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Gurubhagavatula I, Barger LK, Barnes CM, Basner M, Boivin DB, Dawson D, Drake CL, Flynn-Evans EE, Mysliwiec V, Patterson PD, Reid KJ, Samuels C, Shattuck NL, Kazmi U, Carandang G, Heald JL, Van Dongen HP. Guiding principles for determining work shift duration and addressing the effects of work shift duration on performance, safety, and health: guidance from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and the Sleep Research Society. J Clin Sleep Med 2021; 17:2283-2306. [PMID: 34666885 PMCID: PMC8636361 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.9512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CITATION Risks associated with fatigue that accumulates during work shifts have historically been managed through working time arrangements that specify fixed maximum durations of work shifts and minimum durations of time off. By themselves, such arrangements are not sufficient to curb risks to performance, safety, and health caused by misalignment between work schedules and the biological regulation of waking alertness and sleep. Science-based approaches for determining shift duration and mitigating associated risks, while addressing operational needs, require: (1) a recognition of the factors contributing to fatigue and fatigue-related risks; (2) an understanding of evidence-based countermeasures that may reduce fatigue and/or fatigue-related risks; and (3) an informed approach to selecting workplace-specific strategies for managing work hours. We propose a series of guiding principles to assist stakeholders with designing a shift duration decision-making process that effectively balances the need to meet operational demands with the need to manage fatigue-related risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira Gurubhagavatula
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laura K. Barger
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher M. Barnes
- Department of Management and Organization, Foster School of Business, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mathias Basner
- Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Diane B. Boivin
- Centre for Study and Treatment of Circadian Rhythms, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Drew Dawson
- Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, Wayville, SA, Australia
| | | | - Erin E. Flynn-Evans
- Fatigue Countermeasures Laboratory, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - Vincent Mysliwiec
- STRONG STAR ORU, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - P. Daniel Patterson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kathryn J. Reid
- Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Charles Samuels
- Centre for Sleep and Human Performance, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nita Lewis Shattuck
- Operations Research Department, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA
| | - Uzma Kazmi
- American Academy of Sleep Medicine, Darien, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Hans P.A. Van Dongen
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
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Gurubhagavatula I, Barger LK, Barnes CM, Basner M, Boivin DB, Dawson D, Drake CL, Flynn-Evans EE, Mysliwiec V, Patterson PD, Reid KJ, Samuels C, Shattuck NL, Kazmi U, Carandang G, Heald JL, Van Dongen HPA. Guiding principles for determining work shift duration and addressing the effects of work shift duration on performance, safety, and health: guidance from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and the Sleep Research Society. Sleep 2021; 44:6312566. [PMID: 34373924 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Risks associated with fatigue that accumulates during work shifts have historically been managed through working time arrangements that specify fixed maximum durations of work shifts and minimum durations of time off. By themselves, such arrangements are not sufficient to curb risks to performance, safety, and health caused by misalignment between work schedules and the biological regulation of waking alertness and sleep. Science-based approaches for determining shift duration and mitigating associated risks, while addressing operational needs, require: (1) a recognition of the factors contributing to fatigue and fatigue-related risks; (2) an understanding of evidence-based countermeasures that may reduce fatigue and/or fatigue-related risks; and (3) an informed approach to selecting workplace-specific strategies for managing work hours. We propose a series of guiding principles to assist stakeholders with designing a shift duration decision-making process that effectively balances the need to meet operational demands with the need to manage fatigue-related risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira Gurubhagavatula
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laura K Barger
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher M Barnes
- Department of Management and Organization, Foster School of Business, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mathias Basner
- Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Diane B Boivin
- Centre for Study and Treatment of Circadian Rhythms, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Drew Dawson
- Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, Wayville, SA, Australia
| | | | - Erin E Flynn-Evans
- Fatigue Countermeasures Laboratory, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - Vincent Mysliwiec
- STRONG STAR ORU, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - P Daniel Patterson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kathryn J Reid
- Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Charles Samuels
- Centre for Sleep and Human Performance, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nita Lewis Shattuck
- Operations Research Department, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA
| | - Uzma Kazmi
- American Academy of Sleep Medicine, Darien, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Hans P A Van Dongen
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA.,Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
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McCauley ME, McCauley P, Riedy SM, Banks S, Ecker AJ, Kalachev LV, Rangan S, Dinges DF, Van Dongen HPA. Fatigue risk management based on self-reported fatigue: Expanding a biomathematical model of fatigue-related performance deficits to also predict subjective sleepiness. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH. PART F, TRAFFIC PSYCHOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR 2021; 79:94-106. [PMID: 33994837 PMCID: PMC8117424 DOI: 10.1016/j.trf.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Biomathematical models of fatigue can be used to predict neurobehavioral deficits during sleep/wake or work/rest schedules. Current models make predictions for objective performance deficits and/or subjective sleepiness, but known differences in the temporal dynamics of objective versus subjective outcomes have not been addressed. We expanded a biomathematical model of fatigue previously developed to predict objective performance deficits as measured on the Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) to also predict subjective sleepiness as self-reported on the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS). Four model parameters were re-estimated to capture the distinct dynamics of the KSS and account for the scale difference between KSS and PVT. Two separate ensembles of datasets - drawn from laboratory studies of sleep deprivation, sleep restriction, simulated night work, napping, and recovery sleep - were used for calibration and subsequent validation of the model for subjective sleepiness. The expanded model was found to exhibit high prediction accuracy for subjective sleepiness, while retaining high prediction accuracy for objective performance deficits. Application of the validated model to an example scenario based on cargo aviation operations revealed divergence between predictions for objective and subjective outcomes, with subjective sleepiness substantially underestimating accumulating objective impairment, which has important real-world implications. In safety-sensitive operations such as commercial aviation, where self-ratings of sleepiness are used as part of fatigue risk management, the systematic differences in the temporal dynamics of objective versus subjective measures of functional impairment point to a potentially significant risk evaluation sensitivity gap. The expanded biomathematical model of fatigue presented here provides a useful quantitative tool to bridge this previously unrecognized gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E. McCauley
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane
| | - Peter McCauley
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane
| | - Samantha M. Riedy
- Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Siobhan Banks
- Behaviour-Brain-Body Research Centre, University of South Australia
| | - Adrian J. Ecker
- Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | | | | | - David F. Dinges
- Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Hans P. A. Van Dongen
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane
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Rangan S, Riedy SM, Bassett R, Klinck ZA, Hagerty P, Schek E, Zhang Y, Hursh SR, Van Dongen HP. Predictive and proactive fatigue risk management approaches in commercial aviation. Chronobiol Int 2020; 37:1479-1482. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2020.1803902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Samantha M. Riedy
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Rob Bassett
- FedEx Express Corporation, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Air Line Pilot Association, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Patrick Hagerty
- FedEx Express Corporation, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Air Line Pilot Association, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ethan Schek
- FedEx Express Corporation, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ying Zhang
- FedEx Express Corporation, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Hans P.A. Van Dongen
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
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Lamp A, Chen JMC, McCullough D, Belenky G. Equal to or better than: The application of statistical non-inferiority to fatigue risk management. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2019; 126:184-190. [PMID: 29428150 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2018.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In December 2014, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) completed a major revision of the rules and regulations governing flight and duty time in commercial aviation (Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR) Part 117). Scientists were included in the revision process and provided insights into sleep, sleep loss, the circadian rhythm, and their effects on performance that were incorporated into the new rule. If a planned flight was non-compliant with the regulation, for example if it exceeded flight and duty time limits, it could only be flown under an FAA-approved Fatigue Risk Management System (FRMS) as meeting an Alternative Method of Compliance (AMOC). One method that a flight could qualify as an AMOC is if it could be demonstrated empirically that it was as safe as or safer than a similar flight, designated the Safety Standard Operation (SSO), that was compliant with the regulation. In the present paper, we demonstrate the FRMS process using a comparison between a non-compliant AMOC flight from the US west coast to Australia and a compliant SSO flight from the US west coast to Taiwan. The AMOC was non-compliant because it exceeded the flight time limits in the prescriptive rule. Once a data collection exemption was granted by the FAA, both the outbound and inbound AMOC and SSO routes were studied on four Safety Performance Indicators (SPIs). The SPIs studied were inflight sleep, cognitive performance, self-reported fatigue, and self-reported sleepiness. These measures were made at top of descent (TOD), a critical phase of flight. The study was designed as a paired comparison. Forty volunteer pilots studied flew both the AMOC and the SSO flights for a total of 80 studied flights. Using statistical non-inferiority applied to the AMOC and SSO SPIs, we demonstrated, as required by the new rule, that the US-Australia AMOC flight was "as safe as, or safer than" the US-Taiwan SSO flight. In the context of FRMS, statistical non-inferiority is a concept and technique of great utility, straightforward in application, producing clear visual representations of the findings, and providing a direct answer to the question posed by the regulation - is the AMOC flight "as safe as, or safer than" the SSO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Lamp
- Sleep and Performance Research Center and Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, WA, 99202, United States.
| | - Jane M C Chen
- Sleep and Performance Research Center and Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, WA, 99202, United States.
| | - David McCullough
- Sleep and Performance Research Center and Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, WA, 99202, United States.
| | - Gregory Belenky
- Sleep and Performance Research Center and Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, WA, 99202, United States.
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HONN KA, VAN DONGEN HP, DAWSON D. Working Time Society consensus statements: Prescriptive rule sets and risk management-based approaches for the management of fatigue-related risk in working time arrangements. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2019; 57:264-280. [PMID: 30700674 PMCID: PMC6449640 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.sw-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, working time arrangements to limit fatigue-related risk have taken a prescriptive approach, which sets maximum shift durations in order to prevent excessive buildup of fatigue (and the associated increased risk) within shifts and sets minimum break durations to allow adequate time for rest and recovery within and/or between shifts. Prescriptive rule sets can be successful when, from a fatigue-related risk standpoint, they classify safe work hours as permitted and unsafe work hours as not permitted. However, prescriptive rule sets ignore important aspects of the biological factors (such as the interaction between circadian and homeostatic processes) that drive fatigue, which are critical modulators of the relationship between work hours and fatigue-related risk. As such, in around-the-clock operations when people must work outside of normal daytime hours, the relationship between regulatory compliance and safety tends to break down, and thus these rule sets become less effective. To address this issue, risk management-based approaches have been designed to regulate the procedures associated with managing fatigue-related risk. These risk management-based approaches are suitable for nighttime operations and a variety of other non-standard work schedules, and can be tailored to the particular job or industry. Although the purpose of these fatigue risk management approaches is to curb fatigue risk, fatigue risk cannot be measured directly. Thus, the goal is not on regulating fatigue risk per se, but rather to put in place procedures that serve to address fatigue before, during, and after potential fatigue-related incidents. Examples include predictive mathematical modeling of fatigue for work scheduling, proactive fatigue monitoring in the workplace, and reactive post-incident follow-up. With different risks and different needs across industries, there is no "one size fits all" approach to managing fatigue-related risk. However, hybrid strategies combining prescriptive rule sets and risk management-based approaches can create the flexibility necessary to reduce fatigue-related risk based on the specific needs of different work environments while maintaining appropriate regulatory oversight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A. HONN
- Sleep and Performance Research Center and Elson S. Floyd
College of Medicine, Washington State University, USA
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Hans P.A. VAN DONGEN
- Sleep and Performance Research Center and Elson S. Floyd
College of Medicine, Washington State University, USA
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Van Dongen HPA. Evidence-Based Guidelines for Fatigue Risk Management in Emergency Medical Services: A Significant Step Forward and a Model for Other High-Risk Industries. PREHOSP EMERG CARE 2018; 22:110-112. [PMID: 29324057 DOI: 10.1080/10903127.2017.1380098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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James FO, Waggoner LB, Weiss PM, Patterson PD, Higgins JS, Lang ES, Van Dongen HPA. Does Implementation of Biomathematical Models Mitigate Fatigue and Fatigue-related Risks in Emergency Medical Services Operations? A Systematic Review. PREHOSP EMERG CARE 2018; 22:69-80. [DOI: 10.1080/10903127.2017.1384875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Honn KA, Satterfield BC, McCauley P, Caldwell JL, Van Dongen HPA. Fatiguing effect of multiple take-offs and landings in regional airline operations. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2016; 86:199-208. [PMID: 26590506 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Fatigue is a risk factor for flight performance and safety in commercial aviation. In US commercial aviation, to help to curb fatigue, the maximum duration of flight duty periods is regulated based on the scheduled start time and the number of flight segments to be flown. There is scientific support for regulating maximum duty duration based on scheduled start time; fatigue is well established to be modulated by circadian rhythms. However, it has not been established scientifically whether the number of flight segments, per se, affects fatigue. To address this science gap, we conducted a randomized, counterbalanced, cross-over study with 24 active-duty regional airline pilots. Objective and subjective fatigue was compared between a 9-hour duty day with multiple take-offs and landings versus a duty day of equal duration with a single take-off and landing. To standardize experimental conditions and isolate the fatiguing effect of the number of segments flown, the entire duty schedules were carried out in a high-fidelity, moving-base, full-flight, regional jet flight simulator. Steps were taken to maintain operational realism, including simulated airplane inspections and acceptance checks, use of realistic dispatch releases and airport charts, real-world air traffic control interactions, etc. During each of the two duty days, 10 fatigue test bouts were administered, which included a 10-minute Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) assessment of objective fatigue and Samn-Perelli (SP) and Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) assessments of subjective sleepiness/fatigue. Results showed a greater build-up of objective and subjective fatigue in the multi-segment duty day than in the single-segment duty day. With duty start time and duration and other variables that could impact fatigue levels held constant, the greater build-up of fatigue in the multi-segment duty day was attributable specifically to the difference in the number of flight segments flown. Compared to findings in previously published laboratory studies of simulated night shifts and nighttime sleep deprivation, the magnitude of the fatiguing effect of the multiple take-offs and landings was modest. Ratings of flight performance were not significantly reduced for the simulated multi-segment duty day. The US duty and flight time regulations for commercial aviation shorten the maximum duty duration in multi-segment operations by up to 25% depending on the duty start time. The present results represent an important first step in understanding fatigue in multi-segment operations, and provide support for the number of flight segments as a relevant factor in regulating maximum duty duration. Nonetheless, based on our fatigue results, a more moderate reduction in maximum duty duration as a function of the number of flight segments might be considered. However, further research is needed to include investigation of flight safety, and to extend our findings to nighttime operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Honn
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, PO Box 1495, Spokane, WA 99210, USA; Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, PO Box 1495, Spokane, WA 99210, USA.
| | - Brieann C Satterfield
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, PO Box 1495, Spokane, WA 99210, USA; Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, PO Box 1495, Spokane, WA 99210, USA.
| | - Peter McCauley
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, PO Box 1495, Spokane, WA 99210, USA.
| | - J Lynn Caldwell
- Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433, USA.
| | - Hans P A Van Dongen
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, PO Box 1495, Spokane, WA 99210, USA; Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, PO Box 1495, Spokane, WA 99210, USA.
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Darwent D, Dawson D, Paterson JL, Roach GD, Ferguson SA. Managing fatigue: It really is about sleep. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2015; 82:20-6. [PMID: 26026969 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Biomathematical models of fatigue can assist organisations to estimate the fatigue consequences of a roster before operations commence. These estimates do not account for the diversity of sleep behaviours exhibited by employees. The purpose of this study was to develop sleep transfer functions describing the likely distributions of sleep around fatigue level estimates produced by a commercial biomathematical model of fatigue. Participants included 347 (18 females, 329 males) train drivers working commercial railway operations in Australia. They provided detailed information about their sleep behaviours using sleep diaries and wrist activity monitors. On average, drivers slept for 7.7 (±1.7)h in the 24h before work and 15.1 (±2.5)h in the 48h before work. The amount of sleep obtained by drivers before shifts differed only marginally across morning, afternoon and night shifts. Shifts were also classified into one of seven ranked categories using estimated fatigue level scores. Higher fatigue score categories were associated with significant reductions in the amount of sleep obtained before shifts, but there was substantial within-category variation. The study findings demonstrate that biomathematical models of fatigue have utility for designing round-the-clock rosters that provide sufficient sleep opportunities for the average employee. Robust variability in the amount of sleep obtained by drivers indicate that models are relatively poor tools for ensuring that all employees obtain sufficient sleep. These findings demonstrate the importance of developing approaches for managing the sleep behaviour of individual employees.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Darwent
- Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, 44 Greenhill Road, Adelaide, SA 5034, Australia.
| | - Drew Dawson
- Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, 44 Greenhill Road, Adelaide, SA 5034, Australia.
| | - Jessica L Paterson
- Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, 44 Greenhill Road, Adelaide, SA 5034, Australia.
| | - Gregory D Roach
- Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, 44 Greenhill Road, Adelaide, SA 5034, Australia.
| | - Sally A Ferguson
- Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, 44 Greenhill Road, Adelaide, SA 5034, Australia.
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Satterfield BC, Van Dongen HP. Occupational fatigue, underlying sleep and circadian mechanisms, and approaches to fatigue risk management. FATIGUE-BIOMEDICINE HEALTH AND BEHAVIOR 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/21641846.2013.798923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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