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Urbieta AD, Barbeito Castiñeiras G, Rivero Calle I, Pardo Seco J, Rodríguez Tenreiro C, Suárez Camacho R, Pérez del Molino Bernal ML, Martinón Torres F. Mycoplasma pneumoniae at the rise not only in China: rapid increase of Mycoplasma pneumoniae cases also in Spain. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2332680. [PMID: 38497329 PMCID: PMC10993738 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2332680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
After the use of facemasks, other isolation measures enacted during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic were lifted, respiratory pathogens, such as RSV, reappeared, but until the November 2023 WHO alert for China, M. pneumoniae had virtually disappeared. After observing a similar reappearance in our hospital, a retrospective analysis of the number of positive M. pneumoniae tests. Between 2018 and December 2023, 1619 PCR tests were ordered and 43 (2.6%) of them were positive. Two outbreaks, one in 2018 and one in 2023, accounted for the majority of cases. Tests were usually ordered in an outpatient setting (53.54%, n = 23) and most of them were paediatric patients with a mean age (sd) of 10.2 (6.2) years. As for the severity of the cases, in the 2018 outbreak, of 15 children who tested positive, 53.3% (n = 8) were admitted to the ward and 6.7% (n = 1) at the intensive care unit. Whereas in 2023, 2 patients were tested in the ward (10.5%) and one in the intensive care unit (5.2%) from a total of 19 patients. The positive rate in 2023 was significantly higher in comparison with years 2020, 2021 and 2022 and significantly lower in comparison with 2018 (P-value=0.003). The outbreak in late 2023 can be explained by the seasonality of Mycoplasma pneumonia alone, which has shown outbreaks every 3-5 years, and it does not appear to be more severe than the previous one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Dacosta Urbieta
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GenViP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBER-ES), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Irene Rivero Calle
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GenViP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBER-ES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jacobo Pardo Seco
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GenViP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBER-ES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Rodríguez Tenreiro
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GenViP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBER-ES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Suárez Camacho
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GenViP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | | | - Federico Martinón Torres
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GenViP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBER-ES), Madrid, Spain
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Wu E, Wu V, Wu KH, Wu KC, Huang JY. Immunity Debt Regarding the Aspect of Influenza in the Post-COVID-19 Era in Taiwan. Viruses 2024; 16:1468. [PMID: 39339944 PMCID: PMC11437480 DOI: 10.3390/v16091468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2024] [Revised: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunity debt for various viral infections was reported globally in the post-COVID-19 era, but the data about influenza are lacking. This study collected data from Taiwan's CDC Open Data Portal. We analyzed the weekly number of influenza hospitalizations from January 2017 to May 2024. We divided the study period into four phases: the pre-COVID-19 without influenza epidemics, pre-COVID-19 with an influenza epidemic, COVID-19 pandemic lockdown control, and COVID-19 pandemic unlock periods. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test and interrupted time series analysis were used. The median case numbers of the four time periods were 174 (IQR = 98), 431 (IQR = 160), 8, and 155 (IQR = 175), respectively. Under the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown control, the weekly influenza hospitalization case number decreased by 90.2% (p < 0.001). The non-pharmaceutical intervention (NPI) policies during the COVID-19 pandemic helped Taiwan reduce influenza hospitalizations significantly. Till now, a comparison of the prevalence of influenza pre-COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 has yet to be reported. In our study, with the pandemic unlocking, it increased by 20-fold (p < 0.001), but the case number was still significantly lower than that pre-COVID-19. Amongst other factors, this may be associated with continuing self-induced NPIs in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Wu
- Morrison Academy, Taichung 406, Taiwan
| | | | - Kang-Hsi Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | | | - Jing-Yang Huang
- Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Qin B, Wu C, Zhao B, Li G, Wang B, Ou M, Li Z, Lang X, Li P, Liu J, Cui S, Huang H. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of 1,2,4-Oxadiazole Derivatives Containing an Aryl Carboxylic Acid Moiety as Potent Sarbecovirus Papain-like Protease Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2024; 67:10211-10232. [PMID: 38871484 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Papain-like protease (PLpro) is a promising therapeutic target for its pivotal role in the life cycle of SARS-CoV-2. A series of 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives was designed and synthesized via a ring formation strategy based on SARS-CoV-2 PLpro-GRL0617 complex structure. Systematic structure-activity relationship studies revealed that introducing oxadiazole and aryl carboxylic acid moieties to GRL0617 enhanced the enzymatic inhibition activity, affinity, and deubiquitination capacity toward PLpro. 1,2,4-Oxadiazole compounds 13f and 26r, which had PLpro inhibition activity (IC50 = 1.8 and 1.0 μM) and antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 (EC50 = 5.4 and 4.3 μM), exhibited good metabolic stability (t1/2 > 93.2 min) and higher plasma exposure (AUC0-t = 17,380.08 and 24,289.76 ng·h/mL) in mice. Especially, compound 26r with moderate oral bioavailability of 39.1% and potent antiviral activity is worthy of further studies in vivo. Our findings provide a new insight for the discovery of antiviral agents targeting PLpro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Qin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, P. R. China
| | - Chengwei Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Binbin Zhao
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Animal Models, NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P. R. China
| | - Gang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, P. R. China
| | - Baolian Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Mengdie Ou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, P. R. China
| | - Ziheng Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, P. R. China
| | - Xuli Lang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Peng Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Jiangning Liu
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Animal Models, NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Cui
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, P. R. China
| | - Haihong Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, P. R. China
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Yao Z, Zhang L, Duan Y, Tang X, Lu J. Molecular insights into the adaptive evolution of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. J Infect 2024; 88:106121. [PMID: 38367704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has substantially damaged the global economy and human health. The spike (S) protein of coronaviruses plays a pivotal role in viral entry by binding to host cell receptors. Additionally, it acts as the primary target for neutralizing antibodies in those infected and is the central focus for currently utilized or researched vaccines. During the virus's adaptation to the human host, the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 has undergone significant evolution. As the COVID-19 pandemic has unfolded, new mutations have arisen and vanished, giving rise to distinctive amino acid profiles within variant of concern strains of SARS-CoV-2. Notably, many of these changes in the S protein have been positively selected, leading to substantial alterations in viral characteristics, such as heightened transmissibility and immune evasion capabilities. This review aims to provide an overview of our current understanding of the structural implications associated with key amino acid changes in the S protein of SARS-CoV-2. These research findings shed light on the intricate and dynamic nature of viral evolution, underscoring the importance of continuous monitoring and analysis of viral genomes. Through these molecular-level investigations, we can attain deeper insights into the virus's adaptive evolution, offering valuable guidance for designing vaccines and developing antiviral drugs to combat the ever-evolving viral threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuocheng Yao
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- College of Fishery, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yuange Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Center for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaolu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Center for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Center for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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