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Singh P, Hernandez‐Rauda R, Peña‐Rodas O. Preventative and therapeutic potential of animal milk components against COVID-19: A comprehensive review. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:2547-2579. [PMID: 37324885 PMCID: PMC10261805 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The global pandemic of COVID-19 is considered one of the most catastrophic events on earth. During the pandemic, food ingredients may play crucial roles in preventing infectious diseases and sustaining people's general health and well-being. Animal milk acts as a super food since it has the capacity to minimize the occurrence of viral infections due to inherent antiviral properties of its ingredients. SARS-CoV-2 virus infection can be prevented by immune-enhancing and antiviral properties of caseins, α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, mucin, lactoferrin, lysozyme, lactoperoxidase, oligosaccharides, glycosaminoglycans, and glycerol monolaurate. Some of the milk proteins (i.e., lactoferrin) may work synergistically with antiviral medications (e.g., remdesivir), and enhance the effectiveness of treatment in this disease. Cytokine storm during COVID-19 can be managed by casein hydrolyzates, lactoferrin, lysozyme, and lactoperoxidase. Thrombus formation can be prevented by casoplatelins as these can inhibit human platelet aggregation. Milk vitamins (i.e., A, D, E, and B complexes) and minerals (i.e., Ca, P, Mg, Zn, and Se) can have significantly positive effects on boosting the immunity and health status of individuals. In addition, certain vitamins and minerals can also act as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, and antivirals. Thus, the overall effect of milk might be a result of synergistic antiviral effects and host immunomodulator activities from multiple components. Due to multiple overlapping functions of milk ingredients, they can play vital and synergistic roles in prevention as well as supportive agents during principle therapy of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parminder Singh
- Department of Animal Husbandry AmritsarGovernment of PunjabAmritsarIndia
| | - Roberto Hernandez‐Rauda
- Laboratorio de Inocuidad de AlimentosUniversidad Doctor Andres BelloSan SalvadorEl Salvador, América Central
| | - Oscar Peña‐Rodas
- Laboratorio de Inocuidad de AlimentosUniversidad Doctor Andres BelloSan SalvadorEl Salvador, América Central
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2
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Dos Anjos AA, de Paiva IT, Simões Lima GL, da Silva Filha R, Fróes BPE, Brant Pinheiro SV, Silva ACSE. Nephrotic Syndrome and Renin-angiotensin System: Pathophysiological Role and Therapeutic Potential. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2023; 16:465-474. [PMID: 35713131 DOI: 10.2174/1874467215666220616152312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome (INS) is the most frequent etiology of glomerulopathy in pediatric patients and one of the most common causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in this population. In this review, we aimed to summarize evidence on the pathophysiological role and therapeutic potential of the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) molecules for the control of proteinuria and for delaying the onset of CKD in patients with INS. This is a narrative review in which the databases PubMed, Web of Science, and Sci- ELO were searched for articles about INS and RAS. We selected articles that evaluated the pathophysiological role of RAS and the effects of the alternative RAS axis as a potential therapy for INS. Several studies using rodent models of nephropathies showed that the treatment with activators of the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) and with Mas receptor agonists reduces proteinuria and improves kidney tissue damage. Another recent paper showed that the reduction of urinary ACE2 levels in children with INS correlates with proteinuria and higher concentrations of inflammatory cytokines, although data with pediatric patients are still limited. The molecules of the alternative RAS axis comprise a wide spectrum, not yet fully explored, of potential pharmacological targets for kidney diseases. The effects of ACE2 activators and receptor Mas agonists show promising results that can be useful for nephropathies including INS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Aguiar Dos Anjos
- Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Unidade de Nefrologia Pediátrica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Isadora Tucci de Paiva
- Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Unidade de Nefrologia Pediátrica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Letícia Simões Lima
- Faculdade de Medicina, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Roberta da Silva Filha
- Faculdade de Medicina, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Brunna Pinto E Fróes
- Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Unidade de Nefrologia Pediátrica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Veloso Brant Pinheiro
- Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Unidade de Nefrologia Pediátrica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Simões E Silva
- Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Unidade de Nefrologia Pediátrica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Resta L, Vimercati A, Cazzato G, Fanelli M, Scarcella SV, Ingravallo G, Colagrande A, Sablone S, Stolfa M, Arezzo F, Lettini T, Rossi R. SARS-CoV-2, Placental Histopathology, Gravity of Infection and Immunopathology: Is There an Association? Viruses 2022; 14:v14061330. [PMID: 35746801 PMCID: PMC9227044 DOI: 10.3390/v14061330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: As the pandemic months progress, more and more evidence shows that the placenta acts as a “barrier” to SARS-CoV-2, although rare cases of vertical transmission have been described. (2) Methods: In an attempt to investigate whether the symptoms’ severity was related to different placental histological characteristics and the immune microenvironment, we subdivided 29 placentas from 29 mothers positive for SARS-CoV-2 into two groups, depending on the symptomatology (moderate/severe vs. asymptomatic/mild), performing immunohistochemical investigations for CD4 + and CD8 + T lymphocytes, as well as for CD68 + macrophage. We also evaluated the immuno-expression of the ACE2 receptor at the placental level. These two groups were compared to a control group of 28 placentas from 28 SARS-CoV-2-negative healthy mothers. (3) Results: The symptoms (likely to be related to viremia) were statistically significantly correlated (p < 0.05) with histopathological changes, such as maternal malperfusion, decidual arteriopathy, blood vessel thrombus of fetal relevance. Furthermore, the immuno-expression of ACE2 was significantly lower in SARS-CoV-2-positive groups vs. control group (p = 0.001). (4) Conclusions: There is still much to study and discover regarding the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and histological changes in placentas and how the latter might contribute to various neonatal clinical outcomes, such as prematurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Resta
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.R.); (M.F.); (S.V.S.); (G.I.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (T.L.); (R.R.)
| | - Antonella Vimercati
- Section of Ginecology and Obstetrics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.V.); (F.A.)
| | - Gerardo Cazzato
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.R.); (M.F.); (S.V.S.); (G.I.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (T.L.); (R.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-34-0520-3641
| | - Margherita Fanelli
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.R.); (M.F.); (S.V.S.); (G.I.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (T.L.); (R.R.)
| | - Sara Vincenza Scarcella
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.R.); (M.F.); (S.V.S.); (G.I.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (T.L.); (R.R.)
| | - Giuseppe Ingravallo
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.R.); (M.F.); (S.V.S.); (G.I.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (T.L.); (R.R.)
| | - Anna Colagrande
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.R.); (M.F.); (S.V.S.); (G.I.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (T.L.); (R.R.)
| | - Sara Sablone
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Bari Policlinico Hospital, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Mary Stolfa
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.R.); (M.F.); (S.V.S.); (G.I.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (T.L.); (R.R.)
| | - Francesca Arezzo
- Section of Ginecology and Obstetrics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.V.); (F.A.)
| | - Teresa Lettini
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.R.); (M.F.); (S.V.S.); (G.I.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (T.L.); (R.R.)
| | - Roberta Rossi
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.R.); (M.F.); (S.V.S.); (G.I.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (T.L.); (R.R.)
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Inverse Salt Sensitivity of Blood Pressure: Mechanisms and Potential Relevance for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. Curr Hypertens Rep 2022; 24:361-374. [PMID: 35708819 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-022-01201-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the etiology of inverse salt sensitivity of blood pressure (BP). RECENT FINDINGS Both high and low sodium (Na+) intake can be associated with increased BP and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, little is known regarding the mechanisms involved in the increase in BP in response to low Na+ intake, a condition termed inverse salt sensitivity of BP, which affects approximately 15% of the adult population. The renal proximal tubule is important in regulating up to 70% of renal Na+ transport. The renin-angiotensin and renal dopaminergic systems play both synergistic and opposing roles in the regulation of Na+ transport in this nephron segment. Clinical studies have demonstrated that individuals express a "personal salt index" (PSI) that marks whether they are salt-resistant, salt-sensitive, or inverse salt-sensitive. Inverse salt sensitivity results in part from genetic polymorphisms in various Na+ regulatory genes leading to a decrease in natriuretic activity and an increase in renal tubular Na+ reabsorption leading to an increase in BP. This article reviews the potential mechanisms of a new pathophysiologic entity, inverse salt sensitivity of BP, which affects approximately 15% of the general adult population.
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Saccharomyces boulardii exerts renoprotection by modulating oxidative stress, renin angiotensin system and uropathogenic microbiota in a murine model of diabetes. Life Sci 2022; 301:120616. [PMID: 35533758 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We aimed to investigate whether Saccharomyces boulardii strain might exert renoprotective effects by modulating renal renin angiotensin system, oxidative stress and intestinal microbiota in streptozotocin-diabetic mice. MAIN METHODS Thirty-six C57BL/6 male mice were divided into four groups: control (C), control + probiotic (CP), diabetes (D), diabetes + probiotic (DP). Diabetes was induced by one intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin and Saccharomyces boulardii was administered by oral gavage for 8 weeks. Blood glucose, albuminuria and urinary volume were measured. Renal levels of angiotensin peptides (angiotensin I, II and 1-7) and the activities of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and ACE2 were determined, besides that, renal morphology, serotonin and dopamine levels and also microbiota composition were analyzed. KEY FINDINGS Probiotics significantly increased C-peptide secretion and reduced blood glucose of diabetic animals. Saccharomyces boulardii also improved renal antioxidant defense, restored serotonin and dopamine concentration, and activated the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) vasodilator and antifibrotic axis. The modulation of these markers was associated with a beneficial impact on glomerular structure and renal function of diabetic treated animals. The phenotypic changes induced by Saccharomyces boulardii were also related to modulation of intestinal microbiota, evidenced by the decreased abundance of Proteus and Escherichia-Shigella, considered diabetic nephropathy biomarkers. SIGNIFICANCE Therefore, probiotic administration to streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice improves kidney structure and function in a murine model and might represent a reasonable strategy to counteract nephropathy-associated maladaptive responses in diabetes.
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Kouyoumdzian NM, Kim G, Rudi MJ, Rukavina Mikusic NL, Fernández BE, Choi MR. Clues and new evidences in arterial hypertension: unmasking the role of the chloride anion. Pflugers Arch 2021; 474:155-176. [PMID: 34966955 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02649-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The present review will focus on the role of chloride anion in cardiovascular disease, with special emphasis in the development of hypertensive disease and vascular inflammation. It is known that acute and chronic overload of sodium chloride increase blood pressure and have pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic effects on different target organs, but it is unknown how chloride may influence these processes. Chloride anion is the predominant anion in the extracellular fluid and its intracellular concentration is dynamically regulated. As the queen of the electrolytes, it is of crucial importance to understand the physiological mechanisms that regulate the cellular handling of this anion including the different transporters and cellular chloride channels, which exert a variety of functions, such as regulation of cellular proliferation, differentiation, migration, apoptosis, intracellular pH and cellular redox state. In this article, we will also review the relationship between dietary, serum and intracellular chloride and how these different sources of chloride in the organism are affected in hypertension and their impact on cardiovascular disease. Additionally, we will discuss the approach of potential strategies that affect chloride handling and its potential effect on cardiovascular system, including pharmacological blockade of chloride channels and non-pharmacological interventions by replacing chloride by another anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Martín Kouyoumdzian
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto Alberto C. Taquini de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IATIMET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Gabriel Kim
- Facultad de Farmacia Y Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Cátedra de Anatomía e Histología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Julieta Rudi
- Facultad de Farmacia Y Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Cátedra de Anatomía e Histología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Lucía Rukavina Mikusic
- Facultad de Farmacia Y Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Cátedra de Anatomía e Histología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Marcelo Roberto Choi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto Alberto C. Taquini de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IATIMET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Farmacia Y Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Cátedra de Anatomía e Histología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto Universitario de Ciencias de La Salud, Fundación H.A. Barceló, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Aimo A, Vergaro G, Passino C, Clerico A. Evaluation of pathophysiological relationships between renin-angiotensin and ACE-ACE2 systems in cardiovascular disorders: from theory to routine clinical practice in patients with heart failure. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2021; 58:530-545. [PMID: 34196254 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2021.1942782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the progressive improvements in diagnosis and therapy during the first 20 years of this century, the morbidity and mortality of patients with heart failure (HF) remain high, resulting in an enormous health and economic burden. Only a further improvement in understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms related to the development of cardiac injury and dysfunction can allow more innovative and personalized approaches to HF management. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has a critical role in cardiovascular physiology by regulating blood pressure and electrolyte balance. The RAS is mainly regulated by both angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and type 2 angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE2). However, the balance between the various peptides and peptidases constituting the RAS/ACE pathway remains in great part unraveled in patients with HF. This review summarizes the role of the RAS/ACE axis in cardiac physiology and HF pathophysiology as well as some analytical issues relevant to the clinical and laboratory assessment of inter-relationships between these two systems. There is evidence that RAS peptides represent a dynamic network of peptides, which are altered in different HF states and influenced by medical therapy. However, the mechanisms of signal transduction have not been fully elucidated under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Further investigations are necessary to explore novel molecular mechanisms related to the RAS, which will provide alternative therapeutic agents. Moreover, monitoring the circulating levels of active RAS peptides in HF patients may enable a personalized approach by facilitating assessment of the pathophysiological status of several cardiovascular diseases and thus better selection of therapies for HF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Aimo
- Fondazione CNR - Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vergaro
- Fondazione CNR - Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudio Passino
- Fondazione CNR - Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Aldo Clerico
- Fondazione CNR - Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
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Liu LP, Zhang XL, Li J. New perspectives on angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and its related diseases. World J Diabetes 2021; 12:839-854. [PMID: 34168732 PMCID: PMC8192247 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i6.839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the worldwide outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has received widespread attention as the cell receptor of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus. At the same time, as a key enzyme in the renin-angiotensin-system, ACE2 is considered to be an endogenous negative regulator of vasoconstriction, proliferation, fibrosis, and proinflammation caused by the ACE-angiotensin II-angiotensin type 1 receptor axis. ACE2 is now implicated as being closely connected to diabetes, cardiovascular, kidney, and lung diseases, and so on. This review covers the available information on the host factors regulating ACE2 and discusses its role in a variety of pathophysiological conditions in animal models and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Li Zhang
- TheFifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 68135, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
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Oz M, Lorke DE, Kabbani N. A comprehensive guide to the pharmacologic regulation of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 221:107750. [PMID: 33275999 PMCID: PMC7854082 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The recent emergence of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) as a global pandemic has prompted scientists to address an urgent need for defining mechanisms of disease pathology and treatment. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent for COVID-19, employs angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as its primary target for cell surface attachment and likely entry into the host cell. Thus, understanding factors that may regulate the expression and function of ACE2 in the healthy and diseased body is critical for clinical intervention. Over 66% of all adults in the United States are currently using a prescription drug and while earlier findings have focused on possible upregulation of ACE2 expression through the use of renin angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors, mounting evidence suggests that various other widely administered drugs used in the treatment of hypertension, heart failure, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemias, coagulation disorders, and pulmonary disease may also present a varied risk for COVID-19. Specifically, we summarize mechanisms on how heparin, statins, steroids and phytochemicals, besides their established therapeutic effects, may also interfere with SARS-CoV-2 viral entry into cells. We also describe evidence on the effect of several vitamins, phytochemicals, and naturally occurring compounds on ACE2 expression and activity in various tissues and disease models. This comprehensive review aims to provide a timely compendium on the potential impact of commonly prescribed drugs and pharmacologically active compounds on COVID-19 pathology and risk through regulation of ACE2 and RAS signaling.
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Key Words
- adam17, a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17
- ace, angiotensin i converting enzyme
- ace-inh., angiotensin i converting enzyme inhibitor
- ampk, amp-activated protein kinase
- ang-ii, angiotensin ii
- arb, angiotensin ii type 1-receptor blocker
- ards, acute respiratory distress syndrome
- at1-r, angiotensin ii type 1-receptor
- βarb, β-adrenergic receptor blockers
- bk, bradykinin
- ccb, calcium channel blockers
- ch25h, cholesterol-25-hydroxylase
- copd, chronic obstructive lung disease
- cox, cyclooxygenase
- covid-19, coronavirus disease-2019
- dabk, [des-arg9]-bradykinin
- erk, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- 25hc, 25-hydroxycholesterol
- hs, heparan sulfate
- hspg, heparan sulfate proteoglycan
- ibd, inflammatory bowel disease
- map, mitogen-activated protein
- mers, middle east respiratory syndrome
- mrb, mineralocorticoid receptor blocker
- nos, nitric oxide synthase
- nsaid, non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug
- ras, renin-angiotensin system
- sars-cov, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- sh, spontaneously hypertensive
- s protein, spike protein
- sirt1, sirtuin 1
- t2dm, type 2 diabetes mellitus
- tcm, traditional chinese medicine
- tmprss2, transmembrane protease, serine 2
- tnf, tumor necrosis factor
- ufh, unfractionated heparin
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Oz
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait.
| | - Dietrich Ernst Lorke
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nadine Kabbani
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
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Angiotensin-(1-7)-A Potential Remedy for AKI: Insights Derived from the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10061200. [PMID: 33805760 PMCID: PMC8001321 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10061200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane-bound angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) 2 serves as a receptor for the Sars-CoV-2 spike protein, permitting viral attachment to target host cells. The COVID-19 pandemic brought into light ACE2, its principal product angiotensin (Ang) 1-7, and the G protein-coupled receptor for the heptapeptide (MasR), which together form a still under-recognized arm of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS). This axis counteracts vasoconstriction, inflammation and fibrosis, generated by the more familiar deleterious arm of RAS, including ACE, Ang II and the ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R). The COVID-19 disease is characterized by the depletion of ACE2 and Ang-(1-7), conceivably playing a central role in the devastating cytokine storm that characterizes this disorder. ACE2 repletion and the administration of Ang-(1-7) constitute the therapeutic options currently tested in the management of severe COVID-19 disease cases. Based on their beneficial effects, both ACE2 and Ang-(1-7) have also been suggested to slow the progression of experimental diabetic and hypertensive chronic kidney disease (CKD). Herein, we report a further step undertaken recently, utilizing this type of intervention in the management of evolving acute kidney injury (AKI), with the expectation of renal vasodilation and the attenuation of oxidative stress, inflammation, renal parenchymal damage and subsequent fibrosis. Most outcomes indicate that triggering the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/MasR axis may be renoprotective in the setup of AKI. Yet, there is contradicting evidence that under certain conditions it may accelerate renal damage in CKD and AKI. The nature of these conflicting outcomes requires further elucidation.
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Matsuishi Y, Mathis BJ, Shimojo N, Subrina J, Okubo N, Inoue Y. Severe COVID-19 Infection Associated with Endothelial Dysfunction Induces Multiple Organ Dysfunction: A Review of Therapeutic Interventions. Biomedicines 2021; 9:279. [PMID: 33801921 PMCID: PMC7999560 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9030279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since December 2019, the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic has transfixed the medical world. COVID-19 symptoms vary from mild to severe and underlying chronic conditions such as pulmonary/cardiovascular disease and diabetes induce excessive inflammatory responses to COVID-19 and these underlying chronic diseases are mediated by endothelial dysfunction. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the most common cause of death in COVID-19 patients, but coagulation induced by excessive inflammation, thrombosis, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) also induce death by multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome. These associations imply that maintaining endothelial integrity is crucial for favorable prognoses with COVID-19 and therapeutic intervention to support this may be beneficial. Here, we summarize the extent of heart injuries, ischemic stroke and hemorrhage, acute kidney injury, and liver injury caused by immune-mediated endothelial dysfunction that result in the phenomenon of multi-organ dysfunction seen in COVID-19 patients. Moreover, the potential therapeutic effect of angiotensin receptor blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors that improve endothelial dysfunction as well as the bradykinin storm are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Matsuishi
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; (N.S.); (Y.I.)
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba 305-8571, Japan
- Health & Diseases Research Center for Rural Peoples (HDRCRP), Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh;
| | - Bryan J. Mathis
- Medical English Communication Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Japan;
| | - Nobutake Shimojo
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; (N.S.); (Y.I.)
| | - Jesmin Subrina
- Health & Diseases Research Center for Rural Peoples (HDRCRP), Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh;
| | - Nobuko Okubo
- Neuroscience Nursing, St. Luke’s International University, Tokyo 104-0044, Japan;
| | - Yoshiaki Inoue
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; (N.S.); (Y.I.)
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12
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Zhang X, Chen B, Jia P, Han J. Locked on salt? Excessive consumption of high-sodium foods during COVID-19 presents an underappreciated public health risk: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2021; 19:3583-3595. [PMID: 34093102 PMCID: PMC8167309 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-021-01257-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Abrupt changes in food preferences and eating habits have induced an overlooked health risk during the coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19). Indeed, emerging evidence points to a major shift to consumption of high-sodium foods during the pandemic lockdowns in the population from different countries and cultures. High-sodium foods have sodium contents exceeding 500 mg per 100 g, and many processed and preserved foods fall into this category. Excessive dietary sodium intake is associated with chronic diseases including hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and kidney diseases, and thus poses confounding risks during the pandemic. Here, we review food categories in consumers' shopping lists and food parcels delivered to people who needed assistance during the pandemic, when frozen meals, canned foods, instant foods, snacks, and other high-sodium foods gained substantial popularity. Such change in consumers' behavior is driven by several factors: the perceived risk of viral infection in grocery shopping trips, limited supplies and inflated prices of fresh produce, preference on foods with long shelf lives, and emotional eating. Moreover, the general low awareness of sodium contents in food has contributed to the increased consumption of high-sodium foods during the pandemic. We also discuss the possible effects on COVID-19 infection and severity caused by excessive sodium intake. We conclude that the public should be educated to maintain a healthy sodium intake during the pandemic, and measures should be adopted by governments and private donors in procuring food parcels with more balanced sodium contents to lower the risks of prolonged and excessive sodium intakes in the vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Puqi Jia
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Han
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 People’s Republic of China
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13
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Qin Y, Dong T, Jiang W, Ding W, Zhan T, Du J, Zhao R, Shen B, Chen J. iTRAQ-based proteomics reveals serum protein changes in hypertensive rats induced by a high-salt diet. EXCLI JOURNAL 2020; 19:1496-1511. [PMID: 33250683 PMCID: PMC7689244 DOI: 10.17179/excli2020-2740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
High-salt diets may increase both hypertension and risk of cardiovascular diseases. Although high-salt diets can result in hypertension and impaired vascular function, the molecular mechanisms underlying these dysfunctions are not fully known. Thus, the aims of the present study were to identify key proteins and their signaling pathways and associated molecular mechanisms that may contribute to, as well as be potential biomarkers of, the pathogenesis of hypertension-related cardiovascular diseases. To that end, the present study identified and quantitated serum proteins that were differentially expressed in male rats fed regular chow (n = 4) and those fed a high-salt diet (n = 4) to induce hypertension. The serum was collected from both groups, and the proteins differentially expressed in the serum were identified and quantitated using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Of 396 identified proteins, 24 were differentially expressed between the groups: 19 proteins were significantly (P < 0.05) upregulated (> 1.2 fold change), and 5 were significantly downregulated (< 0.8 fold change). Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses indicated that these differentially expressed proteins may contribute to cardiovascular diseases via the roles they play in endothelial function, vascular remodeling, the coagulation cascade, and the complement system. In addition, phagosome processes and the integrin-associated focal adhesion signaling pathway were determined to be potential underlying molecular mechanisms. The key proteins identified in this study warrant further development as new therapeutic targets or biomarkers of cardiovascular diseases associated with high-salt diet-induced hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Qin
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Tao Dong
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wan Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen Ding
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Tao Zhan
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Juan Du
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ren Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Bing Shen
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Bing Shen, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Fax: +86-551-65161126, Tel: +86-551-65161132, E-mail:
| | - Jiexia Chen
- Department of Geriatrics Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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14
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Saponaro F, Rutigliano G, Sestito S, Bandini L, Storti B, Bizzarri R, Zucchi R. ACE2 in the Era of SARS-CoV-2: Controversies and Novel Perspectives. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:588618. [PMID: 33195436 PMCID: PMC7556165 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.588618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is related to ACE but turned out to counteract several pathophysiological actions of ACE. ACE2 exerts antihypertensive and cardioprotective effects and reduces lung inflammation. ACE2 is subjected to extensive transcriptional and post-transcriptional modulation by epigenetic mechanisms and microRNAs. Also, ACE2 expression is regulated post-translationally by glycosylation, phosphorylation, and shedding from the plasma membrane. ACE2 protein is ubiquitous across mammalian tissues, prominently in the cardiovascular system, kidney, and intestine. ACE2 expression in the respiratory tract is of particular interest, in light of the discovery that ACE2 serves as the initial cellular target of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronaviruses, including the recent SARS-CoV2, responsible of the COronaVIrus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, an intense effort has been made to elucidate the biochemical determinants of SARS-CoV2-ACE2 interaction. It has been determined that SARS-CoV2 engages with ACE2 through its spike (S) protein, which consists of two subunits: S1, that mediates binding to the host receptor; S2, that induces fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane and delivery of the viral genome. Owing to the role of ACE2 in SARS-CoV2 pathogenicity, it has been speculated that medical conditions, i.e., hypertension, and/or drugs, i.e., ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, known to influence ACE2 density could alter the fate of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The debate is still open and will only be solved when results of properly designed experimental and clinical investigations will be made public. An interesting observation is, however that, upon infection, ACE2 activity is reduced either by downregulation or by shedding. These events might precipitate the so-called "cytokine storm" that characterizes the most severe COVID-19 forms. As evidence accumulates, ACE2 appears a druggable target in the attempt to limit virus entry and replication. Strategies aimed at blocking ACE2 with antibodies, small molecules or peptides, or at neutralizing the virus by competitive binding with exogenously administered ACE2, are currently under investigations. In this review, we will present an overview of the state-of-the-art knowledge on ACE2 biochemistry and pathophysiology, outlining open issues in the context of COVID-19 disease and potential experimental and clinical developments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simona Sestito
- Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Storti
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and CNR-NANO, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ranieri Bizzarri
- Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and CNR-NANO, Pisa, Italy
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15
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Kouyoumdzian NM, Rukavina Mikusic NL, Robbesaul GD, Gorzalczany SB, Carranza A, Trida V, Fernández BE, Choi MR. Acute infusion of angiotensin II regulates organic cation transporters function in the kidney: its impact on the renal dopaminergic system and sodium excretion. Hypertens Res 2020; 44:286-298. [PMID: 32934369 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-020-00552-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A close relationship between angiotensin II (ANG II) and the renal dopaminergic system (RDS) has been reported. Our aim was to study whether renal dopamine and ANG II can interact to modify renal sodium handling and then to elucidate the related mechanism. Anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in experiments. ANG II, exogenous dopamine, and decynium-22 (or D-22, an isocyanine that specifically blocks electrogenic organic cation transporters, OCTs), were infused in vivo for 120 min. We analyzed renal and hemodynamic parameters, renal Na+, K+-ATPase levels, OCT activity, and urinary dopamine concentrations. We also evaluated the expression of D1 receptor, electroneutral organic cation transporters (OCTNs), and OCTs. ANG II decreased renal excretion of sodium in the presence of exogenous dopamine, increased Na+, K+-ATPase activity, and decreased the urinary dopamine concentration. D-22 treatment exacerbated the ANG II-mediated decrease in renal excretion of sodium and dopamine urine excretion but did not modify ANG II stimulation of Na+, K+-ATPase activity. The infusion of ANG II did not affect the expression of D1 receptor, OCTs, or OCTNs. However, the activity of OCTs was diminished by the presence of ANG II. Although ANG II did not alter the expression of D1 receptor, OCTs, and OCTNs in renal tissues, it modified the activity of OCTs and thereby decreased the urinary dopamine concentration, showing a novel mechanism by which ANG II decreases dopamine transport and its availability in the tubular lumen to stimulate D1 receptor. This study demonstrates a relationship between ANG II and dopamine, where both agents counteract their effects on sodium excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás M Kouyoumdzian
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. CONICET, Instituto Alberto C. Taquini de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IATIMET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Natalia L Rukavina Mikusic
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. CONICET, Instituto Alberto C. Taquini de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IATIMET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel D Robbesaul
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. CONICET, Instituto Alberto C. Taquini de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IATIMET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Susana B Gorzalczany
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Farmacología, Cátedra de Farmacología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Carranza
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Farmacología, Cátedra de Farmacología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica Trida
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Cátedra de Bioquímica Clínica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Belisario E Fernández
- Instituto Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Fundación H.A. Barceló, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo R Choi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. CONICET, Instituto Alberto C. Taquini de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IATIMET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Fundación H.A. Barceló, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Cátedra de Anatomía e Histología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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16
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Post A, Dullaart RPF, Bakker SJL. Sodium status and kidney involvement during COVID-19 infection. Virus Res 2020; 286:198034. [PMID: 32445872 PMCID: PMC7240271 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Low sodium intake or sodium losses upregulate kidney expression of ACE2. SARS-CoV-2 makes use of ACE2 to interact with target cells. Low sodium status may increase the risk of kidney involvement during COVID-19.
The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor (ACE2) is expressed in epithelial cells of many tissues including the kidney, and has been identified to interact with human pathogenic coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2. Although diffuse alveolar damage and acute respiratory failure are the main features of COVID-19 infection, two recent studies demonstrate that kidney impairment in hospitalized COVID-19 patients is common, and that kidney involvement is associated with high risk of in-hospital death. Interestingly, studies in rats have demonstrated that high dietary sodium intake results in down-regulation of the ACE2 expression in kidney tissue. We hypothesize that low sodium status makes kidney involvement during the course of COVID-19 infection more likely due to upregulation of membrane bound ACE2 in the kidneys. We propose that sodium intake and status should be monitored carefully during severe COVID-19 infections, and that low sodium intake be corrected early in its course, despite a potential conflict regarding common dietary recommendations to restrict dietary sodium intake in patients with hypertension, diabetes, and kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Post
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands.
| | - Robin P F Dullaart
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands.
| | - Stephan J L Bakker
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands.
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17
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Liu T, Cai JP, Zhang LQ, Sun N, Cui J, Wang H, Yang JF. The mechanism of RNA oxidation involved in the development of heart failure. Free Radic Res 2019; 53:910-921. [PMID: 31401895 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2019.1646424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) has become a global public health problem due to its unclear pathogenesis. Our previous studies have found that RNA oxidation is associated with the occurrence and development of a variety of chronic diseases in the elderly, but whether RNA oxidation is related to the pathogenesis of HF remains unclear. Male Dahl salt-sensitive rats (DSSR) were divided into 8% NaCl groups and 0.3% NaCl groups. The blood pressure of DSSR, HE staining of cardiac tissue, cardiac function index of colour Doppler echocardiography and plasma N-terminal probrain Natriuretic Peptide (NT-ProBNP) were used to evaluate the model making. The levels of 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-oxoGsn) and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-oxodGsn) in myocardium and urine of DSSR were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The expression of ERK-MAPK pathway and MTH1 was detected by Western blot (WB). Rats in the 8% NaCl group developed heart failure symptoms such as increased blood pressure, myocardial hypertrophy, decreased diastolic function, and increased plasma NT-ProBNP. The content of 8-oxoGsn in urine and heart tissue also increased, which was positively correlated with the related indicators of heart failure. This process is also accompanied by the sequential activation of ERK-MAPK pathway molecules and the increase of MTH1. The mechanism of RNA oxidation and inhibition is related to the occurrence and development of HF, which may be involved through ERK-MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Liu
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China.,Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Centre of Gerontology , Beijing , China.,Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science , Beijing , China
| | - Jian-Ping Cai
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science , Beijing , China
| | - Li-Qun Zhang
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science , Beijing , China
| | - Ning Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Centre of Gerontology , Beijing , China
| | - Ju Cui
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science , Beijing , China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Centre of Gerontology , Beijing , China
| | - Jie-Fu Yang
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China.,Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Centre of Gerontology , Beijing , China.,Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science , Beijing , China
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18
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Obert LA, Frazier KS. Intrarenal Renin–Angiotensin System Involvement in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Progressive Nephropathy—Bridging the Informational Gap Between Disciplines. Toxicol Pathol 2019; 47:799-816. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623319861367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic progressive nephropathy (CPN) is the most commonly encountered spontaneous background finding in laboratory rodents. Various theories on its pathogenesis have been proposed, but there is a paucity of data regarding specific mechanisms or physiologic pathways involved in early CPN development. The current CPN mechanism of action for tumorigenesis is largely based on its associated increase in tubular cell proliferation without regard to preceding subcellular degenerative changes. Combing through the published literature from multiple biology disciplines provided insight into the preceding cellular events. Mechanistic pathways involved in the progressive age-related decline in rodent kidney function and several key inflexion points have been identified. These critical pathway factors were then connected using data from renal models from multiple rodent strains, other species, and mechanistic work in humans to form a cohesive picture of pathways and protein interactions. Abundant data linked similar renal pathologies to local events involving hypoxia (hypoxia-inducible factor 1α), altered intrarenal renin–angiotensin system (RAS), oxidative stress (nitric oxide), and pro-inflammatory pathways (transforming growth factor β), with positive feedback loops and downstream effectors amplifying the injury and promoting scarring. Intrarenal RAS alterations seem to be central to all these events and may be critical to CPN development and progression.
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19
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Li SC, Wang QH, Chen LF, Feng SY, Wu YX, Yan XW. High Sodium Intake Impairs Small Artery Vasoreactivity in vivo in Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rats. J Vasc Res 2019; 56:65-76. [PMID: 31079107 DOI: 10.1159/000498895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of high sodium intake on the functionality of resistance arteries have been repeatedly studied in vitro, but no study has focused on salt-sensitive hypertension in vivo. We studied the in vivo reactivity of mesenteric small arteries (MSAs) to vasoactive agents in Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) rats with various sodium diets. Twenty-four male DS rats were randomized into 3 groups: LS (0.3% NaCl diet), NS (0.6% NaCl diet), and HS (8% NaCl diet). After a 12-week intervention, the diameter changes of the MSAs after noradrenaline (NA) and acetylcholine (ACh) exposure were detected by a microscope, and changes in blood perfusion through the MSAs were measured by full-field laser perfusion imaging. HS enhanced the constrictive response of the MSAs to NA and attenuated the relaxing response to ACh. Low sodium intake reduced the response of the MSAs to NA and promoted ACh-induced vasodilatation. HS also aggravated NA-induced blood perfusion reduction and impaired ACh-induced hyperperfusion of the MSAs. Pathologically, HS was associated with arteriolar structural damage and fibrosis of the MSAs. We conclude that sodium intake affects the responsiveness of the MSAs to vasoactive agents in DS rats and might play important roles in modulating blood pressure in hypertensive individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Cheng Li
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Hai Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Beijing, China
| | - Lian-Feng Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Yi Feng
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Xiang Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Beijing, China,
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20
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Xin YG, Chen X, Zhao YN, Hu J, Sun Y, Hu WY. Outcomes of spironolactone treatment in patients in Northeast China suffering from heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction. Curr Med Res Opin 2019; 35:561-568. [PMID: 30183419 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2018.1520695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM The treatment effects of spironolactone on heart failure with reduced (HFrEF LVEF <40%) and preserved (HFpEF LVEF ≥50%) ejection fraction are well characterized. It is not clear whether heart failure patients with mid-range ejection fraction (HFmrEF, LVEF 40-49%) benefit from spironolactone. The present study aims to evaluate the efficacy of spironolactone in HFmrEF patients. METHOD This study compared a high dosage of spironolactone (50 mg daily), a low dosage of spironolactone (25 mg daily), and an untreated group for the prevention of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in 279 patients admitted to hospital diagnosed with HFmrEF. RESULTS With a mean follow-up duration of 1 year, the death and HF-rehospitalization rate demonstrated significantly lower incidence in those taking spironolactone, compared with the untreated group (21.3% vs 34.5%, p = .014, respectively). Further analysis showed no difference between two spironolactone groups (21.8% vs 20.7%, p = .861). Kaplan-Meier analysis of outcome-free survival illustrated a significant difference in survival rate among three groups (log-rank testing, p = .045). Compared with the baseline level, patients receiving 25 mg spironolactone had a lower physical score (p < .05) at 1-year follow-up. MLHFQ total scores in the two spironolactone groups markedly improved compared with the untreated group (p < .001); similar results were observed in the MLHFQ physical scores (p = .025, .001, respectively) and emotional sub-scale (p = .023, .011, respectively); however, paired comparison between the two spironolactone groups showed no difference. CONCLUSIONS In patients with HFmrEF, treatment with spironolactone significantly reduced the incidence of the primary composite outcomes of all-cause death, and rehospitalization for the management of heart failure compared with placebo, and a high dosage of spironolactone did not show trends of reduction in MACE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Guo Xin
- a Department of Cardiology , The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University , Shenyang , PR China
- b Department of Cardiology , West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu , PR China
| | - Xin Chen
- a Department of Cardiology , The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University , Shenyang , PR China
- c Department of Cardiology , Fuling Central Hospital , Chongqing , PR China
| | - Yi-Nan Zhao
- d Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Jian Hu
- a Department of Cardiology , The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University , Shenyang , PR China
| | - Yingxian Sun
- a Department of Cardiology , The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University , Shenyang , PR China
| | - Wen-Yu Hu
- a Department of Cardiology , The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University , Shenyang , PR China
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