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Abstract
The vasculature consists of vessels of different sizes that are arranged in a hierarchical pattern. Two cell populations work in concert to establish this pattern during embryonic development and adopt it to changes in blood flow demand later in life: endothelial cells that line the inner surface of blood vessels, and adjacent vascular mural cells, including smooth muscle cells and pericytes. Despite recent progress in elucidating the signalling pathways controlling their crosstalk, much debate remains with regard to how mural cells influence endothelial cell biology and thereby contribute to the regulation of blood vessel formation and diameters. In this Review, I discuss mural cell functions and their interactions with endothelial cells, focusing on how these interactions ensure optimal blood flow patterns. Subsequently, I introduce the signalling pathways controlling mural cell development followed by an overview of mural cell ontogeny with an emphasis on the distinguishing features of mural cells located on different types of blood vessels. Ultimately, I explore therapeutic strategies involving mural cells to alleviate tissue ischemia and improve vascular efficiency in a variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arndt F. Siekmann
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 1114 Biomedical Research Building, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Yamaguchi H, Gomez RA, Sequeira-Lopez MLS. Renin Cells, From Vascular Development to Blood Pressure Sensing. Hypertension 2023; 80:1580-1589. [PMID: 37313725 PMCID: PMC10526986 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.20577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
During embryonic and neonatal life, renin cells contribute to the assembly and branching of the intrarenal arterial tree. During kidney arteriolar development renin cells are widely distributed throughout the renal vasculature. As the arterioles mature, renin cells differentiate into smooth muscle cells, pericytes, and mesangial cells. In adult life, renin cells are confined to the tips of the renal arterioles, thus their name juxtaglomerular cells. Juxtaglomerular cells are sensors that release renin to control blood pressure and fluid-electrolyte homeostasis. Three major mechanisms control renin release: (1) β-adrenergic stimulation, (2) macula densa signaling, and (3) the renin baroreceptor, whereby a decrease in arterial pressure leads to increased renin release whereas an increase in pressure results in decrease renin release. Cells from the renin lineage exhibit plasticity in response to hypotension or hypovolemia, whereas relentless, chronic stimulation induces concentric arterial and arteriolar hypertrophy, leading to focal renal ischemia. The renin cell baroreceptor is a nuclear mechanotransducer within the renin cell that transmits external forces to the chromatin to regulate Ren1 gene expression. In addition to mechanotransduction, the pressure sensor of the renin cell may enlist additional molecules and structures including soluble signals and membrane proteins such as gap junctions and ion channels. How these various components integrate their actions to deliver the exact amounts of renin to meet the organism needs is unknown. This review describes the nature and origins of renin cells, their role in kidney vascular development and arteriolar diseases, and the current understanding of the blood pressure sensing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Yamaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - R. Ariel Gomez
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Maria Luisa S. Sequeira-Lopez
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
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Martini AG, Smith JP, Medrano S, Sheffield NC, Sequeira-Lopez MLS, Gomez RA. Determinants of renin cell differentiation: a single cell epi-transcriptomics approach. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.18.524595. [PMID: 36711565 PMCID: PMC9882312 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.18.524595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Rationale Renin cells are essential for survival. They control the morphogenesis of the kidney arterioles, and the composition and volume of our extracellular fluid, arterial blood pressure, tissue perfusion, and oxygen delivery. It is known that renin cells and associated arteriolar cells descend from FoxD1 + progenitor cells, yet renin cells remain challenging to study due in no small part to their rarity within the kidney. As such, the molecular mechanisms underlying the differentiation and maintenance of these cells remain insufficiently understood. Objective We sought to comprehensively evaluate the chromatin states and transcription factors (TFs) that drive the differentiation of FoxD1 + progenitor cells into those that compose the kidney vasculature with a focus on renin cells. Methods and Results We isolated single nuclei of FoxD1 + progenitor cells and their descendants from FoxD1 cre/+ ; R26R-mTmG mice at embryonic day 12 (E12) (n cells =1234), embryonic day 18 (E18) (n cells =3696), postnatal day 5 (P5) (n cells =1986), and postnatal day 30 (P30) (n cells =1196). Using integrated scRNA-seq and scATAC-seq we established the developmental trajectory that leads to the mosaic of cells that compose the kidney arterioles, and specifically identified the factors that determine the elusive, myo-endocrine adult renin-secreting juxtaglomerular (JG) cell. We confirm the role of Nfix in JG cell development and renin expression, and identified the myocyte enhancer factor-2 (MEF2) family of TFs as putative drivers of JG cell differentiation. Conclusions We provide the first developmental trajectory of renin cell differentiation as they become JG cells in a single-cell atlas of kidney vascular open chromatin and highlighted novel factors important for their stage-specific differentiation. This improved understanding of the regulatory landscape of renin expressing JG cells is necessary to better learn the control and function of this rare cell population as overactivation or aberrant activity of the RAS is a key factor in cardiovascular and kidney pathologies.
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Abstract
Renin cells are essential for survival perfected throughout evolution to ensure normal development and defend the organism against a variety of homeostatic threats. During embryonic and early postnatal life, they are progenitors that participate in the morphogenesis of the renal arterial tree. In adult life, they are capable of regenerating injured glomeruli, control blood pressure, fluid-electrolyte balance, tissue perfusion, and in turn, the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to cells. Throughout life, renin cell descendants retain the plasticity or memory to regain the renin phenotype when homeostasis is threatened. To perform all of these functions and maintain well-being, renin cells must regulate their identity and fate. Here, we review the major mechanisms that control the differentiation and fate of renin cells, the chromatin events that control the memory of the renin phenotype, and the major pathways that determine their plasticity. We also examine how chronic stimulation of renin cells alters their fate leading to the development of a severe and concentric hypertrophy of the intrarenal arteries and arterioles. Lastly, we provide examples of additional changes in renin cell fate that contribute to equally severe kidney disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa S. Sequeira-Lopez
- Departments of Pediatrics an Biology, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - R. Ariel Gomez
- Departments of Pediatrics an Biology, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
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Guessoum O, de Goes Martini A, Sequeira-Lopez MLS, Gomez RA. Deciphering the Identity of Renin Cells in Health and Disease. Trends Mol Med 2021; 27:280-292. [PMID: 33162328 PMCID: PMC7914220 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hypotension and changes in fluid-electrolyte balance pose immediate threats to survival. Juxtaglomerular cells respond to such threats by increasing the synthesis and secretion of renin. In addition, smooth muscle cells (SMCs) along the renal arterioles transform into renin cells until homeostasis has been regained. However, chronic unrelenting stimulation of renin cells leads to severe kidney damage. Here, we discuss the origin, distribution, function, and plasticity of renin cells within the kidney and immune compartments and the consequences of distorting the renin program. Understanding how chronic stimulation of these cells in the context of hypertension may lead to vascular pathology will serve as a foundation for targeted molecular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Guessoum
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Alexandre de Goes Martini
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Maria Luisa S Sequeira-Lopez
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - R Ariel Gomez
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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Miyauchi K, Nakai T, Saito S, Yamamoto T, Sato K, Kato K, Nezu M, Miyazaki M, Ito S, Yamamoto M, Suzuki N. Renal interstitial fibroblasts coproduce erythropoietin and renin under anaemic conditions. EBioMedicine 2021; 64:103209. [PMID: 33508746 PMCID: PMC7841315 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Erythrocyte mass contributes to maintaining systemic oxygen delivery and blood viscosity, with the latter being one of the determinants of blood pressure. However, the physiological response to blood pressure changes under anaemic conditions remain unknown. METHODS AND FINDINGS We show that anaemia decreases blood pressure in human patients and mouse models. Analyses of pathways related to blood pressure regulation demonstrate that anaemia enhances the expression of the gene encoding the vasopressor substance renin in kidneys. Although kidney juxtaglomerular cells are known to continuously produce renin, renal interstitial fibroblasts are identified in the present study as a novel site of renin induction under anaemic hypotensive conditions in mice and rats. Notably, some renal interstitial fibroblasts are found to simultaneously express renin and the erythroid growth factor erythropoietin in the anaemic mouse kidney. Antihypertensive agents but not hypoxic stimuli induced interstitial renin expression, suggesting that blood pressure reduction triggers interstitial renin induction in anaemic mice. The interstitial renin expression was also detected in injured fibrotic kidneys of the mouse and human, and the renin-expressing interstitial cells in murine fibrotic kidneys were identified as myofibroblasts originating from renal interstitial fibroblasts. Since the elevated expression levels of renin in fibrotic kidneys along with progression of renal fibrosis were well correlated to the systemic blood pressure increase, the renal interstitial renin production seemed to affect systemic blood pressure. INTERPRETATION Renal interstitial fibroblasts function as central controllers of systemic oxygen delivery by producing both renin and erythropoietin. FUNDING Grants-in-Aid from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI (17K19680, 15H04691, and 26111002) and the Takeda Science Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Miyauchi
- Division of Oxygen Biology, United Centres for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan; Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Taku Nakai
- Division of Oxygen Biology, United Centres for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Sakae Saito
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tae Yamamoto
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Koji Sato
- Division of Oxygen Biology, United Centres for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan; Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Koichiro Kato
- Division of Oxygen Biology, United Centres for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nezu
- Division of Oxygen Biology, United Centres for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan; Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Mariko Miyazaki
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Sadayoshi Ito
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Norio Suzuki
- Division of Oxygen Biology, United Centres for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.
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Role of Pericytes in the Development of the Renin/Angiotensin System: Induction of Functional Renin in Cultures of Pericytes. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2235:169-180. [PMID: 33576977 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1056-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Renal pericytes have a critical importance for angiogenesis and vascular remodeling, medullary blood flow regulation, and development of fibrosis. An emerging role for kidney pericytes is their ability to induce renin expression and synthesis. Here, we present methods for purification of human renal pericytes, their primary culture, and differentiation into renin-producing cells. Possible applications of these protocols include investigations into (1) renin cell recruitment mechanisms, (2) modulation of renin expression/secretion by small molecules, and (3) renin expression/secretion in nonrenal pericytes. A potential therapeutic application of this work is the identification of new players regulating the renin-angiotensin system.
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England AR, Chaney CP, Das A, Patel M, Malewska A, Armendariz D, Hon GC, Strand DW, Drake KA, Carroll TJ. Identification and characterization of cellular heterogeneity within the developing renal interstitium. Development 2020; 147:dev190108. [PMID: 32586976 PMCID: PMC7438011 DOI: 10.1242/dev.190108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Kidney formation requires the coordinated growth of multiple cell types including the collecting ducts, nephrons, vasculature and interstitium. There is a long-held belief that interactions between progenitors of the collecting ducts and nephrons are primarily responsible for kidney development. However, over the last several years, it has become increasingly clear that multiple aspects of kidney development require signaling from the interstitium. How the interstitium orchestrates these various roles is poorly understood. Here, we show that during development the interstitium is a highly heterogeneous patterned population of cells that occupies distinct positions correlated to the adjacent parenchyma. Our analysis indicates that the heterogeneity is not a mere reflection of different stages in a linear developmental trajectory but instead represents several novel differentiated cell states. Further, we find that β-catenin has a cell autonomous role in the development of a medullary subset of the interstitium and that this non-autonomously affects the development of the adjacent epithelia. These findings suggest the intriguing possibility that the different interstitial subtypes may create microenvironments that play unique roles in development of the adjacent epithelia and endothelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia R England
- Department of Molecular Biology and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Christopher P Chaney
- Department of Molecular Biology and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Amrita Das
- Department of Molecular Biology and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Mohita Patel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Alicia Malewska
- Department of Urology, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Daniel Armendariz
- Laboratory of Regulatory Genomics, Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, Division of Basic Reproductive Biology Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Gary C Hon
- Laboratory of Regulatory Genomics, Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, Division of Basic Reproductive Biology Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Douglas W Strand
- Department of Urology, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Keri A Drake
- Department of Molecular Biology and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Thomas J Carroll
- Department of Molecular Biology and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Guessoum O, Zainab M, Sequeira‐Lopez MLS, Gomez RA. Proliferation does not contribute to murine models of renin cell recruitment. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020. [PMCID: PMC7583373 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aim Renin cells are essential for regulation of blood pressure and fluid‐electrolyte homeostasis. During homeostatic threat, the number of renin cells in the kidney increases, a process termed as recruitment. It has been proposed that recruitment occurs by proliferation, yet no systematic studies have been performed. We sought to determine the extent to which proliferation contributes to the recruitment process. Methods Mice were subjected to recruitment before analysing the renin cells’ cell cycle. For acute threats, we subjected SV129 and C57Bl6 mice to a low sodium diet plus captopril. Tissue sections from treated mice were co‐stained for proliferation markers (Ki67, PCNA, pH3 and BrdU) and renin. Chronic recruitment was studied in deletion models of aldosterone synthase and angiotensinogen through co‐immunostaining and counting mitotic figures in periodic acid‐Schiff‐stained sections. Finally, RNA‐seq of renin cells isolated from recruited mice was performed to study mitotic signature. Results Mice subjected to low salt and captopril displayed increases in renin cell number (312 ± 40 in controls to 692 ± 85 in recruited animals, P<.0001), 10‐fold increases in renin mRNA and fourfold increases in circulating renin. Co‐staining these kidney sections for proliferation markers revealed negligible proliferation of renin cells (<2%), indistinguishable from control animals. Similarly, chronic models of recruitment—aldosterone synthase KO and angiotensinogen KO—had negligible proliferation. Additionally, the transcriptome of recruited renin cells revealed overall downregulation of mitotic pathways when compared to proliferative cell lines. Conclusion Acute and chronic physiological threats to homeostasis produced a distinct increase in renin‐synthesizing cells, but we found no evidence to suggest the involvement of proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Guessoum
- Department of Biology University of Virginia Charlottesville VA USA
- Department of Pediatrics University of Virginia Charlottesville VA USA
- Child Health Research Center University of Virginia Charlottesville VA USA
| | - Momna Zainab
- Department of Biology University of Virginia Charlottesville VA USA
- Child Health Research Center University of Virginia Charlottesville VA USA
| | - Maria Luisa S. Sequeira‐Lopez
- Department of Biology University of Virginia Charlottesville VA USA
- Department of Pediatrics University of Virginia Charlottesville VA USA
- Child Health Research Center University of Virginia Charlottesville VA USA
| | - R. Ariel Gomez
- Department of Biology University of Virginia Charlottesville VA USA
- Department of Pediatrics University of Virginia Charlottesville VA USA
- Child Health Research Center University of Virginia Charlottesville VA USA
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Assmus AM, Mullins JJ, Brown CM, Mullins LJ. Cellular plasticity: A mechanism for homeostasis in the kidney. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 229:e13447. [PMID: 31991057 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cellular plasticity is a topical subject with interest spanning a wide range of fields from developmental biology to regenerative medicine. Even the nomenclature is a subject of debate, and the underlying mechanisms are still under investigation. On top of injury repair, cell plasticity is a constant physiological process in adult organisms and tissues, in response to homeostatic challenges. In this review we discuss two examples of plasticity for the maintenance of homeostasis in the renal system-namely the renin-producing juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells) and cortical collecting duct (CCD) cells. JG cells show plasticity through recruitment mechanisms, answering the demand for an increase in renin production. In the CCD, cells appear to have the ability to transdifferentiate between principal and intercalated cells to help maintain the highly regulated solute transport levels of that segment. These two cases highlight the complexity of plasticity processes and the role they can play in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne M. Assmus
- The University of Edinburgh ‐ Cardiovascular Science (CVS) Queen's Medical Research Institute Edinburgh Scotland UK
| | - John J. Mullins
- The University of Edinburgh ‐ Cardiovascular Science (CVS) Queen's Medical Research Institute Edinburgh Scotland UK
| | - Cara M. Brown
- The University of Edinburgh ‐ Cardiovascular Science (CVS) Queen's Medical Research Institute Edinburgh Scotland UK
| | - Linda J. Mullins
- The University of Edinburgh ‐ Cardiovascular Science (CVS) Queen's Medical Research Institute Edinburgh Scotland UK
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Saleem M, Hodgkinson CP, Xiao L, Gimenez-Bastida JA, Rasmussen ML, Foss J, Payne AJ, Mirotsou M, Gama V, Dzau VJ, Gomez JA. Sox6 as a new modulator of renin expression in the kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 318:F285-F297. [PMID: 31760770 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00095.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Juxtaglomerular (JG) cells, major sources of renin, differentiate from metanephric mesenchymal cells that give rise to JG cells or a subset of smooth muscle cells of the renal afferent arteriole. During periods of dehydration and salt deprivation, renal mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) differentiate from JG cells. JG cells undergo expansion and smooth muscle cells redifferentiate to express renin along the afferent arteriole. Gene expression profiling comparing resident renal MSCs with JG cells indicates that the transcription factor Sox6 is highly expressed in JG cells in the adult kidney. In vitro, loss of Sox6 expression reduces differentiation of renal MSCs to renin-producing cells. In vivo, Sox6 expression is upregulated after a low-Na+ diet and furosemide. Importantly, knockout of Sox6 in Ren1d+ cells halts the increase in renin-expressing cells normally seen during a low-Na+ diet and furosemide as well as the typical increase in renin. Furthermore, Sox6 ablation in renin-expressing cells halts the recruitment of smooth muscle cells along the afferent arteriole, which normally express renin under these conditions. These results support a previously undefined role for Sox6 in renin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Saleem
- Department of Medicine/Clinical Pharmacology Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Conrad P Hodgkinson
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Liang Xiao
- Department of Medicine/Clinical Pharmacology Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Juan A Gimenez-Bastida
- Department of Medicine/Clinical Pharmacology Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Megan L Rasmussen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jason Foss
- Department of Medicine/Clinical Pharmacology Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Alan J Payne
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Maria Mirotsou
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Vivian Gama
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Victor J Dzau
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jose A Gomez
- Department of Medicine/Clinical Pharmacology Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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12
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Postnatal podocyte gain: Is the jury still out? Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 91:147-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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13
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Vallejo-Ardila DL, Fifis T, Burrell LM, Walsh K, Christophi C. Renin-angiotensin inhibitors reprogram tumor immune microenvironment: A comprehensive view of the influences on anti-tumor immunity. Oncotarget 2018; 9:35500-35511. [PMID: 30464806 PMCID: PMC6231452 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RASi) have shown potential anti-tumor effects that may have a significant impact in cancer therapy. The components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) including both, conventional and alternative axis, appear to have contradictory effects on tumor biology. The mechanisms by which RASi impair tumor growth extend beyond their function of modulating tumor vasculature. The major focus of this review is to analyze other mechanisms by which RASi reprogram the tumor immune microenvironment. These involve impairing hypoxia and acidosis within the tumor stroma, regulating inflammatory signaling pathways and oxidative stress, modulating the function of the non-cellular components and immune cells, and regulating the cross-talk between kalli krein kinin system and RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora L Vallejo-Ardila
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne,VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Theodora Fifis
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne,VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Louise M Burrell
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3084, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Katrina Walsh
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne,VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Christopher Christophi
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne,VIC 3084, Australia
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Shaw I, Rider S, Mullins J, Hughes J, Péault B. Pericytes in the renal vasculature: roles in health and disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2018; 14:521-534. [DOI: 10.1038/s41581-018-0032-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Microvascular Mural Cell Organotypic Heterogeneity and Functional Plasticity. Trends Cell Biol 2018; 28:302-316. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Abstract
An accumulating body of evidence suggests that renin-expressing cells have developed throughout evolution as a mechanism to preserve blood pressure and fluid volume homeostasis as well as to counteract a number of homeostatic and immunological threats. In the developing embryo, renin precursor cells emerge in multiple tissues, where they differentiate into a variety of cell types. The function of those precursors and their progeny is beginning to be unravelled. In the developing kidney, renin-expressing cells control the morphogenesis and branching of the renal arterial tree. The cells do not seem to fully differentiate but instead retain a degree of developmental plasticity or molecular memory, which enables them to regenerate injured glomeruli or to alter their phenotype to control blood pressure and fluid-electrolyte homeostasis. In haematopoietic tissues, renin-expressing cells might regulate bone marrow differentiation and participate in a circulating leukocyte renin-angiotensin system, which acts as a defence mechanism against infections or tissue injury. Furthermore, renin-expressing cells have an intricate lineage and functional relationship with erythropoietin-producing cells and are therefore central to two endocrine systems - the renin-angiotensin and erythropoietin systems - that sustain life by controlling fluid volume and composition, perfusion pressure and oxygen delivery to tissues. However, loss of the homeostatic control of these systems following dysregulation of renin-expressing cells can be detrimental, with serious pathological events.
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17
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Abstract
This review aims to summarize the knowledge about the sensor and endocrine response functions of resident interstitial cells of the kidney. By the production of renin, erythropoietin and arachidonate metabolites (medullipin) subsets of renal interstitial fibroblasts and pericytes in different kidney zones play a central role in salt, blood pressure and oxygen homeostasis of the body. Common to these endocrine functions is that their regulation mainly occurs by (de)recruitment of active cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Kurtz
- Physiologisches Institut der Universität Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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18
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Kaverina NV, Kadoya H, Eng DG, Rusiniak ME, Sequeira-Lopez MLS, Gomez RA, Pippin JW, Gross KW, Peti-Peterdi J, Shankland SJ. Tracking the stochastic fate of cells of the renin lineage after podocyte depletion using multicolor reporters and intravital imaging. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173891. [PMID: 28329012 PMCID: PMC5362207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocyte depletion plays a major role in focal segmental glomerular sclerosis (FSGS). Because cells of the renin lineage (CoRL) serve as adult podocyte and parietal epithelial cell (PEC) progenitor candidates, we generated Ren1cCre/R26R-ConfettiTG/WT and Ren1dCre/R26R-ConfettiTG/WT mice to determine CoRL clonality during podocyte replacement. Four CoRL reporters (GFP, YFP, RFP, CFP) were restricted to cells in the juxtaglomerular compartment (JGC) at baseline. Following abrupt podocyte depletion in experimental FSGS, all four CoRL reporters were detected in a subset of glomeruli at day 28, where they co-expressed de novo four podocyte proteins (podocin, nephrin, WT-1 and p57) and two glomerular parietal epithelial cell (PEC) proteins (claudin-1, PAX8). To monitor the precise migration of a subset of CoRL over a 2w period following podocyte depletion, intravital multiphoton microscopy was used. Our findings demonstrate direct visual support for the migration of single CoRL from the JGC to the parietal Bowman's capsule, early proximal tubule, mesangium and glomerular tuft. In summary, these results suggest that following podocyte depletion, multi-clonal CoRL migrate to the glomerulus and replace podocyte and PECs in experimental FSGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya V. Kaverina
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Hiroyuki Kadoya
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Diana G. Eng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Michael E. Rusiniak
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Maria Luisa S. Sequeira-Lopez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - R. Ariel Gomez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey W. Pippin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Kenneth W. Gross
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Janos Peti-Peterdi
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SJS); (JPP)
| | - Stuart J. Shankland
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SJS); (JPP)
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19
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Gomez RA. Fate of Renin Cells During Development and Disease. Hypertension 2017; 69:387-395. [PMID: 28137982 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.08316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Ariel Gomez
- From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville.
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20
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Gomez RA, Sequeira-Lopez MLS. Novel Functions of Renin Precursors in Homeostasis and Disease. Physiology (Bethesda) 2017; 31:25-33. [PMID: 26661526 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00039.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Renin progenitors appear early and are found in multiple tissues throughout the embryo. Besides their well known role in blood pressure and fluid homeostasis, renin progenitors participate in tissue morphogenesis, repair, and regeneration, and may integrate immune and endocrine responses. In the bone marrow, renin cells offer clues to understand normal and neoplastic hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ariel Gomez
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Child Health Research Center, Charlottesville, Virginia
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21
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Ototoxic effects and mechanisms of loop diuretics. J Otol 2016; 11:145-156. [PMID: 29937824 PMCID: PMC6002634 DOI: 10.1016/j.joto.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades considerable progress has been made in understanding the ototoxic effects and mechanisms underlying loop diuretics. As typical representative of loop diuretics ethacrynic acid or furosemide only induces temporary hearing loss, but rarely permanent deafness unless applied in severe acute or chronic renal failure or with other ototoxic drugs. Loop diuretic induce unique pathological changes in the cochlea such as formation of edematous spaces in the epithelium of the stria vascularis, which leads to rapid decrease of the endolymphatic potential and eventual loss of the cochlear microphonic potential, summating potential, and compound action potential. Loop diuretics interfere with strial adenylate cyclase and Na+/K+-ATPase and inhibit the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter in the stria vascularis, however recent reports indicate that one of the earliest effects in vivo is to abolish blood flow in the vessels supplying the lateral wall. Since ethacrynic acid does not damage the stria vascularis in vitro, the changes in Na+/K+-ATPase and Na-K-2Cl seen in vivo may be secondary effects results from strial ischemia and anoxia. Recent observations showing that renin is present in pericytes surrounding stria arterioles suggest that diuretics may induce local vasoconstriction by renin secretion and angiotensin formation. The tight junctions in the blood-cochlea barrier prevent toxic molecules and pathogens from entering cochlea, but when diuretics induce a transient ischemia, the barrier is temporarily disrupted allowing the entry of toxic chemicals or pathogens.
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22
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Stefanska A, Eng D, Kaverina N, Pippin JW, Gross KW, Duffield JS, Shankland SJ. Cells of renin lineage express hypoxia inducible factor 2α following experimental ureteral obstruction. BMC Nephrol 2016; 17:5. [PMID: 26746687 PMCID: PMC4706659 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-015-0216-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies indicate that mural cells of the preglomerular vessels, known as cells of renin lineage (CoRL), contribute to repair and regeneration of injured kidney glomeruli. However, their potential roles in tubulointerstitial disease are less understood. The aim of this study was to better understand CoRL number and distribution following UUO so that future mechanistic studies could be undertaken. METHODS We mapped the fate of CoRL in adult Ren1cCreER x Rs-tdTomato-R reporter mice that underwent UUO. Kidney biopsies from sham and UUO-subjected mice on days 3, 7, and 14 were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In sham animals, CoRL were restricted to juxtaglomerular location. At day 7 following UUO, CoRL increased two-fold, were perivascular in location, and co-expressed pericyte markers (PDGFßR, NG2), but did not express renin. At day 14 post UUO, labeled CoRL detached from vessels and were present in the interstitium, in areas of fibrosis, where they now expressed the myofibroblast marker alpha-smooth muscle actin. The increase in CoRL was likely due to proliferation as marked by BrdU labeling, and migration from the cortex. Following UUO starting from day 3, active hypoxia inducible factor-2α was detected in nuclei in labeled CoRL, in the cortex, but not those cells found in medulla. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated that arteriolar CoRL are potential kidney progenitors that may contribute to the initial vascular regeneration. However, in chronic kidney injury (≥14 days post UUO), perivascular CoRL transition to myofibroblast-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ania Stefanska
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA.
| | - Diana Eng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA.
| | - Natalya Kaverina
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA.
| | - Jeffrey W Pippin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA.
| | - Kenneth W Gross
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
| | | | - Stuart J Shankland
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA.
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23
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Belyea BC, Xu F, Pentz ES, Medrano S, Li M, Hu Y, Turner S, Legallo R, Jones CA, Tario JD, Liang P, Gross KW, Sequeira-Lopez MLS, Gomez RA. Identification of renin progenitors in the mouse bone marrow that give rise to B-cell leukaemia. Nat Commun 2015; 5:3273. [PMID: 24549417 PMCID: PMC3929784 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell of origin and triggering events for leukaemia are mostly unknown. Here we show that the bone marrow contains a progenitor that expresses renin throughout development and possesses a B-lymphocyte pedigree. This cell requires RBP-J to differentiate. Deletion of RBP-J in these renin-expressing progenitors enriches the precursor B-cell gene programme and constrains lymphocyte differentiation, facilitated by H3K4me3 activating marks in genes that control the pre-B stage. Mutant cells undergo neoplastic transformation, and mice develop a highly penetrant B-cell leukaemia with multi-organ infiltration and early death. These renin-expressing cells appear uniquely vulnerable as other conditional models of RBP-J deletion do not result in leukaemia. The discovery of these unique renin progenitors in the bone marrow and the model of leukaemia described herein may enhance our understanding of normal and neoplastic haematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Belyea
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Fang Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Ellen S Pentz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Silvia Medrano
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Minghong Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Yan Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Stephen Turner
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Robin Legallo
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Craig A Jones
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
| | - Joseph D Tario
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
| | - Ping Liang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | | | | | - R Ariel Gomez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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24
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Sequeira-Lopez MLS, Nagalakshmi VK, Li M, Sigmund CD, Gomez RA. Vascular versus tubular renin: role in kidney development. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 309:R650-7. [PMID: 26246508 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00313.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Renin, the key regulated enzyme of the renin-angiotensin system regulates blood pressure, fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, and renal morphogenesis. Whole body deletion of the renin gene results in severe morphological and functional derangements, including thickening of renal arterioles, hydronephrosis, and inability to concentrate the urine. Because renin is found in vascular and tubular cells, it has been impossible to discern the relative contribution of tubular versus vascular renin to such a complex phenotype. Therefore, we deleted renin independently in the vascular and tubular compartments by crossing Ren1(c fl/fl) mice to Foxd1-cre and Hoxb7-cre mice, respectively. Deletion of renin in the vasculature resulted in neonatal mortality that could be rescued with daily injections of saline. The kidneys of surviving mice showed the absence of renin, hypertrophic arteries, hydronephrosis, and negligible levels of plasma renin. In contrast, lack of renin in the collecting ducts did not affect kidney morphology, intra-renal renin, or circulating renin in basal conditions or in response to a homeostatic stress, such as sodium depletion. We conclude that renin generated in the renal vasculature is fundamental for the development and integrity of the kidney, whereas renin in the collecting ducts is dispensable for normal kidney development and cannot compensate for the lack of renin in the vascular compartment. Further, the main source of circulating renin is the kidney vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vidya K Nagalakshmi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia; and
| | - Minghong Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia; and
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - R Ariel Gomez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia; and
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25
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Rider SA, Mullins LJ, Verdon RF, MacRae CA, Mullins JJ. Renin expression in developing zebrafish is associated with angiogenesis and requires the Notch pathway and endothelium. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015. [PMID: 26202224 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00247.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although renin is a critical regulatory enzyme of the cardiovascular system, its roles in organogenesis and the establishment of cardiovascular homeostasis remain unclear. Mammalian renin-expressing cells are widespread in embryonic kidneys but are highly restricted, specialized endocrine cells in adults. With a functional pronephros, embryonic zebrafish are ideal for delineating the developmental functions of renin-expressing cells and the mechanisms governing renin transcription. Larval zebrafish renin expression originates in the mural cells of the juxtaglomerular anterior mesenteric artery and subsequently at extrarenal sites. The role of renin was determined by assessing responses to renin-angiotensin system blockade, salinity variation, and renal perfusion ablation. Renin expression did not respond to renal flow ablation but was modulated by inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme and altered salinity. Our data in larval fish are consistent with conservation of renin's physiological functions. Using transgenic renin reporter fish, with mindbomb and cloche mutants, we show that Notch signaling and the endothelium are essential for developmental renin expression. After inhibition of angiogenesis, renin-expressing cells precede angiogenic sprouts. Arising from separate lineages, but relying on mutual interplay with endothelial cells, renin-expressing cells are among the earliest mural cells observed in larval fish, performing both endocrine and paracrine functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien A Rider
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Little France, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and
| | - Linda J Mullins
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Little France, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and
| | - Rachel F Verdon
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Little France, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and
| | - Calum A MacRae
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John J Mullins
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Little France, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and
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26
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Pippin JW, Kaverina NV, Eng DG, Krofft RD, Glenn ST, Duffield JS, Gross KW, Shankland SJ. Cells of renin lineage are adult pluripotent progenitors in experimental glomerular disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 309:F341-58. [PMID: 26062877 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00438.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Modified vascular smooth muscle cells of the kidney afferent arterioles have recently been shown to serve as progenitors for glomerular epithelial cells in response to glomerular injury. To determine whether such cells of renin lineage (CoRL) serve as progenitors for other cells in kidney disease characterized by both glomerular and tubulointerstitial injury, permanent genetic cell fate mapping of adult CoRL using Ren1cCreER × Rs-tdTomato-R reporter mice was performed. TdTomato-labeled CoRL were almost completely restricted to the juxtaglomerular compartment in healthy kidneys. Following 2 wk of antibody-mediated focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) or 16 wk of ⅚ nephrectomy-induced chronic kidney diseases, tdTomato-mapped CoRL were identified in both interstitial and glomerular compartments. In the interstitium, PDGFβ receptor (R)-expressing cells significantly increased, and a portion of these expressed tdTomato. This was accompanied by a decrease in native pericyte number, but an increase in the number of tdTomato cells that coexpressed the pericyte markers PDGFβ-R and NG2. These cells surrounded vessels and coexpressed the pericyte markers CD73 and CD146, but not the endothelial marker ERG. Within glomeruli of reporter mice with the ⅚ nephrectomy model, a subset of labeled CoRL migrated to the glomerular tuft and coexpressed podocin and synaptopodin. By contrast, labeled CoRL were not detected in glomerular or interstitial compartments following uninephrectomy. These observations indicate that in addition to supplying new adult podocytes to glomeruli, CoRL have the capacity to become new adult pericytes in the setting of interstitial disease. We conclude that CoRL have the potential to function as progenitors for multiple adult cell types in kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Pippin
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington;
| | | | - Diana G Eng
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ronald D Krofft
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sean T Glenn
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York; and
| | - Jeremy S Duffield
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Biogen IDEC, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kenneth W Gross
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York; and
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27
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Stefanska A, Eng D, Kaverina N, Duffield JS, Pippin JW, Rabinovitch P, Shankland SJ. Interstitial pericytes decrease in aged mouse kidneys. Aging (Albany NY) 2015; 7:370-82. [PMID: 26081073 PMCID: PMC4505164 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
With increasing age, the kidney undergoes characteristic changes in the glomerular and tubulo-interstitial compartments, which are ultimately accompanied by reduced kidney function. Studies have shown age-related loss of peritubular vessels. Normal peritubular vessel tone, function and survival depend on neighboring pericytes. Pericyte detachment leads to vascular damage, which can be accompanied by their differentiation to fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, a state that favors matrix production. To better understand the fate of pericytes in the aged kidney, 27 month-old mice were studied. Compared to 3 month-old young adult mice, aged kidneys showed a substantial decrease in capillaries, identified by CD31 staining, in both cortex and medulla. This was accompanied by a marked decrease in surrounding NG2+ / PDGFRβ+ pericytes. This decrease was more pronounced in the medulla. Capillaries devoid of pericytes were typically dilated in aged mice. Aged kidneys were also characterized by interstitial fibrosis due to increased collagen-I and -III staining. This was accompanied by an increase in the number of pericytes that acquired a pro-fibrotic phenotype, identified by increased PDGFRβ+ / αSMA+ staining. These findings are consistent with the decline in kidney interstitial pericytes as a critical step in the development of changes to the peritubular vasculature with aging, and accompanying fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ania Stefanska
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Diana Eng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Natalya Kaverina
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Jeremy S. Duffield
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
- Biogen Idec, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jeffrey W. Pippin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Peter Rabinovitch
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Stuart J. Shankland
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
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28
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Yang Y, Gomez JA, Herrera M, Perez-Marco R, Repenning P, Zhang Z, Payne A, Pratt RE, Koller B, Beierwaltes WH, Coffman T, Mirotsou M, Dzau VJ. Salt restriction leads to activation of adult renal mesenchymal stromal cell-like cells via prostaglandin E2 and E-prostanoid receptor 4. Hypertension 2015; 65:1047-54. [PMID: 25776075 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.04611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the importance of juxtaglomerular cell recruitment in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases, the mechanisms that underlie renin production under conditions of chronic stimulation remain elusive. We have previously shown that CD44+ mesenchymal-like cells (CD44+ cells) exist in the adult kidney. Under chronic sodium deprivation, these cells are recruited to the juxtaglomerular area and differentiate to new renin-expressing cells. Given the proximity of macula densa to the juxtaglomerular area and the importance of macula densa released prostanoids in renin synthesis and release, we hypothesized that chronic sodium deprivation induces macula densa release of prostanoids, stimulating renal CD44+ cell activation and differentiation. CD44+ cells were isolated from adult kidneys and cocultured with the macula densa cell line, MMDD1, in normal or low-sodium medium. Low sodium stimulated prostaglandin E2 production by MMDD1 and induced migration of CD44+ cells. These effects were inhibited by addition of a cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor (NS398) or an E-prostanoid receptor 4 antagonist (AH23848) to MMDD1 or CD44+ cells, respectively. Addition of prostaglandin E2 to CD44+ cells increased cell migration and induced renin expression. In vivo activation of renal CD44+ cells during juxtaglomerular recruitment was attenuated in wild-type mice subjected to salt restriction in the presence of cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor rofecoxib. Similar results were observed in E-prostanoid receptor 4 knockout mice subjected to salt restriction. These results show that the prostaglandin E2/E-prostanoid receptor 4 pathway plays a key role in the activation of renal CD44+ mesenchymal stromal cell-like cells during conditions of juxtaglomerular recruitment; highlighting the importance of this pathway as a key regulatory mechanism of juxtaglomerular recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiang Yang
- From the Mandel Center for Hypertension and Atherosclerosis Research, and the Cardiovascular Research Center (Y.Y., J.A.G., R.P.-M., Z.Z., A.P., R.E.P., M.M., V.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (M.H., T.C.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (P.R., B.K.); and Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.H.B.)
| | - Jose A Gomez
- From the Mandel Center for Hypertension and Atherosclerosis Research, and the Cardiovascular Research Center (Y.Y., J.A.G., R.P.-M., Z.Z., A.P., R.E.P., M.M., V.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (M.H., T.C.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (P.R., B.K.); and Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.H.B.)
| | - Marcela Herrera
- From the Mandel Center for Hypertension and Atherosclerosis Research, and the Cardiovascular Research Center (Y.Y., J.A.G., R.P.-M., Z.Z., A.P., R.E.P., M.M., V.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (M.H., T.C.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (P.R., B.K.); and Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.H.B.)
| | - Romelia Perez-Marco
- From the Mandel Center for Hypertension and Atherosclerosis Research, and the Cardiovascular Research Center (Y.Y., J.A.G., R.P.-M., Z.Z., A.P., R.E.P., M.M., V.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (M.H., T.C.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (P.R., B.K.); and Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.H.B.)
| | - Peter Repenning
- From the Mandel Center for Hypertension and Atherosclerosis Research, and the Cardiovascular Research Center (Y.Y., J.A.G., R.P.-M., Z.Z., A.P., R.E.P., M.M., V.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (M.H., T.C.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (P.R., B.K.); and Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.H.B.)
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- From the Mandel Center for Hypertension and Atherosclerosis Research, and the Cardiovascular Research Center (Y.Y., J.A.G., R.P.-M., Z.Z., A.P., R.E.P., M.M., V.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (M.H., T.C.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (P.R., B.K.); and Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.H.B.)
| | - Alan Payne
- From the Mandel Center for Hypertension and Atherosclerosis Research, and the Cardiovascular Research Center (Y.Y., J.A.G., R.P.-M., Z.Z., A.P., R.E.P., M.M., V.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (M.H., T.C.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (P.R., B.K.); and Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.H.B.)
| | - Richard E Pratt
- From the Mandel Center for Hypertension and Atherosclerosis Research, and the Cardiovascular Research Center (Y.Y., J.A.G., R.P.-M., Z.Z., A.P., R.E.P., M.M., V.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (M.H., T.C.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (P.R., B.K.); and Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.H.B.)
| | - Beverly Koller
- From the Mandel Center for Hypertension and Atherosclerosis Research, and the Cardiovascular Research Center (Y.Y., J.A.G., R.P.-M., Z.Z., A.P., R.E.P., M.M., V.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (M.H., T.C.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (P.R., B.K.); and Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.H.B.)
| | - William H Beierwaltes
- From the Mandel Center for Hypertension and Atherosclerosis Research, and the Cardiovascular Research Center (Y.Y., J.A.G., R.P.-M., Z.Z., A.P., R.E.P., M.M., V.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (M.H., T.C.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (P.R., B.K.); and Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.H.B.)
| | - Thomas Coffman
- From the Mandel Center for Hypertension and Atherosclerosis Research, and the Cardiovascular Research Center (Y.Y., J.A.G., R.P.-M., Z.Z., A.P., R.E.P., M.M., V.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (M.H., T.C.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (P.R., B.K.); and Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.H.B.)
| | - Maria Mirotsou
- From the Mandel Center for Hypertension and Atherosclerosis Research, and the Cardiovascular Research Center (Y.Y., J.A.G., R.P.-M., Z.Z., A.P., R.E.P., M.M., V.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (M.H., T.C.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (P.R., B.K.); and Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.H.B.)
| | - Victor J Dzau
- From the Mandel Center for Hypertension and Atherosclerosis Research, and the Cardiovascular Research Center (Y.Y., J.A.G., R.P.-M., Z.Z., A.P., R.E.P., M.M., V.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (M.H., T.C.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (P.R., B.K.); and Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (W.H.B.).
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Castellanos-Rivera RM, Pentz ES, Lin E, Gross KW, Medrano S, Yu J, Sequeira-Lopez MLS, Gomez RA. Recombination signal binding protein for Ig-κJ region regulates juxtaglomerular cell phenotype by activating the myo-endocrine program and suppressing ectopic gene expression. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 26:67-80. [PMID: 24904090 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013101045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombination signal binding protein for Ig-κJ region (RBP-J), the major downstream effector of Notch signaling, is necessary to maintain the number of renin-positive juxtaglomerular cells and the plasticity of arteriolar smooth muscle cells to re-express renin when homeostasis is threatened. We hypothesized that RBP-J controls a repertoire of genes that defines the phenotype of the renin cell. Mice bearing a bacterial artificial chromosome reporter with a mutated RBP-J binding site in the renin promoter had markedly reduced reporter expression at the basal state and in response to a homeostatic challenge. Mice with conditional deletion of RBP-J in renin cells had decreased expression of endocrine (renin and Akr1b7) and smooth muscle (Acta2, Myh11, Cnn1, and Smtn) genes and regulators of smooth muscle expression (miR-145, SRF, Nfatc4, and Crip1). To determine whether RBP-J deletion decreased the endowment of renin cells, we traced the fate of these cells in RBP-J conditional deletion mice. Notably, the lineage staining patterns in mutant and control kidneys were identical, although mutant kidneys had fewer or no renin-expressing cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus. Microarray analysis of mutant arterioles revealed upregulation of genes usually expressed in hematopoietic cells. Thus, these results suggest that RBP-J maintains the identity of the renin cell by not only activating genes characteristic of the myo-endocrine phenotype but also, preventing ectopic gene expression and adoption of an aberrant phenotype, which could have severe consequences for the control of homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth M Castellanos-Rivera
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Department of Biology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and
| | | | - Eugene Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Department of Biology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and
| | - Kenneth W Gross
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | | | - Jing Yu
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; and
| | | | - R Ariel Gomez
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Department of Biology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and
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Li W, Hartwig S, Rosenblum ND. Developmental origins and functions of stromal cells in the normal and diseased mammalian kidney. Dev Dyn 2014; 243:853-63. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Winny Li
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto; Toronto Canada
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology; The Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Sunny Hartwig
- Department of Biomedical Science; Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island; Prince Edward Island Canada
| | - Norman D. Rosenblum
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto; Toronto Canada
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology; The Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Division of Nephrology; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Physiology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
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31
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Gomez RA, Belyea B, Medrano S, Pentz ES, Sequeira-Lopez MLS. Fate and plasticity of renin precursors in development and disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2014; 29:721-6. [PMID: 24337407 PMCID: PMC3999616 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-013-2688-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Renin-expressing cells appear early in the embryo and are distributed broadly throughout the body as organogenesis ensues. Their appearance in the metanephric kidney is a relatively late event in comparison with other organs such as the fetal adrenal gland. The functions of renin cells in extra renal tissues remain to be investigated. In the kidney, they participate locally in the assembly and branching of the renal arterial tree and later in the endocrine control of blood pressure and fluid-electrolyte homeostasis. Interestingly, this endocrine function is accomplished by the remarkable plasticity of renin cell descendants along the kidney arterioles and glomeruli which are capable of reacquiring the renin phenotype in response to physiological demands, increasing circulating renin and maintaining homeostasis. Given that renin cells are sensors of the status of the extracellular fluid and perfusion pressure, several signaling mechanisms (β-adrenergic receptors, Notch pathway, gap junctions and the renal baroreceptor) must be coordinated to ensure the maintenance of renin phenotype--and ultimately the availability of renin--during basal conditions and in response to homeostatic threats. Notably, key transcriptional (Creb/CBP/p300, RBP-J) and posttranscriptional (miR-330, miR125b-5p) effectors of those signaling pathways are prominent in the regulation of renin cell identity. The next challenge, it seems, would be to understand how those factors coordinate their efforts to control the endocrine and contractile phenotypes of the myoepithelioid granulated renin-expressing cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ariel Gomez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 409 Lane Road, Room 2001, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA,
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Gomez RA, Sequeira-Lopez MLS. Two oldies join forces to guard homeostasis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 305:F1546. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00496.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R. Ariel Gomez
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
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33
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Neubauer B, Machura K, Rupp V, Tallquist MD, Betsholtz C, Sequeira-Lopez MLS, Ariel Gomez R, Wagner C. Development of renal renin-expressing cells does not involve PDGF-B-PDGFR-β signaling. Physiol Rep 2013; 1:e00132. [PMID: 24303195 PMCID: PMC3841059 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Apart from their endocrine functions renin-expressing cells play an important functional role as mural cells of the developing preglomerular arteriolar vessel tree in the kidney. The recruitment of renin-expressing cells from the mesenchyme to the vessel wall is not well understood. Assuming that it may follow more general lines of pericyte recruitment to endothelial tubes we have now investigated the relevance of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-B-PDGFR-β signaling pathway in this context. We studied renin expression in kidneys lacking PDGFR-β in these cells and in kidneys with reduced endothelial PDGF-B expression. We found that expression of renin in the kidneys under normal and stimulated conditions was not different from wild-type kidneys. As expected, PDGFR-β immunoreactivity was found in mesangial, adventitial and tubulo-interstitial cells but not in renin-expressing cells. These findings suggest that the PDGF-B-PDGFR-β signaling pathway is not essential for the recruitment of renin-expressing cells to preglomerular vessel walls in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjoern Neubauer
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg Regensburg, Germany
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