-ligand 1 silencing in human glioma cells enhances human CD8 + T lymphocyte cytotoxicity in vitro]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2018; 38:800-806. [PMID: 33168513 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2018.07.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated silencing of programmed cell deathligand 1 (PD-L1) in human glioma cells on the cytotoxicity of human CD8+T lymphocytes against the modified tumor cells. METHODS A siRNA sequence targeting PD-L1 gene was designed and transfected into human glioma U87 MG cells via lipofectamine 2000, and the gene silencing effect was validated using RT-qPCR, Western blotting, and flow cytometry. The transfected cells were co-cultured with human CD8+T lymphocytes, and the apoptosis of the tumor cells was analyzed with flow cytometry. RESULTS The siRNA sequence showed strong PD-L1 gene-silencing effect at both mRNA and protein levels in U87 MG cells. Compared with the control cells, the transfected U87 MG cells showed significantly increased vulnerability to the cytotoxicity of human CD8+T cells and an obvious reduction of proliferative activity in the co-culture (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Transfection of human glioma U87 MG cells with the specific siRNA targeting PD-L1 obviously enhances the toxicity of human T lymphocytes in the co-culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China.,R&D Center, Nanjing Pharmaceutical Factory Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210007, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Shaoyang Central Hospital, Shaoyang 422000, China
| | - Wen Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Bohong Cen
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Yuanyi Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Lumin Liao
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Guoxian Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Aimin Ji
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China.,R&D Center, Nanjing Pharmaceutical Factory Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210007, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
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16
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Cui X, Sun D, Shen B, Wang X. MEG-3-mediated Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway controls the inhibition of tunicamycin-mediated viability in glioblastoma. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:2797-2804. [PMID: 30127865 PMCID: PMC6096123 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain carcinoma and leads to a poor survival rate of patients worldwide. Results of previous studies have suggested that tunicamycin may inhibit aggressiveness by promoting apoptosis of glioblastoma cells. In the present study, the effects of tunicamycin and its potential molecular mechanisms underlying the viability and aggressiveness of glioblastoma cells were investigated. Western blot analysis, the reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, apoptosis assays and immunofluorescence were employed to examine the effects of tunicamycin on apoptosis, viability, aggressiveness and cell cycle arrest of glioblastoma cells by downregulation of the expression levels of fibronectin and epithelial cadherin. In vitro experiments demonstrated that tunicamycin significantly inhibited the viability, migration and invasion of glioblastoma cells. Results demonstrated that tunicamycin administration promoted apoptosis of glioblastoma cells through the upregulation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and caspase-9. Cell cycle assays revealed that tunicamycin suppressed the proliferation of, and induced cell cycle arrest at S phase in, glioblastoma cells. Additionally, tunicamycin increased the expression of maternally expressed gene-3 (MEG-3) and wingless/integrated (Wnt)/β-catenin in glioblastoma cells. Results also indicated that tunicamycin administration promoted the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in glioblastoma cells. Knockdown of MEG-3 inhibited tunicamycin-mediated downregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which was inhibited further by tunicamycin-mediated inhibition of viability and aggressiveness in glioblastoma. In vivo assays demonstrated that tunicamycin treatment significantly inhibited tumor viability and promoted apoptosis, which further led to an increased survival rate of tumor-bearing mice compared with that of the control group. In conclusion, these results indicate that tunicamycin may inhibit the viability and aggressiveness by regulating MEG-3-mediated Wnt/β-catenin signaling, suggesting that tunicamycin may be a potential anticancer agent for glioblastoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dezhou People's Hospital, Dezhou, Shandong 253045, P.R. China
| | - Dezhou Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dezhou People's Hospital, Dezhou, Shandong 253045, P.R. China
| | - Bin Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dezhou People's Hospital, Dezhou, Shandong 253045, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dezhou People's Hospital, Dezhou, Shandong 253045, P.R. China
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17
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Yang Q, Cao W, Wang Z, Zhang B, Liu J. Regulation of cancer immune escape: The roles of miRNAs in immune checkpoint proteins. Cancer Lett 2018; 431:73-84. [PMID: 29800685 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint proteins (ICPs) are regulators of immune system. The ICP dysregulation silences the host immune response to cancer-specific antigens, contributing to the occurrence and progress of various cancers. MiRNAs are regulatory molecules and function in mRNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. MiRNAs that modulate the immunity via ICPs have received increasing attention. Many studies have shown that the expressions of ICPs are directly or indirectly repressed by miRNAs in multiple types of cancers. MiRNAs are also subject to regulation by ICPs. In this review, recent studies of the relationship between miRNAs and ICPs (including the PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, ICOS, B7-1, B7-2, B7-H2, B7-H3, CD27, CD70, CD40, and CD40L) in cancer immune escape are comprehensively discussed, which provide critical detailed mechanistic insights into the functions of the miRNA-ICP axes and their effects on immune escape, and will be beneficial for the potential applications of immune checkpoint therapy and miRNA-based guidance for personalized medicine as well as for predicting the prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yang
- Molecular Biology Research Center & Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China; School of Medical Laboratory, Shao Yang University, Hunan Province, 422000, China
| | - Wenjie Cao
- Molecular Biology Research Center & Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Zi Wang
- Molecular Biology Research Center & Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China; Key Laboratory of Nanobiological Technology of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China.
| | - Jing Liu
- Molecular Biology Research Center & Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.
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18
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Saletta F, Vilain RE, Gupta AK, Nagabushan S, Yuksel A, Catchpoole D, Scolyer RA, Byrne JA, McCowage G. Programmed Death-Ligand 1 Expression in a Large Cohort of Pediatric Patients With Solid Tumor and Association With Clinicopathologic Features in Neuroblastoma. JCO Precis Oncol 2017; 1:1-12. [DOI: 10.1200/po.16.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression represents a potential predictive biomarker of immune checkpoint blockade response. However, literature about the prevalence of PD-L1 expression in the pediatric cancer setting is discordant. Methods PD-L1 expression was analyzed using immunohistochemistry in 500 pediatric tumors (including neuroblastoma, sarcomas, and brain cancers). Tumors with ≥ 1% cells showing PD-L1 membrane staining of any intensity were scored as positive. Positive cases were further characterized, with cases with weak intensity PD-L1 staining reported as having low PD-L1 expression and cases with a moderate or strong intensity of staining considered to have high PD-L1 expression. Results PD-L1–positive staining was identified in 13% of cases, whereas high PD-L1 expression was found in 3% of cases. Neuroblastoma (n = 254) showed PD-L1 expression of any intensity in 18.9% of cases and was associated with longer overall survival ( P = .045). However, high PD-L1 expression in neuroblastoma (3.1%) was significantly associated with an increased risk of relapse ( P = .002). Positive PD-L1 staining was observed more frequently in low- and intermediate-risk patients ( P = .037) and in cases lacking MYCN amplification ( P = .002). Conclusion In summary, high PD-L1 expression in patients with neuroblastoma may represent an unfavorable prognostic factor associated with a higher risk of cancer relapse. This work proposes PD-L1 immunohistochemical assessment as a novel parameter for identifying patients with an increased likelihood of cancer recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Saletta
- Federica Saletta, Aditya Kumar Gupta, Sumanth Nagabushan, Aysen Yuksel, Daniel Catchpoole, Jennifer A. Byrne, and Geoffrey McCowage, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; Daniel Catchpoole, Jennifer A. Byrne, The University of Sydney, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Westmead; Ricardo E. Vilain, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle; Richard A. Scolyer, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital; Richard A. Scolyer, The University of Sydney, Camperdown; and Richard A. Scolyer, Melanoma Institute Australia, North
| | - Ricardo E. Vilain
- Federica Saletta, Aditya Kumar Gupta, Sumanth Nagabushan, Aysen Yuksel, Daniel Catchpoole, Jennifer A. Byrne, and Geoffrey McCowage, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; Daniel Catchpoole, Jennifer A. Byrne, The University of Sydney, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Westmead; Ricardo E. Vilain, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle; Richard A. Scolyer, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital; Richard A. Scolyer, The University of Sydney, Camperdown; and Richard A. Scolyer, Melanoma Institute Australia, North
| | - Aditya Kumar Gupta
- Federica Saletta, Aditya Kumar Gupta, Sumanth Nagabushan, Aysen Yuksel, Daniel Catchpoole, Jennifer A. Byrne, and Geoffrey McCowage, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; Daniel Catchpoole, Jennifer A. Byrne, The University of Sydney, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Westmead; Ricardo E. Vilain, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle; Richard A. Scolyer, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital; Richard A. Scolyer, The University of Sydney, Camperdown; and Richard A. Scolyer, Melanoma Institute Australia, North
| | - Sumanth Nagabushan
- Federica Saletta, Aditya Kumar Gupta, Sumanth Nagabushan, Aysen Yuksel, Daniel Catchpoole, Jennifer A. Byrne, and Geoffrey McCowage, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; Daniel Catchpoole, Jennifer A. Byrne, The University of Sydney, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Westmead; Ricardo E. Vilain, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle; Richard A. Scolyer, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital; Richard A. Scolyer, The University of Sydney, Camperdown; and Richard A. Scolyer, Melanoma Institute Australia, North
| | - Aysen Yuksel
- Federica Saletta, Aditya Kumar Gupta, Sumanth Nagabushan, Aysen Yuksel, Daniel Catchpoole, Jennifer A. Byrne, and Geoffrey McCowage, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; Daniel Catchpoole, Jennifer A. Byrne, The University of Sydney, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Westmead; Ricardo E. Vilain, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle; Richard A. Scolyer, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital; Richard A. Scolyer, The University of Sydney, Camperdown; and Richard A. Scolyer, Melanoma Institute Australia, North
| | - Daniel Catchpoole
- Federica Saletta, Aditya Kumar Gupta, Sumanth Nagabushan, Aysen Yuksel, Daniel Catchpoole, Jennifer A. Byrne, and Geoffrey McCowage, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; Daniel Catchpoole, Jennifer A. Byrne, The University of Sydney, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Westmead; Ricardo E. Vilain, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle; Richard A. Scolyer, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital; Richard A. Scolyer, The University of Sydney, Camperdown; and Richard A. Scolyer, Melanoma Institute Australia, North
| | - Richard A. Scolyer
- Federica Saletta, Aditya Kumar Gupta, Sumanth Nagabushan, Aysen Yuksel, Daniel Catchpoole, Jennifer A. Byrne, and Geoffrey McCowage, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; Daniel Catchpoole, Jennifer A. Byrne, The University of Sydney, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Westmead; Ricardo E. Vilain, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle; Richard A. Scolyer, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital; Richard A. Scolyer, The University of Sydney, Camperdown; and Richard A. Scolyer, Melanoma Institute Australia, North
| | - Jennifer A. Byrne
- Federica Saletta, Aditya Kumar Gupta, Sumanth Nagabushan, Aysen Yuksel, Daniel Catchpoole, Jennifer A. Byrne, and Geoffrey McCowage, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; Daniel Catchpoole, Jennifer A. Byrne, The University of Sydney, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Westmead; Ricardo E. Vilain, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle; Richard A. Scolyer, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital; Richard A. Scolyer, The University of Sydney, Camperdown; and Richard A. Scolyer, Melanoma Institute Australia, North
| | - Geoffrey McCowage
- Federica Saletta, Aditya Kumar Gupta, Sumanth Nagabushan, Aysen Yuksel, Daniel Catchpoole, Jennifer A. Byrne, and Geoffrey McCowage, The Children's Hospital at Westmead; Daniel Catchpoole, Jennifer A. Byrne, The University of Sydney, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Westmead; Ricardo E. Vilain, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle; Richard A. Scolyer, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital; Richard A. Scolyer, The University of Sydney, Camperdown; and Richard A. Scolyer, Melanoma Institute Australia, North
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19
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Johnson A, Severson E, Gay L, Vergilio JA, Elvin J, Suh J, Daniel S, Covert M, Frampton GM, Hsu S, Lesser GJ, Stogner-Underwood K, Mott RT, Rush SZ, Stanke JJ, Dahiya S, Sun J, Reddy P, Chalmers ZR, Erlich R, Chudnovsky Y, Fabrizio D, Schrock AB, Ali S, Miller V, Stephens PJ, Ross J, Crawford JR, Ramkissoon SH. Comprehensive Genomic Profiling of 282 Pediatric Low- and High-Grade Gliomas Reveals Genomic Drivers, Tumor Mutational Burden, and Hypermutation Signatures. Oncologist 2017; 22:1478-1490. [PMID: 28912153 PMCID: PMC5728033 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2017-0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This study highlights the value of comprehensive genomic profiling in the largest known cohort of pediatric glioma patients and explores the most common alterations across diagnosis and anatomic location. Tumor mutational burden and associated genetic factors that may predispose patients to developing a hypermutator phenotype are also discussed. Background. Pediatric brain tumors are the leading cause of death for children with cancer in the U.S. Incorporating next‐generation sequencing data for both pediatric low‐grade (pLGGs) and high‐grade gliomas (pHGGs) can inform diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic decision‐making. Materials and Methods. We performed comprehensive genomic profiling on 282 pediatric gliomas (157 pHGGs, 125 pLGGs), sequencing 315 cancer‐related genes and calculating the tumor mutational burden (TMB; mutations per megabase [Mb]). Results. In pLGGs, we detected genomic alterations (GA) in 95.2% (119/125) of tumors. BRAF was most frequently altered (48%; 60/125), and FGFR1 missense (17.6%; 22/125), NF1 loss of function (8.8%; 11/125), and TP53 (5.6%; 7/125) mutations were also detected. Rearrangements were identified in 35% of pLGGs, including KIAA1549‐BRAF, QKI‐RAF1, FGFR3‐TACC3, CEP85L‐ROS1, and GOPC‐ROS1 fusions. Among pHGGs, GA were identified in 96.8% (152/157). The genes most frequently mutated were TP53 (49%; 77/157), H3F3A (37.6%; 59/157), ATRX (24.2%; 38/157), NF1 (22.2%; 35/157), and PDGFRA (21.7%; 34/157). Interestingly, most H3F3A mutations (81.4%; 35/43) were the variant K28M. Midline tumor analysis revealed H3F3A mutations (40%; 40/100) consisted solely of the K28M variant. Pediatric high‐grade gliomas harbored oncogenic EML4‐ALK, DGKB‐ETV1, ATG7‐RAF1, and EWSR1‐PATZ1 fusions. Six percent (9/157) of pHGGs were hypermutated (TMB >20 mutations per Mb; range 43–581 mutations per Mb), harboring mutations deleterious for DNA repair in MSH6, MSH2, MLH1, PMS2, POLE, and POLD1 genes (78% of cases). Conclusion. Comprehensive genomic profiling of pediatric gliomas provides objective data that promote diagnostic accuracy and enhance clinical decision‐making. Additionally, TMB could be a biomarker to identify pediatric glioblastoma (GBM) patients who may benefit from immunotherapy. Implications for Practice. By providing objective data to support diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic decision‐making, comprehensive genomic profiling is necessary for advancing care for pediatric neuro‐oncology patients. This article presents the largest cohort of pediatric low‐ and high‐grade gliomas profiled by next‐generation sequencing. Reportable alterations were detected in 95% of patients, including diagnostically relevant lesions as well as novel oncogenic fusions and mutations. Additionally, tumor mutational burden (TMB) is reported, which identifies a subpopulation of hypermutated glioblastomas that harbor deleterious mutations in DNA repair genes. This provides support for TMB as a potential biomarker to identify patients who may preferentially benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Johnson
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina and Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric Severson
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina and Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laurie Gay
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina and Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jo-Anne Vergilio
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina and Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julia Elvin
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina and Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James Suh
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina and Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sugganth Daniel
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina and Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mandy Covert
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina and Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Garrett M Frampton
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina and Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sigmund Hsu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Glenn J Lesser
- Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Ryan T Mott
- Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sarah Z Rush
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital Medical Center of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Jennifer J Stanke
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital Medical Center of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Sonika Dahiya
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - James Sun
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina and Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Prasanth Reddy
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina and Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zachary R Chalmers
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina and Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rachel Erlich
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina and Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yakov Chudnovsky
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina and Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David Fabrizio
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina and Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexa B Schrock
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina and Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Siraj Ali
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina and Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vincent Miller
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina and Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Philip J Stephens
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina and Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeffrey Ross
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina and Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John R Crawford
- Department of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Shakti H Ramkissoon
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina and Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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20
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Saha D, Martuza RL, Rabkin SD. Macrophage Polarization Contributes to Glioblastoma Eradication by Combination Immunovirotherapy and Immune Checkpoint Blockade. Cancer Cell 2017; 32:253-267.e5. [PMID: 28810147 PMCID: PMC5568814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is an immunosuppressive, fatal brain cancer that contains glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs). Oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) selectively replicates in cancer cells while inducing anti-tumor immunity. oHSV G47Δ expressing murine IL-12 (G47Δ-mIL12), antibodies to immune checkpoints (CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-L1), or dual combinations modestly extended survival of a mouse glioma model. However, the triple combination of anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD-1, and G47Δ-mIL12 cured most mice in two glioma models. This treatment was associated with macrophage influx and M1-like polarization, along with increased T effector to T regulatory cell ratios. Immune cell depletion studies demonstrated that CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as well as macrophages are required for synergistic curative activity. This combination should be translatable to the clinic and other immunosuppressive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipongkor Saha
- Molecular Neurosurgery Laboratory and the Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert L Martuza
- Molecular Neurosurgery Laboratory and the Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samuel D Rabkin
- Molecular Neurosurgery Laboratory and the Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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21
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Hung AL, Garzon-Muvdi T, Lim M. Biomarkers and Immunotherapeutic Targets in Glioblastoma. World Neurosurg 2017; 102:494-506. [PMID: 28300714 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive central nervous system cancer with poor prognosis despite maximal therapy. The recent advent of immunotherapy holds great promise for improving GBM survival and has already made great strides toward changing management strategies. A diverse set of biomarkers have been implicated as immunotherapeutic targets and prognostic indicators in other cancers. Some of the more extensively studied examples include cytokines (IL-4, IL-13, and TGF-β), checkpoint molecules (PD-1, CTLA-4, TIM-3, LAG-3, CD137, GITR, OX40), and growth/angiogenesis proteins (endoglin and EGFR). Emerging theories involving the tumor mutational landscape and microbiome have also been explored in relation to cancer treatment. Although identification of novel biomarkers may improve and help direct treatment of patients with GBM, the next step is to explore the role of biomarkers in precision medicine and selection of specific immunotherapeutic drugs in an individualized manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice L Hung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tomas Garzon-Muvdi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Lim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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22
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Zhang X, Zhu S, Li T, Liu YJ, Chen W, Chen J. Targeting immune checkpoints in malignant glioma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:7157-7174. [PMID: 27756892 PMCID: PMC5351697 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant glioma is the most common and a highly aggressive cancer in the central nervous system (CNS). Cancer immunotherapy, strategies to boost the body's anti-cancer immune responses instead of directly targeting tumor cells, recently achieved great success in treating several human solid tumors. Although once considered "immune privileged" and devoid of normal immunological functions, CNS is now considered a promising target for cancer immunotherapy, featuring the recent progresses in neurobiology and neuroimmunology and a highly immunosuppressive state in malignant glioma. In this review, we focus on immune checkpoint inhibitors, specifically, antagonizing monoclonal antibodies for programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). We discuss advances in the working mechanisms of these immune checkpoint molecules, their status in malignant glioma, and current preclinical and clinical trials targeting these molecules in malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhao Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shan Zhu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tete Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yong-Jun Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Sanofi Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- ADC Biomedical Research Institute, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jingtao Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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23
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Lim M, Weller M, Chiocca EA. Current State of Immune-Based Therapies for Glioblastoma. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2017; 35:e132-9. [PMID: 27249715 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_159084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is one of the most aggressive solid tumors, and, despite treatment options such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, its prognosis remains grim. Novel approaches are needed to improve survival. Immunotherapy has proven efficacy for melanoma, lung cancer, and kidney cancer and is now a focus for glioblastoma. In this article, glioblastoma-mediated immunosuppression will be discussed and two exciting immune approaches, checkpoint inhibitors and viral-based therapies, will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lim
- From The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Institute for the Neurosciences at the Brigham and Women's/Faulkner Hospital, Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Michael Weller
- From The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Institute for the Neurosciences at the Brigham and Women's/Faulkner Hospital, Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - E Antonio Chiocca
- From The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Institute for the Neurosciences at the Brigham and Women's/Faulkner Hospital, Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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24
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Dutoit V, Migliorini D, Dietrich PY, Walker PR. Immunotherapy of Malignant Tumors in the Brain: How Different from Other Sites? Front Oncol 2016; 6:256. [PMID: 28003994 PMCID: PMC5141244 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is now advancing at remarkable pace for tumors located in various tissues, including the brain. Strategies launched decades ago, such as tumor antigen-specific therapeutic vaccines and adoptive transfer of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are being complemented by molecular engineering approaches allowing the development of tumor-specific TCR transgenic and chimeric antigen receptor T cells. In addition, the spectacular results obtained in the last years with immune checkpoint inhibitors are transfiguring immunotherapy, these agents being used both as single molecules, but also in combination with other immunotherapeutic modalities. Implementation of these various strategies is ongoing for more and more malignancies, including tumors located in the brain, raising the question of the immunological particularities of this site. This may necessitate cautious selection of tumor antigens, minimizing the immunosuppressive environment and promoting efficient T cell trafficking to the tumor. Once these aspects are taken into account, we might efficiently design immunotherapy for patients suffering from tumors located in the brain, with beneficial clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Dutoit
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Center of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Denis Migliorini
- Oncology, Center of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Yves Dietrich
- Oncology, Center of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Paul R Walker
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Center of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
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25
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Berghoff AS, Preusser M. In search of a target: PD-1 and PD-L1 profiling across glioma types. Neuro Oncol 2016; 18:1331-2. [PMID: 27534576 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/now162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Berghoff
- Department of Medicine I, Clinical Division of Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.S.B., M.P.); Comprehensive Cancer Center CNS Unit (CCC-CNS), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.S.B., M.P.); Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (A.S.B.)
| | - Matthias Preusser
- Department of Medicine I, Clinical Division of Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.S.B., M.P.); Comprehensive Cancer Center CNS Unit (CCC-CNS), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.S.B., M.P.); Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (A.S.B.)
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26
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Garber ST, Hashimoto Y, Weathers SP, Xiu J, Gatalica Z, Verhaak RGW, Zhou S, Fuller GN, Khasraw M, de Groot J, Reddy SK, Spetzler D, Heimberger AB. Immune checkpoint blockade as a potential therapeutic target: surveying CNS malignancies. Neuro Oncol 2016; 18:1357-66. [PMID: 27370400 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/now132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) across glioma grades is undocumented, and their interactions with commonly expressed genetic and epigenetic alterations are undefined but nonetheless highly relevant to combinatorial treatments. METHODS Patients with CNS malignancies were profiled by Caris Life Sciences from 2009 to 2016. Immunohistochemistry findings for PD-1 on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and PD-L1 on tumor cells were available for 347 cases. Next-generation sequencing, pyrosequencing, immunohistochemistry, fragment analysis, and fluorescence in situ hybridization were used to determine isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), and tumor protein 53 mutational status, O(6)-DNA methylguanine-methyltransferase promoter methylation (MGMT-Me) status, PTEN expression, plus epidermal growth factor receptor variant III and 1p/19q codeletion status. RESULTS PD-1+ TIL expression and grade IV gliomas were significantly positively correlated (odds ratio [OR]: 6.363; 95% CI: 1.263, 96.236)-especially in gliosarcomas compared with glioblastoma multiforme (P = .014). PD-L1 expression was significantly correlated with tumor grade with all PD-L1+ cases (n = 21) being associated with grade IV gliomas. PD-1+ TIL expression and PD-L1 expression were significantly correlated (OR: 5.209; 95% CI: 1.555, 20.144). Mutations of PTEN, tumor protein 53, BRAF, IDH1, and epidermal growth factor receptor or MGMT-Me did not associate with increased intratumoral expression of either PD-1+ TIL or PD-L1 in glioblastoma multiforme even before false discovery rate correction for multiple comparison. CONCLUSIONS Targeting immune checkpoints in combination with other therapeutics based on positive biomarker selection will require screening of large patient cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah T Garber
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.T.G., Y.H., A.B.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.-P.W., J.d.G.); Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (R.G.W.V.); Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.Z.); Department of Neuropathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (G.N.F.); Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (J.X., Z.G., S.K.R., D.S.); The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (M.K.)
| | - Yuuri Hashimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.T.G., Y.H., A.B.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.-P.W., J.d.G.); Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (R.G.W.V.); Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.Z.); Department of Neuropathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (G.N.F.); Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (J.X., Z.G., S.K.R., D.S.); The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (M.K.)
| | - Shiao-Pei Weathers
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.T.G., Y.H., A.B.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.-P.W., J.d.G.); Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (R.G.W.V.); Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.Z.); Department of Neuropathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (G.N.F.); Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (J.X., Z.G., S.K.R., D.S.); The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (M.K.)
| | - Joanne Xiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.T.G., Y.H., A.B.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.-P.W., J.d.G.); Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (R.G.W.V.); Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.Z.); Department of Neuropathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (G.N.F.); Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (J.X., Z.G., S.K.R., D.S.); The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (M.K.)
| | - Zoran Gatalica
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.T.G., Y.H., A.B.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.-P.W., J.d.G.); Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (R.G.W.V.); Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.Z.); Department of Neuropathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (G.N.F.); Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (J.X., Z.G., S.K.R., D.S.); The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (M.K.)
| | - Roel G W Verhaak
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.T.G., Y.H., A.B.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.-P.W., J.d.G.); Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (R.G.W.V.); Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.Z.); Department of Neuropathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (G.N.F.); Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (J.X., Z.G., S.K.R., D.S.); The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (M.K.)
| | - Shouhao Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.T.G., Y.H., A.B.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.-P.W., J.d.G.); Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (R.G.W.V.); Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.Z.); Department of Neuropathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (G.N.F.); Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (J.X., Z.G., S.K.R., D.S.); The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (M.K.)
| | - Gregory N Fuller
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.T.G., Y.H., A.B.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.-P.W., J.d.G.); Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (R.G.W.V.); Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.Z.); Department of Neuropathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (G.N.F.); Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (J.X., Z.G., S.K.R., D.S.); The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (M.K.)
| | - Mustafa Khasraw
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.T.G., Y.H., A.B.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.-P.W., J.d.G.); Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (R.G.W.V.); Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.Z.); Department of Neuropathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (G.N.F.); Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (J.X., Z.G., S.K.R., D.S.); The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (M.K.)
| | - John de Groot
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.T.G., Y.H., A.B.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.-P.W., J.d.G.); Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (R.G.W.V.); Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.Z.); Department of Neuropathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (G.N.F.); Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (J.X., Z.G., S.K.R., D.S.); The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (M.K.)
| | - Sandeep K Reddy
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.T.G., Y.H., A.B.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.-P.W., J.d.G.); Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (R.G.W.V.); Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.Z.); Department of Neuropathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (G.N.F.); Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (J.X., Z.G., S.K.R., D.S.); The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (M.K.)
| | - David Spetzler
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.T.G., Y.H., A.B.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.-P.W., J.d.G.); Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (R.G.W.V.); Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.Z.); Department of Neuropathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (G.N.F.); Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (J.X., Z.G., S.K.R., D.S.); The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (M.K.)
| | - Amy B Heimberger
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.T.G., Y.H., A.B.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.-P.W., J.d.G.); Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (R.G.W.V.); Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (S.Z.); Department of Neuropathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA (G.N.F.); Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, Arizona, USA (J.X., Z.G., S.K.R., D.S.); The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (M.K.)
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