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Xu P, Zhong Y, Xu A, Liu B, Zhang Y, Zhao A, Yang X, Ming M, Cao F, Fu F. Application of Developmental Regulators for Enhancing Plant Regeneration and Genetic Transformation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1272. [PMID: 38732487 PMCID: PMC11085514 DOI: 10.3390/plants13091272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Establishing plant regeneration systems and efficient genetic transformation techniques plays a crucial role in plant functional genomics research and the development of new crop varieties. The inefficient methods of transformation and regeneration of recalcitrant species and the genetic dependence of the transformation process remain major obstacles. With the advancement of plant meristematic tissues and somatic embryogenesis research, several key regulatory genes, collectively known as developmental regulators, have been identified. In the field of plant genetic transformation, the application of developmental regulators has recently garnered significant interest. These regulators play important roles in plant growth and development, and when applied in plant genetic transformation, they can effectively enhance the induction and regeneration capabilities of plant meristematic tissues, thus providing important opportunities for improving genetic transformation efficiency. This review focuses on the introduction of several commonly used developmental regulators. By gaining an in-depth understanding of and applying these developmental regulators, it is possible to further enhance the efficiency and success rate of plant genetic transformation, providing strong support for plant breeding and genetic engineering research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fangfang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (P.X.); (Y.Z.); (A.X.); (B.L.); (Y.Z.); (A.Z.); (X.Y.); (M.M.); (F.C.)
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2
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Li Z, Qian W, Qiu S, Wang W, Jiang M, Hu X, Huang H, Lin E. Identification and characterization of the WOX Gene Family revealed two WUS Clade Members associated with embryo development in Cunninghamia lanceolata. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 210:108570. [PMID: 38560957 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) gene family is vital for plant development and stress response. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of WOX genes in Cunninghamia lanceolata (C. lanceolata) and subsequently explored the potential roles of two ClWOX genes within the WUS clade. In total, six ClWOX genes were identified through a full-length transcriptome analysis. These genes, exhibiting conserved structural and functional motifs, were assigned to the ancient clade and Modern/WUS clade, respectively, through a phylogenetic analysis. Our expression analysis indicated that these ClWOX genes were highly expressed in the middle and late developmental stages of zygotic embryos in C. lanceolata. Moreover, only ClWOX5 and ClWOX6 within the Modern/WUS clade exhibited transcriptional activity, and their expressions were also induced in response to auxin and wounding. Overexpression of ClWOX5 and ClWOX6 in Arabidopsis caused a partially sterile phenotype, resulting in a very low seed setting rate. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that expressions of many embryo-defective (EMB) genes, phytohormone-related genes, and transcription factors (TFs) were dramatically altered in ClWOX5 and ClWOX6 transgenic plants, which suggested that ClWOX5 and ClWOX6 may play specific important roles in embryo development via complex gene networks. In addition, overexpression of ClWOX5 and ClWOX6 in leaf segments promoted shoot regeneration in tobacco, indicating that ClWOX5 and ClWOX6 can promote plant regeneration and could be used to improve genetic transformation. In conclusion, these results help to elucidate the function of the WOX gene and provide a valuable basis for future studies of the developmental regulation and applications of WOX genes in C. lanceolata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouyang Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wang Qian
- The State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shan Qiu
- The State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenxin Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mei Jiang
- The State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiange Hu
- The State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huahong Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Erpei Lin
- The State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China.
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Jiang G, Li Z, Ding X, Zhou Y, Lai H, Jiang Y, Duan X. WUSCHEL-related homeobox transcription factor SlWOX13 regulates tomato fruit ripening. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:2322-2337. [PMID: 37995308 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Fruit ripening is a complex, genetically programmed process involving the action of critical transcription factors (TFs). Despite the established importance of WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) TFs in plant development, the involvement of WOX and its underlying mechanism in the regulation of fruit ripening remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that SlWOX13 regulates fruit ripening in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Overexpression of SlWOX13 accelerates fruit ripening, whereas loss-of-function mutation in SlWOX13 delays this process. Moreover, ethylene synthesis and carotenoid accumulation are significantly inhibited in slwox13 mutant fruit but accelerated in SlWOX13 transgenic fruit. Integrated analyses of RNA-seq and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-seq identified 422 direct targets of SlWOX13, of which 243 genes are negatively regulated and 179 are positively regulated by SlWOX13. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay, RT-qPCR, dual-luciferase reporter assay, and ChIP-qPCR analyses demonstrated that SlWOX13 directly activates the expression of several genes involved in ethylene synthesis and signaling and carotenoid biosynthesis. Furthermore, SlWOX13 modulates tomato fruit ripening through key ripening-related TFs, such as RIPENING INHIBITOR (RIN), NON-RIPENING (NOR), and NAM, ATAF1, 2, and CUC2 4 (NAC4). Consequently, these effects promote fruit ripening. Taken together, these results demonstrate that SlWOX13 positively regulates tomato fruit ripening via both ethylene synthesis and signaling and by transcriptional regulation of key ripening-related TFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaochun Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yijie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Hongmei Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yueming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuewu Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Yakovleva DV, Efremova EP, Smirnov KV, Simonova VY, Konstantinov ZS, Tvorogova VE, Lutova LA. The WOX Genes from the Intermediate Clade: Influence on the Somatic Embryogenesis in Medicago truncatula. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:223. [PMID: 38256776 PMCID: PMC10819790 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Transcription factors from the WOX family are well-known regulators of cell proliferation and differentiation in plants. Herein, we focused on several WOX genes from the intermediate clade and checked their impact on somatic embryogenesis using the model legume object Medicago truncatula. As a result, we show that MtWOX9-1 overexpression not only stimulates somatic embryogenesis in the embryogenic M. truncatula line, as it was shown previously, but can also induce somatic embryogenesis in the non-embryogenic line. Other intermediate clade WOX, including the close paralog of MtWOX9-1, as well as WOX11 homologs, did not have any significant impact on somatic embryogenesis in our in vitro cultivation system. Together, our results give new information about the diversity of the WOX family proteins and their specific functions. These data can be used for the search of new regeneration stimulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria V. Yakovleva
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya emb, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia; (D.V.Y.); (E.P.E.); (L.A.L.)
| | - Elena P. Efremova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya emb, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia; (D.V.Y.); (E.P.E.); (L.A.L.)
| | - Kirill V. Smirnov
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelsky Chausse 3, Pushkin, Saint Petersburg 196608, Russia;
| | - Veronika Y. Simonova
- Plant Biology and Biotechnology Department, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Avenue, Sochi 354340, Russia; (V.Y.S.); (Z.S.K.)
| | - Zakhar S. Konstantinov
- Plant Biology and Biotechnology Department, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Avenue, Sochi 354340, Russia; (V.Y.S.); (Z.S.K.)
| | - Varvara E. Tvorogova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya emb, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia; (D.V.Y.); (E.P.E.); (L.A.L.)
- Plant Biology and Biotechnology Department, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Avenue, Sochi 354340, Russia; (V.Y.S.); (Z.S.K.)
- Center for Genetic Technologies, N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), 42 Bolshaya Morskaya Street, Saint Petersburg 190000, Russia
| | - Ludmila A. Lutova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya emb, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia; (D.V.Y.); (E.P.E.); (L.A.L.)
- Plant Biology and Biotechnology Department, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Avenue, Sochi 354340, Russia; (V.Y.S.); (Z.S.K.)
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Li X, Wang T, Zhang Y, Tadege M, Wang H. The STF/WOX1 MD is required for physical interaction with MtWOX9 and leaf blade outgrowth in Medicago truncatula. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14212. [PMID: 38353133 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Plant-specific WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) family transcription factors play critical roles in maintaining meristems and lateral organ development. The WUS clade member STF/LAM1 physically interacts with the intermediate clade member WOX9. This interaction contributes to their antagonistical functions on leaf blade outgrowth by competing for the same cis-elements in the promoter of their common target in M. truncatula and N. sylvestris. Here, we identified the main interaction domains of STF and MtWOX9 in Medicago, shedding light on the mechanism of WOX gene function. The middle domain of STF and MtWOX9 are both critical for the interaction, while the conserved motif of STF in the C-terminal domain is also required. Deletion of the middle domain of STF partially rescued the leaf blade phenotypes of the stf null mutant, indicating that the middle domain plays an essential role during leaf blade expansion. This finding provides a new insight that the versatility of WOX function is not only caused by the conserved DNA binding and repression domains but also by the middle domain that recruits different partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunwei Zhang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Million Tadege
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Krasnoperova EY, Tvorogova VE, Smirnov KV, Efremova EP, Potsenkovskaia EA, Artemiuk AM, Konstantinov ZS, Simonova VY, Brynchikova AV, Yakovleva DV, Pavlova DB, Lutova LA. MtWOX2 and MtWOX9-1 Effects on the Embryogenic Callus Transcriptome in Medicago truncatula. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:102. [PMID: 38202410 PMCID: PMC10780917 DOI: 10.3390/plants13010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
WOX family transcription factors are well-known regulators of plant development, controlling cell proliferation and differentiation in diverse organs and tissues. Several WOX genes have been shown to participate in regeneration processes which take place in plant cell cultures in vitro, but the effects of most of them on tissue culture development have not been discovered yet. In this study, we evaluated the effects of MtWOX2 gene overexpression on the embryogenic callus development and transcriptomic state in Medicago truncatula. According to our results, overexpression of MtWOX2 leads to an increase in callus weight. Furthermore, transcriptomic changes in MtWOX2 overexpressing calli are, to a large extent, opposite to the changes caused by overexpression of MtWOX9-1, a somatic embryogenesis stimulator. These results add new information about the mechanisms of interaction between different WOX genes and can be useful for the search of new regeneration regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta Y. Krasnoperova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.Y.K.); (E.P.E.); (E.A.P.); (A.M.A.); (D.V.Y.); (D.B.P.); (L.A.L.)
| | - Varvara E. Tvorogova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.Y.K.); (E.P.E.); (E.A.P.); (A.M.A.); (D.V.Y.); (D.B.P.); (L.A.L.)
- Plant Biology and Biotechnology Department, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Avenue, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (Z.S.K.); (V.Y.S.); (A.V.B.)
- Center for Genetic Technologies, N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), 42 Bolshaya Morskaya Street, 190000 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kirill V. Smirnov
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelsky Chausse 3, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Elena P. Efremova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.Y.K.); (E.P.E.); (E.A.P.); (A.M.A.); (D.V.Y.); (D.B.P.); (L.A.L.)
| | - Elina A. Potsenkovskaia
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.Y.K.); (E.P.E.); (E.A.P.); (A.M.A.); (D.V.Y.); (D.B.P.); (L.A.L.)
- Plant Biology and Biotechnology Department, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Avenue, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (Z.S.K.); (V.Y.S.); (A.V.B.)
- Center for Genetic Technologies, N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), 42 Bolshaya Morskaya Street, 190000 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia M. Artemiuk
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.Y.K.); (E.P.E.); (E.A.P.); (A.M.A.); (D.V.Y.); (D.B.P.); (L.A.L.)
| | - Zakhar S. Konstantinov
- Plant Biology and Biotechnology Department, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Avenue, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (Z.S.K.); (V.Y.S.); (A.V.B.)
| | - Veronika Y. Simonova
- Plant Biology and Biotechnology Department, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Avenue, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (Z.S.K.); (V.Y.S.); (A.V.B.)
| | - Anna V. Brynchikova
- Plant Biology and Biotechnology Department, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Avenue, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (Z.S.K.); (V.Y.S.); (A.V.B.)
| | - Daria V. Yakovleva
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.Y.K.); (E.P.E.); (E.A.P.); (A.M.A.); (D.V.Y.); (D.B.P.); (L.A.L.)
| | - Daria B. Pavlova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.Y.K.); (E.P.E.); (E.A.P.); (A.M.A.); (D.V.Y.); (D.B.P.); (L.A.L.)
| | - Ludmila A. Lutova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.Y.K.); (E.P.E.); (E.A.P.); (A.M.A.); (D.V.Y.); (D.B.P.); (L.A.L.)
- Plant Biology and Biotechnology Department, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Avenue, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (Z.S.K.); (V.Y.S.); (A.V.B.)
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Abubakar AS, Wu Y, Chen F, Zhu A, Chen P, Chen K, Qiu X, Huang X, Zhao H, Chen J, Gao G. Comprehensive Analysis of WUSCEL-Related Homeobox Gene Family in Ramie ( Boehmeria nivea) Indicates Its Potential Role in Adventitious Root Development. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1475. [PMID: 38132301 PMCID: PMC10740585 DOI: 10.3390/biology12121475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
A WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) gene family has been implicated in promoting vegetative organs to embryonic transition and maintaining plant embryonic stem cell identity. Using genome-wide analysis, we identified 17 candidates, WOX genes in ramie (Boehmeria nivea). The genes (BnWOX) showed highly conserved homeodomain regions typical of WOX. Based on phylogenetic analysis, they were classified into three distinct groups: modern, intermediate, and ancient clades. The genes displayed 65% and 35% collinearities with their Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa ortholog, respectively, and exhibited similar motifs, suggesting similar functions. Furthermore, four segmental duplications (BnWOX10/14, BnWOX13A/13B, BnWOX9A/9B, and BnWOX6A/Maker00021031) and a tandem-duplicated pair (BnWOX5/7) among the putative ramie WOX genes were obtained, suggesting that whole-genome duplication (WGD) played a role in WOX gene expansion. Expression profiling analysis of the genes in the bud, leaf, stem, and root of the stem cuttings revealed higher expression levels of BnWOX10 and BnWOX14 in the stem and root and lower in the leaf consistent with the qRT-PCR analysis, suggesting their direct roles in ramie root formation. Analysis of the rooting characteristics and expression in the stem cuttings of sixty-seven different ramie genetic resources showed a possible involvement of BnWOX14 in the adventitious rooting of ramie. Thus, this study provides valuable information on ramie WOX genes and lays the foundation for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminu Shehu Abubakar
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of the TCM Agricultural Biogenomics, Changsha Medical University, Changsha 410219, China; (A.S.A.); (F.C.)
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410221, China
- Department of Agronomy, Bayero University Kano, PMB 3011, Kano 700241, Nigeria
| | - Yongmei Wu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of the TCM Agricultural Biogenomics, Changsha Medical University, Changsha 410219, China; (A.S.A.); (F.C.)
| | - Fengming Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of the TCM Agricultural Biogenomics, Changsha Medical University, Changsha 410219, China; (A.S.A.); (F.C.)
| | - Aiguo Zhu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410221, China
- National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410221, China
- National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Kunmei Chen
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410221, China
- National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Xiaojun Qiu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410221, China
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410221, China
| | - Haohan Zhao
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410221, China
| | - Jikang Chen
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410221, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological and Processing for Bast Fiber Crops, Changsha 410221, China
| | - Gang Gao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of the TCM Agricultural Biogenomics, Changsha Medical University, Changsha 410219, China; (A.S.A.); (F.C.)
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410221, China
- National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China
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Kuznetsova K, Efremova E, Dodueva I, Lebedeva M, Lutova L. Functional Modules in the Meristems: "Tinkering" in Action. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3661. [PMID: 37896124 PMCID: PMC10610496 DOI: 10.3390/plants12203661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A feature of higher plants is the modular principle of body organisation. One of these conservative morphological modules that regulate plant growth, histogenesis and organogenesis is meristems-structures that contain pools of stem cells and are generally organised according to a common principle. Basic content: The development of meristems is under the regulation of molecular modules that contain conservative interacting components and modulate the expression of target genes depending on the developmental context. In this review, we focus on two molecular modules that act in different types of meristems. The WOX-CLAVATA module, which includes the peptide ligand, its receptor and the target transcription factor, is responsible for the formation and control of the activity of all meristem types studied, but it has its own peculiarities in different meristems. Another regulatory module is the so-called florigen-activated complex, which is responsible for the phase transition in the shoot vegetative meristem (e.g., from the vegetative shoot apical meristem to the inflorescence meristem). CONCLUSIONS The review considers the composition and functions of these two functional modules in different developmental programmes, as well as their appearance, evolution and use in plant breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Irina Dodueva
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (K.K.); (E.E.); (M.L.); (L.L.)
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Yan T, Hou Q, Wei X, Qi Y, Pu A, Wu S, An X, Wan X. Promoting genotype-independent plant transformation by manipulating developmental regulatory genes and/or using nanoparticles. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023; 42:1395-1417. [PMID: 37311877 PMCID: PMC10447291 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE This review summarizes the molecular basis and emerging applications of developmental regulatory genes and nanoparticles in plant transformation and discusses strategies to overcome the obstacles of genotype dependency in plant transformation. Plant transformation is an important tool for plant research and biotechnology-based crop breeding. However, Plant transformation and regeneration are highly dependent on species and genotype. Plant regeneration is a process of generating a complete individual plant from a single somatic cell, which involves somatic embryogenesis, root and shoot organogeneses. Over the past 40 years, significant advances have been made in understanding molecular mechanisms of embryogenesis and organogenesis, revealing many developmental regulatory genes critical for plant regeneration. Recent studies showed that manipulating some developmental regulatory genes promotes the genotype-independent transformation of several plant species. Besides, nanoparticles penetrate plant cell wall without external forces and protect cargoes from degradation, making them promising materials for exogenous biomolecule delivery. In addition, manipulation of developmental regulatory genes or application of nanoparticles could also bypass the tissue culture process, paving the way for efficient plant transformation. Applications of developmental regulatory genes and nanoparticles are emerging in the genetic transformation of different plant species. In this article, we review the molecular basis and applications of developmental regulatory genes and nanoparticles in plant transformation and discuss how to further promote genotype-independent plant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingwei Yan
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Quancan Hou
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xun Wei
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuchen Qi
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Aqing Pu
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Suowei Wu
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing, 100192, China
| | - Xueli An
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing, 100192, China
| | - Xiangyuan Wan
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing, 100192, China.
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10
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Tang L, He Y, Liu B, Xu Y, Zhao G. Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization Analysis of WUSCHEL-Related Homeobox Family in Melon ( Cucumis melo L.). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12326. [PMID: 37569702 PMCID: PMC10419029 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) proteins are very important in controlling plant development and stress responses. However, the WOX family members and their role in response to abiotic stresses are largely unknown in melon (Cucumis melo L.). In this study, 11 WOX (CmWOX) transcript factors with conserved WUS and homeobox motif were identified and characterized, and subdivided into modern clade, ancient clade and intermediate clade based on bioinformatic and phylogenetic analysis. Evolutionary analysis revealed that the CmWOX family showed protein variations in Arabidopsis, tomato, cucumber, melon and rice. Alignment of protein sequences uncovered that all CmWOXs had the typical homeodomain, which consisted of conserved amino acids. Cis-element analysis showed that CmWOX genes may response to abiotic stress. RNA-seq and qRT-PCR results further revealed that the expression of partially CmWOX genes are associated with cold and drought. CmWOX13a and CmWOX13b were constitutively expressed under abiotic stresses, CmWOX4 may play a role in abiotic processes during plant development. Taken together, this study offers new perspectives on the CmWOX family's interaction and provides the framework for research on the molecular functions of CmWOX genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Tang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (L.T.); (Y.H.)
- National Nanfan Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Yuhua He
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (L.T.); (Y.H.)
- National Nanfan Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Hami-melon Research Center, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China;
| | - Yongyang Xu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (L.T.); (Y.H.)
- National Nanfan Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Guangwei Zhao
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (L.T.); (Y.H.)
- National Nanfan Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
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11
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Kyo M, Hagiya M, Tada M, Matsura A. Transformation of Nicotiana paniculata L., a recalcitrant species, using a T-DNA construct carrying two WUSCHEL-related homeobox genes. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2023; 40:83-86. [PMID: 38213918 PMCID: PMC10777129 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.22.1124a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
A binary vector carrying two WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) genes, WOX2 and WOX8, under the control of a chemical-inducible expression system, worked in the transformation in N. paniculata, a recalcitrant species of Nicotiana. The resulting transformants exhibited improved culture performance in regeneration from leaf segments and suspended cells. Multicellular masses generated from freely suspended cells showed a specific cell division pattern similar to that of somatic embryo, likely owing to the function of the two WOX genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Kyo
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Ikenobe 2393, Miki-chou, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Momoko Hagiya
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Ikenobe 2393, Miki-chou, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Madoka Tada
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Ikenobe 2393, Miki-chou, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Akemi Matsura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Ikenobe 2393, Miki-chou, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
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12
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Lee K, Wang K. Strategies for genotype-flexible plant transformation. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2023; 79:102848. [PMID: 36463838 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the genome-editing tools have demonstrated a great potential for accelerating functional genomics and crop trait improvements, but the low efficiency and genotype dependence in plant transformation hinder practical applications of such revolutionary tools. Morphogenic transcription factors (MTFs) such as Baby boom, Wuschel2, GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR5, GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR4 and its cofactor GRF-INTERACTING FACTOR1, and Wuschel-homeobox 5 related have been shown to greatly enhance plant transformation efficiency and expand the range of amenable species and genotypes. This review will summarize recent advancements in plant transformation technologies with an emphasis on the strategies developed for genotype-flexible transformation methods utilizing MTFs for both monocots and dicot plant species. We highlight several breakthrough studies that demonstrated a wide range of applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keunsub Lee
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Crop Bioengineering Center, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Kan Wang
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Crop Bioengineering Center, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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13
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Kudriashov AA, Zlydneva NS, Efremova EP, Tvorogova VE, Lutova LA. MtCLE08, MtCLE16, and MtCLE18 Transcription Patterns and Their Possible Functions in the Embryogenic Calli of Medicago truncatula. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:435. [PMID: 36771520 PMCID: PMC9921462 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
CLE peptides are well-known hormonal regulators of plant development, but their role in somatic embryogenesis remains undetermined. CLE genes are often regulated by WOX transcription factors and, in their turn, regulate the expression level of WOX genes. In this study, we used in vitro cultivation, as well as qPCR and transcriptomic analysis, to find CLE peptides which could regulate the MtWOX9-1 gene, stimulating somatic embryogenesis in Medicago truncatula. Three CLE peptides were found which could probably be such regulators, but none of them was found to influence MtWOX9-1 expression in the embryogenic calli. Nevertheless, overexpression of one of CLE genes under study, MtCLE16, decreased somatic embryogenesis intensity. Additionally, overexpression of MtCLE08 was found to suppress expression of MtWOX13a, a supposed antagonist of somatic embryo development. Our findings can be helpful for the search for new regeneration regulators which could be used for plant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei A. Kudriashov
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalia S. Zlydneva
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Center for Genetic Technologies, N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), 42 Bolshaya Morskaya Street, 190000 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena P. Efremova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Center for Genetic Technologies, N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), 42 Bolshaya Morskaya Street, 190000 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Varvara E. Tvorogova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Center for Genetic Technologies, N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), 42 Bolshaya Morskaya Street, 190000 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Plant Biology and Biotechnology Department, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Avenue, 354340 Sochi, Russia
| | - Ludmila A. Lutova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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14
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Induction of Somatic Embryogenesis in Plants: Different Players and Focus on WUSCHEL and WUS-RELATED HOMEOBOX (WOX) Transcription Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415950. [PMID: 36555594 PMCID: PMC9781121 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, other cells can express totipotency in addition to the zygote, thus resulting in embryo differentiation; this appears evident in apomictic and epiphyllous plants. According to Haberlandt's theory, all plant cells can regenerate a complete plant if the nucleus and the membrane system are intact. In fact, under in vitro conditions, ectopic embryos and adventitious shoots can develop from many organs of the mature plant body. We are beginning to understand how determination processes are regulated and how cell specialization occurs. However, we still need to unravel the mechanisms whereby a cell interprets its position, decides its fate, and communicates it to others. The induction of somatic embryogenesis might be based on a plant growth regulator signal (auxin) to determine an appropriate cellular environment and other factors, including stress and ectopic expression of embryo or meristem identity transcription factors (TFs). Still, we are far from having a complete view of the regulatory genes, their target genes, and their action hierarchy. As in animals, epigenetic reprogramming also plays an essential role in re-establishing the competence of differentiated cells to undergo somatic embryogenesis. Herein, we describe the functions of WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX (WOX) transcription factors in regulating the differentiation-dedifferentiation cell process and in the developmental phase of in vitro regenerated adventitious structures.
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15
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Wang H, Li X, Wolabu T, Wang Z, Liu Y, Tadesse D, Chen N, Xu A, Bi X, Zhang Y, Chen J, Tadege M. WOX family transcriptional regulators modulate cytokinin homeostasis during leaf blade development in Medicago truncatula and Nicotiana sylvestris. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:3737-3753. [PMID: 35766878 PMCID: PMC9516142 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The plant-specific family of WUSCHEL (WUS)-related homeobox (WOX) transcription factors is key regulators of embryogenesis, meristem maintenance, and lateral organ development in flowering plants. The modern/WUS clade transcriptional repressor STENOFOLIA/LAMINA1(LAM1), and the intermediate/WOX9 clade transcriptional activator MtWOX9/NsWOX9 antagonistically regulate leaf blade expansion, but the molecular mechanism is unknown. Using transcriptome profiling and biochemical methods, we determined that NsCKX3 is the common target of LAM1 and NsWOX9 in Nicotiana sylvestris. LAM1 and NsWOX9 directly recognize and bind to the same cis-elements in the NsCKX3 promoter to repress and activate its expression, respectively, thus controlling the levels of active cytokinins in vivo. Disruption of NsCKX3 in the lam1 background yielded a phenotype similar to the knockdown of NsWOX9 in lam1, while overexpressing NsCKX3 resulted in narrower and shorter lam1 leaf blades reminiscent of NsWOX9 overexpression in the lam1 mutant. Moreover, we established that LAM1 physically interacts with NsWOX9, and this interaction is required to regulate NsCKX3 transcription. Taken together, our results indicate that repressor and activator WOX members oppositely regulate a common downstream target to function in leaf blade outgrowth, offering a novel insight into the role of local cytokinins in balancing cell proliferation and differentiation during lateral organ development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Xue Li
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tezera Wolabu
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Ziyao Wang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ye Liu
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Dimiru Tadesse
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Naichong Chen
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Aijiao Xu
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaojing Bi
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yunwei Zhang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianghua Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Million Tadege
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
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16
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Maren NA, Duan H, Da K, Yencho GC, Ranney TG, Liu W. Genotype-independent plant transformation. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac047. [PMID: 35531314 PMCID: PMC9070643 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant transformation and regeneration remain highly species- and genotype-dependent. Conventional hormone-based plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis or organogenesis is tedious, time-consuming, and requires specialized skills and experience. Over the last 40 years, significant advances have been made to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying embryogenesis and organogenesis. These pioneering studies have led to a better understanding of the key steps and factors involved in plant regeneration, resulting in the identification of crucial growth and developmental regulatory genes that can dramatically improve regeneration efficiency, shorten transformation time, and make transformation of recalcitrant genotypes possible. Co-opting these regulatory genes offers great potential to develop innovative genotype-independent genetic transformation methods for various plant species, including specialty crops. Further developing these approaches has the potential to result in plant transformation without the use of hormones, antibiotics, selectable marker genes, or tissue culture. As an enabling technology, the use of these regulatory genes has great potential to enable the application of advanced breeding technologies such as genetic engineering and gene editing for crop improvement in transformation-recalcitrant crops and cultivars. This review will discuss the recent advances in the use of regulatory genes in plant transformation and regeneration, and their potential to facilitate genotype-independent plant transformation and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hui Duan
- Corresponding authors: E-mail: ;
| | - Kedong Da
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - G Craig Yencho
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Thomas G Ranney
- Mountain Crop Improvement Lab, Department of Horticultural Science, Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center, North Carolina State University, Mills River, NC 28759, USA
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17
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Integrating the Roles for Cytokinin and Auxin in De Novo Shoot Organogenesis: From Hormone Uptake to Signaling Outputs. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168554. [PMID: 34445260 PMCID: PMC8395325 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
De novo shoot organogenesis (DNSO) is a procedure commonly used for the in vitro regeneration of shoots from a variety of plant tissues. Shoot regeneration occurs on nutrient media supplemented with the plant hormones cytokinin (CK) and auxin, which play essential roles in this process, and genes involved in their signaling cascades act as master regulators of the different phases of shoot regeneration. In the last 20 years, the genetic regulation of DNSO has been characterized in detail. However, as of today, the CK and auxin signaling events associated with shoot regeneration are often interpreted as a consequence of these hormones simply being present in the regeneration media, whereas the roles for their prior uptake and transport into the cultivated plant tissues are generally overlooked. Additionally, sucrose, commonly added to the regeneration media as a carbon source, plays a signaling role and has been recently shown to interact with CK and auxin and to affect the efficiency of shoot regeneration. In this review, we provide an integrative interpretation of the roles for CK and auxin in the process of DNSO, adding emphasis on their uptake from the regeneration media and their interaction with sucrose present in the media to their complex signaling outputs that mediate shoot regeneration.
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18
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Kausch AP, Wang K, Kaeppler HF, Gordon-Kamm W. Maize transformation: history, progress, and perspectives. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2021; 41:38. [PMID: 37309443 PMCID: PMC10236110 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-021-01225-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Maize functional genomics research and genetic improvement strategies have been greatly accelerated and refined through the development and utilization of genetic transformation systems. Maize transformation is a composite technology based on decades' efforts in optimizing multiple factors involving microbiology and physical/biochemical DNA delivery, as well as cellular and molecular biology. This review provides a historical reflection on the development of maize transformation technology including the early failures and successful milestones. It also provides a current perspective on the understanding of tissue culture responses and their impact on plant regeneration, the pros and cons of different DNA delivery methods, the identification of a palette of selectable/screenable markers, and most recently the development of growth-stimulating or morphogenic genes to improve efficiencies and extend the range of transformable genotypes. Steady research progress in these interdependent components has been punctuated by benchmark reports celebrating the progress in maize transformation, which invariably relied on a large volume of supporting research that contributed to each step and to the current state of the art. The recent explosive use of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing has heightened the demand for higher transformation efficiencies, especially for important inbreds, to support increasingly sophisticated and complicated genomic modifications, in a manner that is widely accessible. These trends place an urgent demand on taking maize transformation to the next level, presaging a new generation of improvements on the horizon. Once realized, we anticipate a near-future where readily accessible, genotype-independent maize transformation, together with advanced genomics, genome editing, and accelerated breeding, will contribute to world agriculture and global food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert P. Kausch
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, South Kingstown, RI 02892 USA
| | - Kan Wang
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Heidi F. Kaeppler
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
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19
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WUSCHEL Overexpression Promotes Callogenesis and Somatic Embryogenesis in Medicago truncatula Gaertn. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10040715. [PMID: 33917135 PMCID: PMC8067838 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The induction of plant somatic embryogenesis is often a limiting step for plant multiplication and genetic manipulation in numerous crops. It depends on multiple signaling developmental processes involving phytohormones and the induction of specific genes. The WUSCHEL gene (WUS) is required for the production of plant embryogenic stem cells. To explore a different approach to induce somatic embryogenesis, we have investigated the effect of the heterologous ArabidopsisWUS gene overexpression under the control of the jasmonate responsive vsp1 promoter on the morphogenic responses of Medicago truncatula explants. WUS expression in leaf explants increased callogenesis and embryogenesis in the absence of growth regulators. Similarly, WUS expression enhanced the embryogenic potential of hairy root fragments. The WUS gene represents thus a promising tool to develop plant growth regulator-free regeneration systems or to improve regeneration and transformation efficiency in recalcitrant crops.
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20
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Tvorogova VE, Krasnoperova EY, Potsenkovskaia EA, Kudriashov AA, Dodueva IE, Lutova LA. What Does the WOX Say? Review of Regulators, Targets, Partners. Mol Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s002689332102031x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Han N, Tang R, Chen X, Xu Z, Ren Z, Wang L. Genome-wide identification and characterization of WOX genes in Cucumis sativus. Genome 2021; 64:761-776. [PMID: 33493082 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2020-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) proteins are plant-specific transcription factors that are profoundly involved in regulation of plant development and stress responses. In this study, we totally identified 11 WOX transcription factor family members in cucumber (Cucumis sativus, CsWOX) genome and classified them into three clades with nine subclades based on phylogenetic analysis results. Alignment of amino acid sequences revealed that all WOX members in cucumber contained the typical homeodomain, which consists of 60-66 amino acids and is folded into a helix-turn-helix structure. Gene duplication event analysis indicated that CsWOX1a and CsWOX1b were a segment duplication pair, which might affect the number of WOX members in cucumber genome. The expression profiles of CsWOX genes in different tissues demonstrated that the members sorted into the ancient clade (CsWOX13a and CsWOX13b) were constitutively expressed at higher levels in comparison to the others. Cis-element analysis in promoter regions suggested that the expression of CsWOX genes was associated with phytohormone pathways and stress responses, which was further supported by RNA-seq data. Taken together, our results provide new insights into the evolution of cucumber WOX genes and improve our understanding about the biological functions of the CsWOX gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Han
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Huanghuai Region), Tai'an, China.,Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and Efficiency, Tai'an, China.,College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Rui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Huanghuai Region), Tai'an, China.,Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and Efficiency, Tai'an, China.,College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xueqian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Huanghuai Region), Tai'an, China.,Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and Efficiency, Tai'an, China.,College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Zhixuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Huanghuai Region), Tai'an, China.,Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and Efficiency, Tai'an, China.,College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Zhonghai Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Huanghuai Region), Tai'an, China.,Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and Efficiency, Tai'an, China.,College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Lina Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Huanghuai Region), Tai'an, China.,Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and Efficiency, Tai'an, China.,College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
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22
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Jha P, Ochatt SJ, Kumar V. WUSCHEL: a master regulator in plant growth signaling. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2020; 39:431-444. [PMID: 31984435 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02511-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent knowledge on functions of WUS and WUS-related homeobox (WOX) transcription factors in diverse signaling pathways governing shoot meristem biology and several other aspects of plant dynamics. Transcription factors (TFs) are master regulators involved in controlling different cellular and biological functions as well as diverse signaling pathways in plant growth and development. WUSCHEL (WUS) is a homeodomain transcription factor necessary for the maintenance of the stem cell niche in the shoot apical meristem, the differentiation of lateral primordia, plant cell totipotency and other diverse cellular processes. Recent research about WUS has uncovered several unique features including the complex signaling pathways that further improve the understanding of vital network for meristem biology and crop productivity. In addition, several reports bridge the gap between WUS expression and plant signaling pathway by identifying different WUS and WUS-related homeobox (WOX) genes during the formation of shoot (apical and axillary) meristems, vegetative-to-embryo transition, genetic transformation, and other aspects of plant growth and development. In this respect, the WOX family of TFs comprises multiple members involved in diverse signaling pathways, but how these pathways are regulated remains to be elucidated. Here, we review the current status and recent discoveries on the functions of WUS and newly identified WOX family members in the regulatory network of various aspects of plant dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Jha
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Major Arterial Road, Action Area II, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sergio J Ochatt
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Plant Biotechnology Lab, Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India.
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Faculty of Technology and Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India.
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Gordon-Kamm B, Sardesai N, Arling M, Lowe K, Hoerster G, Betts S, Jones AT. Using Morphogenic Genes to Improve Recovery and Regeneration of Transgenic Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E38. [PMID: 30754699 PMCID: PMC6409764 DOI: 10.3390/plants8020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Efficient transformation of numerous important crops remains a challenge, due predominantly to our inability to stimulate growth of transgenic cells capable of producing plants. For years, this difficulty has been partially addressed by tissue culture strategies that improve regeneration either through somatic embryogenesis or meristem formation. Identification of genes involved in these developmental processes, designated here as morphogenic genes, provides useful tools in transformation research. In species from eudicots and cereals to gymnosperms, ectopic overexpression of genes involved in either embryo or meristem development has been used to stimulate growth of transgenic plants. However, many of these genes produce pleiotropic deleterious phenotypes. To mitigate this, research has been focusing on ways to take advantage of growth-stimulating morphogenic genes while later restricting or eliminating their expression in the plant. Methods of controlling ectopic overexpression include the use of transient expression, inducible promoters, tissue-specific promoters, and excision of the morphogenic genes. These methods of controlling morphogenic gene expression have been demonstrated in a variety of important crops. Here, we provide a review that highlights how ectopic overexpression of genes involved in morphogenesis has been used to improve transformation efficiencies, which is facilitating transformation of numerous recalcitrant crops. The use of morphogenic genes may help to alleviate one of the bottlenecks currently slowing progress in plant genome modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill Gordon-Kamm
- Corteva Agriscience™, Agriculture Division of DowDuPont, Johnston, IA 50131, USA.
| | - Nagesh Sardesai
- Corteva Agriscience™, Agriculture Division of DowDuPont, Johnston, IA 50131, USA.
| | - Maren Arling
- Corteva Agriscience™, Agriculture Division of DowDuPont, Johnston, IA 50131, USA.
| | - Keith Lowe
- Corteva Agriscience™, Agriculture Division of DowDuPont, Johnston, IA 50131, USA.
| | - George Hoerster
- Corteva Agriscience™, Agriculture Division of DowDuPont, Johnston, IA 50131, USA.
| | - Scott Betts
- Corteva Agriscience™, Agriculture Division of DowDuPont, Johnston, IA 50131, USA.
| | - And Todd Jones
- Corteva Agriscience™, Agriculture Division of DowDuPont, Johnston, IA 50131, USA.
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