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Kapoor A, Baig F, Channa NA, Othman SS, Abualhamael SA, Baig M. Estimation of calories intake, iron, zinc, and selenium among children of the underprivileged area in Sindh, Pakistan. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304277. [PMID: 38917170 PMCID: PMC11198758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Malnutrition is one of the most serious community health issues in developing countries. This study estimated total energy intake, Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Selenium (Se), Calcium (Ca), and Phosphate (PO4) levels among school-going children (aged 13-17 years) of the underprivileged area in Sindh, Pakistan. METHODS Children from Mithi City, District Tharparkar, were selected for this cross-sectional investigation. Students from various schools from both genders who fulfilled the selection criteria were selected. A questionnaire was filled, and five ml blood samples were taken to analyze blood parameters. Each participant's estimated nutrient intake (ENI) per day was assessed and matched to the recommended daily allowance (RDA) to determine their micro and macronutrient intake. RESULTS A total of 300 school-going children [150(50%) boys (mean age 15± 0.8 years) and 150(50%) girls (mean age 14±1.3years)] were included in this study. Total calories (1449±949 Kcal vs. 1245±215 Kcal; p < .001), carbohydrates (138±27 gm vs. 126 ±25 gm; p < .001) protein (47±9.1 gm vs. 44±6 gm; p < .001) was significantly higher among boys compared to girls. In contrast, calcium (1094±105 mg vs. 1144±100; 0.004), phosphate 1050±125 vs. 1148±147; p<0.001), iron (9.2±1.7 mg vs. 10±1.3 mg; p<0.001), and Zinc (7.4±1.8 mg vs. 9.9±1.7 mg; p<0.001) intake was significantly higher among girls than boys. Gender-wise comparison of serum metals in school-going children showed that serum iron was significantly lower among girls than boys (100.86±25.65 μg/dl vs. 78.48±28.66 μg/dl; p<0.001), and no difference was found in serum Zn, Se, and Ca levels. Total proteins were also significantly lower among girls than boys (6.48±1.01g/dl vs. 4.87±1.4301g/dl; p<0.001). Serum iron, Ca, and total proteins were significantly lower among girls with normal ranges compared to boys with normal ranges. Total protein was significantly lower among girls below normal ranges than boys with normal ranges (p < .001). The correlation of carbohydrates, protein, and fat with some serum biochemical parameters in school-going children showed that serum Fe was significantly linked with proteins (r = 0.255; p < .0.05). CONCLUSION Our findings showed a concurrent shortage of macro and micronutrients. The current study also revealed that total energy intake was lower than the RDA and significant Fe, Zn, and Se deficiencies. The findings highlight the importance of measures aimed at improving children's nutritional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneel Kapoor
- Department of Biochemistry, Peoples University of Medical and Health Sciences for Women, Benazirabad, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Fizzah Baig
- Ziauddin Medical College, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Sahar Shafik Othman
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mukhtiar Baig
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Wong HS, Tay JEF, Kaur S, Gan WY, Che'Ya NN, Tan CH, Tung SEH. Knowledge and practices in preventing nutritional anaemia of the urban poor adolescents in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Nutr Health 2024; 30:331-340. [PMID: 36036393 DOI: 10.1177/02601060221122182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Anaemia has been identified as a major public health problem that affects both developed and developing countries, including Malaysia. To prevent anaemia, knowledge is a key parameter for changing attitudes and practices. Aim: This present study aims to determine the association of knowledge and practices in preventing nutritional anaemia with anaemia status of urban poor adolescents in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Methods: A total of 209 urban poor adolescents (50.7% males and 49.3% females) aged 10 to 17 years old were recruited from eight low-cost flats (People Housing Programme) in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess the sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge and practices in preventing nutritional anaemia. Anaemia status from the haemoglobin level concentration was determined using HemoCue® 201 + hemoglobinometer. Results: The prevalence of anaemia among urban poor adolescents was 58.4%, particularly prevalent among females (p < 0.001) and household size of six and above (p = 0.036). Only 29.2% and 10.0% of them were found to have good levels of knowledge and practices in preventing nutritional anaemia, respectively. Adolescents with high knowledge level tended to be anaemic as compared to poor knowledge level (AOR(95% CI) = 2.20 (1.02, 5.61), p < 0.05) after adjusting for sex, household size and monthly household income. Conclusion: Findings showed high prevalence of anaemia and low levels of knowledge and practices of nutritional anaemia prevention among the urban poor adolescents. Nutrition education and intervention are needed to improve the anaemia status of the urban poor adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwee Shan Wong
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Janice Ee Fang Tay
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Satvinder Kaur
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wan Ying Gan
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nik Norasma Che'Ya
- Department of Agriculture Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Choon Hui Tan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Serene En Hui Tung
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
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Abidi SHR, Almas A, Ghani A, Sabir S, Iqbal R. Assessment of macronutrients consumption in the diet of adolescent school children in four seasons: a longitudinal study from an urban city in Pakistan. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2021; 40:43. [PMID: 34656183 PMCID: PMC8520200 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-021-00268-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A healthy diet in the adolescence period is essential for physical, mental, and immunological development. We aimed to assess macronutrient consumption in the diet of adolescent school children using 24 h recalls in four seasons of the year. METHOD This was a longitudinal study conducted from February 2014 to June 2015. The study population included 155 school children aged 7-14 years from an urban school in Karachi. 24HR recall was conducted on 4 random days of the 4 main seasons. A food composition table was developed where the weight, calories, carbohydrate, fat, and protein content of the food items were listed. Macronutrients quantification was calculated by using proportional weight from the food composition table. Food groups were also assigned to each food item including vegetables, fruits, grains, protein foods, dairy products, and oils. RESULTS A total of 155 adolescent children aged between 7 and 14 years were approached. Out of the 155 preadolescents and adolescents, 150 (96.7%) agreed to participate. The mean (SD) age of the children was 11.31 (1.6) years, and 59% of all the children were males. Overall mean (SD) daily intake for all seasons was 195.31 (86.87) grams of carbohydrates, 94.77 (71.87) grams of proteins, and 55.87 (30.79) grams of fats. Carbohydrates formed 48.16%, protein 21.92%, and fat 29.93% of the total caloric intake. The mean (SD) daily caloric intake was 1517 (644) grams. Overall, the highest source of calories was from carbohydrate 781 (347) Kilocalories (Kcal), followed by fat 502 (277) Kcal and protein 379 (287). The Carbohydrate intake in 24 h was highest in the autumn; 212.81 (85.37), and there was a significant difference in carbohydrate intake in all seasons (p value 0.003). Consumption of discretionary food group was high (31.3%), and consumption of fruits and vegetables was low (29%). CONCLUSION The study reports a suboptimal caloric intake of fewer than 2000 cal/day among the adolescents from school. The highest source of calories was from carbohydrates.The highest consumption of food was in autumn and the least in summer. Fruits and vegetable intake was low, and discretionary food intake was high.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aysha Almas
- Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Abdul Ghani
- Health Department, Government of Baluchistan, Chaghi, Pakistan
| | - Sania Sabir
- Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Romania Iqbal
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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Wiafe MA, Apprey C, Annan RA. Knowledge and practices of dietary iron and anemia among early adolescents in a rural district in Ghana. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:2915-2924. [PMID: 34136159 PMCID: PMC8194733 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The study assessed knowledge and practices of dietary iron intake and anemia among early adolescents in the Asante-Akim Municipality of Ghana. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 137 adolescents, aged 10-14 years. Structured questionnaire was used to collect data on sociodemographic, knowledge of iron, and anemia, and iron intake practices. Hemoglobin levels were determined using Hemocue 301. Data were analyzed using descriptive, chi-square test, and binary logistics regression. The mean age of participants was 11.5 years. About 40% had knowledge of iron deficiency anemia, 29.4% knew anemia causes, 86% knew symptoms of anemia, and 35% knew anemia consequences. Although 41.2% of participants knew its prevention as eating iron-rich foods, 31.4% knew the food sources of iron, and 4.4% mentioned animal-based foods as rich sources, with the bulk (27%) mentioning plant-based foods instead. Moreover, 18.2% knew iron enhancers, while 0.7% knew iron inhibitors. More chicken consumers (72.2%) than nonconsumers (56.6%) met the Estimated Average Requirement for dietary iron intake (Chi-square 3.4, p = .073), while more dried fish consumers (88%) than nonconsumers (66.7%) had normal hemoglobin levels (Chi-square 4.5, p = .050). Knowledge of food sources of iron and iron-rich foods was positively associated with intake of chicken, fresh fish, and dried fish. Moreover, lower knowledge of iron-based food sources (β = -1.015, p = .020) and iron-rich foods (β = -2.188, p = .015) was inversely associated with beef intake. Anemia was negatively associated with chicken (β = -0.310, p = .416) and dried fish (β = -1.299, p = .045) consumption. Majority of the adolescents had low knowledge of iron. Chicken and dried fish intake reduced the risk of anemia development. Our study may be the first to assess knowledge on iron, anemia, and its impact among young Ghanaian adolescents. Our findings provide insights into this topic, calling for to improve knowledge, and practices on anemia in Ghanaian adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Akenteng Wiafe
- Department of Biochemistry and BiotechnologyKwame Nkrumah University of Science and TechnologyAshantiGhana
| | - Charles Apprey
- Department of Biochemistry and BiotechnologyKwame Nkrumah University of Science and TechnologyAshantiGhana
| | - Reginald Adjetey Annan
- Department of Biochemistry and BiotechnologyKwame Nkrumah University of Science and TechnologyAshantiGhana
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Angeles-Agdeppa I, Denney L, Toledo MB, Obligar VA, Jacquier EF, Carriquiry AL, Capanzana MV. Inadequate nutrient intakes in Filipino schoolchildren and adolescents are common among those from rural areas and poor families. Food Nutr Res 2019; 63:3435. [PMID: 31143094 PMCID: PMC6525598 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v63.3435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adequate nutrition during childhood and adolescence is essential to promote growth and development. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated usual energy and nutrient intakes of Filipino schoolchildren and adolescents. DESIGN Food and beverage intakes were collected from a nationally representative sample of schoolchildren aged 6-9 and 10-12 years (n = 3,594 and n = 2,971, respectively) and adolescents aged 13-18 years (n = 5,447) using 24-h dietary recalls. The distributions of usual energy and nutrient intakes and the prevalence of inadequate intakes, which is defined as the percent of children with intakes less than estimated average requirements or acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges, were estimated using the Personal Computer Software for Intake Distribution Estimation (PC-SIDE) program. RESULTS The results showed that the mean energy intakes were 19-35% lower than estimated energy requirement. High prevalence of inadequate intakes was found for most macro- and micronutrients. Prevalence of inadequacies was as follows: protein 12-47%, total fat (as percentage of energy) 38-52%, calcium 92-94%, iron 75-90%, vitamin C 68-96%, folate 61-93%, vitamin A 58-81%, riboflavin 58-91%, thiamin 27-75%, and phosphorus 18-91%. CONCLUSIONS Generally, prevalence of inadequacy of key nutrients were relatively high among adolescents and schoolchildren, especially those from poor families and rural areas. This study demonstrated that nutrient intakes of Filipino schoolchildren and adolescents were highly inadequate, particularly among the poor and those living in rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imelda Angeles-Agdeppa
- Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Department of Science and Technology, Taguig City 1631, The Philippines
| | - Liya Denney
- Nestlé Research, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Lausanne 1000, Switzerland Nestlé Research Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marvin B. Toledo
- Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Department of Science and Technology, Taguig City 1631, The Philippines
| | - Virgilyn Anne Obligar
- Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Department of Science and Technology, Taguig City 1631, The Philippines
| | - Emma F. Jacquier
- Nestlé Research, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Lausanne 1000, Switzerland Nestlé Research Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Mario V. Capanzana
- Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Department of Science and Technology, Taguig City 1631, The Philippines
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