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Yang L, Qu M, Wang Z, Huang S, Wang Q, Wei M, Li F, Yang D, Pan L. Biochemical Properties of a Novel Cold-Adapted GH19 Chitinase with Three Chitin-Binding Domains from Chitinilyticum aquatile CSC-1 and Its Potential in Biocontrol of Plant Pathogenic Fungi. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:19581-19593. [PMID: 39190598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
GH19 (glycoside hydrolase 19) chitinases play crucial roles in the enzymatic conversion of chitin and biocontrol of phytopathogenic fungi. Herein, a novel multifunctional chitinase of GH19 (CaChi19A), which contains three chitin-binding domains (ChBDs), was successfully cloned from Chitinilyticum aquatile CSC-1 and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. We also generated truncated mutants of CaChi19A_ΔI, CaChi19A_ΔIΔII, and CaChi19A_CatD consisting of two ChBDs and a catalytic domain, one ChBD and a catalytic domain, and only a catalytic domain, respectively. CaChi19A, CaChi19A_ΔI, CaChi19A_ΔIΔII, and CaChi19A_CatD exhibited cold adaptation, as their relative enzyme activities at 5 °C were 40.7, 51.6, 66.2, and 82.6%, respectively. Compared with CaChi19A and other variants, CaChi19A_ΔIΔII demonstrated a higher level of stability below 50 °C and retained relatively high activity over a wide pH range of 5-12. Analysis of the hydrolysis products revealed that CaChi19A and CaChi19A_ΔIΔII exhibit exoacting, endoacting, and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase activities toward colloidal chitin. Furthermore, CaChi19A and CaChi19A_ΔIΔII exhibited inhibitory effects on the hyphal growth of Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium redolens, Fusarium fujikuroi, Fusarium solani, and Coniothyrium diplodiella, thereby illustrating effective biocontrol activity. These results indicated that CaChi19A and CaChi19A_ΔIΔII show advantages in some applications where low temperatures were demanded in industries as well as the biocontrol of fungal diseases in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass Energy Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Institute of Biology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Mingbo Qu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhou Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass Energy Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Institute of Biology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Shiyong Huang
- Guangxi Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Nanning 530001, China
| | - Qingyan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass Energy Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Institute of Biology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Maochun Wei
- Guangxi Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Nanning 530001, China
| | - Fei Li
- National Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass Energy Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Institute of Biology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Dengfeng Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass Energy Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Institute of Biology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Lixia Pan
- National Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass Energy Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Institute of Biology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
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Zhang X, Wen M, Li G, Wang S. Chitin Deacetylase Homologous Gene cda Contributes to Development and Aflatoxin Synthesis in Aspergillus flavus. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:217. [PMID: 38787069 PMCID: PMC11125919 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16050217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The fungal cell wall serves as the primary interface between fungi and their external environment, providing protection and facilitating interactions with the surroundings. Chitin is a vital structural element in fungal cell wall. Chitin deacetylase (CDA) can transform chitin into chitosan through deacetylation, providing various biological functions across fungal species. Although this modification is widespread in fungi, the biological functions of CDA enzymes in Aspergillus flavus remain largely unexplored. In this study, we aimed to investigate the biofunctions of the CDA family in A. flavus. The A. flavus genome contains six annotated putative chitin deacetylases. We constructed knockout strains targeting each member of the CDA family, including Δcda1, Δcda2, Δcda3, Δcda4, Δcda5, and Δcda6. Functional analyses revealed that the deletion of CDA family members neither significantly affects the chitin content nor exhibits the expected chitin deacetylation function in A. flavus. However, the Δcda6 strain displayed distinct phenotypic characteristics compared to the wild-type (WT), including an increased conidia count, decreased mycelium production, heightened aflatoxin production, and impaired seed colonization. Subcellular localization experiments indicated the cellular localization of CDA6 protein within the cell wall of A. flavus filaments. Moreover, our findings highlight the significance of the CBD1 and CBD2 structural domains in mediating the functional role of the CDA6 protein. Overall, we analyzed the gene functions of CDA family in A. flavus, which contribute to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying aflatoxin contamination and lay the groundwork for potential biocontrol strategies targeting A. flavus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Pathogenic, Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.Z.); (M.W.); (G.L.)
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Takashima T, Komori N, Uechi K, Taira T. Characterization of an antifungal β-1,3-glucanase from Ficus microcarpa latex and comparison of plant and bacterial β-1,3-glucanases for fungal cell wall β-glucan degradation. PLANTA 2023; 258:116. [PMID: 37946063 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04271-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Each β-1,3-glucanase with antifungal activity or yeast lytic activity hydrolyzes different structures of β-1,3-glucans in the fungal cell wall, respectively. Plants express several glycoside hydrolases that target chitin and β-glucan in fungal cell walls and inhibit pathogenic fungal infection. An antifungal β-1,3-glucanase was purified from gazyumaru (Ficus microcarpa) latex, designated as GlxGluA, and the corresponding gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The sequence shows that GlxGluA belongs to glycoside hydrolase family 17 (GH17). To investigate how GlxGluA acts to degrade fungal cell wall β-glucan, it was compared with β-1,3-glucanase with different substrate specificities. We obtained recombinant β-1,3-glucanase (designated as CcGluA), which belongs to GH64, from the bacterium Cellulosimicrobium cellulans. GlxGluA inhibited the growth of the filamentous fungus Trichoderma viride but was unable to lyse the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In contrast, CcGluA lysed yeast cells but had a negligible inhibitory effect on the growth of filamentous fungi. GlxGluA degraded the cell wall of T. viride better than CcGluA, whereas CcGluA degraded the cell wall of S. cerevisiae more efficiently than GlxGluA. These results suggest that the target substrates in fungal cell walls differ between GlxGluA (GH17 class I β-1,3-glucanase) and CcGluA (GH64 β-1,3-glucanase).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Takashima
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Nao Komori
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Keiko Uechi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Toki Taira
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan.
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-8580, Japan.
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Renaud S, Dussutour A, Daboussi F, Pompon D. Characterization of chitinases from the GH18 gene family in the myxomycete Physarum polycephalum. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2023; 1867:130343. [PMID: 36933625 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physarum polycephalum is an unusual macroscopic myxomycete expressing a large range of glycosyl hydrolases. Among them, enzymes from the GH18 family can hydrolyze chitin, an important structural component of the cell walls in fungi and in the exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans. METHODS Low stringency sequence signature search in transcriptomes was used to identify GH18 sequences related to chitinases. Identified sequences were expressed in E. coli and corresponding structures modelled. Synthetic substrates and in some cases colloidal chitin were used to characterize activities. RESULTS Catalytically functional hits were sorted and their predicted structures compared. All share the TIM barrel structure of the GH18 chitinase catalytic domain, optionally fused to binding motifs, such as CBM50, CBM18, and CBM14, involved in sugar recognition. Assessment of the enzymatic activities following deletion of the C-terminal CBM14 domain of the most active clone evidenced a significant contribution of this extension to the chitinase activity. A classification based on module organization, functional and structural criteria of characterized enzymes was proposed. CONCLUSIONS Physarum polycephalum sequences encompassing a chitinase like GH18 signature share a modular structure involving a structurally conserved catalytic TIM barrels decorated or not by a chitin insertion domain and optionally surrounded by additional sugar binding domains. One of them plays a clear role in enhancing activities toward natural chitin. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Myxomycete enzymes are currently poorly characterized and constitute a potential source for new catalysts. Among them glycosyl hydrolases have a strong potential for valorization of industrial waste as well as in therapeutic field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Audrey Dussutour
- Centre de Recherche en Cognition Animale, UMR 5169 CNRS, Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Denis Pompon
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, UMR CNRS / INRAE / INSA, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
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Structural Analysis and Construction of a Thermostable Antifungal Chitinase. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0065222. [PMID: 35652665 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00652-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin is a biopolymer of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine with β-1,4-bond and is the main component of arthropod exoskeletons and the cell walls of many fungi. Chitinase (EC 3.2.1.14) is an enzyme that hydrolyzes the β-1,4-bond in chitin and degrades chitin into oligomers. It has been found in a wide range of organisms. Chitinase from Gazyumaru (Ficus microcarpa) latex exhibits antifungal activity by degrading chitin in the cell wall of fungi and is expected to be used in medical and agricultural fields. However, the enzyme's thermostability is an important factor; chitinase is not thermostable enough to maintain its activity under the actual application conditions. In addition to the fact that thermostable chitinases exhibiting antifungal activity can be used under various conditions, they have some advantages for the production process and long-term preservation, which are highly demanded in industrial use. We solved the crystal structure of chitinase to explore the target sites to improve its thermostability. We rationally introduced proline residues, a disulfide bond, and salt bridges in the chitinase using protein-engineering methods based on the crystal structure and sequence alignment among other chitinases. As a result, we successfully constructed the thermostable mutant chitinases rationally with high antifungal and specific activities. The results provide a useful strategy to enhance the thermostability of this enzyme family. IMPORTANCE We solved the crystal structure of the chitinase from Gazyumaru (Ficus microcarpa) latex exhibiting antifungal activity. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the thermostable mutant enzyme with a melting temperature (Tm) 6.9°C higher than wild type (WT) and a half-life at 60°C that is 15 times longer than WT was constructed through 10 amino acid substitutions, including 5 proline residues substitutions, making disulfide bonding, and building a salt bridge network in the enzyme. These mutations do not affect its high antifungal activity and chitinase activity, and the principle for the construction of the thermostable chitinase was well explained by its crystal structure. Our results provide a useful strategy to enhance the thermostability of this enzyme family and to use the thermostable mutant as a seed for antifungal agents for practical use.
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6
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Zhang YJ, Ren LL, Lin XY, Han XM, Wang W, Yang ZL. Molecular evolution and functional characterization of chitinase gene family in Populus trichocarpa. Gene 2022; 822:146329. [PMID: 35181500 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chitinases, the chitin-degrading enzymes, have been shown to play important role in defense against the chitin-containing fungal pathogens. In this study, we identified 48 chitinase-coding genes from the woody model plant Populus trichocarpa. Based on phylogenetic analysis, the Populus chitinases were classified into seven groups. Different gene structures and protein domain architectures were found among the seven Populus chitinase groups. Selection pressure analysis indicated that all the seven groups are under purifying selection. Phylogenetic analysis combined with chromosome location analysis showed that Populus chitinase gene family mainly expanded through tandem duplication. The Populus chitinase gene family underwent marked expression divergence and is inducibly expressed in response to treatments, such as chitosan, chitin, salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate. Protein enzymatic activity analysis showed that Populus chitinases had activity towards both chitin and chitosan. By integrating sequence characteristic, phylogenetic, selection pressure, gene expression and protein activity analysis, this study shed light on the evolution and function of chitinase family in poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Jie Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lin-Ling Ren
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xiao-Yang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xue-Min Han
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhi-Ling Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China.
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Sinelnikov IG, Siedhoff NE, Chulkin AM, Zorov IN, Schwaneberg U, Davari MD, Sinitsyna OA, Shcherbakova LA, Sinitsyn AP, Rozhkova AM. Expression and Refolding of the Plant Chitinase From Drosera capensis for Applications as a Sustainable and Integrated Pest Management. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:728501. [PMID: 34621729 PMCID: PMC8490864 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.728501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the study of chitinases has become an important target of numerous research projects due to their potential for applications, such as biocontrol pest agents. Plant chitinases from carnivorous plants of the genus Drosera are most aggressive against a wide range of phytopathogens. However, low solubility or insolubility of the target protein hampered application of chitinases as biofungicides. To obtain plant chitinase from carnivorous plants of the genus Drosera in soluble form in E.coli expression strains, three different approaches including dialysis, rapid dilution, and refolding on Ni-NTA agarose to renaturation were tested. The developed « Rapid dilution » protocol with renaturation buffer supplemented by 10% glycerol and 2M arginine in combination with the redox pair of reduced/oxidized glutathione, increased the yield of active soluble protein to 9.5 mg per 1 g of wet biomass. A structure-based removal of free cysteines in the core domain based on homology modeling of the structure was carried out in order to improve the soluble of chitinase. One improved chitinase variant (C191A/C231S/C286T) was identified which shows improved expression and solubility in E. coli expression systems compared to wild type. Computational analyzes of the wild-type and the improved variant revealed overall higher fluctuations of the structure while maintaining a global protein stability. It was shown that free cysteines on the surface of the protein globule which are not involved in the formation of inner disulfide bonds contribute to the insolubility of chitinase from Drosera capensis. The functional characteristics showed that chitinase exhibits high activity against colloidal chitin (360 units/g) and high fungicidal properties of recombinant chitinases against Parastagonospora nodorum. Latter highlights the application of chitinase from D. capensis as a promising enzyme for the control of fungal pathogens in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor G Sinelnikov
- Federal Research Centre Fundamentals of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Andrey M Chulkin
- Federal Research Centre Fundamentals of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan N Zorov
- Federal Research Centre Fundamentals of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mehdi D Davari
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
| | - Olga A Sinitsyna
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Arkady P Sinitsyn
- Federal Research Centre Fundamentals of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandra M Rozhkova
- Federal Research Centre Fundamentals of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Minamihata K, Tanaka Y, Santoso P, Goto M, Kozome D, Taira T, Kamiya N. Orthogonal Enzymatic Conjugation Reactions Create Chitin Binding Domain Grafted Chitinase Polymers with Enhanced Antifungal Activity. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1688-1698. [PMID: 34251809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic reaction offers site-specific conjugation of protein units to form protein conjugates or protein polymers with intrinsic functions. Herein, we report horseradish peroxidase (HRP)- and microbial transglutaminase (MTG)-catalyzed orthogonal conjugation reactions to create antifungal protein polymers composed of Pteris ryukyuensis chitinase-A (ChiA) and its two domains, catalytic domain, CatD, and chitin-binding domain, LysM2. We engineered the ChiA and CatD by introducing a peptide tag containing tyrosine (Y-tag) at N-termini and a peptide tag containing lysine and tyrosine (KY-tag) at C-termini to construct Y-ChiA-KY and Y-CatD-KY. Also, LysM2 with Y-tag and KY-tag (Y-LysM2-KY) or with a glutamine-containing peptide tag (Q-tag) (LysM2-Q) were constructed. The proteins with Y-tag and KY-tag were efficiently polymerized by HRP reaction through the formation of dityrosine bonds at the tyrosine residues in the peptide tags. The Y-CatD-KY polymer was further treated by MTG to orthogonally graft LysM2-Q to the KY-tag via isopeptide formation between the side chains of the glutamine and lysine residues in the peptide tags to form LysM2-grafted CatD polymer. The LysM2-grafted CatD polymer exhibited significantly higher antifungal activity than the homopolymer of Y-ChiA-KY and the random copolymer of Y-CatD-KY and Y-LysM2-KY, demonstrating that the structural differences of artificial chitinase polymers have a significant impact on the antifungal activity. This strategy of polymerization and grafting reaction of protein can contribute to the further research and development of functional protein polymers for specific applications in various fields in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Minamihata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Pugoh Santoso
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masahiro Goto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.,Division of Biotechnology, Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Dan Kozome
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Toki Taira
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Noriho Kamiya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.,Division of Biotechnology, Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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9
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Takashima T, Henna H, Kozome D, Kitajima S, Uechi K, Taira T. cDNA cloning, expression, and antifungal activity of chitinase from Ficus microcarpa latex: difference in antifungal action of chitinase with and without chitin-binding domain. PLANTA 2021; 253:120. [PMID: 33987712 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03639-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A chitin-binding domain could contribute to the antifungal ability of chitinase through its affinity to the fungal lateral wall by hydrophobic interactions. Complementary DNA encoding the antifungal chitinase of gazyumaru (Ficus microcarpa), designated GlxChiB, was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli cells. The results of cDNA cloning showed that the precursor of GlxChiB has an N-terminal endoplasmic reticulum targeting signal and C-terminal vacuolar targeting signal, whereas mature GlxChiB is composed of an N-terminal carbohydrate-binding module family-18 domain (CBM18) and a C-terminal glycoside hydrolase family-19 domain (GH19) with a short linker. To clarify the role of the CBM18 domain in the antifungal activity of chitinase, the recombinant GlxChiB (wild type) and its catalytic domain (CatD) were used in quantitative antifungal assays under different ionic strengths and microscopic observations against the fungus Trichoderma viride. The antifungal activity of the wild type was stronger than that of CatD under all ionic strength conditions used in this assay; however, the antifungal activity of CatD became weaker with increasing ionic strength, whereas that of the wild type was maintained. The results at high ionic strength further verified the contribution of the CBM18 domain to the antifungal ability of GlxChiB. The microscopic observations clearly showed that the wild type acted on both the tips and the lateral wall of fungal hyphae, while CatD acted only on the tips. These results suggest that the CBM18 domain could contribute to the antifungal ability of chitinase through its affinity to the fungal lateral wall by hydrophobic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Takashima
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Hajime Henna
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Dan Kozome
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, 904-0412, Japan
| | - Sakihito Kitajima
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Keiko Uechi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Toki Taira
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan.
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-8580 , Japan.
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10
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Rajninec M, Jopcik M, Danchenko M, Libantova J. Biochemical and antifungal characteristics of recombinant class I chitinase from Drosera rotundifolia. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 161:854-863. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Chitinase Gene Positively Regulates Hypersensitive and Defense Responses of Pepper to Colletotrichum acutatum Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186624. [PMID: 32927746 PMCID: PMC7555800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum acutatum is one of the most devastating fungal diseases of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). The utilization of chitin-binding proteins or chitinase genes is the best option to control this disease. A chitin-binding domain (CBD) has been shown to be crucial for the innate immunity of plants and activates the hypersensitive response (HR). The CaChiIII7 chitinase gene has been identified and isolated from pepper plants. CaChiIII7 has repeated CBDs that encode a chitinase enzyme that is transcriptionally stimulated by C. acutatum infection. The knockdown of CaChiIII7 in pepper plants confers increased hypersensitivity to C. acutatum, resulting in its proliferation in infected leaves and an attenuation of the defense response genes CaPR1, CaPR5, and SAR8.2 in the CaChiIII7-silenced pepper plants. Additionally, H2O2 accumulation, conductivity, proline biosynthesis, and root activity were distinctly reduced in CaChiIII7-silenced plants. Subcellular localization analyses indicated that the CaChiIII7 protein is located in the plasma membrane and cytoplasm of plant cells. The transient expression of CaChiIII7 increases the basal resistance to C. acutatum by significantly expressing several defense response genes and the HR in pepper leaves, accompanied by an induction of H2O2 biosynthesis. These findings demonstrate that CaChiIII7 plays a prominent role in plant defense in response to pathogen infection.
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12
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Takashima T, Sunagawa R, Uechi K, Taira T. Antifungal activities of LysM-domain multimers and their fusion chitinases. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 154:1295-1302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Kuba Y, Takashima T, Uechi K, Taira T. Purification, cDNA cloning, and characterization of plant chitinase with a novel domain combination from lycophyte Selaginella doederleinii. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:1742-1752. [PMID: 29966504 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1491285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Chitinase-A from a lycophyte Selaginella doederleinii (SdChiA), having molecular mass of 53 kDa, was purified to homogeneity by column chromatography. The cDNA encoding SdChiA was cloned by rapid amplification of cDNA ends and polymerase chain reaction. It consisted of 1477 nucleotides and its open reading frame encoded a polypeptide of 467 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence indicated that SdChiA consisted of two N-terminal chitin-binding domains and a C-terminal plant class V chitinase catalytic domain, belonging to the carbohydrate-binding module family 18 (CBM18) and glycoside hydrolase family 18 (GH18), respectively. SdChiA had chitin-binding ability. The time-dependent cleavage pattern of (GlcNAc)4 by SdChiA showed that SdChiA specifically recognizes the β-anomer in the + 2 subsite of the substrate (GlcNAc)4 and cleaves the glycoside bond at the center of the substrate. This is the first report of the occurrence of a family 18 chitinase containing CBM18 chitin-binding domains. ABBREVIATIONS AtChiC: Arabidopsis thaliana class V chitinase; CBB: Coomassie brilliant blue R250; CBM: carbohydrate binding module family; CrChi-A: Cycas revolute chitinase-A; EaChiA: Equisetum arvense chitinase-A; GH: glycoside hydrolase family, GlxChi-B: gazyumaru latex chitinase-B; GlcNAc: N-acetylglucosamine; HPLC: high performance liquid chromatography; LysM; lysin motif; MtNFH1: Medicago truncatula ecotypes R108-1 chitinase; NCBI: national center for biotechnology information; NF: nodulation factor; NtChiV: Nicotiana tabacum class V chitinase; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; PrChi-A: Pteris ryukyuensis chitinase-A; RACE: rapid amplification of cDNA ends; SDS-PAGE: sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; SdChiA: Selaginella doederleinii chitinase-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumani Kuba
- a Graduate School of Agricultural Science , Kagoshima University , Kagoshima , Japan.,b Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology , University of the Ryukyus , Okinawa , Japan
| | - Tomoya Takashima
- a Graduate School of Agricultural Science , Kagoshima University , Kagoshima , Japan.,b Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology , University of the Ryukyus , Okinawa , Japan
| | - Keiko Uechi
- b Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology , University of the Ryukyus , Okinawa , Japan
| | - Toki Taira
- a Graduate School of Agricultural Science , Kagoshima University , Kagoshima , Japan.,b Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology , University of the Ryukyus , Okinawa , Japan
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Taira T, Gushiken C, Sugata K, Ohnuma T, Fukamizo T. Unique GH18 chitinase from Euglena gracilis: full-length cDNA cloning and characterization of its catalytic domain. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:1090-1100. [PMID: 29621939 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1459463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A cDNA of putative chitinase from Euglena gracilis, designated EgChiA, encoded 960 amino acid residues, which is arranged from N-terminus in the order of signal peptide, glycoside hydrolase family 18 (GH18) domain, carbohydrate binding module family 18 (CBM18) domain, GH18 domain, CBM18 domain, and transmembrane helix. It is likely that EgChiA is anchored on the cell surface. The recombinant second GH18 domain of EgChiA, designated as CatD2, displayed optimal catalytic activity at pH 3.0 and 50 °C. The lower the polymerization degree of the chitin oligosaccharides [(GlcNAc)4-6] used as the substrates, the higher was the rate of degradation by CatD2. CatD2 degraded chitin nanofibers as an insoluble substrate, and it produced only (GlcNAc)2 and GlcNAc. Therefore, we speculated that EgChiA localizes to the cell surface of E. gracilis and is involved in degradation of chitin polymers into (GlcNAc)2 or GlcNAc, which are easily taken up by the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toki Taira
- a Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology , University of the Ryukyus , Okinawa , Japan
| | - Chika Gushiken
- a Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology , University of the Ryukyus , Okinawa , Japan
| | - Kobeni Sugata
- a Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology , University of the Ryukyus , Okinawa , Japan
| | - Takayuki Ohnuma
- b Department of Advanced Bioscience , Kinki University , Nara , Japan
| | - Tamo Fukamizo
- b Department of Advanced Bioscience , Kinki University , Nara , Japan
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15
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Kobaru S, Tanaka R, Taira T, Uchiumi T. Functional analyses of chitinases in the moss Physcomitrella patens: chitin oligosaccharide-induced gene expression and enzymatic characterization. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:2347-2356. [PMID: 27562231 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1224640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Plant chitinases play diverse roles including defense against pathogenic fungi. Using reverse-transcription quantitative PCR analysis, we found that six chitinase (PpChi) genes and two genes for chitin elicitor receptor kinases (PpCERKs) are expressed at considerable levels in the moss Physcomitrella patens subsp. patens. The expressed PpChis belonged to glycoside hydrolase family 19 (class I: PpChi-Ia and -Ib; class II: PpChi-IIa and -IIc; and class IV: PpChi-IV) and to glycoside hydrolase family 18 (class V: PpChi-Vb). Treatment with chitin tetramer or hexamer increased the expression of class I and IV PpChi genes and decreased that of class II PpChi genes. Recombinant PpChi-Ia, PpChi-IV, and PpChi-Vb were characterized. PpChi-IV exhibited higher activity against chitin tetramer and pentamer than PpChi-Ia did. PpChi-Vb showed transglycosylation activity and PpChi-Ia inhibited fungal growth. These results suggest that chitinases of different classes play different roles in defense mechanism of moss plant against fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Kobaru
- a Graduate School of Science and Engineering , Kagoshima University , Kagoshima , Japan
| | - Ryusuke Tanaka
- b Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology , University of the Ryukyus , Nishihara-cho , Japan
| | - Toki Taira
- b Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology , University of the Ryukyus , Nishihara-cho , Japan
| | - Toshiki Uchiumi
- a Graduate School of Science and Engineering , Kagoshima University , Kagoshima , Japan
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16
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Cloning, overexpression and functional characterization of a class III chitinase from Casuarina glauca nodules. Symbiosis 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-016-0403-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Inamine S, Onaga S, Ohnuma T, Fukamizo T, Taira T. Purification, cDNA cloning, and characterization of LysM-containing plant chitinase from horsetail (Equisetum arvense). Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 79:1296-304. [PMID: 25818933 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1025693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chitinase-A (EaChiA), molecular mass 36 kDa, was purified from the vegetative stems of a horsetail (Equisetum arvense) using a series of column chromatography. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of EaChiA was similar to the lysin motif (LysM). A cDNA encoding EaChiA was cloned by rapid amplification of cDNA ends and polymerase chain reaction. It consisted of 1320 nucleotides and encoded an open reading frame of 361 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence indicated that EaChiA is composed of a N-terminal LysM domain and a C-terminal plant class IIIb chitinase catalytic domain, belonging to the glycoside hydrolase family 18, linked by proline-rich regions. EaChiA has strong chitin-binding activity, however, no antifungal activity. This is the first report of a chitinase from Equisetopsida, a class of fern plants, and the second report of a LysM-containing chitinase from a plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Inamine
- a Graduate School of Science and Engineering , Kagoshima University , Kagoshima , Japan
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18
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Frederiksen RF, Yoshimura Y, Storgaard BG, Paspaliari DK, Petersen BO, Chen K, Larsen T, Duus JØ, Ingmer H, Bovin NV, Westerlind U, Blixt O, Palcic MM, Leisner JJ. A diverse range of bacterial and eukaryotic chitinases hydrolyzes the LacNAc (Galβ1-4GlcNAc) and LacdiNAc (GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAc) motifs found on vertebrate and insect cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:5354-66. [PMID: 25561735 PMCID: PMC4342453 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.607291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is emerging evidence that chitinases have additional functions beyond degrading environmental chitin, such as involvement in innate and acquired immune responses, tissue remodeling, fibrosis, and serving as virulence factors of bacterial pathogens. We have recently shown that both the human chitotriosidase and a chitinase from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium hydrolyze LacNAc from Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ-tetramethylrhodamine (LacNAc-TMR (Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ(CH2)8CONH(CH2)2NHCO-TMR)), a fluorescently labeled model substrate for glycans found in mammals. In this study we have examined the binding affinities of the Salmonella chitinase by carbohydrate microarray screening and found that it binds to a range of compounds, including five that contain LacNAc structures. We have further examined the hydrolytic specificity of this enzyme and chitinases from Sodalis glossinidius and Polysphondylium pallidum, which are phylogenetically related to the Salmonella chitinase, as well as unrelated chitinases from Listeria monocytogenes using the fluorescently labeled substrate analogs LacdiNAc-TMR (GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAcβ-TMR), LacNAc-TMR, and LacNAcβ1-6LacNAcβ-TMR. We found that all chitinases examined hydrolyzed LacdiNAc from the TMR aglycone to various degrees, whereas they were less active toward LacNAc-TMR conjugates. LacdiNAc is found in the mammalian glycome and is a common motif in invertebrate glycans. This substrate specificity was evident for chitinases of different phylogenetic origins. Three of the chitinases also hydrolyzed the β1-6 bond in LacNAcβ1-6LacNAcβ-TMR, an activity that is of potential importance in relation to mammalian glycans. The enzymatic affinities for these mammalian-like structures suggest additional functional roles of chitinases beyond chitin hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikki F Frederiksen
- From the Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegaardsvej 10, 1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Yayoi Yoshimura
- Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Birgit G Storgaard
- From the Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegaardsvej 10, 1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark, Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Dafni K Paspaliari
- From the Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegaardsvej 10, 1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Bent O Petersen
- Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Kowa Chen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Kbh. N., Denmark
| | - Tanja Larsen
- From the Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegaardsvej 10, 1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Jens Ø Duus
- Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Hanne Ingmer
- From the Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegaardsvej 10, 1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Nicolai V Bovin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moskow 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Ulrika Westerlind
- Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Analytischen Wissenschaften e.V., ISAS-Leibnitz Institute for Analytical Sciences, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6b, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany, and
| | - Ola Blixt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 6:4:T422, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Monica M Palcic
- Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Jørgen J Leisner
- From the Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegaardsvej 10, 1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark,
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Ishisaki K, Arai S, Hamada T, Honda Y. Biochemical characterization of a recombinant plant class III chitinase from the pitcher of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes alata. Carbohydr Res 2012; 361:170-4. [PMID: 23026711 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A class III chitinase belonging to the GH18 family from Nepenthes alata (NaCHIT3) was expressed in Escherichia coli. The enzyme exhibited hydrolytic activity toward colloidal chitin, ethylene glycol chitin, and (GlcNAc)(n) (n=5 and 6). The enzyme hydrolyzed the fourth glycosidic linkage from the non-reducing end of (GlcNAc)(6). The anomeric form of the products indicated it was a retaining enzyme. The colloidal chitin hydrolytic reaction displayed high activity between pH 3.9 and 6.9, but the pH optimum of the (GlcNAc)(6) hydrolytic reaction was 3.9 at 37 °C. The optimal temperature for activity was 65 °C in 50 mM sodium acetate buffer (pH 3.9). The pH optima of NaCHIT3 and NaCHIT1 might be related to their roles in chitin degradation in the pitcher fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Ishisaki
- Department of Food Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308, Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan
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Kitajima S, Taira T, Oda K, Yamato KT, Inukai Y, Hori Y. Comparative study of gene expression and major proteins' function of laticifers in lignified and unlignified organs of mulberry. PLANTA 2012; 235:589-601. [PMID: 21993816 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1533-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A laticifer is a cell involved in plant defense against biotic stresses such as herbivores and microorganisms; however, its gene expression is poorly understood. We compared protein accumulation and transcriptomes among laticifers of lignified and unlignified organs of mulberry (Morus alba), which has a non-articulated, branched type of laticifer. LA-a (equivalent to MLX56) and its homolog LA-b (insecticidal chitinase-like proteins containing two chitin-binding domains) were major proteins in laticifers of unlignified organs, and another protein (LA-c) was a major protein in laticifers of lignified organs. Purification, cDNA cloning, and bioassay of LA-c revealed that LA-c was an acidic class I chitinase having antifungal but not insecticidal activity. Comparative mRNA-Seq analysis using a GS-FLX revealed transcripts of other possible defense-related proteins. Jacalin-like lectin, galacturonase-inhibitor, and pathogenesis-related proteins were also abundant; however, the relative amounts differed among laticifers of lignified and unlignified organs. The results suggest a discontinuous laticifer network in planta and adaptation to different potential enemies among these organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakihito Kitajima
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
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Ohnuma T, Taira T, Fukamizo T. Antifungal Activity of Recombinant Class V Chitinases from Nicotiana tabacum and Arabidopsis thaliana. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2012. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2011_019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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Ishisaki K, Honda Y, Taniguchi H, Hatano N, Hamada T. Heterogonous expression and characterization of a plant class IV chitinase from the pitcher of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes alata. Glycobiology 2011; 22:345-51. [PMID: 21930651 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwr142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A class IV chitinase belonging to the glycoside hydrolase 19 family from Nepenthes alata (NaCHIT1) was expressed in Escherichia coli. The enzyme exhibited weak activity toward polymeric substrates and significant activity toward (GlcNAc)(n) [β-1,4-linked oligosaccharide of GlcNAc with a polymerization degree of n (n = 4-6)]. The enzyme hydrolyzed the third and fourth glycosidic linkages from the non-reducing end of (GlcNAc)(6). The pH optimum of the enzymatic reaction was 5.5 at 37°C. The optimal temperature for activity was 60°C in 50 mM sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.5). The anomeric form of the products indicated that it was an inverting enzyme. The k(cat)/K(m) of the (GlcNAc)(n) hydrolysis increased with an increase in the degree of polymerization. Amino acid sequence alignment analysis between NaCHIT1 and a class IV chitinase from a Picea abies (Norway spruce) suggested that the deletion of four loops likely led the enzyme to optimize the (GlcNAc)(n) hydrolytic reaction rather than the hydrolysis of polymeric substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Ishisaki
- Department of Food Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308, Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan
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Taira T, Mahoe Y, Kawamoto N, Onaga S, Iwasaki H, Ohnuma T, Fukamizo T. Cloning and characterization of a small family 19 chitinase from moss (Bryum coronatum). Glycobiology 2011; 21:644-54. [PMID: 21367878 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwq212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitinase-A (BcChi-A) was purified from a moss, Bryum coronatum, by several steps of column chromatography. The purified BcChi-A was found to be a molecular mass of 25 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and an isoelectric point of 3.5. A cDNA encoding BcChi-A was cloned by rapid amplification of cDNA ends and polymerase chain reaction. It consisted of 1012 nucleotides and encoded an open reading frame of 228 amino acid residues. The predicted mature BcChi-A consists of 205 amino acid residues and has a molecular weight of 22,654. Sequence analysis indicated that BcChi-A is glycoside hydrolase family-19 (GH19) chitinase lacking loops I, II, IV and V, and a C-terminal loop, which are present in the catalytic domain of plant class I and II chitinases. BcChi-A is a compact chitinase that has the fewest loop regions of the GH19 chitinases. Enzymatic experiments using chitooligosaccharides showed that BcChi-A has higher activity toward shorter substrates than class II enzymes. This characteristic is likely due to the loss of the loop regions that are located at the end of the substrate-binding cleft and would be involved in substrate binding of class II enzymes. This is the first report of a chitinase from mosses, nonvascular plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toki Taira
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.
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Onaga S, Chinen K, Ito S, Taira T. Highly thermostable chitinase from pineapple: Cloning, expression, and enzymatic properties. Process Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2010.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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