1
|
D'Antona S, Porro D, Gallivanone F, Bertoli G. Characterization of cell cycle, inflammation, and oxidative stress signaling role in non-communicable diseases: Insights into genetic variants, microRNAs and pathways. Comput Biol Med 2024; 174:108346. [PMID: 38581999 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) significantly impact global health, contributing to over 70% of premature deaths, as reported by the World Health Organization (WHO). These diseases have complex and multifactorial origins, involving genetic, epigenetic, environmental and lifestyle factors. While Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) is widely recognized as a valuable tool for identifying variants associated with complex phenotypes; the multifactorial nature of NCDs necessitates a more comprehensive exploration, encompassing not only the genetic but also the epigenetic aspect. For this purpose, we employed a bioinformatics-multiomics approach to examine the genetic and epigenetic characteristics of NCDs (i.e. colorectal cancer, coronary atherosclerosis, squamous cell lung cancer, psoriasis, type 2 diabetes, and multiple sclerosis), aiming to identify novel biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis. Leveraging GWAS summary statistics, we pinpointed Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) independently associated with each NCD. Subsequently, we identified genes linked to cell cycle, inflammation and oxidative stress mechanisms, revealing shared genes across multiple diseases, suggesting common functional pathways. From an epigenetic perspective, we identified microRNAs (miRNAs) with regulatory functions targeting these genes of interest. Our findings underscore critical genetic pathways implicated in these diseases. In colorectal cancer, the dysregulation of the "Cytokine Signaling in Immune System" pathway, involving LAMA5 and SMAD7, regulated by Hsa-miR-21-5p, Hsa-miR-103a-3p, and Hsa-miR-195-5p, emerged as pivotal. In coronary atherosclerosis, the pathway associated with "binding of TCF/LEF:CTNNB1 to target gene promoters" displayed noteworthy implications, with the MYC factor controlled by Hsa-miR-16-5p as a potential regulatory factor. Squamous cell lung carcinoma analysis revealed significant pathways such as "PTK6 promotes HIF1A stabilization," regulated by Hsa-let-7b-5p. In psoriasis, the "Endosomal/Vacuolar pathway," involving HLA-C and Hsa-miR-148a-3p and Hsa-miR-148b-3p, was identified as crucial. Type 2 Diabetes implicated the "Regulation of TP53 Expression" pathway, controlled by Hsa-miR-106a-5p and Hsa-miR-106b-5p. In conclusion, our study elucidates the genetic framework and molecular mechanisms underlying NCDs, offering crucial insights into potential genetic/epigenetic biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis. The specificity of pathways and related miRNAs in different pathologies highlights promising candidates for further clinical validation, with the potential to advance personalized treatments and alleviate the global burden of NCDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore D'Antona
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Research Council, Via F.lli Cervi 93, 20054, Milan, Italy
| | - Danilo Porro
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Research Council, Via F.lli Cervi 93, 20054, Milan, Italy; National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesca Gallivanone
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Research Council, Via F.lli Cervi 93, 20054, Milan, Italy
| | - Gloria Bertoli
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Research Council, Via F.lli Cervi 93, 20054, Milan, Italy; National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zbesko JC, Stokes J, Becktel DA, Doyle KP. Targeting foam cell formation to improve recovery from ischemic stroke. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 181:106130. [PMID: 37068641 PMCID: PMC10993857 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a crucial part of the healing process after an ischemic stroke and is required to restore tissue homeostasis. However, the inflammatory response to stroke also worsens neurodegeneration and creates a tissue environment that is unfavorable to regeneration for several months, thereby postponing recovery. In animal models, inflammation can also contribute to the development of delayed cognitive deficits. Myeloid cells that take on a foamy appearance are one of the most prominent immune cell types within chronic stroke infarcts. Emerging evidence indicates that they form as a result of mechanisms of myelin lipid clearance becoming overwhelmed, and that they are a key driver of the chronic inflammatory response to stroke. Therefore, targeting lipid accumulation in foam cells may be a promising strategy for improving recovery. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of current knowledge regarding inflammation and foam cell formation in the brain in the weeks and months following ischemic stroke and identify targets that may be amenable to therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob C Zbesko
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, United States
| | - Jessica Stokes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, United States
| | | | - Kristian P Doyle
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, United States; Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychology, Arizona Center on Aging, and the BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
|
4
|
Jiang C, Qi Z, He W, Li Z, Tang Y, Wang Y, Huang Y, Zang H, Yang H, Liu J. Dynamically enhancing plaque targeting via a positive feedback loop using multifunctional biomimetic nanoparticles for plaque regression. J Control Release 2019; 308:71-85. [PMID: 31295543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A paradigm shift from preventive therapy to aggressive plaque regression and eventual eradication is much needed to address increasing atherosclerotic burden and risks. Herein, we report a biologically inspired dual-targeting multifunctional recombinant high-density lipoprotein (rHDL)-mimicking core-shell nanoplatform. It is composed of an ATP-responsive ternary polyplexes core for SR-A siRNA and catalase complexation, and a phosphatidylserine-modified rHDL-based outer shell for SR-BI and CD36 targeting, in which pitavastatin is packaged. We demonstrated that dual-targeting biomimetic core-shell nanoparticles dynamically enhanced macrophage CD36 targeting in the plaques by establishing a positive feedback loop via the reciprocal regulation of SR-A and CD36. Positive feedback-enabled accumulation of the nanoparticles in the atherosclerotic plaques increased by 3.3-fold following 4-week repeated administration. A 3-month dosage regimen of the dual-targeting rHDL-mimicking nanoparticles reduced plaque areas by 65.8%, and decreased macrophages by 57.3%. Collectively, this work shows that dynamically enhancing plaque targeting via a positive feedback loop and dual action of cholesterol deposition inhibition and efflux enhancement accomplished with our novel multifunctional biomimetic nanoparticles provides a new way to regress plaques and alleviate the atherosclerotic burden.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Zitong Qi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Wanhua He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Zhuoting Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Yuqi Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Yunbo Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Yilei Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Haojing Zang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Hu Yang
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, United States; Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States.
| | - Jianping Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang S, Zan J, Wu M, Zhao W, Li Z, Pan Y, Sun Z, Zhu J. miR-29a promotes scavenger receptor A expression by targeting QKI (quaking) during monocyte-macrophage differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 464:1-6. [PMID: 26056009 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Monocyte differentiation into macrophages results in upregulation of miR-29a and scavenger receptor A (SRA) expression, while the expression of RNA binding protein, QKI is suppressed. Since SRA is a functionally important protein in atherosclerosis, it is imperative to understand the various mechanisms involved in its regulation specially the mechanism involving miR-29a. There are individual studies linking miR-29a to SRA or QKI to monocyte differentiation but there is no evidence of any linkage among them. Therefore, we intend to investigate the association among these three, if any, in terms of regulation of SRA expression. Hence, in this study, the differentiated macrophages were initially transfected with miR-29a or its inhibitor and it was shown that QKI is a direct target of mir-29a. In addition, it was also observed by bioinformatics analysis that 3'UTR in SRA mRNA has QKI binding site. So, we attempted to further understand the role of QKI in SRA regulation. The macrophages were manipulated either with overexpression of QKI or by its ablation and it was observed that QKI suppressed SRA at the transcriptional level. Moreover, with the help of luciferase reporter vector, it was shown that QKI inhibited SRA transcription by binding to QRE region in its 3'UTR mRNA. Furthermore, to link the QKI mediated regulation of SRA expression with its functional activity; we analyzed lipid uptake capacity of macrophages transfected with either ectopic OKI plasmid or ablated for QKI. It was observed that, indeed, QKI upregulation inhibits lipid uptake by repressing SRA expression. Overall, our study demonstrates that miR-29a inhibits QKI, which in turn results in upregulation of SRA and lipid uptake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jie Zan
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Mingjie Wu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Wenting Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhenwei Li
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yanyun Pan
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Zewei Sun
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jianhua Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zani IA, Stephen SL, Mughal NA, Russell D, Homer-Vanniasinkam S, Wheatcroft SB, Ponnambalam S. Scavenger receptor structure and function in health and disease. Cells 2015; 4:178-201. [PMID: 26010753 PMCID: PMC4493455 DOI: 10.3390/cells4020178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Scavenger receptors (SRs) are a ‘superfamily’ of membrane-bound receptors that were initially thought to bind and internalize modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL), though it is currently known to bind to a variety of ligands including endogenous proteins and pathogens. New family of SRs and their properties have been identified in recent years, and have now been classified into 10 eukaryote families, defined as Classes A-J. These receptors are classified according to their sequences, although in each class they are further classified based in the variations of the sequence. Their ability to bind a range of ligands is reflected on the biological functions such as clearance of modified lipoproteins and pathogens. SR members regulate pathophysiological states including atherosclerosis, pathogen infections, immune surveillance, and cancer. Here, we review our current understanding of SR structure and function implicated in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Izma Abdul Zani
- Endothelial Cell Biology Unit, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Sam L Stephen
- Endothelial Cell Biology Unit, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Nadeem A Mughal
- Endothelial Cell Biology Unit, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Leeds Vascular Institute, Leeds General Infirmary, Great George Street, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK
| | - David Russell
- Leeds Vascular Institute, Leeds General Infirmary, Great George Street, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK
| | | | - Stephen B Wheatcroft
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Sreenivasan Ponnambalam
- Endothelial Cell Biology Unit, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rosenfeld ME. Macrophage proliferation in atherosclerosis: an historical perspective. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:e21-2. [PMID: 25169935 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Rosenfeld
- From the Departments of Pathology and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Eguchi A, Kaneko Y, Murakami A, Ohigashi H. Zerumbone Suppresses Phorbol Ester-Induced Expression of Multiple Scavenger Receptor Genes in THP-1 Human Monocytic Cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 71:935-45. [PMID: 17420607 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.60596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Unregulated uptake of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDL) via macrophage scavenger receptors (SRs), such as lectin-like ox-LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1), is a key event in atherosclerosis. In the present study, we used differentiated Caco-2 cells as a model of the human small intestine to evaluate the suppressive effects of 16 traditional food items selected from Okinawa on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced LOX-1 mRNA expression in THP-1 human monocyte-like cells. Three Zingiberaceae plants, Curcuma aromatica Salisbury, Curcuma longa L., and Zingiber zerumbet Smith, markedly suppressed that expression. When added to the apical sides of Caco-2 monolayers, zerumbone, a sesquiterpene from Z. zerumbet Smith, was found to permeate into the basolateral medium as an intact structure in a time-dependent manner. alpha-Humulene, a structural analog of zerumbone lacking the alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl group, did not suppress LOX-1 mRNA expression, indicating that its electrophilic moiety might play pivotal roles in its activities. Further, zerumbone attenuated the expression of SR-A, SR-PSOX, and CD36, but not that of CD68 or CLA-1, leading to a blockade of DiI-acLDL uptake, while it also inhibited the transcriptional activities of activator protein-1 and nuclear factor-kappaB. Together, our results indicate that zerumbone is a potential phytochemical for regulating atherosclerosis with reasonable action mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ai Eguchi
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhao JF, Jim Leu SJ, Shyue SK, Su KH, Wei J, Lee TS. Novel effect of paeonol on the formation of foam cells: promotion of LXRα-ABCA1-dependent cholesterol efflux in macrophages. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2014; 41:1079-96. [PMID: 24117070 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x13500730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Paeonol, a phenolic component purified from Paeonia suffruticosa (Cortex Moutan), is used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat inflammatory diseases. However, little is known about the effect of paeonol on cholesterol metabolism. We investigated the efficacy of paeonol on cholesterol metabolism and the underlying mechanism in macrophages and apolipoprotein E deficient (apoE(-/-)) mice. Treatment with paeonol markedly attenuated cholesterol accumulation induced by oxidized LDL in macrophages, which was due to increased cholesterol efflux. Additionally, paeonol enhanced the mRNA and protein expression of ATP-binding membrane cassette transport protein A1 (ABCA1) but did not alter the protein level of ABCG1 or other scavenger receptors. Inhibition of ABCA1 activity with a pharmacological inhibitor, neutralizing antibody or small interfering RNA (siRNA), negated the effects of paeonol on cholesterol efflux and cholesterol accumulation. Furthermore, paeonol induced the nuclear translocation of liver X receptor α (LXRα) by increasing its activity. siRNA knockdown of LXRα abolished the paeonol-induced upregulation of ABCA1, promotion of cholesterol efflux and suppression of cholesterol accumulation. Moreover, atherosclerotic lesions, hyperlipidemia and systemic inflammation were reduced and the protein expression of ABCA1 was increased in aortas of paeonol-treated apoE(-/-) mice. Paeonol may alleviate the formation of foam cells by enhancing LXRα-ABCA1-dependent cholesterol efflux.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Feng Zhao
- Department of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Avraham-Davidi I, Grunspan M, Yaniv K. Lipid signaling in the endothelium. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:1298-305. [PMID: 23328305 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Avraham-Davidi
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Baardman ME, Kerstjens-Frederikse WS, Berger RM, Bakker MK, Hofstra RM, Plösch T. The Role of Maternal-Fetal Cholesterol Transport in Early Fetal Life: Current Insights1. Biol Reprod 2013; 88:24. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.112.102442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
|
12
|
Badimon L, Vilahur G. LDL-cholesterol versus HDL-cholesterol in the atherosclerotic plaque: inflammatory resolution versus thrombotic chaos. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1254:18-32. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06480.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
13
|
Deletion of scavenger receptor A protects mice from progressive nephropathy independent of lipid control during diet-induced hyperlipidemia. Kidney Int 2012; 81:1002-1014. [PMID: 22377830 PMCID: PMC3343314 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2011.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Scavenger receptor A (SR-A) is a key transmembrane receptor in the endocytosis of lipids and contributes to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. To assess its role in hyperlipidemic chronic kidney disease, wild-type and SR-A-deficient (knockout) mice underwent uninephrectomy followed by either normal or high-fat diet. After 16 weeks of diet intervention, hyperlipidemic wild-type mice presented characteristic features of progressive nephropathy: albuminuria, renal fibrosis, and overexpression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1/Smad. These changes were markedly diminished in hyperlipidemic knockout mice and attributed to reduced renal lipid retention, oxidative stress, and CD11c(+) cell infiltration. In vitro, overexpression of SR-A augmented monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 release and TGF-β1/Smad activation in HK-2 cells exposed to oxidized low-density lipoprotein. SR-A knockdown prevented lipid-induced cell injury. Moreover, wild-type to knockout bone marrow transplantation resulted in renal fibrosis in uninephrectomized mice following 16 weeks of the high-fat diet. In contrast, knockout to wild-type bone marrow transplantation led to markedly reduced albuminuria, CD11c(+) cell infiltration, and renal fibrosis compared to wild-type to SR-A knockout or wild-type to wild-type bone marrow transplanted mice, without difference in plasma lipid levels. Thus, SR-A on circulating leukocytes rather than resident renal cells predominantly mediates lipid-induced kidney injury.
Collapse
|
14
|
Martínez VG, Moestrup SK, Holmskov U, Mollenhauer J, Lozano F. The conserved scavenger receptor cysteine-rich superfamily in therapy and diagnosis. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:967-1000. [PMID: 21880988 DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.004523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) superfamily of soluble or membrane-bound protein receptors is characterized by the presence of one or several repeats of an ancient and highly conserved protein module, the SRCR domain. This superfamily (SRCR-SF) has been in constant and progressive expansion, now up to more than 30 members. The study of these members is attracting growing interest, which parallels that in innate immunity. No unifying function has been described to date for the SRCR domains, this being the result of the limited knowledge still available on the physiology of most members of the SRCR-SF, but also of the sequence versatility of the SRCR domains. Indeed, involvement of SRCR-SF members in quite different functions, such as pathogen recognition, modulation of the immune response, epithelial homeostasis, stem cell biology, and tumor development, have all been described. This has brought to us new information, unveiling the possibility that targeting or supplementing SRCR-SF proteins could result in diagnostic and/or therapeutic benefit for a number of physiologic and pathologic states. Recent research has provided structural and functional insight into these proteins, facilitating the development of means to modulate the activity of SRCR-SF members. Indeed, some of these approaches are already in use, paving the way for a more comprehensive use of SRCR-SF members in the clinic. The present review will illustrate some available evidence on the potential of well known and new members of the SRCR-SF in this regard.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Gabriela Martínez
- Center Esther Koplowitz, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ohnishi K, Komohara Y, Fujiwara Y, Takemura K, Lei X, Nakagawa T, Sakashita N, Takeya M. Suppression of TLR4-mediated inflammatory response by macrophage class A scavenger receptor (CD204). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 411:516-22. [PMID: 21756882 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.06.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The class A scavenger receptor (SR-A, CD204), one of the principal receptors expressed on macrophages, has been found to regulate inflammatory response and attenuate septic endotoxemia. However, the detailed mechanism of this process has not yet been well characterized. To clarify the regulative mechanisms of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophage activation by SR-A, we evaluated the activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated signaling molecules in SR-A-deficient (SR-A(-/-)) macrophages. In a septic shock model, the blood levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and interferon (IFN)-β were significantly increased in SR-A(-/-) mice compared to wild-type mice, and elevated nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) activation was detected in SR-A(-/-) macrophages. SR-A deletion increased the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and NFκB in vitro. SR-A deletion also promoted the nuclear translocation of NFκB and IFN regulatory factor (IRF)-3. In addition, a competitive binding assay with acetylated low-density lipoprotein, an SR-A-specific ligand, and anti-SR-A antibody induced significant activation of TLR4-mediated signaling molecules in wild-type macrophages but not in SR-A(-/-) macrophages. These results suggest that SR-A suppresses the macrophage activation by inhibiting the binding of LPS to TLR4 in a competitive manner and it plays a pivotal role in the regulation of the LPS-induced inflammatory response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Ohnishi
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Stephen SL, Freestone K, Dunn S, Twigg MW, Homer-Vanniasinkam S, Walker JH, Wheatcroft SB, Ponnambalam S. Scavenger receptors and their potential as therapeutic targets in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Int J Hypertens 2010; 2010:646929. [PMID: 20981357 PMCID: PMC2958427 DOI: 10.4061/2010/646929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Scavenger receptors act as membrane-bound and soluble proteins that bind to macromolecular complexes and pathogens. This diverse supergroup of proteins mediates binding to modified lipoprotein particles which regulate the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic plaques. In vascular tissues, scavenger receptors are implicated in regulating intracellular signaling, lipid accumulation, foam cell development, and cellular apoptosis or necrosis linked to the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. One approach is using gene therapy to modulate scavenger receptor function in atherosclerosis. Ectopic expression of membrane-bound scavenger receptors using viral vectors can modify lipid profiles and reduce the incidence of atherosclerosis. Alternatively, expression of soluble scavenger receptors can also block plaque initiation and progression. Inhibition of scavenger receptor expression using a combined gene therapy and RNA interference strategy also holds promise for long-term therapy. Here we review our current understanding of the gene delivery by viral vectors to cells and tissues in gene therapy strategies and its application to the modulation of scavenger receptor function in atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sam L Stephen
- Endothelial Cell Biology Unit, Institute of Molecular & Cellular Biology, LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Clarendon Way, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Takemura K, Sakashita N, Fujiwara Y, Komohara Y, Lei X, Ohnishi K, Suzuki H, Kodama T, Mizuta H, Takeya M. Class A scavenger receptor promotes osteoclast differentiation via the enhanced expression of receptor activator of NF-kappaB (RANK). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 391:1675-80. [PMID: 20036645 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.12.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclasts originate from bone marrow monocyte/macrophage lineage cells, and their differentiation depends on macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator nuclear factor kappa B (RANK) ligand. Class A scavenger receptor (SR-A) is one of the principal functional molecules of macrophages, and its level of expression declines during osteoclast differentiation. To investigate the role of SR-A in osteoclastogenesis, we examined pathological changes in femoral bone and the expression levels of osteoclastogenesis-related molecules in SR-A(-/-) mice. The femoral osseous density of SR-A(-/-) mice was higher than that of SR-A(+/+) mice, and the number of multinucleated osteoclasts was significantly decreased. An in vitro differentiation assay revealed that the differentiation of multinucleated osteoclasts from bone marrow-derived progenitor cells is impaired in SR-A(-/-) mice. Elimination of SR-A did not alter the expression level of the M-CSF receptor, c-fms; however, the expression levels of RANK and RANK-related osteoclast-differentiation molecules such as nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic, calcineurin-dependent 1 (NFATc1) and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) significantly decreased. Furthermore, acetylated low-density lipoprotein (AcLDL), an SR-A ligand, significantly increased the expression level of RANK and MITF during osteoclast differentiation. These data indicate that SR-A promotes osteoclastogenesis via augmentation of the expression level of RANK and its related molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Takemura
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Komohara Y, Takemura K, Lei XF, Sakashita N, Harada M, Suzuki H, Kodama T, Takeya M. Delayed growth of EL4 lymphoma in SR-A-deficient mice is due to upregulation of nitric oxide and interferon-gamma production by tumor-associated macrophages. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:2160-6. [PMID: 19694752 PMCID: PMC11158051 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01296.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Class A scavenger receptors (SR-A, CD204) are highly expressed in tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). To investigate the function of SR-A in TAM, wild-type and SR-A-deficient (SR-A(-/-)) mice were injected with EL4 cells. Although these groups of mice did not differ in the numbers of infiltrating macrophages and lymphocytes and in neovascularization, SR-A(-/-) mice had delayed growth of EL4 tumors. Expression of inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase and interferon (IFN)-gamma mRNA increased significantly in tumor tissues from SR-A(-/-) mice. Engulfment of necrotic EL4 cells induced upregulation of NO and IFN-gamma production by cultured macrophages, and production of NO and IFN-gamma increased in SR-A(-/-) macrophages in vitro. IFN-beta production by cultured macrophages was also elevated in SR-A(-/-) macrophages in vitro. These results suggested that the antitumor activity of macrophages increased in SR-A(-/-) mice because of upregulation of NO and IFN-gamma production. These data indicate an important role of SR-A in regulating TAM function by inhibiting toll-like receptor (TLR)4-IFN-beta signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Komohara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Katayama I, Hotokezaka Y, Matsuyama T, Sumi T, Nakamura T. Ionizing Radiation Induces Macrophage Foam Cell Formation and Aggregation Through JNK-Dependent Activation of CD36 Scavenger Receptors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008; 70:835-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2007] [Revised: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
20
|
Macrophage scavenger receptors and host-derived ligands. Methods 2008; 43:207-17. [PMID: 17920517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2007.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The scavenger receptors are a large family of molecules that are structurally diverse and have been implicated in a range of functions. They are expressed by myeloid cells, selected endothelial cells and some epithelial cells and recognise many different ligands, including microbial pathogens as well as endogenous and modified host-derived molecules. This review will focus on the eight classes of scavenger receptors (class A-H) in terms of their structure, expression and recognition of host-derived ligands. Scavenger receptors have been implicated in a range of physiological and pathological processes, such as atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease, and function in adhesion and tissue maintenance. More recently, some of the scavenger receptors have been shown to mediate binding and endocytosis of chaperone proteins, such as the heat shock proteins, thereby playing an important role in antigen cross-presentation.
Collapse
|
21
|
Mehta JL, Sanada N, Hu CP, Chen J, Dandapat A, Sugawara F, Satoh H, Inoue K, Kawase Y, Jishage KI, Suzuki H, Takeya M, Schnackenberg L, Beger R, Hermonat PL, Thomas M, Sawamura T. Deletion of LOX-1 reduces atherogenesis in LDLR knockout mice fed high cholesterol diet. Circ Res 2007; 100:1634-42. [PMID: 17478727 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.107.149724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is associated with oxidative stress and inflammation, and upregulation of LOX-1, an endothelial receptor for oxidized LDL (oxLDL). Here, we describe generation of LOX-1 knockout (KO) mice in which binding of oxLDL to aortic endothelium was reduced and endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation preserved after treatment with oxLDL (P<0.01 versus wild-type mice). To address whether endothelial functional preservation might lead to reduction in atherogenesis, we crossed LOX-1 KO mice with LDLR KO mice and fed these mice 4% cholesterol/10% cocoa butter diet for 18 weeks. Atherosclerosis was found to cover 61+/-2% of aorta in the LDLR KO mice, but only 36+/-3% of aorta in the double KO mice. Luminal obstruction and intima thickness were significantly reduced in the double KO mice (versus LDLR KO mice). Expression of redox-sensitive NF-kappaB and the inflammatory marker CD68 in LDLR KO mice was increased (P<0.01 versus wild-type mice), but not in the double KO mice. On the other hand, antiinflammatory cytokine IL-10 expression and superoxide dismutase activity were low in the LDLR KO mice (P<0.01 versus wild-type mice), but not in the double KO mice. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression was also preserved in the double KO mice. The proinflammatory signal MAPK P38 was activated in the LDLR KO mice, and LOX-1 deletion reduced this signal. In conclusion, LOX-1 deletion sustains endothelial function leading to a reduction in atherogenesis in association with reduction in proinflammatory and prooxidant signals.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/metabolism
- Aorta/metabolism
- Aorta/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cholesterol, Dietary
- Crosses, Genetic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/pathology
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Lipids/blood
- Lipoproteins, LDL/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/metabolism
- Oxidative Stress/genetics
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Scavenger Receptors, Class E/biosynthesis
- Scavenger Receptors, Class E/genetics
- Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism
- Vasodilation/genetics
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jawahar L Mehta
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Gene Therapy Program, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tsujita K, Kaikita K, Hayasaki T, Honda T, Kobayashi H, Sakashita N, Suzuki H, Kodama T, Ogawa H, Takeya M. Targeted deletion of class A macrophage scavenger receptor increases the risk of cardiac rupture after experimental myocardial infarction. Circulation 2007; 115:1904-11. [PMID: 17389263 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.106.671198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Class A macrophage scavenger receptor (SR-A) is a macrophage-restricted multifunctional molecule that optimizes the inflammatory response by modulation of the activity of inflammatory cytokines. This study was conducted with SR-A-deficient (SR-A(-/-)) mice to evaluate the relationship between SR-A and cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction. METHODS AND RESULTS Experimental myocardial infarction (MI) was produced by ligation of the left coronary artery in SR-A(-/-) and wild-type (WT) male mice. The number of mice that died within 4 weeks after MI was significantly greater in SR-A(-/-) mice than in WT mice (P=0.03). Importantly, death caused by cardiac rupture within 1 week after MI was 31% (17 of 54 mice) in SR-A(-/-) mice and 12% (6 of 51 mice) in WT mice (P=0.01). In situ zymography demonstrated augmented gelatinolytic activity in the infarcted myocardium in SR-A(-/-) mice compared with WT mice. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction at day 3 after MI showed that the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 mRNA increased significantly in the infarcted myocardium in SR-A(-/-) mice compared with WT mice. Furthermore, SR-A(-/-) mice showed augmented expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and reduction of interleukin-10 in the infarcted myocardium at day 3 after MI. In vitro experiments also demonstrated increased tumor necrosis factor-alpha and decreased interleukin-10 expression in activated SR-A(-/-) macrophages. CONCLUSIONS The present findings suggest that SR-A deficiency might cause impairment of infarct remodeling that results in cardiac rupture via insufficient production of interleukin-10 and enhanced expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and of matrix metalloproteinase-9. SR-A might contribute to the prevention of cardiac rupture after MI.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Crosses, Genetic
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Enzyme Induction
- Gene Deletion
- Heart Rupture/etiology
- Heart Rupture/physiopathology
- Heart Rupture/prevention & control
- Interleukin-10/analysis
- Lipoproteins, LDL/pharmacology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/biosynthesis
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/genetics
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/biosynthesis
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myocardial Infarction/complications
- Myocardial Infarction/economics
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Scavenger Receptors, Class A/deficiency
- Scavenger Receptors, Class A/drug effects
- Scavenger Receptors, Class A/genetics
- Scavenger Receptors, Class A/physiology
- Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1/biosynthesis
- Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1/genetics
- Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases/biosynthesis
- Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Ventricular Remodeling/physiology
- Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-4
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Tsujita
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lin YL, de Villiers WJS, Garvy B, Post SR, Nagy TR, Safadi FF, Faugere MC, Wang G, Malluche HH, Williams JP. The Effect of Class A Scavenger Receptor Deficiency in Bone. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:4653-4660. [PMID: 17166840 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m608552200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Class A scavenger receptor (SR-A) is predominantly expressed by macrophages, and because osteoclasts are of monocyte/macrophage lineage, SR-A is of potential interest in osteoclast biology. In addition to modified low density lipoprotein uptake, SR-A is also important in cell attachment and signaling. In this study we evaluated the effect of SR-A deletion on bone. Knock-out animals have 40% greater body weight than wild type. Body composition analyses demonstrated that total lean and fat body mass were greater in knock-out animals, but there was no significant difference in percent fat and lean body mass. Bone mineral density and content were significantly greater in knock-out compared with wild type animals. Micro-computed tomography analyses confirmed that total volume, bone volume as well as trabecular number, thickness, and connectivity were significantly greater in knock-out mice. As expected, trabecular separation was greater in wild type mice. The phenotype appears to be explained by 60% fewer osteoclasts in females and 35% fewer in males compared to wild type mice with a paradoxical increase in nuclei/osteoclast in knock-out animals. Furthermore, there were no differences in adipocyte number and osteoblast number or activity. The addition of the soluble extracellular domain of SR-A to RAW264.7 cells stimulated a concentration-dependent increase in osteoclast differentiation that was receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL)-dependent. Soluble SR-A had no effect on cell proliferation in the presence of RANKL but stimulated a 40% increase in numbers in the absence of RANKL. We conclude that SR-A plays a role in normal osteoclast differentiation, suggesting a novel role for this receptor in bone biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ling Lin
- College of Dentistry, Department of Internal Medicine, Divisions of University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Willem J S de Villiers
- Digestive Diseases and Nutrition and University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536; Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40502
| | - Beth Garvy
- Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40502; Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics and University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Steven R Post
- Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Tim R Nagy
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, and
| | - Fayez F Safadi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140
| | - Marie Claude Faugere
- Nephrology, Bone, and Mineral Metabolism, and Departments of University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Guodong Wang
- Nephrology, Bone, and Mineral Metabolism, and Departments of University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Hartmut H Malluche
- Nephrology, Bone, and Mineral Metabolism, and Departments of University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - John P Williams
- Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40502; Nephrology, Bone, and Mineral Metabolism, and Departments of University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Murphy JE, Tedbury PR, Homer-Vanniasinkam S, Walker JH, Ponnambalam S. Biochemistry and cell biology of mammalian scavenger receptors. Atherosclerosis 2006; 182:1-15. [PMID: 15904923 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2004] [Revised: 03/10/2005] [Accepted: 03/24/2005] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Scavenger receptors are integral membrane proteins that bind a wide variety of ligands including modified or oxidised low-density lipoproteins, apoptotic cells and pathogens. Modified low-density lipoprotein accumulation is thought to be an early event in vascular disease and thus scavenger receptor function is critical in this context. The scavenger receptor family has at least eight different subclasses (A-H) which bear little sequence homology to each other but recognize common ligands. Here we review our current understanding of the scavenger receptor subclasses with emphasis on their genetics, protein structure, biochemical properties, membrane trafficking, intracellular signalling and links to disease states. We also highlight emerging areas where scavenger receptors play roles in cell and animal physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Murphy
- School of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ge J, Jia Q, Liang C, Luo Y, Huang D, Sun A, Wang K, Zou Y, Chen H. Advanced glycosylation end products might promote atherosclerosis through inducing the immune maturation of dendritic cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25:2157-63. [PMID: 16100036 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000181744.58265.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Both advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs) and dendritic cells (DCs) have been shown to play a causative role in atherosclerosis. However, whether they function interactively in the process remains uncertain. We therefore studied the effects of AGE-bovine serum albumin (AGE-BSA) on the maturation of DCs and the expressions of scavenger receptor-A (SR-A) and receptor for AGEs (RAGE) on DCs. METHODS AND RESULTS AGE-BSA induced DCs maturation accompanied with increased expressions of CD1a, CD40, CD80, CD83, CD86, and MHC class II. The capacity of DCs to stimulate T-cell proliferation and secretion of cytokines (interferon [IFN], IFN-gamma, interleukin [IL]-10 and IL-12) was also enhanced by AGE-BSA. AGE-BSA significantly upregulated SR-A and RAGE expression on DCs and the upregulation was abolished by inhibition of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase Jnk, but not by that of Erk and p38 MAP kinase. AGE-BSA-induced expression of CD83 and secretion of IL-12 were partly inhibited by either an anti-RAGE neutralizing antibody or a Jnk inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS AGE-BSA induces maturation of DCs and augmented their capacity to stimulate T-cell proliferation and cytokine secretions possibly through upregulation of RAGE and SR-A, which at least in part through Jnk. These findings might explain in part the interactive roles of AGEs and DCs in the processes of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Anthracenes/pharmacology
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/immunology
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Cell Communication/drug effects
- Cell Communication/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Gene Expression/immunology
- Glycation End Products, Advanced/pharmacology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulins/metabolism
- In Vitro Techniques
- Interleukin-12/metabolism
- JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Monocytes/cytology
- Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Scavenger Receptors, Class A/genetics
- Scavenger Receptors, Class A/metabolism
- Serum Albumin, Bovine/pharmacology
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/immunology
- CD83 Antigen
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junbo Ge
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Svensson PA, Hägg DA, Jernås M, Englund MCO, Hulten LM, Ohlsson BG, Hulthe J, Wiklund O, Carlsson B, Fagerberg B, Carlsson LMS. Identification of genes predominantly expressed in human macrophages. Atherosclerosis 2004; 177:287-90. [PMID: 15530901 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2004] [Revised: 06/30/2004] [Accepted: 07/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Identification of cell and tissue specific genes may provide novel insights to signaling systems and functions. Macrophages play a key role in many diseases including atherosclerosis. Using DNA microarrays we compared the expression of approximately 10,000 genes in 56 human tissues and identified 23 genes with predominant expression in macrophages. The identified genes include both genes known to be macrophage specific and genes previously not well described in this cell type. Tissue distribution of two genes, liver X receptor (LXR) alpha and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), was verified by real-time RT-PCR. We conclude that comparison of expression profiles from a large number of tissues can be used to identify genes that are predominantly expressed in certain tissues. Identification of novel macrophage specific genes may increase our understanding of the role of this cell in different diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Per-Arne Svensson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vita Stråket 12, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, S-41345 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Korporaal SJA, Relou IAM, van Eck M, Strasser V, Bezemer M, Gorter G, van Berkel TJC, Nimpf J, Akkerman JWN, Lenting PJ. Binding of low density lipoprotein to platelet apolipoprotein E receptor 2' results in phosphorylation of p38MAPK. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:52526-34. [PMID: 15459198 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m407407200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding of low density lipoprotein (LDL) to platelets enhances platelet responsiveness to various aggregation-inducing agents. However, the identity of the platelet surface receptor for LDL is unknown. We have previously reported that binding of the LDL component apolipoprotein B100 to platelets induces rapid phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK). Here, we show that LDL-dependent activation of this kinase is inhibited by receptor-associated protein (RAP), an inhibitor of members of the LDL receptor family. Confocal microscopy revealed a high degree of co-localization of LDL and a splice variant of the LDL receptor family member apolipoprotein E receptor-2 (apoER2') at the platelet surface, suggesting that apoER2' may contribute to LDL-induced platelet signaling. Indeed, LDL was unable to induce p38MAPK activation in platelets of apoER2-deficient mice. Furthermore, LDL bound efficiently to soluble apoER2', and the transient LDL-induced activation of p38MAPK was mimicked by an anti-apoER2 antibody. Association of LDL to platelets resulted in tyrosine phosphorylation of apoER2', a process that was inhibited in the presence of PP1, an inhibitor of Src-like tyrosine kinases. Moreover, phosphorylated but not native apoER2' co-precipitated with the Src family member Fgr. This suggests that exposure of platelets to LDL induces association of apoER2' to Fgr, a kinase that is able to activate p38MAPK. In conclusion, our data indicate that apoER2' contributes to LDL-dependent sensitization of platelets.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Blood Platelets/metabolism
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Enzyme Activation
- In Vitro Techniques
- Lipoproteins, LDL/blood
- Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-1/blood
- Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-1/chemistry
- Membrane Proteins/deficiency
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Immunologic/deficiency
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, LDL/deficiency
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Receptors, Lipoprotein/deficiency
- Receptors, Lipoprotein/genetics
- Receptors, Scavenger
- Scavenger Receptors, Class B
- Signal Transduction
- Tyrosine/chemistry
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/blood
- src-Family Kinases/blood
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne J A Korporaal
- Laboratory for Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Department of Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht and Institute of Biomembranes, University of Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tamura Y, Osuga JI, Adachi H, Tozawa RI, Takanezawa Y, Ohashi K, Yahagi N, Sekiya M, Okazaki H, Tomita S, Iizuka Y, Koizumi H, Inaba T, Yagyu H, Kamada N, Suzuki H, Shimano H, Kadowaki T, Tsujimoto M, Arai H, Yamada N, Ishibashi S. Scavenger receptor expressed by endothelial cells I (SREC-I) mediates the uptake of acetylated low density lipoproteins by macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:30938-44. [PMID: 15145948 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m313088200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Scavenger receptor expressed by endothelial cells I (SREC-I) is a novel endocytic receptor for acetylated low density lipoprotein (LDL). Here we show that SREC-I is expressed in a wide variety of tissues, including macrophages and aortas. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) robustly stimulated the expression of SREC-I in macrophages. In an initial attempt to clarify the role of SREC-I in the uptake of modified lipoproteins as well as in the development of atherosclerosis, we generated mice with a targeted disruption of the SREC-I gene by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. To exclude the overwhelming effect of the type A scavenger receptor (SR-A) on the uptake of Ac-LDL, we further generated mice lacking both SR-A and SREC-I (SR-A(-/-);SREC-I(-/-)) by cross-breeding and compared the uptake and degradation of Ac-LDL in the isolated macrophages. The contribution of SR-A and SREC-I to the overall degradation of Ac-LDL was 85 and 5%, respectively, in a non-stimulated condition. LPS increased the uptake and degradation of Ac-LDL by 1.8-fold. In this condition, the contribution of SR-A and SREC-I to the overall degradation of Ac-LDL was 90 and 6%, respectively. LPS increased the absolute contribution of SR-A and SREC-I by 1.9- and 2.3-fold, respectively. On the other hand, LPS decreased the absolute contribution of other pathways by 31%. Consistently, LPS did not increase the expression of other members of the scavenger receptor family such as CD36. In conclusion, SREC-I serves as a major endocytic receptor for Ac-LDL in LPS-stimulated macrophages lacking SR-A, suggesting that it has a key role in the development of atherosclerosis in concert with SR-A.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Aorta/metabolism
- Arteriosclerosis/etiology
- Arteriosclerosis/genetics
- Arteriosclerosis/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- Biological Transport, Active
- CD36 Antigens/genetics
- CD36 Antigens/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/deficiency
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism
- DNA Primers/genetics
- Endocytosis
- Gene Expression
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Lipoproteins, LDL/metabolism
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Molecular Sequence Data
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, LDL/deficiency
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Receptors, LDL/metabolism
- Receptors, Scavenger
- Scavenger Receptors, Class A
- Tissue Distribution
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Tamura
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kitamoto S, Egashira K. Gene therapy targeting monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 for vascular disease. J Atheroscler Thromb 2003; 9:261-5. [PMID: 12560586 DOI: 10.5551/jat.9.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) has been shown to play an essential role in the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis and other vascular diseases, such as restenosis after arterial injury, by recruiting monocytes into the arterial wall. We devised a new strategy for anti-MCP-1 gene therapy against arteriosclerosis by transfecting an amino-terminal deletion mutant (7ND), which lacks the amino-terminal amino acids 2 to 8 of the human MCP-1 gene, into a remote organ (skeletal muscles). Intramuscular transduction with the mutant MCP-1 gene suppressed inflammatory and proliferative changes and arteriosclerosis formation induced by the chronic inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis in rats. 7ND gene transfection also inhibited the initiation, progression, and destabilization of atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E-knockout mice. Moreover, the strategy reduced restenosis after balloon injury in rabbits, rats, and monkeys, or neointimal formation after stent implantation in monkeys. This new strategy may be a useful and feasible gene therapy against atherosclerosis and restenosis after angioplasty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Kitamoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Noguchi N. Novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of the antiatherosclerotic properties of antioxidants: the alternatives to radical scavenging. Free Radic Biol Med 2002; 33:1480-9. [PMID: 12446205 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(02)01114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Since the oxidation hypothesis of atherogenesis was first proposed, mechanisms of low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and the biological properties of oxidized LDL have been investigated in depth. The major mechanism for the antiatherogenic effects of antioxidants, especially radical scavenging antioxidants, has been thought to be direct inhibition of LDL oxidation. The recently developed genomic technology has allowed this hypothesis to be addressed more rigorously than relying on the simple chemical properties of these therapeutic agents. Oxidized LDL, which is known to be proatherogenic, induces many categories of genes that have a potential involvement in the development of atherosclerotic lesions. The genes involved in cell growth, survival, adhesion, and inflammatory responses were upregulated through some nuclear receptor-depending pathways in cells exposed to stimulants such as shear stress, TNF-alpha, and oxidized LDL. On the other hand, these transcriptome analyses have shown a novel mechanism underlying phenolic antioxidants contribute to antiatherogenicity by regulating the expression of genes involved in protein degradation and transcriptional pathways. These studies reveal the often-suspected complexity of the atherogenic process and have the potential for novel therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Noguchi
- Department of System Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|