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Lin CY, Tofangchiha M, Scheerman JFM, Tadakamadla SK, Chattu VK, Pakpour AH. Psychometric Testing of the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale among Iranian Adolescents during COVID-19 Pandemic. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2021; 11:1269-1279. [PMID: 34698123 PMCID: PMC8544737 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe11040092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The present study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Persian adaptation of the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) in Iranian adolescents. (2) Methods: Adolescents with a mean age of 15.10 (n = 3197; 47.1% males) were recruited from Qazvin city of Iran using a stratified cluster random sampling technique. All children completed the five-item Persian MDAS and information related to background characteristics. Psychometric testing was conducted using classical test theory (CTT) and Rasch models. For CTT, an item-total correlation of >0.4 was considered satisfactory while for Rasch analysis, infit and outfit mean squares (Mnsq) ranging from 0.5–1.5 were considered satisfactory. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was conducted to confirm the unidimensional structure of MDAS using various fit indices. Differential item functioning (DIF) was evaluated based on gender and time since last dental visit. Moreover, latent class analysis (LCA) was used to classify the participants into different levels of dental fear based on their pattern of responses. Both item level reliability using Cronbachs alpha (α) and test-reliability using intraclass correlation coefficients were evaluated. (3) Results: Item-total correlations ranged from 0.69–0.78, infit MnSq ranged from 0.80 to 1.11 and the range of outfit MnSq was 0.84–1.10. The data confirmed a one-factor structure of MDAS with satisfactory fit indices. DIF analysis indicated that the scale was interpreted similarly across the genders and time since dental visit groups. LCA analysis identified three levels, low, moderate and high levels of dental anxiety. The groups with moderate and high levels of dental anxiety had more females (44.6% and 36.7%) than the group with low level of dental anxiety (18.8%; p < 0.001). α of the total scale was 0.89 and item test-retest reliability ranged from 0.72–0.86. (4) Conclusions: The Persian MDAS was unidimensional with satisfactory psychometric properties evaluated using both CTT and Rasch analysis among Iranian adolescents. The scale was stable across the genders and individuals with different dental visiting patterns. The Persian MDAS also demonstrated excellent reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Ying Lin
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan;
| | - Maryam Tofangchiha
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin 3419759811, Iran;
| | - Janneke F. M. Scheerman
- Department Oral Hygiene, Inholland University of Applied Sciences, Cluster Health, Sport and Welfare, 1081LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla
- School of Medicine and Dentistry & Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, Australia;
| | - Vijay Kumar Chattu
- Division of Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5C 2CS, Canada
- Department of Public Health, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
- Correspondence: (V.K.C.); (A.H.P.); Tel.: +1-(416)-864-6060 (V.K.C.)
| | - Amir H. Pakpour
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin 3419759811, Iran;
- Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Gjuterigatan 5, 553 18 Jönköping, Sweden
- Correspondence: (V.K.C.); (A.H.P.); Tel.: +1-(416)-864-6060 (V.K.C.)
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Doostfatemeh M, Ayatollahi SMT, Jafari P. Assessing the effect of child's gender on their father-mother perception of the PedsQL™ 4.0 questionnaire: an iterative hybrid ordinal logistic regression/item response theory approach with Monte Carlo simulation. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2020; 18:348. [PMID: 33087112 PMCID: PMC7579799 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-020-01601-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed at investigating the possible confounding effect of children’s gender on the parents’ dyads perception of their child HRQoL at both item and scale levels of PedsQLTM4.0 questionnaire. Methods The PedsQL™ 4.0 Generic Core Scales were completed by 573 children and their father-and-mother dyads. An iterative hybrid ordinal logistic regression/item response theory model with Monte Carlo simulation was used to detect differential item functioning (DIF) invariance across mothers/fathers and daughter/sons. Results Assessing DIF across mother–daughter, father–daughter, mother–son, and father–son dyads revealed that although parents and their children perceived the meaning of some items of PedsQLTM4.0 instrument differently, the pattern of fathers’ and mothers’ report does not vary much across daughters and sons. Conclusion In the Persian version of PedsQLTM4.0, the child’s gender is not a confounding factor in the mothers’ and fathers’ report with respect to their daughters’ and sons’ HRQoL. Hence, paternal proxy-reports can be included in studies, along with maternal proxy-reports, and the reports can be combined short of concerning children gender, when looking at parent–child agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peyman Jafari
- Department of Biostatistics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the Weight Self-Stigma Questionnaire and Weight Bias Internalization Scale in children and adolescents. Int J Clin Health Psychol 2019; 19:150-159. [PMID: 31193103 PMCID: PMC6517648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the negative consequences of weight bias, including internalized weight stigma, on health outcomes, two instruments—the Weight Self-Stigma Questionnaire (WSSQ) and Weight Bias Internalization Scale (WBIS)—have been developed. However, their psychometric properties are yet to be tested for Asian pediatric populations. Method:Participants aged 8 to 12 years (N = 287; 153 boys) completed the WSSQ and the WBIS, and they were classified into either a group with overweight or a group without overweight based on self-reported weight and height. Results:Both WSSQ and WBIS had their factor structures supported by confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs). The measurement invariance of two-factor structure was further supported for WSSQ across gender and weight status. The measurement invariance of single-factor structure was supported for WBIS across gender but not across weight status. Conclusions:WSSQ and WBIS were both valid to assess the internalization of weight bias. However, the two instruments demonstrated different properties and should be applied in different situations.
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Zhu Y, Li J, Hu S, Li X, Wu D, Teng S. Psychometric properties of the Mandarin Chinese version of the KIDSCREEN-52 health-related quality of life questionnaire in adolescents: a cross-sectional study. Qual Life Res 2019; 28:1669-1683. [PMID: 30900208 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-019-02158-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Mandarin Chinese version of KIDSCREEN-52 health-related quality of life (HRQOL) questionnaire. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study with two cohorts of school-based data in the urban areas of Weifang, China. 4385 and 841 representative adolescents aged 11-17 years have recruited into the baseline and test-retest group, respectively. Psychometric analyses included feasibility, item and dimension properties, reliability, construct validity, measurement invariance, convergent and discriminant validity, and known-group validity. RESULTS The response rates of both baseline and test-retest surveys were more than 90%. Low missing values were found (0.02-1.92%) across ten dimensions. The measurement properties of items were satisfactory. Noteworthy ceiling effects were observed for ten dimensions (6.75-31.84%), while the observed floor effects were negligible (0.02-1.37%). Internal consistency was robust with Cronbach's alpha (0.819-0.959), while the test-retest reliability was acceptable with the ICCs (0.724-0.849). Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the ten-dimensional structure and supported the configural and metric invariance across gender and age groups. The Pearson correlation coefficients between the KIDSCREEN-52 and the PedsQL™ 4.0 were stronger in comparable dimensions than those in less comparable dimensions, demonstrating the convergent and discriminant validity. In most dimensions, statistically significant and medium or large effect size differences were found across socioeconomic and mental health status, supporting the known-group validity. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that the Mandarin Chinese version of KIDSCREEN-52 seems to work well in a Chinese context, and is a psychometrically valid and reliable HRQOL instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Zhu
- School of Public Health and Management, Weifang Medical University, No. 7166 Baotong West Street, Weifang, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Juan Li
- School of Public Health and Management, Weifang Medical University, No. 7166 Baotong West Street, Weifang, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanju Hu
- School of Public Health and Management, Weifang Medical University, No. 7166 Baotong West Street, Weifang, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxue Li
- Institute of Modern Hospital Management, The Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Teaching Quality Monitoring and Evaluation, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Teng
- School of Public Health and Management, Weifang Medical University, No. 7166 Baotong West Street, Weifang, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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Lin CY, Imani V, Broström A, Årestedt K, Pakpour AH, Griffiths MD. Evaluating the Psychometric Properties of the 7-Item Persian Game Addiction Scale for Iranian Adolescents. Front Psychol 2019; 10:149. [PMID: 30804841 PMCID: PMC6370725 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The 7-item Gaming Addiction Scale (GAS) is a brief instrument based on DSM criteria to assess gaming addiction. Although the psychometric properties of the GAS have been tested using classical test theory, its psychometric properties have never been tested using modern test theory (e.g., Rasch analysis). The present study used a large adolescent sample in Iran to test the psychometric properties of the Persian GAS through both classical test and modern test theories. Adolescents (n = 4442; mean age = 15.3 years; 50.3% males) were recruited from Qazvin, Iran. In addition to the GAS, all of them completed the following instruments: the nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form (IGDS-SF9), Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and a generic quality of life instrument. Two weeks later, all participants completed the GAS again. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Rasch analysis were used to test the unidimensionality of the GAS. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to test the test-retest reliability, and a regression model was used to test the criterion-related validity of the GAS. Both CFA and Rasch analysis supported the unidimensionality of the GAS. Pearson correlations coefficients showed satisfactory test-retest reliability of the GAS (r = 0.78 to 0.86), and the regression model demonstrated the criterion-related validity of the GAS (β = 0.31 with IGDS-SF9; 0.41 with PSQI). Based on the results, the Persian GAS is a reliable and valid instrument for healthcare providers to assess the level of gaming addiction among Persian-speaking adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Ying Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Vida Imani
- Pediatric Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Anders Broström
- Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Kristofer Årestedt
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
- The Research Section, Region Kalmar County, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Amir H. Pakpour
- Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Lin CY, Imani V, Broström A, Nilsen P, Fung XCC, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Among Iranian Adolescents: A Psychometric Study. Int J Ment Health Addict 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-018-0026-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Chavez LM, Shrout PE, García P, Forno E, Celedón JC. Measurement Invariance of the Adolescent Quality of Life-Mental Health Scale (AQOL-MHS) across Gender, Age and Treatment Context. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2018; 27:3176-3184. [PMID: 30598585 PMCID: PMC6309801 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-018-1158-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ligia M Chavez
- Behavioral Sciences Research Institute, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus
| | | | - Pedro García
- Behavioral Sciences Research Institute, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus
| | - Erick Forno
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Juan C Celedón
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Lin CY, Strong C, Siu AM, Jalilolghadr S, Nilsen P, Broström A, Pakpour AH. Validating the Persian Adolescent Sleep Hygiene Scale-Revised (ASHSr) using comprehensive psychometric testing methods. Sleep Med 2018; 50:63-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2018.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lin CY, Ganji M, Pontes HM, Imani V, Broström A, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. Psychometric evaluation of the Persian Internet Disorder Scale among adolescents. J Behav Addict 2018; 7:665-675. [PMID: 30264609 PMCID: PMC6426385 DOI: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Given the growing epidemiological research interest concerning Internet addiction, brief instruments with a robust theoretical basis are warranted. The Internet Disorder Scale (IDS-15) is one such instrument that can be used to quickly assess the Internet addiction in an individual. However, only two language versions of the IDS-15 have been developed. This study translated the IDS-15 into Persian and examined its psychometric properties using comprehensive psychometric testing. METHODS After ensuring the linguistic validity of the Persian IDS-15, 1,272 adolescents (mean age = 15.53 years; 728 males) completed the IDS-15, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS), Internet Gaming Disorder Scale - Short Form (IGDS9-SF), and the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), Rasch models, regression analysis, and latent profile analysis (LPA) were carried out to test the psychometric properties of the Persian IDS-15. RESULTS Both CFA and Rasch supported the construct validity of the Persian IDS-15. Multigroup analysis in CFA and differential item functioning in Rasch indicated that male and female adolescents interpreted the IDS-15 items similarly. Regression analysis showed that the IDS-15 correlated with IGDS9-SF and BSMAS (ΔR2 = .12 and .36, respectively) is stronger than the DASS (ΔR2 = .03-.05). LPA based on IDS-15 suggests three subgroups for the sample. Significant differences in depression, anxiety, IGDS9-SF, and BSMAS were found among the three LPA subgroups. CONCLUSION The Persian IDS-15 has robust psychometric properties as evidenced by both classical test theory and Rasch analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Ying Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Maryam Ganji
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Halley M. Pontes
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Vida Imani
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, East Azerbaijan, Iran
| | - Anders Broström
- Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Amir H. Pakpour
- Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden,Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran,Corresponding author: Amir H. Pakpour, PhD, Associate Professor; Social Determinants of Health Research Center (SDH), Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Bahonar Blvd, Qazvin 3419759811, Iran; Phone/Fax: +98 28 3323 9259; E-mails: ;
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Lin CY, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. Psychometric evaluation of Persian Nomophobia Questionnaire: Differential item functioning and measurement invariance across gender. J Behav Addict 2018; 7:100-108. [PMID: 29444607 PMCID: PMC6035024 DOI: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Research examining problematic mobile phone use has increased markedly over the past 5 years and has been related to "no mobile phone phobia" (so-called nomophobia). The 20-item Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q) is the only instrument that assesses nomophobia with an underlying theoretical structure and robust psychometric testing. This study aimed to confirm the construct validity of the Persian NMP-Q using Rasch and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models. Methods After ensuring the linguistic validity, Rasch models were used to examine the unidimensionality of each Persian NMP-Q factor among 3,216 Iranian adolescents and CFAs were used to confirm its four-factor structure. Differential item functioning (DIF) and multigroup CFA were used to examine whether males and females interpreted the NMP-Q similarly, including item content and NMP-Q structure. Results Each factor was unidimensional according to the Rach findings, and the four-factor structure was supported by CFA. Two items did not quite fit the Rasch models (Item 14: "I would be nervous because I could not know if someone had tried to get a hold of me;" Item 9: "If I could not check my smartphone for a while, I would feel a desire to check it"). No DIF items were found across gender and measurement invariance was supported in multigroup CFA across gender. Conclusions Due to the satisfactory psychometric properties, it is concluded that the Persian NMP-Q can be used to assess nomophobia among adolescents. Moreover, NMP-Q users may compare its scores between genders in the knowledge that there are no score differences contributed by different understandings of NMP-Q items.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Ying Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Amir H Pakpour
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran,Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden,Corresponding author: Amir H. Pakpour; Social Determinants of Health Research Center (SDH), Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Bahonar Blvd, Qazvin 3419759811, Iran; Phone/Fax: +98 28 33239259; E-mails: ;
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Nazareth M, Hart L, Ferris M, Rak E, Hooper S, van Tilburg MAL. A Parental Report of Youth Transition Readiness: The Parent STARx Questionnaire (STARx-P) and Re-evaluation of the STARx Child Report. J Pediatr Nurs 2018; 38:122-126. [PMID: 28941954 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2017.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The STARx Questionnaire is a self-report measure of health care transition (HCT) readiness in youth with chronic diseases. We aimed to improve reliability and generalizability of the STARx and report initial reliability data on the STARx-P Questionnaire, a self-report measure of parent perspective on their child's HCT readiness. METHODS Participants were recruited in several clinics from a large academic hospital in the southeastern USA and via the therapeutic summer camp for children with chronic disease. Children with chronic conditions responded to the 18-question STARx Questionnaire and their parents responded to the parent version, the STARx-P Questionnaire. RESULTS IRB-approved consents were obtained from 341 parents (89.4% mothers) and 455 children (Mean age 12.28±2.53; 36.9% Males; 68.6% Caucasian; 22.6% African-American). The most common diagnoses were kidney disease, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes, cerebral palsy, sickle cell, and cystic fibrosis. Principal component analysis of the STARx-P Questionnaire identified three major subscales in both the child and parent-report: Disease Knowledge, Self-management and Provider Communication. Internal reliability was moderate to good (α=0.545-0.759). CONCLUSIONS The STARx-P Questionnaire and STARx Version 4 Questionnaire have demonstrated initial reliability in this multi-institution study. It is the first HCT readiness questionnaire that includes a parent-proxy report which is needed in studies of non-verbal and/or developmentally delayed children. Parent-report can also give unique insights not obtained from self-reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan Nazareth
- The University of North Carolina, Department of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Laura Hart
- The University of North Carolina, Department of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Maria Ferris
- The University of North Carolina, Department of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Eniko Rak
- The University of North Carolina, Department of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stephen Hooper
- The University of North Carolina, Department of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Miranda A L van Tilburg
- The University of North Carolina, Department of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Campbell University, College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Buies Creek, NC, USA; Univeristy of Washington, School of Social Work, Seattle, NC, USA.
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Lin CY, Broström A, Nilsen P, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. Psychometric validation of the Persian Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale using classic test theory and Rasch models. J Behav Addict 2017; 6:620-629. [PMID: 29130330 PMCID: PMC6034942 DOI: 10.1556/2006.6.2017.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims The Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), a six-item self-report scale that is a brief and effective psychometric instrument for assessing at-risk social media addiction on the Internet. However, its psychometric properties in Persian have never been examined and no studies have applied Rasch analysis for the psychometric testing. This study aimed to verify the construct validity of the Persian BSMAS using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Rasch models among 2,676 Iranian adolescents. Methods In addition to construct validity, measurement invariance in CFA and differential item functioning (DIF) in Rasch analysis across gender were tested for in the Persian BSMAS. Results Both CFA [comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.993; Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) = 0.989; root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.057; standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) = 0.039] and Rasch (infit MnSq = 0.88-1.28; outfit MnSq = 0.86-1.22) confirmed the unidimensionality of the BSMAS. Moreover, measurement invariance was supported in multigroup CFA including metric invariance (ΔCFI = -0.001; ΔSRMR = 0.003; ΔRMSEA = -0.005) and scalar invariance (ΔCFI = -0.002; ΔSRMR = 0.005; ΔRMSEA = 0.001) across gender. No item displayed DIF (DIF contrast = -0.48 to 0.24) in Rasch across gender. Conclusions Given the Persian BSMAS was unidimensional, it is concluded that the instrument can be used to assess how an adolescent is addicted to social media on the Internet. Moreover, users of the instrument may comfortably compare the sum scores of the BSMAS across gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Ying Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Anders Broström
- Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Per Nilsen
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Amir H. Pakpour
- Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center (SDH), Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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Measurement invariance across educational levels and gender in 12-item Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) on caregivers of people with dementia. Int Psychogeriatr 2017; 29:1841-1848. [PMID: 28760167 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610217001417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) is a commonly used self-report to assess caregiver burden. A 12-item short form of the ZBI has been developed; however, its measurement invariance has not been examined across some different demographics. It is unclear whether different genders and educational levels of a population interpret the ZBI items similarly. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the measurement invariance of the 12-item ZBI across gender and educational levels in a Taiwanese sample. METHODS Caregivers who had a family member with dementia (n = 270) completed the ZBI through telephone interviews. Three confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models were conducted: Model 1 was the configural model, Model 2 constrained all factor loadings, Model 3 constrained all factor loadings and item intercepts. Multiple group CFAs and the differential item functioning (DIF) contrast under Rasch analyses were used to detect measurement invariance across males (n = 100) and females (n = 170) and across educational levels of junior high schools and below (n = 86) and senior high schools and above (n = 183). RESULTS The fit index differences between models supported the measurement invariance across gender and across educational levels (∆ comparative fit index (CFI) = -0.010 and 0.003; ∆ root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = -0.006 to 0.004). No substantial DIF contrast was found across gender and educational levels (value = -0.36 to 0.29). CONCLUSIONS The ZBI is appropriate for combined use and for comparisons in caregivers across gender and different educational levels in Taiwan.
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Farias JCD, Loch MR, Lima AJD, Sales JM, Ferreira FELDL. [Reproducibility, internal consistency, and construct validity of KIDSCREEN-27 in Brazilian adolescents]. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2017; 33:e00131116. [PMID: 28977279 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00131116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
: The objective of this two-part study was to estimate the reproducibility, internal consistency, and construct validity of KIDSCREEN-27, a questionnaire to measure health-related quality of life, in Brazilian adolescents. One study component estimated reproducibility (176 adolescents, 59.7% females, 64.7% 10 to 12 years of age), and another estimated internal consistency and validity (1,321 adolescents, 53.7% females, 56.9% 10 to 12 years of age). The studies were conducted with adolescents of both sexes in public schools in the municipality of João Pessoa, Paraíba State, Brazil. KIDSCREEN-27 consists of 27 items distributed across five domains (physical well-being, 5 items; psychological well-being, 7 items; parents and social support, 7 items; autonomy and relationship with parents, 4 items; school environment, 4 items). Reproducibility was estimated by intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). Confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess construct validity, and composite reliability index (CRI) was used to verify the questionnaire's internal consistency. ICCs were greater than or equal to 0.70 (0.70 to 0.96). Factor loads were greater than 0.40, except for five items (0.28 to 0.39). The model's goodness-of-fit indices were adequate (χ2/df = 2.79; RMR = 0.035; RMSEA = 0.037; GFI = 0.951; AGFI = 0.941; CFI = 0.908; TLI = 0.901). CRI varied from 0.65 to 0.70 in the domains and was 0.90 for the questionnaire. KIDSCREEN-27 reached satisfactory levels of reproducibility, internal consistency, and construct validity and can be used to assess health-related quality of life in Brazilian adolescents 10 to 15 years of age.
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Sharafi Z, Mousavi A, Ayatollahi SMT, Jafari P. Assessment of Differential Item Functioning in Health-Related Outcomes: A Simulation and Empirical Analysis with Hierarchical Polytomous Data. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2017; 2017:7571901. [PMID: 29312463 PMCID: PMC5613630 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7571901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of two methods of detecting differential item functioning (DIF) in the presence of multilevel data and polytomously scored items. The assessment of DIF with multilevel data (e.g., patients nested within hospitals, hospitals nested within districts) from large-scale assessment programs has received considerable attention but very few studies evaluated the effect of hierarchical structure of data on DIF detection for polytomously scored items. METHODS The ordinal logistic regression (OLR) and hierarchical ordinal logistic regression (HOLR) were utilized to assess DIF in simulated and real multilevel polytomous data. Six factors (DIF magnitude, grouping variable, intraclass correlation coefficient, number of clusters, number of participants per cluster, and item discrimination parameter) with a fully crossed design were considered in the simulation study. Furthermore, data of Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™ (PedsQL™) 4.0 collected from 576 healthy school children were analyzed. RESULTS Overall, results indicate that both methods performed equivalently in terms of controlling Type I error and detection power rates. CONCLUSIONS The current study showed negligible difference between OLR and HOLR in detecting DIF with polytomously scored items in a hierarchical structure. Implications and considerations while analyzing real data were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Sharafi
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amin Mousavi
- Department of Educational Psychology and Special Education, College of Education, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Peyman Jafari
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Wu TY, Lin CY, Årestedt K, Griffiths MD, Broström A, Pakpour AH. Psychometric validation of the Persian nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale - Short Form: Does gender and hours spent online gaming affect the interpretations of item descriptions? J Behav Addict 2017; 6:256-263. [PMID: 28571474 PMCID: PMC5520122 DOI: 10.1556/2006.6.2017.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims The nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale - Short Form (IGDS-SF9) is brief and effective to evaluate Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) severity. Although its scores show promising psychometric properties, less is known about whether different groups of gamers interpret the items similarly. This study aimed to verify the construct validity of the Persian IGDS-SF9 and examine the scores in relation to gender and hours spent online gaming among 2,363 Iranian adolescents. Methods Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Rasch analysis were used to examine the construct validity of the IGDS-SF9. The effects of gender and time spent online gaming per week were investigated by multigroup CFA and Rasch differential item functioning (DIF). Results The unidimensionality of the IGDS-SF9 was supported in both CFA and Rasch. However, Item 4 (fail to control or cease gaming activities) displayed DIF (DIF contrast = 0.55) slightly over the recommended cutoff in Rasch but was invariant in multigroup CFA across gender. Items 4 (DIF contrast = -0.67) and 9 (jeopardize or lose an important thing because of gaming activity; DIF contrast = 0.61) displayed DIF in Rasch and were non-invariant in multigroup CFA across time spent online gaming. Conclusions Given the Persian IGDS-SF9 was unidimensional, it is concluded that the instrument can be used to assess IGD severity. However, users of the instrument are cautioned concerning the comparisons of the sum scores of the IGDS-SF9 across gender and across adolescents spending different amounts of time online gaming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yi Wu
- Institute of Economics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ying Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Kristofer Årestedt
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Anders Broström
- Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Amir H. Pakpour
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran,Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden,Corresponding author: Amir H. Pakpour; Social Determinants of Health Research Center (SDH), Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Bahonar Blvd, Qazvin 3419759811, Iran; Phone: +98 28 33239259; Fax: +98 28 33239259; E-mails: ,
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Lin CY, Strong C, Tsai MC, Lee CT. Raters Interpret Positively and Negatively Worded Items Similarly in a Quality of Life Instrument for Children. INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 2017; 54:46958017696724. [PMID: 28292193 PMCID: PMC5798710 DOI: 10.1177/0046958017696724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Measurement invariance is an important assumption to meaningfully compare children's quality of life (QoL) between different raters (eg, children and parents) and across genders. Moreover, QoL instruments may combine using negatively and positively worded items-a common method to reduce response bias. However, the wording effects may have different levels of impact on different raters and genders. Our aim was to investigate the measurement invariance of Kid-KINDL, a commonly used QoL instrument, across genders and raters and to consider the wording effects simultaneously. Third to sixth graders (208 boys and 235 girls) completed the self-rated Kid-KINDL, and 1 parent each of 241 children completed the parent-rated Kid-KINDL. The wording effects were accounted for by correlated traits-uncorrelated methods model. The measurement invariance was examined using multigroup confirmatory factor analysis. Item loadings and item intercepts were invariant across gender and rater when we simultaneously accounted for the wording effects of Kid-KINDL. Our results suggest that Kid-KINDL could be used to compare QoL across gender and that parent-rated Kid-KINDL could be used to measure children's QoL. Specifically, the invariant factor loadings across child-rated and parent-rated Kid-KINDL suggest that the score weights in each item were the same for both children and parents (ie, the important items identified by the children are the same items identified by the parents). The invariant item intercepts suggest that both children and parents share the same threshold for each item. Based on the results, we tentatively recommend that each score of a parent-rated Kid-KINDL can stand for each child's QoL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Ying Lin
- 1 The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Carol Strong
- 2 National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Che Tsai
- 2 National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,3 National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ting Lee
- 2 National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,3 National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
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Guo J, Mrug S, Knight DC. Factor structure of the Emotions as a Child Scale in late adolescence and emerging adulthood. Psychol Assess 2016; 29:1082-1095. [PMID: 27797552 DOI: 10.1037/pas0000412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although the Emotions as a Child Scale (EAC) has been widely used in research with children and adolescents, no peer-reviewed studies have examined its factor structure using factor analytic methods. Likewise, the measurement equivalence of the scale across gender and race/ethnicity has never been investigated. To address these gaps, this study examines the factor structure of the scale in late adolescence and emerging adulthood, compares it to previous theory-driven models, and evaluates its measurement invariance across gender and 2 racial/ethnic groups. Participants were 1,087 individuals participating in a larger community-based study of adolescent health (M = 19.35 years, SD = 1.19). Results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses suggest that a 2-factor model from a shortened version of the scale (3 items were eliminated from each emotion scale), involving supportive and unsupportive socialization strategies, is a good alternative model to the original 5-factor structure for researchers interested in broader conceptualization of emotion socialization strategies. This 2-factor model of the shortened scale showed stronger measurement invariance across gender than racial/ethnic groups. Future studies addressing racial/ethnic differences with this measure should compare the results with and without imposing corresponding invariance constraints on noninvariant items. Findings of this study should be replicated in other age and racial/ethnic groups, and examine the predictive utility of the abbreviated 2-factor model for emotion-related outcomes across development. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Guo
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Sylvie Mrug
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - David C Knight
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
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Khoshkhui M, Jafari P, Afrasiabi M, Orooj M, Kashef S. Level of Agreement between Children with Asthma and their Parents on Quality of Life. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016; 41:86-93. [PMID: 26989278 PMCID: PMC4764972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child-parent agreement is a controversial aspect of measuring health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to assess the agreement between the child self-reports and parent proxy reports of the PedsQL 3.0 Asthma Module in Iranian children with asthma to evaluate HRQoL. Moreover, the psychometric properties of the child and parent reports of the PedsQL 3.0 Asthma Module were assessed in the present study. METHODS Participants were 112 children with asthma and their parents, who completed the Farsi version of the PedsQL 3.0 Asthma Module. The multitrait-multimethod correlation matrix and factor analysis were used to test whether the child self-reports and the parent proxy reports measured the same construct. Additionally, convergent and discriminant validity and internal consistency were assessed using the Pearson correlation. RESULTS The correlation between the child and parent HRQoL perceptions ranged between 0.13 and 0.36 across the same domains. Our factor analysis revealed that the child self-reports and the parent proxy reports measured 2 different constructs of HRQoL. Furthermore, our findings showed that both the child self-reports and the parent proxy reports of the PedsQL 3.0 Asthma Module had excellent internal consistency and acceptable convergent and discriminant validity. CONCLUSION Although the child self-reports and the parent proxy reports of the Farsi version of PedsQL 3.0 Asthma Module showed good psychometric properties, they were not interchangeable. Our children with asthma and their parents evaluated child HRQoL from their own viewpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Khoshkhui
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Peyman Jafari
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran,Correspondence: Peyman Jafari, PhD; Department of Biostatistics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box: 71345-1874, Shiraz, Iran Tel/Fax: +98 71 32349330
| | - Maryam Afrasiabi
- Allergy Research Center, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Marzieh Orooj
- Allergy Research Center, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sara Kashef
- Allergy Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Nemazee Teaching Hospital, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Jafari P, Allahyari E, Salarzadeh M, Bagheri Z. Item-level informant discrepancies across obese-overweight children and their parents on the PedsQL™ 4.0 instrument: an iterative hybrid ordinal logistic regression. Qual Life Res 2015; 25:25-33. [PMID: 26081294 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-015-1046-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Child obesity has become a major health concern worldwide. In order to provide successful intervention strategies, it is necessary to understand how obese-overweight children and their parents perceive obesity and its consequences on child's health-related quality of life (HRQoL). This study aimed to assess measurement equivalence of the PedsQL™ 4.0 across obese-overweight children and their parents. METHODS The items in the PedsQL™ 4.0 were analysed for differential item functioning (DIF) across obese-overweight children and their parents using an iterative hybrid ordinal logistic regression/item response theory approach. The sample included 647 overweight-obese children and their parents, who completed child and parent reports of the PedsQL™ 4.0, respectively. RESULTS Overall, 17 out of 23 (74%) items were flagged with DIF across two groups: eight items exhibited uniform DIF and nine items non-uniform DIF. In addition, parents of obese children rated the child's HRQoL significantly lower than their children in all domains of the PedsQL™ 4.0, and this finding did not change whether or not items with uniform DIF were included. CONCLUSIONS Although obese-overweight children and their parents interpret items of the PedsQL™ 4.0 in a conceptually different manner, removing or retaining DIF items in the subscales had no significant effects on group differences. Accordingly, it appears that observed differences in HRQoL scores across child and parent reports are a true difference and not a reflection of measurement artefact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Jafari
- Department of Biostatistics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Elahe Allahyari
- Department of Biostatistics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mina Salarzadeh
- Department of Biostatistics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Bagheri
- Department of Biostatistics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Dellenmark-Blom M, Chaplin JE, Gatzinsky V, Jönsson L, Abrahamson K. Health-related quality of life among children, young people and adults with esophageal atresia: a review of the literature and recommendations for future research. Qual Life Res 2015; 24:2433-45. [PMID: 25829227 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-015-0975-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Esophageal atresia (EA) is a rare congenital malformation requisite of surgical treatment. Survival rates have significantly increased in recent decades, but treated children are at risk of chronic morbidity. This study aims to review the literature on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with EA and describe the questionnaires used. METHODS A literature search was conducted in Pubmed, Cinahl and PsycINFO, from inception to January 2015. A meta-analysis of studies investigating HRQOL in patients with EA compared to healthy references was performed. The effect size was calculated as Cohen's d. RESULTS Twelve articles (published 1995-2014) describing HRQOL among children, young people and adults were identified. Only European studies were found, and these had variable sample sizes (8-128). Overall HRQOL was reported to be reduced in five of the seven studies that compared overall HRQOL with a healthy reference population. Impaired physical or general health was described in eight articles. In the meta-analysis, eight eligible studies provided 16 estimates of the effect of EA, six of which reached statistical significance for worse HRQOL (p < 0.05). Using Cohen's criteria, the pooled estimate of the effect of EA was small for overall and physical HRQOL, and <0.2 for the mental and social HRQOL components. Altogether, 15 different questionnaires were used, and none were condition specific for EA. CONCLUSIONS Different findings are reported; however, this study suggests that patients with EA may have a reduced HRQOL. Moreover, HRQOL is not adequately measured in this group. Additional research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Dellenmark-Blom
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 416 85, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - John Eric Chaplin
- Gothenburg Pediatric Growth Research Center (GPGRC), Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Gothenburg University, 416 85, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Vladimir Gatzinsky
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 416 85, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Linus Jönsson
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 416 85, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kate Abrahamson
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 416 85, Gothenburg, Sweden
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