1
|
Reidel IG, Curti CC, Dorémus L, Béré E, Delwail A, Russi RC, Lecron JC, Morel F, García MI, Müller DM, Jégou JF, Veaute CM. Liposomal co-encapsulation of a novel gemini lipopeptide and a CpG-ODN induces a strong Th1 response with the co-activation of a Th2/Th17 profile and high antibody levels. Vaccine 2024; 42:1953-1965. [PMID: 38378388 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
A successful vaccine depends on its capacity to elicit a protective immune response against the target pathogen. The adjuvant used plays an important role in enhancing and directing the immune response. Liposomes are vaccine adjuvants that allow the co-encapsulation of antigens and immunostimulants. Our aim was to evaluate the adjuvanticity of a cationic liposome (Lip) formulated with a novel gemini lipopeptide (AG2-C16) alone or in combination with CpG-ODN as immunostimulants. To achieve this, we used the recombinant clumping factor of Staphylococcus aureus (rClfA) as a model antigen, in a murine model. We characterized the formulations by DLS, Cryo-SEM, and TEM, and analyzed the humoral and cellular immune responses induced in BALB/c and C57BL/6J mice injected with free rClfA and three formulations: Lip + CpG-ODN + rClfA, Lip + AG2-C16 + rClfA and Lip + AG2-C16 + CpG-ODN + rClfA. The addition of immunostimulants to the liposomes did not change the membrane diameter but affected their hydrodynamic diameter, z-potential, and homogeneity. All liposomal formulations were able to stimulate a specific humoral response, with high serum IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a or IgG2c titers in BALB/c or C57BL/6J mice, respectively. In addition, increased vaginal IgG levels were detected after injection, with no specific IgA. The cellular immunity induced by Lip + AG2-C16 + CpG-ODN + rClfA was characterized by a predominant Th1 profile, with the co-induction of Th2 and Th17 cells, and IFN-γ+ cytotoxic T cells. Furthermore, we studied the capacity of the different formulations to stimulate murine keratinocytes and fibroblasts in vitro. While no formulation activated keratinocytes, Lip + AG2-C16 + CpG-ODN increased the expression of CXCL9 in fibroblasts. These results suggest Lip + AG2-C16 + CpG-ODN as a promising adjuvant candidate to be used in vaccines against pathogens that require Th1/Th2/Th17 combined profiles, like S. aureus. Additionally, based on the IFN-γ+ cytotoxic T cells stimulation and the CXCL9 production by fibroblasts, we propose the use of this adjuvant formulation for the stimulation of a Th1 profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Gabriela Reidel
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States; Université de Poitiers, LITEC, UR15560, Poitiers, France
| | - Cecilia Carol Curti
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Léa Dorémus
- Université de Poitiers, ImageUP platform, CNRS, UAR2038, BioS, Poitiers, France
| | - Emile Béré
- Université de Poitiers, ImageUP platform, CNRS, UAR2038, BioS, Poitiers, France
| | - Adriana Delwail
- Université de Poitiers, ImageUP platform, CNRS, UAR2038, BioS, Poitiers, France; Université de Poitiers, CNRS, UMR 6041, 4CS, Laboratory Channels & Connexins in Cancers and Cell Stemness, Poitiers, France
| | - Romina Cecilia Russi
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | | | - Franck Morel
- Université de Poitiers, LITEC, UR15560, Poitiers, France
| | - María Inés García
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Diana María Müller
- LAQUIMAP, Dto. Química Orgánica, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Jean-François Jégou
- Université de Poitiers, ImageUP platform, CNRS, UAR2038, BioS, Poitiers, France; Université de Poitiers, LITEC, UR15560, Poitiers, France
| | - Carolina Melania Veaute
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Quiroga J, Vidal S, Siel D, Caruffo M, Valdés A, Cabrera G, Lapierre L, Sáenz L. Novel Proteoliposome-Based Vaccine against E. coli: A Potential New Tool for the Control of Bovine Mastitis. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192533. [PMID: 36230275 PMCID: PMC9558995 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Mastitis is a highly prevalent disease in dairy cattle, affecting animal welfare and generating economic losses for the dairy industry. Control measures for coliform mastitis are limited, due to the constant exposure of the teat to bacteria and the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, making vaccination an important strategy for control of mastitis. However, currently available vaccines show limited efficacy, which could be attributed to inactivation processes that alter the antigenic preservation of the vaccines. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of a novel vaccine against mastitis using proteoliposomes obtained from E. coli in a murine model of coliform mastitis. We demonstrated that the proteoliposome vaccine was safe, immunogenic and effective against an experimental model of E. coli mastitis, decreasing bacterial count and tissue damage. This proteoliposome vaccine is a potential new tool for prevention of mastitis. Abstract Escherichia coli is an important causative agent of clinical mastitis in cattle. Current available vaccines have shown limited protection. We evaluated the efficacy of a novel vaccine based on bacterial proteoliposomes derived from an E. coli field strain. Female BALB/c mice were immunized subcutaneously with two doses of the vaccine, 3 weeks apart. Between days 5 and 8 after the first inoculation, the females were mated. At 5–8 days postpartum, the mice were intramammary challenged with the same E. coli strain. Two days after bacterial infection, mice were euthanized, and the mammary glands were examined and removed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the vaccine as well as the immune response generated by the new formulation. The vaccinated mice showed mild clinical symptoms and a lower mammary bacterial load as compared to non-vaccinated animals. The vaccination induced an increase in levels of IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a against E. coli in blood and mammary glands that showed less inflammatory infiltration and tissue damage, as compared to the control group. In summary, the vaccine based on bacterial proteoliposomes is safe, immunogenic, and effective against E. coli, constituting a new potential tool for mastitis control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Quiroga
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Sonia Vidal
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile
| | - Daniela Siel
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370035, Chile
| | - Mario Caruffo
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile
- Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago 8370003, Chile
| | - Andrea Valdés
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Cabrera
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
| | - Lissette Lapierre
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (L.S.); Tel.: +56-9229-785689 (L.S.)
| | - Leonardo Sáenz
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (L.S.); Tel.: +56-9229-785689 (L.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Novoa MB, Sarli M, Reidel IG, Veaute C, Valentini B, Primo ME. Neospora caninum truncated recombinant proteins formulated with liposomes and CpG-ODNs triggered a humoral immune response in cattle after immunisation and challenge. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 238:110285. [PMID: 34146834 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abortions caused by Neospora caninum are a serious problem in cattle production and require effective immunoprophylaxis. The objective of this work was to assess the humoral immune response to four recombinant (r) N. caninum antigens in cattle after immunisation and challenge. MIC1 and MIC3 proteins from the micronemes, SRS2 from the surface of tachyzoites, and GRA7 from the dense granules were expressed as truncated recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli. Cationic liposomes (Lip) and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODNs) were used as adjuvant. Steers were assigned to three groups of six steers each and were inoculated twice subcutaneously, 21 days apart. The rP + Lip + CpG-ODN group received the truncated recombinant proteins rMIC1, rMIC3, rSRS2 and rGRA7 formulated with the adjuvant; the Lip + CpG-ODN group received the adjuvant alone; and the PBS group received sterile phosphate-buffered saline. All steers were subcutaneously challenged with the NC-1 strain of N. caninum 35 days after the second dose of immunisation. Steers from the rP + Lip + CpG-ODN group developed specific IgG, IgG1 and IgG2 against the four recombinant proteins after immunisation. After challenge, IgG against rMIC1 and rMIC3 was detected in rP + Lip + CpG-ODN group and against rSRS2 and rGRA7 in all groups. IgG1 and IgG2 against the four recombinant proteins remained high after challenge in the rP + Lip + CpG-ODN group. Indirect ELISA detected anti-N. caninum antibodies after challenge in all groups, with the highest level of antibodies being detected in the rP + Lip + CpG-ODN group. The recombinant vaccine formulated with rMIC1, rMIC3, rSRS2 and rGRA7 using Lip + CpG-ODN as adjuvant was immunogenic in cattle and the humoral immune response after challenge was enhanced in vaccinated cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Novoa
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA-CONICET), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Route 34, km 227, 2300, Rafaela, Argentina.
| | - Macarena Sarli
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA-CONICET), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Route 34, km 227, 2300, Rafaela, Argentina
| | - Ivana Gabriela Reidel
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, S3000ZAA, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Carolina Veaute
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, S3000ZAA, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Beatriz Valentini
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA-CONICET), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Route 34, km 227, 2300, Rafaela, Argentina
| | - María Evangelina Primo
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA-CONICET), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Route 34, km 227, 2300, Rafaela, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jia Y, Akache B, Agbayani G, Chandan V, Dudani R, Harrison BA, Deschatelets L, Hemraz UD, Lam E, Régnier S, Stark FC, Krishnan L, McCluskie MJ. The Synergistic Effects of Sulfated Lactosyl Archaeol Archaeosomes When Combined with Different Adjuvants in a Murine Model. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13020205. [PMID: 33540932 PMCID: PMC7913188 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Archaeosomes, composed of sulfated lactosyl archaeol (SLA) glycolipids, have been proven to be an effective vaccine adjuvant in multiple preclinical models of infectious disease or cancer. SLA archaeosomes are a promising adjuvant candidate due to their ability to strongly stimulate both humoral and cytotoxic immune responses when simply admixed with an antigen. In the present study, we evaluated whether the adjuvant effects of SLA archaeosomes could be further enhanced when combined with other adjuvants. SLA archaeosomes were co-administered with five different Toll-like Receptor (TLR) agonists or the saponin QS-21 using ovalbumin as a model antigen in mice. Both humoral and cellular immune responses were greatly enhanced compared to either adjuvant alone when SLA archaeosomes were combined with either the TLR3 agonist poly(I:C) or the TLR9 agonist CpG. These results were also confirmed in a separate study using Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and support the further evaluation of these adjuvant combinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yimei Jia
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (Y.J.); (B.A.); (G.A.); (V.C.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (F.C.S.); (L.K.)
| | - Bassel Akache
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (Y.J.); (B.A.); (G.A.); (V.C.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (F.C.S.); (L.K.)
| | - Gerard Agbayani
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (Y.J.); (B.A.); (G.A.); (V.C.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (F.C.S.); (L.K.)
| | - Vandana Chandan
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (Y.J.); (B.A.); (G.A.); (V.C.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (F.C.S.); (L.K.)
| | - Renu Dudani
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (Y.J.); (B.A.); (G.A.); (V.C.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (F.C.S.); (L.K.)
| | - Blair A. Harrison
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (Y.J.); (B.A.); (G.A.); (V.C.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (F.C.S.); (L.K.)
| | - Lise Deschatelets
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (Y.J.); (B.A.); (G.A.); (V.C.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (F.C.S.); (L.K.)
| | - Usha D. Hemraz
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada; (U.D.H.); (E.L.); (S.R.)
| | - Edmond Lam
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada; (U.D.H.); (E.L.); (S.R.)
| | - Sophie Régnier
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada; (U.D.H.); (E.L.); (S.R.)
| | - Felicity C. Stark
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (Y.J.); (B.A.); (G.A.); (V.C.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (F.C.S.); (L.K.)
| | - Lakshmi Krishnan
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (Y.J.); (B.A.); (G.A.); (V.C.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (F.C.S.); (L.K.)
| | - Michael J. McCluskie
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; (Y.J.); (B.A.); (G.A.); (V.C.); (R.D.); (B.A.H.); (L.D.); (F.C.S.); (L.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-613-993-9774
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Grippo LD, Reidel IG, García MI, Streu A, Müller DM, Veaute CM. Gemini lipopeptides as vaccine adjuvants: a new role for these versatile carriers. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2020; 9:159-163. [PMID: 32864372 PMCID: PMC7445326 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2020.9.2.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of subunit vaccines requires new adjuvant systems. We designed and synthesized new lipopeptides (cysteine-based) of low molecular weight with different hydrophobic chains that dimerize becoming gemini lipopeptides. They were characterized and their adjuvant capacity was tested in mice by the inoculation of a protein antigen formulated with the lipopeptides, with and without the addition of CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides. Formulations were able to induce an immune response and produced no adverse effects. An adjuvant ability is described for the first time for this type of molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Daniela Grippo
- LAQUIMAP, Dto. Química Orgánica, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ivana Gabriela Reidel
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María Inés García
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Alexis Streu
- LAQUIMAP, Dto. Química Orgánica, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Diana María Müller
- LAQUIMAP, Dto. Química Orgánica, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Carolina Melania Veaute
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Reidel IG, Camussone C, Suarez Archilla GA, Calvinho LF, Veaute C. Liposomal and CpG-ODN formulation elicits strong humoral immune responses to recombinant Staphylococcus aureus antigens in heifer calves. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 212:1-8. [PMID: 31213246 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Bovine mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus is a serious problem in dairy production and effective immunoprophylaxis is an unmet goal so far. The objective of this work was to assess the humoral immune response of heifer calves against two recombinant S. aureus antigens: Clumping factor A (ClfA) and Fibronectin Binding Protein A (FnBPA), formulated with a novel adjuvant based on cationic liposomes (Lip) and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN). Six groups of 6-8 months old heifer calves received three doses biweekly of antigens, formulated with Al(OH)3, liposomes, CpG-ODN or Lip + CpG-ODN. Animals also received a fourth dose after a year (day 410) and a booster before calving. The administration of Al(OH)3+FnBPA/ClfA and Lip + FnBPA/ClfA + CpG-ODN induced the highest specific IgG levels, after the first 3 doses and induced a fast increase of antibodies after the fourth dose. All the formulations stimulated the production of specific IgG1, after the third and fourth dose. Specific IgG2 for both proteins was only stimulated after the fourth dose by Lip + FnBPA/ClfA + CpG-ODN. Pre-calving immunisation with Lip + FnBPA/ClfA + CpG-ODN led to the highest IgG levels during the calving period and to the production of the IgG2 subclass. The formulation was also able to stimulate the highest antibody levels in milk, 30 and 45 days after pre-calving booster. The combination of liposomes and CpG-ODN as adjuvant for a subunit vaccine, together with the immunisation schedule described, induced a strong humoral immune response with production of specific IgG2. The formulation demonstrated to induce immune memory allowing the application of a single pre-calving booster to maintain high antibody levels throughout the period of increased susceptibility to intramammary infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Gabriela Reidel
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, S3000ZAA, Santa Fe, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Camussone
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina; Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, INTA, Route 34, km 227, 2300 Rafaela, Argentina
| | | | - Luis Fernando Calvinho
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, INTA, Route 34, km 227, 2300 Rafaela, Argentina
| | - Carolina Veaute
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, S3000ZAA, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Park BK, Park JY, Kim TH, Kim D, Wu G, Gautam A, Maharjan S, Lee SI, Lee Y, Kwon HJ, Choi KC. Production of an anti-TM4SF5 monoclonal antibody and its application in the detection of TM4SF5 as a possible marker of a poor prognosis in colorectal cancer. Int J Oncol 2018; 53:275-285. [PMID: 29749436 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell surface transmembrane 4 superfamily member 5 protein (TM4SF5) has been implicated in various human cancers. Immunization with a peptide vaccine targeting human TM4SF5 has been shown to exert prophylactic and therapeutic effects against the development of hepatocellular carcinoma and colon cancer in mouse models. In this study, we developed a novel monoclonal antibody (mEC2‑CF) targeting a cyclic epitope of TM4SF5 and evaluated its reactivity to TM4SF5 in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells and cancer tissues. The isotype of mEC2‑CF was IgG2a and the antibody specifically recognized the cyclic peptide, based on ELISA. The antibody recognized recombinant TM4SF5 overexpressed in 293F cells, irrespective of N‑glycosidase F treatment. The antibody was internalized into the cytosol after binding to the surface of TM4SF5‑expressing CRC cells, suggesting that this antibody may be useful in therapeutics. In addition, we evaluated TM4SF5 expression in the tissues of patients with CRC patients to determine its prognostic significance. TM4SF5 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry using mEC2‑CF and tissue microarray blocks of 204 primary CRC samples. The overall rate of TM4SF5 overexpression in the samples (immunohistochemical score >4) was 27.0% (55 of 204). The increased expression of TM4SF5 was significantly associated with a shorter survival rate (P=0.0014) and a worse disease‑free survival (P=0.0483) of patients with CRC. No association was observed between TM4SF5 expression and clinicopathological characteristics, apart from tumor depth of invasion (P=0.027). These results suggest that our novel antibody can be used to detect endogenous and recombinant TM4SF5, and that TM4SF5 may be a possible marker for the poor prognosis of patients with CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byoung Kwon Park
- Center for Medical Science Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Park
- Department of Pathology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon 24253, Republic of Korea
| | - Te Ha Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongbum Kim
- Center for Medical Science Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Guang Wu
- Center for Medical Science Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Avishekh Gautam
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Sony Maharjan
- Center for Medical Science Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Su In Lee
- Center for Medical Science Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghee Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Joo Kwon
- Center for Medical Science Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Chan Choi
- Center for Medical Science Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chattopadhyay S, Chen JY, Chen HW, Hu CMJ. Nanoparticle Vaccines Adopting Virus-like Features for Enhanced Immune Potentiation. Nanotheranostics 2017; 1:244-260. [PMID: 29071191 PMCID: PMC5646730 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.19796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic nanoparticles play an increasingly significant role in vaccine design and development as many nanoparticle vaccines show improved safety and efficacy over conventional formulations. These nanoformulations are structurally similar to viruses, which are nanoscale pathogenic organisms that have served as a key selective pressure driving the evolution of our immune system. As a result, mechanisms behind the benefits of nanoparticle vaccines can often find analogue to the interaction dynamics between the immune system and viruses. This review covers the advances in vaccine nanotechnology with a perspective on the advantages of virus mimicry towards immune potentiation. It provides an overview to the different types of nanomaterials utilized for nanoparticle vaccine development, including functionalization strategies that bestow nanoparticles with virus-like features. As understanding of human immunity and vaccine mechanisms continue to evolve, recognizing the fundamental semblance between synthetic nanoparticles and viruses may offer an explanation for the superiority of nanoparticle vaccines over conventional vaccines and may spur new design rationales for future vaccine research. These nanoformulations are poised to provide solutions towards pressing and emerging human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saborni Chattopadhyay
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Yi Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Nanotechnology and Infectious Diseases, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Che-Ming Jack Hu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Nanotechnology and Infectious Diseases, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chikh G, Luu R, Patel S, Davis HL, Weeratna RD. Effects of KLK Peptide on Adjuvanticity of Different ODN Sequences. Vaccines (Basel) 2016; 4:vaccines4020014. [PMID: 27153098 PMCID: PMC4931631 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines4020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLR) such as TLR3, 7, 8 and 9 recognize pathogen associated nucleic acids. While DNA sequence does influence degree of binding to and activation of TLR9, it also appears to influence the ability of the ligand to reach the intracellular endosomal compartment. The KLK (KLKL5KLK) antimicrobial peptide, which is immunostimulatory itself, can translocate into cells without cell membrane permeabilization and thus can be used for endosomal delivery of TLR agonists, as has been shown with the IC31 formulation that contains an oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) TLR9 agonist. We evaluated the adjuvant activity of KLK combined with CpG or non-CpG (GpC) ODN synthesized with nuclease resistant phosphorothioate (S) or native phosphodiester (O) backbones with ovalbumin (OVA) antigen in mice. As single adjuvants, CpG(S) gave the strongest enhancement of OVA-specific immunity and the addition of KLK provided no benefit and was actually detrimental for some readouts. In contrast, KLK enhanced the adjuvant effects of CpG(O) and to a lesser extent of GpC (S), which on their own had little or no activity. Indeed while CD8 T cells, IFN-γ secretion and humoral response to vaccine antigen were enhanced when CpG(O) was combined with KLK, only IFN-γ secretion was enhanced when GpC (S) was combined to KLK. The synergistic adjuvant effects with KLK/ODN combinations were TLR9-mediated since they did not occur in TLR9 knock-out mice. We hypothesize that a nuclease resistant ODN with CpG motifs has its own mechanism for entering cells to reach the endosome. For ODN without CpG motifs, KLK appears to provide an alternate mechanism for accessing the endosome, where it can activate TLR9, albeit with lower potency than a CpG ODN. For nuclease sensitive (O) backbone ODN, KLK may also provide protection from nucleases in the tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghania Chikh
- Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics, Ottawa Laboratories, Ottawa, ON K2K 3A2, Canada.
| | - Rachel Luu
- Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics, Ottawa Laboratories, Ottawa, ON K2K 3A2, Canada.
| | - Shobhna Patel
- Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics, Ottawa Laboratories, Ottawa, ON K2K 3A2, Canada.
| | - Heather L Davis
- Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics, Ottawa Laboratories, Ottawa, ON K2K 3A2, Canada.
| | - Risini D Weeratna
- Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics, Ottawa Laboratories, Ottawa, ON K2K 3A2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Park BK, Choi SH, Kim YE, Park S, Lee Y, Lee KW, Kwon HJ. Monoclonal Antibodies Against the Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Obtained by Immunization with Epitope Peptides and CpG-DNA-liposome Complex. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2016; 34:101-9. [PMID: 25897608 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2014.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the major cause of pulmonary inflammation in infants, young children, and immunocompromised adults. However, the RSV vaccine is not yet available commercially. The RSV-F glycoprotein mediates virus-host cell fusion, leading to syncytial formation; therefore, the RSV-F glycoprotein has been a treatment target for prevention and therapy of RSV infection. To produce the RSV-F-protein epitope-specific monoclonal antibody (MAb), BALB/c mice were immunized with a complex consisting of epitope peptide and MB-ODN 4531(O), encapsulated in a phosphatidyl-β-oleoyl-γ-palmitoyl ethanolamine (DOPE):cholesterol hemisuccinate (CHEMS) complex (Lipoplex(O)). Using conventional hybridoma technology, we obtained two clones able to produce antibodies reactive to two B-cell epitopes of RSV-F protein. Each anti-RSV-F glycoprotein MAb efficiently binds to each epitope. The F7-1A9D10 clone showed specific binding with RSV-F protein. There was no specific protein detected by Western blot analysis using F9 epitope-specific anti-RSV-F glycoprotein MAb (clone F9-1A6C8). However, based on confocal-image analysis, the antibody from the F9-1A6C8 clone showed specific binding with RSV-F protein. It is important that further study on possible applications for passive immunotherapy against RSV infection, such as therapeutic antibody production, is carried out.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byoung Kwon Park
- 1 Department of Microbiology, Hallym University , Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lee Y, Lee YS, Cho SY, Kwon HJ. Perspective of Peptide Vaccine Composed of Epitope Peptide, CpG-DNA, and Liposome Complex Without Carriers. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2015; 99:75-97. [PMID: 26067817 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The magnitude and specificity of cell-mediated and humoral immunity are critically determined by peptide sequences; peptides corresponding to the B- or T-cell receptor epitopes are sufficient to induce an effective immune response if delivered properly. Therefore, studies on the screening and application of peptide-based epitopes have been done extensively for the development of therapeutic antibodies and prophylactic vaccines. However, the efficacy of immune response and antibody production by peptide-based immunization is too limited for human application at the present. To improve the efficacy of vaccines, researchers formulated adjuvants such as alum, water-in-oil emulsion, and Toll-like receptor agonists. They also employed liposomes as delivering vehicles to stimulate immune responses. Here, we review our recent studies providing a potent method of epitope screening and antibody production without conventional carriers. We adopted Lipoplex(O), comprising a natural phosphodiester bond CpG-DNA and a specific liposome complex, as an adjuvant. Lipoplex(O) induces potent stimulatory activity in humans as well as in mice, and immunization of mice with several peptides along with Lipoplex(O) without general carriers induces significant production of each peptide-specific IgG2a. Immunization of peptide vaccines against virus-associated antigens in mice has protective effects against the viral infection. A peptide vaccine against carcinoma-associated antigen and the peptide-specific monoclonal antibody has functional effects against cancer cells in mouse models. In conclusion, we improved the efficacy of peptide vaccines in mice. Our strategy can be applied in development of therapeutic antibodies or in defense against pandemic infectious diseases through rapid screening of potent B-cell epitopes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Younghee Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Young Seek Lee
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Soo Young Cho
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science BK21, Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Joo Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea; Center for Medical Science Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kwon S, Kim YE, Park JA, Kim DS, Kwon HJ, Lee Y. Therapeutic effect of a TM4SF5-specific peptide vaccine against colon cancer in a mouse model. BMB Rep 2015; 47:215-20. [PMID: 24286311 PMCID: PMC4163885 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2014.47.4.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular-targeted therapy has gained attention because of its high efficacy and weak side effects. Previously, we confirmed that transmembrane 4 superfamily member 5 protein (TM4SF5) can serve as a molecular target to prevent or treat hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We recently extended the application of the peptide vaccine, composed of CpG-DNA, liposome complex, and TM4SF5 peptide, to prevent colon cancer in a mouse model. Here, we first implanted mice with mouse colon cancer cells and then checked therapeutic effects of the vaccine against tumor growth. Immunization with the peptide vaccine resulted in robust production of TM4SF5-specific antibodies, alleviated tumor growth, and reduced survival rate of the tumor-bearing mice. We also found that serum levels of VEGF were markedly reduced in the mice immunized with the peptide vaccine. Therefore, we suggest that the TM4SF5-specific peptide vaccine has a therapeutic effect against colon cancer in a mouse model. [BMB Reports 2014; 47(4): 215-220]
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanghoon Kwon
- Center for Medical Science Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea
| | - Young-Eun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
| | - Jeong-A Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
| | - Doo-Sik Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Hyung-Joo Kwon
- Center for Medical Science Research; Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea
| | - Younghee Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Effect of epitope-CpG-DNA-liposome complex without carriers on vaccination of respiratory syncytial virus infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13765-014-4215-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
14
|
Kim D, Lee JY, Song DG, Kwon S, Lee Y, Pan CH, Kwon HJ. A monoclonal antibody against the human SUMO-1 protein obtained by immunization with recombinant protein and CpG-DNA-liposome complex. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2014; 32:354-61. [PMID: 24111868 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2013.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modification regulated by conjugation of a small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) is involved in various cellular processes. In this study, we expressed and purified recombinant human SUMO-1 (hSUMO-1). BALB/c mice were immunized with a complex of hSUMO-1 protein and Lipoplex(O) to produce hSUMO-1-specific antibodies. Using conventional hybridoma technology, we obtained four hybridoma clones derived from the mouse with the highest antibody titer against hSUMO-1. Based on Western blot analysis, our hSUMO-1 monoclonal antibody specifically recognizes hSUMO-1, but not other SUMO proteins. These results support that the anti-hSUMO-1 monoclonal antibody produced with the aid of Lipoplex(O) adjuvant is specific and that Lipoplex(O) is useful for development of monoclonal antibodies against recombinant protein. In addition, we analyzed human tissues to examine the distribution of hSUMO-1. Higher expression of hSUMO-1 was detected in normal adrenal gland, esophagus, pancreas, liver, stomach, kidney, and uterus than in corresponding cancer tissues, suggesting a tumor suppressive function of hSUMO-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongbum Kim
- 1 Center for Medical Science Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University , Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Park MC, Kim D, Lee Y, Kwon HJ. CD83 expression induced by CpG-DNA stimulation in a macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. BMB Rep 2013; 46:448-53. [PMID: 24064059 PMCID: PMC4133874 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2013.46.9.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CpG-DNA has various immunomodulatory effects in dendritic cells, B cells, and macrophages. While induction of cytokines by CpG-DNA has been well documented in macrophages, the expression of costimulatory molecules in CpG-DNA treated macrophages has not yet been defined. Therefore, we investigated the effects of CpG-DNA on the expression of costimulatory molecules in RAW 264.7 cells. The surface expression of CD80 was slightly increased and CD83 expression was significantly increased in response to CpG-DNA. However, the expression of CD86 and MHC class II was not changed. As expression of CD83 mRNA was also increased by CpG-DNA, CD83 expression is regulated at a transcriptional level. To understand the contribution of signaling pathways to CD83 induction, we used pathway specific inhibitors. The NF-κB inhibitor significantly reduced surface expression of CD83 as well as phagocytic activity of RAW 264.7 cells. Therefore, CD83 expression may contribute to the immunostimulatory effects of CpG-DNA in macrophage cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Chul Park
- Department of Microbiology; Center for Medical Science Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Transcutaneous immunization refers to the topical application of antigens onto the epidermis. Transcutaneous immunization targeting the Langerhans cells of the skin has received much attention due to its safe, needle-free, and noninvasive antigen delivery. The skin has important immunological functions with unique roles for antigen-presenting cells such as epidermal Langerhans cells and dermal dendritic cells. In recent years, novel vaccine delivery strategies have continually been developed; however, transcutaneous immunization has not yet been fully exploited due to the penetration barrier represented by the stratum corneum, which inhibits the transport of antigens and adjuvants. Herein we review recent achievements in transcutaneous immunization, focusing on the various strategies for the enhancement of antigen delivery and vaccination efficacy. [BMB Reports 2013; 46(1): 17-24]
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Young Lee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Korea.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kwon S, Kim D, Park BK, Wu G, Park MC, Ha YW, Kwon HJ, Lee Y. Induction of immunological memory response by vaccination with TM4SF5 epitope-CpG-DNA-liposome complex in a mouse hepatocellular carcinoma model. Oncol Rep 2012; 29:735-40. [PMID: 23138455 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The innovation of a peptide vaccine strategy may contribute to the development of efficacious and convenient cancer vaccines. Recently, we formulated an efficacious peptide vaccine without carriers using the natural phosphodiester bond CpG-DNA and a special liposome complex [Lipoplex(O)]. The peptide vaccine targeting a tumor antigen, transmembrane 4 superfamily member 5 protein (TM4SF5), was confirmed to have preventive and therapeutic effects in a mouse hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) model. In this study, we demonstrated that the isotype-switched (IgM(-)IgD(-)) B cell population increased after immunization and that the functional memory response persisted for at least 70 days after the final immunization of mice. Delayed implantation of BNL-HCC cells significantly induced the peptide-specific IgG2a production in the immunized mice. Accordingly, tumor growth was inhibited and the survival rate increased. These results suggest that our peptide vaccine induces memory response, which is essential for cancer vaccine application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanghoon Kwon
- Center for Medical Science Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Teixeira de Melo T, Araujo JM, Campos de Sena I, Carvalho Alves C, Araujo N, Toscano Fonseca C. Evaluation of the protective immune response induced in mice by immunization with Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula tegument (Smteg) in association with CpG-ODN. Microbes Infect 2012; 15:28-36. [PMID: 23099420 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In schistosomiasis, the current control strategy does not prevent reinfection, therefore, vaccine strategies are essential to combat the Schistosoma mansoni. The efficacy vaccine depends on parasite stage and effective adjuvant. We have recently demonstrated that S. mansoni schistosomula tegument (Smteg) is able to activate dendritic cells up regulate CD40 and CD86 molecules and induce a partial protection in mice (43-48%) when formulated with Freund's adjuvant. In this study we evaluated the ability of Smteg + alum or Smteg + alum + CpG-ODN to induce protection in mice. Our results demonstrate that Smteg + alum + CpG-ODN induced a partial reduction in worm burden (43.1%), reduction in the number of eggs eliminated in the feces. The protective response was associated with a predominant Th1 type of immune response, with increased production of specific IgG2c, IFN-γ and TNF-α, B cells proliferation and CD4 cells and macrophages activation.
Collapse
|