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Song H, Wang B, Zhao G, Lu S, Zhang D, Kong J, Li J, Zhang X, Lyu Y, Liu L. Discovery and biochemical characterization of two hexokinases from Crassostrea gigas. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 215:106408. [PMID: 38008389 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2023.106408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Hexokinases (HKs) play a vital role in glucose metabolism, which controls the first committed step catalyzing the production of glucose-6-phosphate from glucose. Two HKs (CGIHK1 and CGIHK2) from the Pacific oyster Crassostrea giga were cloned and characterized. CGIHK1 and CGIHK2 were recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli and successfully purified by the Ni-NTA column. The optimum pH of the two enzymes was pH 8.0 and 8.5, respectively. The optimum temperature of the two enzymes was 42 °C and 50 °C, respectively. Both enzymes showed a clear requirement for divalent magnesium and were strongly inhibited by SDS. CGIHK1 exhibited highly strict substrate specificity to glucose, while CGIHK2 could also catalyze other 11 monosaccharide substrates. This is the first report on the in vitro biosynthesis of glucose-6-phosphate by the hexokinases from Crassostrea gigas. The facile expression and purification procedures combined with different substrate specificities make CGIHK1 and CGIHK2 candidates for the biosynthesis of glucose-6-phosphate and other sugar-phosphates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibo Song
- College of Agricultural and Biological Engineering (College of Tree Peony), Heze University, Heze, 274015, China; Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Bo Wang
- College of Agricultural and Biological Engineering (College of Tree Peony), Heze University, Heze, 274015, China
| | - Guihong Zhao
- College of Agricultural and Biological Engineering (College of Tree Peony), Heze University, Heze, 274015, China.
| | - Shihai Lu
- Shandong Bigtree Dreyfus Special Meals Food Co., Ltd, Heze, 274000, China
| | - Dahu Zhang
- Shandong Bigtree Dreyfus Special Meals Food Co., Ltd, Heze, 274000, China
| | - Jianbiao Kong
- Heze Product Inspection and Testing Research Institute, Heze, 274000, China
| | - Jianxin Li
- Heze Institute for Food and Drug Control. Heze, 274000, China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhang
- School of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, China
| | - Yongmei Lyu
- School of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, China
| | - Li Liu
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Farooq Z, Ismail H, Bhat SA, Layden BT, Khan MW. Aiding Cancer's "Sweet Tooth": Role of Hexokinases in Metabolic Reprogramming. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:946. [PMID: 37109475 PMCID: PMC10141071 DOI: 10.3390/life13040946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hexokinases (HKs) convert hexose sugars to hexose-6-phosphate, thus trapping them inside cells to meet the synthetic and energetic demands. HKs participate in various standard and altered physiological processes, including cancer, primarily through the reprogramming of cellular metabolism. Four canonical HKs have been identified with different expression patterns across tissues. HKs 1-3 play a role in glucose utilization, whereas HK 4 (glucokinase, GCK) also acts as a glucose sensor. Recently, a novel fifth HK, hexokinase domain containing 1 (HKDC1), has been identified, which plays a role in whole-body glucose utilization and insulin sensitivity. Beyond the metabolic functions, HKDC1 is differentially expressed in many forms of human cancer. This review focuses on the role of HKs, particularly HKDC1, in metabolic reprogramming and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeenat Farooq
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Hagar Ismail
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Sheraz Ahmad Bhat
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Brian T. Layden
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Md. Wasim Khan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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3
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Builes-Montaño CE, Lema-Perez L, Garcia-Tirado J, Alvarez H. Main glucose hepatic fluxes in healthy subjects predicted from a phenomenological-based model. Comput Biol Med 2022; 142:105232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Small in Size, but Large in Action: microRNAs as Potential Modulators of PTEN in Breast and Lung Cancers. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020304. [PMID: 33670518 PMCID: PMC7922700 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are well-known regulators of biological mechanisms with a small size of 19–24 nucleotides and a single-stranded structure. miRNA dysregulation occurs in cancer progression. miRNAs can function as tumor-suppressing or tumor-promoting factors in cancer via regulating molecular pathways. Breast and lung cancers are two malignant thoracic tumors in which the abnormal expression of miRNAs plays a significant role in their development. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a tumor-suppressor factor that is capable of suppressing the growth, viability, and metastasis of cancer cells via downregulating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling. PTEN downregulation occurs in lung and breast cancers to promote PI3K/Akt expression, leading to uncontrolled proliferation, metastasis, and their resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. miRNAs as upstream mediators of PTEN can dually induce/inhibit PTEN signaling in affecting the malignant behavior of lung and breast cancer cells. Furthermore, long non-coding RNAs and circular RNAs can regulate the miRNA/PTEN axis in lung and breast cancer cells. It seems that anti-tumor compounds such as baicalein, propofol, and curcumin can induce PTEN upregulation by affecting miRNAs in suppressing breast and lung cancer progression. These topics are discussed in the current review with a focus on molecular pathways.
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Ferreira JC, Khrbtli AR, Shetler CL, Mansoor S, Ali L, Sensoy O, Rabeh WM. Linker residues regulate the activity and stability of hexokinase 2, a promising anticancer target. J Biol Chem 2020; 296:100071. [PMID: 33187984 PMCID: PMC7949118 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hexokinase (HK) catalyzes the first step in glucose metabolism, making it an exciting target for the inhibition of tumor initiation and progression due to their elevated glucose metabolism. The upregulation of hexokinase-2 (HK2) in many cancers and its limited expression in normal tissues make it a particularly attractive target for the selective inhibition of cancer growth and the eradication of tumors with limited side effects. The design of such safe and effective anticancer therapeutics requires the development of HK2-specific inhibitors that will not interfere with other HK isozymes. As HK2 is unique among HKs in having a catalytically active N-terminal domain (NTD), we have focused our attention on this region. We previously found that NTD activity is affected by the size of the linker helix-α13 that connects the N- and C-terminal domains of HK2. Three nonactive site residues (D447, S449, and K451) at the beginning of the linker helix-α13 have been found to regulate the NTD activity of HK2. Mutation of these residues led to increased dynamics, as shown via hydrogen deuterium exchange analysis and molecular dynamic simulations. D447A contributed the most to the enhanced dynamics of the NTD, with reduced calorimetric enthalpy of HK2. Similar residues exist in the C-terminal domain (CTD) but are unnecessary for HK1 and HK2 activity. Thus, we postulate these residues serve as a regulatory site for HK2 and may provide new directions for the design of anticancer therapeutics that reduce the rate of glycolysis in cancer through specific inhibition of HK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana C Ferreira
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdul-Rahman Khrbtli
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Cameron L Shetler
- Department of Chemistry, New York University Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Samman Mansoor
- The School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Liaqat Ali
- Core Technology Platforms, New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Campus, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ozge Sensoy
- The School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey; Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey; Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), İstanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Wael M Rabeh
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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Dawson HD, Chen C, Li RW, Bell LN, Shea-Donohue T, Kringel H, Beshah E, Hill DE, Urban JF. Molecular and metabolomic changes in the proximal colon of pigs infected with Trichuris suis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12853. [PMID: 32732949 PMCID: PMC7393168 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69462-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pig whipworm Trichuris suis is important in swine production because of its negative effects on pig performance and, notably, to some humans with inflammatory bowel disease as a therapeutic agent that modulates inflammation. The proximal colon of T. suis-infected pigs exhibited general inflammation around day 21 after inoculation with infective eggs that is transcriptionally characterized by markers of type-2 immune activation, inflammation, cellular infiltration, tissue repair enzymes, pathways of oxidative stress, and altered intestinal barrier function. Prominent gene pathways involved the Th2-response, de novo cholesterol synthesis, fructose and glucose metabolism, basic amino acid metabolism, and bile acid transport. Upstream regulatory factor analysis implicated the bile acid/farnesoid X receptor in some of these processes. Metabolic analysis indicated changes in fatty acids, antioxidant capacity, biochemicals related to methylation, protein glycosylation, extracellular matrix structure, sugars, Krebs cycle intermediates, microbe-derived metabolites and altered metabolite transport. Close to 1,200 differentially expressed genes were modulated in the proximal colon of pigs with a persistent adult worm infection that was nearly 90% lower in pigs that had expelled worms. The results support a model to test diets that favorably alter the microbiome and improve host intestinal health in both pigs and humans exposed to Trichuris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry D Dawson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, USA
| | - Celine Chen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, USA
| | - Robert W Li
- Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Helene Kringel
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ethiopia Beshah
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, USA
| | - Dolores E Hill
- Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Joseph F Urban
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, USA. .,Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA.
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Garcia SN, Guedes RC, Marques MM. Unlocking the Potential of HK2 in Cancer Metabolism and Therapeutics. Curr Med Chem 2020; 26:7285-7322. [PMID: 30543165 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666181213092652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glycolysis is a tightly regulated process in which several enzymes, such as Hexokinases (HKs), play crucial roles. Cancer cells are characterized by specific expression levels of several isoenzymes in different metabolic pathways and these features offer possibilities for therapeutic interventions. Overexpression of HKs (mostly of the HK2 isoform) have been consistently reported in numerous types of cancer. Moreover, deletion of HK2 has been shown to decrease cancer cell proliferation without explicit side effects in animal models, which suggests that targeting HK2 is a viable strategy for cancer therapy. HK2 inhibition causes a substantial decrease of glycolysis that affects multiple pathways of central metabolism and also destabilizes the mitochondrial outer membrane, ultimately enhancing cell death. Although glycolysis inhibition has met limited success, partly due to low selectivity for specific isoforms and excessive side effects of the reported HK inhibitors, there is ample ground for progress. The current review is focused on HK2 inhibition, envisaging the development of potent and selective anticancer agents. The information on function, expression, and activity of HKs is presented, along with their structures, known inhibitors, and reported effects of HK2 ablation/inhibition. The structural features of the different isozymes are discussed, aiming to stimulate a more rational approach to the design of selective HK2 inhibitors with appropriate drug-like properties. Particular attention is dedicated to a structural and sequence comparison of the structurally similar HK1 and HK2 isoforms, aiming to unveil differences that could be explored therapeutically. Finally, several additional catalytic- and non-catalytic roles on different pathways and diseases, recently attributed to HK2, are reviewed and their implications briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara N Garcia
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.,iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita C Guedes
- iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Matilde Marques
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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Jung SH, Lee YC, Lee MY, Shin HY. Association of HK2 and NCK2 with normal-tension glaucoma in a population from the Republic of Korea. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2019; 257:2717-2721. [PMID: 31512042 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-019-04467-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have reported the association of HK2 and NCK2 genes with normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) in Japan, but there has been no follow-up study in other countries, so the relevance of these genes to NTG appears uncertain at present. Thus, we investigated the relationship between the HK2 and NCK2 genes and NTG in a Korean NTG cohort. METHODS In total, 154 unrelated Korean patients with NTG and 101 normal Korean controls were recruited. Thus, a total of 255 participants were analyzed for NCK2 (rs2033008) and HK2 (rs678350) gene polymorphisms. RESULTS The minor allele frequency (MAF) of rs678350 was significantly higher in NTG patients (MAF = 0.32) than in controls (MAF = 0.23) (OR, 1.586; 95% CI, 1.058 to 2.375; P = 0.028). This trend was more significant in the dominant model (OR, 1.908; 95% CI, 1.144 to 3.180; P = 0.015). When we performed logistic regression analysis to adjust for age, both the allelic and dominant models were still statistically significant. No significant difference was observed in rs2033008 allele or genotype frequencies between the NTG patients and control subjects. CONCLUSIONS The current study suggested that HK2 gene polymorphism may contribute to the genetic susceptibility to NTG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hyun Jung
- Cancer Evolution Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Chun Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 271 Cheonbo-ro, Uijeongbu-si, Gyeonggi-do, 11765, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee Yon Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 271 Cheonbo-ro, Uijeongbu-si, Gyeonggi-do, 11765, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Young Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 271 Cheonbo-ro, Uijeongbu-si, Gyeonggi-do, 11765, Republic of Korea.
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Wang L, Yang Q, Peng S, Liu X. The combination of the glycolysis inhibitor 2-DG and sorafenib can be effective against sorafenib-tolerant persister cancer cells. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:5359-5373. [PMID: 31371980 PMCID: PMC6635829 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s212465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chemotherapy remains a major clinical option for the successful treatment of cancer by eliminating fast-growing populations of cancer cells. However, drug resistance causes the failure of antitumor treatment. Increasing evidence suggests that a small subpopulation of cancer cells will enter a “persister state” under drug pressure. The persister cell pool constitutes a reservoir from which drug resistance may emerge. Therefore, targeting persister cells presents a therapeutic opportunity to prevent drug resistance and impede tumor relapse. Materials and methods RT-qPCR, Western blot, Seahorse, apoptosis assay, clonogenic assay, and xenografted mouse model were used for this study. Results We showed that a similar therapy-resistant cell state underlies the behavior of persister cells derived from sorafenib treatments with reversible, nonmutational mechanisms. Then, we demonstrated that persister cells showed upregulated glycolysis, as evidenced by higher ECAR, as well as increased glucose consumption and lactate production. A database analysis showed that sorafenib-tolerant persister cells exhibited the increased expression of the glycolytic enzyme hexokinase 2, which is closely related to the poor prognosis in liver cancer. We found that the combined treatment with the glycolytic inhibitor 2-DG and sorafenib increased persister cell apoptosis and inhibited colony formation. Consequently, we demonstrated that when persister cells were exposed to a low concentration of sorafenib, they suffered mitochondrial dysfunction but showed compensatory increases in glycolysis, which contributes to cell growth and proliferation. Finally, we showed that the combination of 2-DG and sorafenib reduced persister tumor growth in mice. Conclusions These findings suggest that such a combination can effectively hamper persister cell growth and may represent a promising therapeutic strategy to prevent persister cell resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Luoyang No.1 Hospital of TCM, Luoyang 471000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoyong Peng
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, People's Republic of China.,The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, People's Republic of China
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Liu YD, Yu L, Ying L, Balic J, Gao H, Deng NT, West A, Yan F, Ji CB, Gough D, Tan P, Jenkins BJ, Li JK. Toll-like receptor 2 regulates metabolic reprogramming in gastric cancer via superoxide dismutase 2. Int J Cancer 2019; 144:3056-3069. [PMID: 30536754 PMCID: PMC6590666 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play critical roles in host defense after recognition of conserved microbial- and host-derived components, and their dysregulation is a common feature of various inflammation-associated cancers, including gastric cancer (GC). Despite the recent recognition that metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of cancer, the molecular effectors of altered metabolism during tumorigenesis remain unclear. Here, using bioenergetics function assays on human GC cells, we reveal that ligand-induced activation of TLR2, predominantly through TLR1/2 heterodimer, augments both oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and glycolysis, with a bias toward glycolytic activity. Notably, DNA microarray-based expression profiling of human cancer cells stimulated with TLR2 ligands demonstrated significant enrichment of gene-sets for oncogenic pathways previously implicated in metabolic regulation, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), p53 and Myc. Moreover, the redox gene encoding the manganese-dependent mitochondrial enzyme, superoxide dismutase (SOD)2, was strongly induced at the mRNA and protein levels by multiple signaling pathways downstream of TLR2, namely JAK-STAT3, JNK MAPK and NF-κB. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated suppression of SOD2 ameliorated the TLR2-induced metabolic shift in human GC cancer cells. Importantly, patient-derived tissue microarrays and bioinformatics interrogation of clinical datasets indicated that upregulated expression of TLR2 and SOD2 were significantly correlated in human GC, and the TLR2-SOD2 axis was associated with multiple clinical parameters of advanced stage disease, including distant metastasis, microvascular invasion and stage, as well as poor survival. Collectively, our findings reveal a novel TLR2-SOD2 axis as a potential biomarker for therapy and prognosis in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Dong Liu
- Department of General SurgeryShanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious DiseasesHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Liang Yu
- Department of General SurgeryShanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious DiseasesHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVICAustralia
- Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of MedicineNursing and Health Sciences, Monash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Le Ying
- Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of MedicineNursing and Health Sciences, Monash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
- Centre for Cancer ResearchHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Jesse Balic
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious DiseasesHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVICAustralia
- Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of MedicineNursing and Health Sciences, Monash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Hugh Gao
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious DiseasesHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVICAustralia
- Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of MedicineNursing and Health Sciences, Monash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Nian Tao Deng
- Tumour Progression Cancer DivisionGarvan Institute of Medical ResearchDarlinghurstNSWAustralia
| | - Alison West
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious DiseasesHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVICAustralia
- Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of MedicineNursing and Health Sciences, Monash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Feng Yan
- Australian Centre for Blood DiseasesMonash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Cheng Bo Ji
- Department of General SurgeryShanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious DiseasesHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVICAustralia
- Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of MedicineNursing and Health Sciences, Monash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Daniel Gough
- Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of MedicineNursing and Health Sciences, Monash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
- Centre for Cancer ResearchHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Patrick Tan
- Genome Institute of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Cancer and Stem Cell BiologyDuke‐NUS Medical SchoolSingaporeSingapore
- Cancer Science Institute of SingaporeNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Brendan J. Jenkins
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious DiseasesHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVICAustralia
- Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of MedicineNursing and Health Sciences, Monash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Ji Kun Li
- Department of General SurgeryShanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
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Wang W, Xu Z, Zhu X, Chang X. Mining the potential therapeutic targets for coronary artery disease by bioinformatics analysis. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:5069-5075. [PMID: 30320387 PMCID: PMC6236289 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to mine therapeutic molecular targets that play an important part in the progression of coronary artery disease (CAD). The gene expression profile GSE28829 dataset and the microRNA (miRNA) expression profile GSE59421 dataset were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The GEO2R online analytical tool was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and miRNAs (DEMs). The target genes of DEMs were identified using the miRWalk2.0 web-based tool and 2 miRNA-gene regulatory networks were constructed using Cytoscape software. Subsequently, enriched Gene Ontology (GO) terms of miRNA-target DEGs were obtained using the Database for Visualization, Annotation and Integrated Analysis, and locations of these genes in the chromosomes were determined by Map Viewer. In the present study, 350 DEGs and 66 DEMs were screened. A total of 3,588 target genes were identified from the DEMs, and 57 of these target genes and established DEGs were identified to overlap. GO terms associated with 5 processes, and 4 types of composition were identified to be enriched in the miRNA-target DEGs. Furthermore, 26 miRNA-gene regulatory pairs were obtained between the 57 target genes and DEMs. The 26 miRNA-target DEGs were unevenly distributed, and no genes were located on the sex chromosomes. As a result of the present study, potential therapeutic targets for CAD were identified through bioinformatics analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei 075000, P.R. China
| | - Zhiwei Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei 075000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobo Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei 075000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaotong Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei 075000, P.R. China
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12
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Zhang K, Zhang M, Jiang H, Liu F, Liu H, Li Y. Down-regulation of miR-214 inhibits proliferation and glycolysis in non-small-cell lung cancer cells via down-regulating the expression of hexokinase 2 and pyruvate kinase isozyme M2. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 105:545-552. [PMID: 29886375 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that is enhanced in cancer cells. miR-214 plays an important role in cancer development and can modulate glycolysis. However, whether miR-214 can regulate glycolysis in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells has not yet been investigated. The expression levels of miR-214 in 7 NSCLC cell lines were measured by qRT-PCR. MTT assay was performed to evaluate the cell proliferation. Glucose consumption and lactate production were measured to assess the level of glycolysis. The expression of hexokinase 2 (HK2) and pyruvate kinase isozyme M2 (PKM2) was measured by qRT-PCR and western blot analysis. Luciferase reporter assay was carried out to confirm the target gene of miR-214. The levels of PTEN, p-Akt, Akt, p-mTOR, mTOR, p-S6K, and S6K were assessed by western blot analysis. Results showed that miR-214 levels were significantly increased in the 7 NSCLC cell lines compared with those in the human bronchial epithelial cell line. Down-regulation of miR-214 inhibited cell proliferation, glucose consumption, lactate production, and expression of HK2 and PKM2 in NSCLC cells. We also confirmed that miR-214 directly targeted PTEN and regulated the PTEN/Akt/mTOR pathway. Inhibition of the PTEN/Akt/mTOR pathway attenuated the effect of miR-214 mimics on glucose consumption, lactate production, and expression of HK2 and PKM2 in NSCLC cells. These results demonstrated that miR-214 down-regulation inhibited cell proliferation and glycolysis by down-regulating the expression of HK2 and PKM2 via the PTEN/Akt/mTOR pathway in NSCLC cells. Hence, our findings suggested that miR-214 might serve as a novel therapeutic target for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejian Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jilin Cancer Hospital, Changchun 130021, Jilin, PR China
| | - Mingrui Zhang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, PR China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jilin Cancer Hospital, Changchun 130021, Jilin, PR China
| | - Fenglin Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jilin Cancer Hospital, Changchun 130021, Jilin, PR China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jilin Cancer Hospital, Changchun 130021, Jilin, PR China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, No.71 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, Jilin, PR China.
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13
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Soares E, Zhou H. Master regulatory role of p63 in epidermal development and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:1179-1190. [PMID: 29103147 PMCID: PMC5843667 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2701-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor p63 is a master regulator of epidermal development. Mutations in p63 give rise to human developmental diseases that often manifest epidermal defects. In this review, we summarize major p63 isoforms identified so far and p63 mutation-associated human diseases that show epidermal defects. We discuss key roles of p63 in epidermal keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, emphasizing its master regulatory control of the gene expression pattern and epigenetic landscape that define epidermal fate. We subsequently review the essential function of p63 during epidermal commitment and transdifferentiation towards epithelial lineages, highlighting the notion that p63 is the guardian of the epithelial lineage. Finally, we discuss current therapeutic development strategies for p63 mutation-associated diseases. Our review proposes future directions for dissecting p63-controlled mechanisms in normal and diseased epidermal development and for developing therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Soares
- Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, 274, Postbus 9101, 6500HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Huiqing Zhou
- Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, 274, Postbus 9101, 6500HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 855, Postbus 9101, 6500HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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14
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The catalytic inactivation of the N-half of human hexokinase 2 and structural and biochemical characterization of its mitochondrial conformation. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20171666. [PMID: 29298880 PMCID: PMC5803496 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The high proliferation rate of tumor cells demands high energy and metabolites that are sustained by a high glycolytic flux known as the 'Warburg effect'. The activation and further metabolism of glucose is initiated by hexokinase, a focal point of metabolic regulation. The human hexokinase 2 (HK2) is overexpressed in all aggressive tumors and predominantly found on the outer mitochondrial membrane, where interactions through its N-terminus initiates and maintains tumorigenesis. Here, we report the structure of HK2 in complex with glucose and glucose-6-phosphate (G6P). Structural and biochemical characterization of the mitochondrial conformation reveals higher conformational stability and slow protein unfolding rate (ku) compared with the cytosolic conformation. Despite the active site similarity of all human hexokinases, the N-domain of HK2 is catalytically active but not in hexokinase 1 and 3. Helix-α13 that protrudes out of the N-domain to link it to the C-domain of HK2 is found to be important in maintaining the catalytic activity of the N-half. In addition, the N-domain of HK2 regulates the stability of the whole enzyme in contrast with the C-domain. Glucose binding enhanced the stability of the wild-type (WT) enzyme and the single mutant D657A of the C-domain, but it did not increase the stability of the D209A mutant of the N-domain. The interaction of HK2 with the mitochondria through its N-half is proposed to facilitate higher stability on the mitochondria. The identification of structural and biochemical differences between HK2 and other human hexokinase isozymes could potentially be used in the development of new anticancer therapies.
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15
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Tang Y, Wang XW, Liu ZH, Sun YM, Tang YX, Zhou DH. Chaperone-mediated autophagy substrate proteins in cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:51970-51985. [PMID: 28881704 PMCID: PMC5584305 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
All intracellular proteins undergo continuous synthesis and degradation. Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) is necessary to maintain cellular homeostasis through turnover of cytosolic proteins (substrate proteins). This degradation involves a series of substrate proteins including both cancer promoters and suppressors. Since activating or inhibiting CMA pathway to treat cancer is still debated, targeting to the CMA substrate proteins provides a novel direction. We summarize the cancer-associated substrate proteins which are degraded by CMA. Consequently, CMA substrate proteins catalyze the glycolysis which contributes to the Warburg effect in cancer cells. The fact that the degradation of substrate proteins based on the CMA can be altered by posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation or acetylation. In conclusion, targeting to CMA substrate proteins develops into a new anticancer therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiong-Wen Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhan-Hua Liu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yun-Ming Sun
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Zhoushan, Zhoushan 316000, China
| | - Yu-Xin Tang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Zhoushan, Zhoushan 316000, China
| | - Dai-Han Zhou
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
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16
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Woldetsadik AD, Vogel MC, Rabeh WM, Magzoub M. Hexokinase II-derived cell-penetrating peptide targets mitochondria and triggers apoptosis in cancer cells. FASEB J 2017; 31:2168-2184. [PMID: 28183803 PMCID: PMC5388548 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601173r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of mitochondria-bound hexokinase II (HKII) in cancer cells plays an important role in their metabolic reprogramming and protects them against apoptosis, thereby facilitating their growth and proliferation. Here, we show that covalently coupling a peptide corresponding to the mitochondrial membrane–binding N-terminal 15 aa of HKII (pHK) to a short, penetration-accelerating sequence (PAS) enhances the cellular uptake, mitochondrial localization, and cytotoxicity of the peptide in HeLa cells. Further analysis revealed that pHK-PAS depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential, inhibited mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis, and depleted intracellular ATP levels. The effects of pHK-PAS were correlated with dissociation of endogenous full-length HKII from mitochondria and release of cytochrome c. Of significance, pHK-PAS treatment of noncancerous HEK293 cells resulted in substantially lower cytotoxicity. Thus, pHK-PAS effectively disrupted the mitochondria-HKII association in cancer cells, which led to mitochondrial dysfunction and, finally, apoptosis. Our results demonstrate the potential of the pHK-PAS cell-penetrating peptide as a novel therapeutic strategy in cancer.—Woldetsadik, A. D., Vogel, M. C., Rabeh, W. M., Magzoub, M. Hexokinase II–derived cell-penetrating peptide targets mitochondria and triggers apoptosis in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiy D Woldetsadik
- Division of Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Maria C Vogel
- Division of Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Wael M Rabeh
- Division of Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mazin Magzoub
- Division of Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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17
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Kochel K, Tomczyk MD, Simões RF, Frączek T, Soboń A, Oliveira PJ, Walczak KZ, Koceva-Chyła A. Evaluation of biological properties of 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride derivatives and their ability to inhibit hexokinase activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:427-431. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Liver glucose metabolism in humans. Biosci Rep 2016; 36:BSR20160385. [PMID: 27707936 PMCID: PMC5293555 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20160385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Information about normal hepatic glucose metabolism may help to understand pathogenic mechanisms underlying obesity and diabetes mellitus. In addition, liver glucose metabolism is involved in glycosylation reactions and connected with fatty acid metabolism. The liver receives dietary carbohydrates directly from the intestine via the portal vein. Glucokinase phosphorylates glucose to glucose 6-phosphate inside the hepatocyte, ensuring that an adequate flow of glucose enters the cell to be metabolized. Glucose 6-phosphate may proceed to several metabolic pathways. During the post-prandial period, most glucose 6-phosphate is used to synthesize glycogen via the formation of glucose 1-phosphate and UDP–glucose. Minor amounts of UDP–glucose are used to form UDP–glucuronate and UDP–galactose, which are donors of monosaccharide units used in glycosylation. A second pathway of glucose 6-phosphate metabolism is the formation of fructose 6-phosphate, which may either start the hexosamine pathway to produce UDP-N-acetylglucosamine or follow the glycolytic pathway to generate pyruvate and then acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA may enter the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to be oxidized or may be exported to the cytosol to synthesize fatty acids, when excess glucose is present within the hepatocyte. Finally, glucose 6-phosphate may produce NADPH and ribose 5-phosphate through the pentose phosphate pathway. Glucose metabolism supplies intermediates for glycosylation, a post-translational modification of proteins and lipids that modulates their activity. Congenital deficiency of phosphoglucomutase (PGM)-1 and PGM-3 is associated with impaired glycosylation. In addition to metabolize carbohydrates, the liver produces glucose to be used by other tissues, from glycogen breakdown or from de novo synthesis using primarily lactate and alanine (gluconeogenesis).
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19
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Integrated Network Analysis Reveals an Association between Plasma Mannose Levels and Insulin Resistance. Cell Metab 2016; 24:172-84. [PMID: 27345421 PMCID: PMC6666317 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the biological processes that are altered in obese subjects, we generated cell-specific integrated networks (INs) by merging genome-scale metabolic, transcriptional regulatory and protein-protein interaction networks. We performed genome-wide transcriptomics analysis to determine the global gene expression changes in the liver and three adipose tissues from obese subjects undergoing bariatric surgery and integrated these data into the cell-specific INs. We found dysregulations in mannose metabolism in obese subjects and validated our predictions by detecting mannose levels in the plasma of the lean and obese subjects. We observed significant correlations between plasma mannose levels, BMI, and insulin resistance (IR). We also measured plasma mannose levels of the subjects in two additional different cohorts and observed that an increased plasma mannose level was associated with IR and insulin secretion. We finally identified mannose as one of the best plasma metabolites in explaining the variance in obesity-independent IR.
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20
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Sun M, Liao S, Zhang L, Wu C, Qi N, Lv M, Li J, Lin X, Zhang J, Xie M, Zhu G, Cai J. Molecular and biochemical characterization of Eimeria tenella hexokinase. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:3425-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5104-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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21
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Deng Y, Lu J. Targeting hexokinase 2 in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 2:e974465. [PMID: 27308450 PMCID: PMC4905284 DOI: 10.4161/23723556.2014.974465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic glycolysis, known as the Warburg effect, is one of the hallmarks of cancer cells. We recently reported that the hexokinase 2 (HK2)-mediated Warburg effect is required for castration-resistant prostate cancer that is driven by Pten/p53 deficiency, suggesting that HK2 might be a therapeutic target for prostate cancer patients carrying PTEN and p53 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Deng
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics; The University of Minnesota Hormel Institute ; Austin, MN USA
| | - Junxuan Lu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy ; Amarillo, TX USA
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22
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Warmoes MO, Locasale JW. Heterogeneity of glycolysis in cancers and therapeutic opportunities. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 92:12-21. [PMID: 25093285 PMCID: PMC4254151 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Upregulated glycolysis, both in normoxic and hypoxic environments, is a nearly universal trait of cancer cells. The enormous difference in glucose metabolism offers a target for therapeutic intervention with a potentially low toxicity profile. The past decade has seen a steep rise in the development and clinical assessment of small molecules that target glycolysis. The enzymes in glycolysis have a highly heterogeneous nature that allows for the different bioenergetic, biosynthetic, and signaling demands needed for various tissue functions. In cancers, these properties enable them to respond to the variable requirements of cell survival, proliferation and adaptation to nutrient availability. Heterogeneity in glycolysis occurs through the expression of different isoforms, posttranslational modifications that affect the kinetic and regulatory properties of the enzyme. In this review, we will explore this vast heterogeneity of glycolysis and discuss how this information might be exploited to better target glucose metabolism and offer possibilities for biomarker development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc O Warmoes
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Jason W Locasale
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.
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23
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A unique hexokinase in Cryptosporidium parvum, an apicomplexan pathogen lacking the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Protist 2014; 165:701-14. [PMID: 25216472 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum may cause virtually untreatable infections in AIDS patients, and is recently identified as one of the top four diarrheal pathogens in children in developing countries. Cryptosporidium differs from other apicomplexans (e.g., Plasmodium and Toxoplasma) by lacking many metabolic pathways including the Krebs cycle and cytochrome-based respiratory chain, thus relying mainly on glycolysis for ATP production. Here we report the molecular and biochemical characterizations of a hexokinase in C. parvum (CpHK). Our phylogenetic reconstructions indicated that apicomplexan hexokinases including CpHK were highly divergent from those of humans and animals (i.e., at the base of the eukaryotic clade). CpHK displays unique kinetic features that differ from those in mammals and Toxoplasma gondii (TgHK) in the preference towards various hexoses and its capacity to use ATP and other NTPs. CpHK also displays substrate inhibition by ATP. Moreover, 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) could not only inhibit the CpHK activity, but also the parasite growth in vitro at concentrations nontoxic to host cells (IC(50) = 0.54 mM). While the exact action of 2-deoxy-D-glucose on the parasite is subject to further verification, our data suggest that CpHK and the glycolytic pathway may be explored for developing anti-cryptosporidial therapeutics.
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24
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Marín-Hernández A, López-Ramírez SY, Del Mazo-Monsalvo I, Gallardo-Pérez JC, Rodríguez-Enríquez S, Moreno-Sánchez R, Saavedra E. Modeling cancer glycolysis under hypoglycemia, and the role played by the differential expression of glycolytic isoforms. FEBS J 2014; 281:3325-45. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sara Rodríguez-Enríquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología; Mexico
- Laboratorio de Medicina Traslacional; Instituto Nacional de Cancerología; Mexico
| | | | - Emma Saavedra
- Departamento de Bioquímica; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología; Mexico
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25
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Cesari IM, Carvalho E, Figueiredo Rodrigues M, Mendonça BDS, Amôedo ND, Rumjanek FD. Methyl jasmonate: putative mechanisms of action on cancer cells cycle, metabolism, and apoptosis. Int J Cell Biol 2014; 2014:572097. [PMID: 24648844 PMCID: PMC3933403 DOI: 10.1155/2014/572097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Methyl jasmonate (MJ), an oxylipid that induces defense-related mechanisms in plants, has been shown to be active against cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo, without affecting normal cells. Here we review most of the described MJ activities in an attempt to get an integrated view and better understanding of its multifaceted modes of action. MJ (1) arrests cell cycle, inhibiting cell growth and proliferation, (2) causes cell death through the intrinsic/extrinsic proapoptotic, p53-independent apoptotic, and nonapoptotic (necrosis) pathways, (3) detaches hexokinase from the voltage-dependent anion channel, dissociating glycolytic and mitochondrial functions, decreasing the mitochondrial membrane potential, favoring cytochrome c release and ATP depletion, activating pro-apoptotic, and inactivating antiapoptotic proteins, (4) induces reactive oxygen species mediated responses, (5) stimulates MAPK-stress signaling and redifferentiation in leukemia cells, (6) inhibits overexpressed proinflammatory enzymes in cancer cells such as aldo-keto reductase 1 and 5-lipoxygenase, and (7) inhibits cell migration and shows antiangiogenic and antimetastatic activities. Finally, MJ may act as a chemosensitizer to some chemotherapics helping to overcome drug resistant. The complete lack of toxicity to normal cells and the rapidity by which MJ causes damage to cancer cells turn MJ into a promising anticancer agent that can be used alone or in combination with other agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Italo Mario Cesari
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular do Câncer, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Prédio CCS, Bloco E, Sala 22, Ilha do Fundão, Cidade Universitária, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Erika Carvalho
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular do Câncer, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Prédio CCS, Bloco E, Sala 22, Ilha do Fundão, Cidade Universitária, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mariana Figueiredo Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular do Câncer, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Prédio CCS, Bloco E, Sala 22, Ilha do Fundão, Cidade Universitária, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Bruna dos Santos Mendonça
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular do Câncer, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Prédio CCS, Bloco E, Sala 22, Ilha do Fundão, Cidade Universitária, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Nivea Dias Amôedo
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular do Câncer, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Prédio CCS, Bloco E, Sala 22, Ilha do Fundão, Cidade Universitária, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Franklin David Rumjanek
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular do Câncer, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Prédio CCS, Bloco E, Sala 22, Ilha do Fundão, Cidade Universitária, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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26
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Abstract
Chimerical nature of the gene annotated as Zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) glucokinase (hexokinase IV) has been proved in this study. N-half of the protein encoded by that gene shows similarity with glucokinase from other vertebrates, while its C-half shows similarity with C-halves of hexokinases II. We mapped 7 new exons coding for N-half of hexokinase II and 4 new exons coding for glucokinase of Zebra finch. Finally, we reconstructed normal genes coding for Zebra finch glucokinase and hexokinase II which are situated in “head-to-tail” orientation on the chromosome 22. Because of the error in gene annotation, exons encoding N-half of normal glucokinase have been fused with exons encoding C-half of normal hexokinase II, even though they are separated from each other by the sequence 98066 nucleotides in length.
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27
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Roberts DJ, Tan-Sah VP, Smith JM, Miyamoto S. Akt phosphorylates HK-II at Thr-473 and increases mitochondrial HK-II association to protect cardiomyocytes. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:23798-806. [PMID: 23836898 PMCID: PMC3745326 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.482026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hexokinase II (HK-II) is an enzyme that catalyzes the first step in glycolysis and localizes not only in the cytosol but also at mitochondria. Akt, activated by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) treatment in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes, translocates to mitochondria and increases mitochondrial HK-II binding. Expression of an HK-II-dissociating peptide diminished IGF-1-induced increases in mitochondrial HK-II as well as protection against hydrogen peroxide treatment, suggesting an important role of mitochondrial HK-II in IGF-1/Akt-mediated protection. We hypothesized, on the basis of an Akt phosphorylation consensus sequence present in HK-II, that Thr-473 is the target of Akt kinase activity. Indeed, recombinant kinase-active Akt robustly phosphorylates WT HK-II, but not Thr-473 mutants. Phosphomimetic (T473D)HK-II, but not non-phosphorylatable (T473A)HK-II, constitutively increased mitochondrial binding compared with WT HK-II and concomitantly confers greater protection against hydrogen peroxide. Glucose 6-phosphate (G-6P), a product of the catalytic activity of HK-II, is well known to dissociate HK-II from mitochondria. Addition of G-6P to isolated mitochondria dose-dependently dissociates WT HK-II, and this response is inhibited significantly in mitochondria isolated from cardiomyocytes expressing T473D HK-II. Pretreatment with IGF-1 also inhibits G-6P-induced overexpressed or endogenous HK-II dissociation, and this response was blocked by Akt inhibition. These results show that Akt phosphorylation of HK-II at Thr-473 is responsible for the Akt-mediated increase in HK-II binding to mitochondria. This increase is, at least in part, due to the decreased sensitivity to G-6P-induced dissociation. Thus, phosphorylation-mediated regulation of mitochondrial HK-II would be a critical component of the protective effect of Akt.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Roberts
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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28
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Richter S, Richter JP, Mehta SY, Gribble AM, Sutherland-Smith AJ, Stowell KM, Print CG, Ronimus RS, Wilson WR. Expression and role in glycolysis of human ADP-dependent glucokinase. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 364:131-45. [PMID: 22219026 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-1212-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel murine enzyme, ADP-dependent glucokinase (ADPGK), has been shown to catalyse glucose phosphorylation using ADP as phosphoryl donor. The ancestral ADPGK gene appears to have been laterally transferred from Archaea early in metazoan evolution, but its biological role has not been established. Here, we undertake an initial investigation of the functional properties of human ADPGK in human tumour cell lines and specifically test the hypothesis that ADPGK might prime glycolysis using ADP under stress conditions such as hypoxia. Recombinant human ADPGK was confirmed to catalyse ADP-dependent glucose phosphorylation in vitro, with an apparent K (M) for glucose of 0.29 mM. Expression databases and western blotting of surgical samples demonstrated high expression in many human tissues, including tumours. Unlike hexokinase-2 (HK2), RNAi studies with exon arrays showed that ADPGK is not a transcriptional target of hypoxia inducible factor-1. Consistent with this, ADPGK protein was not upregulated by hypoxia or anoxia. Surprisingly, stable fivefold overexpression of ADPGK in H460 or HCT116 cells had no apparent effect on proliferation or glycolysis, and did not rescue clonogenicity or glycolysis when HK2 was suppressed by siRNA. Furthermore, suppression of ADPGK by siRNA did not cause detectable inhibition of glycolysis or cell killing by anoxia, although it did induce a statistically significant decrease in plating efficiency of H460 cells under aerobic conditions. Thus, human ADPGK catalyses ADP-dependent phosphorylation of glucose in vitro, but despite its high expression in human tumour cell lines it appears not to make a quantifiable contribution to glycolysis under the conditions evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Richter
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, 92019 Auckland, New Zealand
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