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Zambounis A, Boutsika A, Gray N, Hossain M, Chatzidimopoulos M, Tsitsigiannis DI, Paplomatas E, Hane J. Pan-genome survey of Septoria pistaciarum, causal agent of Septoria leaf spot of pistachios, across three Aegean sub-regions of Greece. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1396760. [PMID: 38919498 PMCID: PMC11196620 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1396760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Septoria pistaciarum, a causal agent of Septoria leaf spot disease of pistachio, is a fungal pathogen that causes substantial losses in the cultivation, worldwide. This study describes the first pan-genome-based survey of this phytopathogen-comprising a total of 27 isolates, with 9 isolates each from 3 regional units of Greece (Pieria, Larissa and Fthiotida). The reference isolate (SPF8) assembled into a total of 43.1 Mb, with 38.6% contained within AT-rich regions of approximately 37.5% G:C. The genomes of the 27 isolates exhibited on average 42% gene-coding and 20% repetitive regions. The genomes of isolates from the southern Fthiotida region appeared to more diverged from each other than the other regions based on SNP-derived trees, and also contained isolates similar to both the Pieria and Larissa regions. In contrast, isolates of the Pieria and Larissa were less diverse and distinct from one another. Asexual reproduction appeared to be typical, with no MAT1-2 locus detected in any isolate. Genome-based prediction of infection mode indicated hemibiotrophic and saprotrophic adaptations, consistent with its long latent phase. Gene prediction and orthology clustering generated a pan-genome-wide gene set of 21,174 loci. A total of 59 ortholog groups were predicted to contain candidate effector proteins, with 36 (61%) of these either having homologs to known effectors from other species or could be assigned predicted functions from matches to conserved domains. Overall, effector prediction suggests that S. pistaciarum employs a combination of defensive effectors with roles in suppression of host defenses, and offensive effectors with a range of cytotoxic activities. Some effector-like ortholog groups presented as divergent versions of the same protein, suggesting region-specific adaptations may have occurred. These findings provide insights and future research directions in uncovering the pathogenesis and population dynamics of S. pistaciarum toward the efficient management of Septoria leaf spot of pistachio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Zambounis
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization - DIMITRA (ELGO - DIMITRA), Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Boutsika
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization - DIMITRA (ELGO - DIMITRA), Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Naomi Gray
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Mohitul Hossain
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Michael Chatzidimopoulos
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Agriculture, International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios I. Tsitsigiannis
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Epaminondas Paplomatas
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - James Hane
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
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López-Moral A, Agustí-Brisach C, Raya MDC, Lovera M, Trapero C, Arquero O, Trapero A. Etiology of Septoria Leaf Spot of Pistachio in Southern Spain. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:406-417. [PMID: 34472969 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-21-0331-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Septoria leaf spot (SLS) is the most prevalent disease of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) in Spain. To elucidate its etiology, 22 samples of pistachio leaves showing SLS symptoms were collected mainly from 1993 to 2018 across southern Spain. Affected leaves from terebinth (P. terebinthus) were also collected for comparative purposes. Six Septoria-like isolates were recovered from pistachio leaves. They were identified as S. pistaciarum by sequencing internal transcribed spacers, partial RNA polymerase II second largest subunit locus, and 28S ribosomal RNA genes. The phenotypic characteristics of conidia and colonies were evaluated, confirming the identity of S. pistaciarum. Conidia were solitary, hyaline, and straight to curved. Large differences in length were observed between conidia from leaf samples, with those from terebinth being slightly larger than those from pistachio. Colonies showed slow mycelial growth on potato dextrose agar (PDA). The effect of temperature on conidial germination and mycelial growth was evaluated in vitro on PDA. For both characters, the optimum temperature was approximately 19 to 20°C. Eight culture media were tested, with oatmeal agar and Spezieller Nährstoffarmer agar showing the highest mycelial growth and pistachio leaf agar (PLA) showing the highest sporulation. A specific culture medium integrating lyophilized-powdered pistachio leaves into diluted PDA improved sporulation compared with PLA. Pathogenicity tests were conducted by inoculating detached and in planta pistachio and terebinth leaflets with conidial suspensions. Typical symptoms of SLS and cirri of S. pistaciarum developed at 10 and 21 days after inoculation, respectively, in both hosts. To our knowledge, this is the first report of S. pistaciarum causing SLS in pistachio and terebinth in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana López-Moral
- Departamento de Agronomía, Unit of Excellence "María de Maeztu" 2020-23, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carlos Agustí-Brisach
- Departamento de Agronomía, Unit of Excellence "María de Maeztu" 2020-23, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - María Del Carmen Raya
- Departamento de Agronomía, Unit of Excellence "María de Maeztu" 2020-23, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - María Lovera
- Departamento de Fruticultura Mediterránea, Andalusian Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training Institute, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carlos Trapero
- Departamento de Agronomía, Unit of Excellence "María de Maeztu" 2020-23, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Octavio Arquero
- Departamento de Fruticultura Mediterránea, Andalusian Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training Institute, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Trapero
- Departamento de Agronomía, Unit of Excellence "María de Maeztu" 2020-23, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
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Vitale S, Aiello D, Guarnaccia V, Luongo L, Galli M, Crous PW, Polizzi G, Belisario A, Voglmayr H. Liberomycespistaciae sp. nov., the causal agent of pistachio cankers and decline in Italy. MycoKeys 2018:29-51. [PMID: 30271263 PMCID: PMC6160797 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.40.28636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A new canker and decline disease of pistachio (Pistaciavera) is described from Sicily (Italy). Observations of the disease and sampling of the causal agent started in spring 2010, in the area where this crop is typically cultivated, Bronte and Adrano (Catania province) and later extended to the Agrigento and Caltanissetta provinces. Isolations from the margins of twig, branch and stem cankers of declining plants resulted in fungal colonies with the same morphology. Pathogenicity tests on 5-year-old potted plants of Pistaciavera grafted on P.terebinthus reproduced similar symptoms to those observed in nature and the pathogen was confirmed to be a coloniser of woody plant tissue. Comparison of our isolates with the type of the apparently similar Asteromellapistaciarum showed that our isolates are morphologically and ecologically different from A.pistaciarum, the latter being a typical member of Mycosphaerellaceae. Asteromellapistaciarum is lectotypified, described and illustrated and it is considered to represent a spermatial morph of Septoriapistaciarum. Multi-locus phylogenies based on two (ITS and LSU rDNA) and three (ITS, rpb2 and tub2) genomic loci revealed isolates of the canker pathogen to represent a new species of Liberomyces within the Delonicicolaceae (Xylariales), which is here described as Liberomycespistaciaesp. nov. (Delonicicolaceae, Xylariales). The presence of this fungus in asymptomatic plants with apparently healthy woody tissues indicates that it also has a latent growth phase. This study improves the understanding of pistachio decline, but further studies are needed for planning effective disease management strategies and ensuring that the pathogen is not introduced into new areas with apparently healthy, but infected plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Vitale
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria (CREA)- Centro di Ricerca Difesa e Certificazione (DC), Via C. G. Bertero 22, 00156 Roma, Italy Centro di Ricerca Difesa e Certificazione Roma Italy
| | - Dalia Aiello
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, sezione Patologia Vegetale, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy University of Catania Catania Italy
| | - Vladimiro Guarnaccia
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute Utrecht Netherlands.,Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland 7602, South Africa University of Stellenbosch Matieland South Africa
| | - Laura Luongo
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria (CREA)- Centro di Ricerca Difesa e Certificazione (DC), Via C. G. Bertero 22, 00156 Roma, Italy Centro di Ricerca Difesa e Certificazione Roma Italy
| | - Massimo Galli
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria (CREA)- Centro di Ricerca Difesa e Certificazione (DC), Via C. G. Bertero 22, 00156 Roma, Italy Centro di Ricerca Difesa e Certificazione Roma Italy
| | - Pedro W Crous
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute Utrecht Netherlands.,Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland 7602, South Africa University of Stellenbosch Matieland South Africa
| | - Giancarlo Polizzi
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, sezione Patologia Vegetale, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy University of Catania Catania Italy
| | - Alessandra Belisario
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria (CREA)- Centro di Ricerca Difesa e Certificazione (DC), Via C. G. Bertero 22, 00156 Roma, Italy Centro di Ricerca Difesa e Certificazione Roma Italy
| | - Hermann Voglmayr
- Division of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Wien, Austria University of Vienna Vienna Austria
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Crous P, Wingfield M, Guarro J, Cheewangkoon R, van der Bank M, Swart W, Stchigel A, Cano-Lira J, Roux J, Madrid H, Damm U, Wood A, Shuttleworth L, Hodges C, Munster M, de Jesús Yáñez-Morales M, Zúñiga-Estrada L, Cruywagen E, de Hoog G, Silvera C, Najafzadeh J, Davison E, Davison P, Barrett M, Barrett R, Manamgoda D, Minnis A, Kleczewski N, Flory S, Castlebury L, Clay K, Hyde K, Maússe-Sitoe S, Chen S, Lechat C, Hairaud M, Lesage-Meessen L, Pawłowska J, Wilk M, Śliwińska-Wyrzychowska A, Mętrak M, Wrzosek M, Pavlic-Zupanc D, Maleme H, Slippers B, Mac Cormack W, Archuby D, Grünwald N, Tellería M, Dueñas M, Martín M, Marincowitz S, de Beer Z, Perez C, Gené J, Marin-Felix Y, Groenewald J. Fungal Planet description sheets: 154-213. PERSOONIA 2013; 31:188-296. [PMID: 24761043 PMCID: PMC3904050 DOI: 10.3767/003158513x675925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Novel species of microfungi described in the present study include the following from South Africa: Camarosporium aloes, Phaeococcomyces aloes and Phoma aloes from Aloe, C. psoraleae, Diaporthe psoraleae and D. psoraleae-pinnatae from Psoralea, Colletotrichum euphorbiae from Euphorbia, Coniothyrium prosopidis and Peyronellaea prosopidis from Prosopis, Diaporthe cassines from Cassine, D. diospyricola from Diospyros, Diaporthe maytenicola from Maytenus, Harknessia proteae from Protea, Neofusicoccum ursorum and N. cryptoaustrale from Eucalyptus, Ochrocladosporium adansoniae from Adansonia, Pilidium pseudoconcavum from Greyia radlkoferi, Stagonospora pseudopaludosa from Phragmites and Toxicocladosporium ficiniae from Ficinia. Several species were also described from Thailand, namely: Chaetopsina pini and C. pinicola from Pinus spp., Myrmecridium thailandicum from reed litter, Passalora pseudotithoniae from Tithonia, Pallidocercospora ventilago from Ventilago, Pyricularia bothriochloae from Bothriochloa and Sphaerulina rhododendricola from Rhododendron. Novelties from Spain include Cladophialophora multiseptata, Knufia tsunedae and Pleuroascus rectipilus from soil and Cyphellophora catalaunica from river sediments. Species from the USA include Bipolaris drechsleri from Microstegium, Calonectria blephiliae from Blephilia, Kellermania macrospora (epitype) and K. pseudoyuccigena from Yucca. Three new species are described from Mexico, namely Neophaeosphaeria agaves and K. agaves from Agave and Phytophthora ipomoeae from Ipomoea. Other African species include Calonectria mossambicensis from Eucalyptus (Mozambique), Harzia cameroonensis from an unknown creeper (Cameroon), Mastigosporella anisophylleae from Anisophyllea (Zambia) and Teratosphaeria terminaliae from Terminalia (Zimbabwe). Species from Europe include Auxarthron longisporum from forest soil (Portugal), Discosia pseudoartocreas from Tilia (Austria), Paraconiothyrium polonense and P. lycopodinum from Lycopodium (Poland) and Stachybotrys oleronensis from Iris (France). Two species of Chrysosporium are described from Antarctica, namely C. magnasporum and C. oceanitesii. Finally, Licea xanthospora is described from Australia, Hypochnicium huinayensis from Chile and Custingophora blanchettei from Uruguay. Novel genera of Ascomycetes include Neomycosphaerella from Pseudopentameris macrantha (South Africa), and Paramycosphaerella from Brachystegia sp. (Zimbabwe). Novel hyphomycete genera include Pseudocatenomycopsis from Rothmannia (Zambia), Neopseudocercospora from Terminalia (Zambia) and Neodeightoniella from Phragmites (South Africa), while Dimorphiopsis from Brachystegia (Zambia) represents a novel coelomycetous genus. Furthermore, Alanphillipsia is introduced as a new genus in the Botryosphaeriaceae with four species, A. aloes, A. aloeigena and A. aloetica from Aloe spp. and A. euphorbiae from Euphorbia sp. (South Africa). A new combination is also proposed for Brachysporium torulosum (Deightoniella black tip of banana) as Corynespora torulosa. Morphological and culture characteristics along with ITS DNA barcodes are provided for all taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.W. Crous
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M.J. Wingfield
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - J. Guarro
- Mycology Unit, University Rovira i Virgili and IISPV, C/ Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - R. Cheewangkoon
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - M. van der Bank
- Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa
| | - W.J. Swart
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - A.M. Stchigel
- Mycology Unit, University Rovira i Virgili and IISPV, C/ Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - J.F. Cano-Lira
- Mycology Unit, University Rovira i Virgili and IISPV, C/ Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - J. Roux
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - H. Madrid
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - U. Damm
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A.R. Wood
- ARC – Plant Protection Research Institute, P. Bag X5017, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa
| | - L.A. Shuttleworth
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - C.S. Hodges
- Plant Disease and Insect Clinic, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7211, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, 919-515-3619, USA
| | - M. Munster
- Plant Disease and Insect Clinic, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7211, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, 919-515-3619, USA
| | - M. de Jesús Yáñez-Morales
- Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Km. 36.5 Carr. Mexico-Texcoco, Montecillo, Mpio. de Texcoco, Edo. de Mexico 56230, Mexico
| | - L. Zúñiga-Estrada
- Campo Experimental Las Huastecas-INIFAP, Km 55 Carretera Tampico-Mante, C.P. 89610, Mexico
| | - E.M. Cruywagen
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - G.S. de Hoog
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - C. Silvera
- Mycology Unit, University Rovira i Virgili and IISPV, C/ Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - J. Najafzadeh
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, and Cancer Molecular Pathology Research Center, Ghaem Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - E.M. Davison
- Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia; Western Australian Herbarium, Department of Parks and Wildlife, Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre, Western Australia 6983
| | | | - M.D. Barrett
- Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority, Kings Park and Botanic Garden, West Perth, Western Australia 6005; School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009; Western Australian Herbarium, Department of Parks and Wildlife, Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre, Western Australia 6983
| | - R.L. Barrett
- Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority, Kings Park and Botanic Garden, West Perth, Western Australia 6005; School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009; Western Australian Herbarium, Department of Parks and Wildlife, Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre, Western Australia 6983
| | - D.S. Manamgoda
- Systematic Mycology & Microbiology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
- Institute of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - A.M. Minnis
- Center for Forest Mycology Research, Northern Research Station, USDA-Forest Service, One Gifford Pinchot Dr., Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - N.M. Kleczewski
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, The University of Delaware,145 Townsend Hall, Newark, DE 19719, USA
| | - S.L. Flory
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - L.A. Castlebury
- Systematic Mycology & Microbiology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - K. Clay
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - K.D. Hyde
- Institute of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - S.N.D. Maússe-Sitoe
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Shuaifei Chen
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - C. Lechat
- Ascofrance, 64 route de Chizé, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
| | - M. Hairaud
- Impasse des Marronniers, 79360 Poivendre de Marigny, France
| | - L. Lesage-Meessen
- INRA Aix-Marseille Université, UMR-BCF, CP925, 13288 Marseille cedex 09, France
| | - J. Pawłowska
- Department of Systematics and Plant Geography, University of Warsaw, Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warsaw, Poland
| | - M. Wilk
- College of Inter-Faculty Individual Studies in Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - A. Śliwińska-Wyrzychowska
- Department of Botany and Plant Ecology, Institute of Chemistry, Environmental Protection and Biotechnology, Jan Długosz University, Al. Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland
| | - M. Mętrak
- Department of Plant Ecology and Environmental Protection, The University of Warsaw, Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warsaw, Poland
| | - M. Wrzosek
- Department of Systematics and Plant Geography, University of Warsaw, Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warsaw, Poland
| | - D. Pavlic-Zupanc
- Biosystematics Programme-Mycology Unit, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Councile (ARC-PPRI), Pretoria, South Africa
| | - H.M. Maleme
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - B. Slippers
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - W.P. Mac Cormack
- Departamento de Microbiología Ambiental y Ecofisiología, Instituto Antartico Argentino, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - D.I. Archuby
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Aves, Instituto Antartico Argentino, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - N.J. Grünwald
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, 3420 NW Orchard Ave., Corvallis OR 97330, USA
| | - M.T. Tellería
- Real Jardín Botánico RJB-CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Dueñas
- Real Jardín Botánico RJB-CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain
| | - M.P. Martín
- Real Jardín Botánico RJB-CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain
| | - S. Marincowitz
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Z.W. de Beer
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - C.A. Perez
- Fitopatología, EEMAC, Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Ruta 3 km 363, Paysandú, Uruguay
| | - J. Gené
- Mycology Unit, University Rovira i Virgili and IISPV, C/ Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Y. Marin-Felix
- Mycology Unit, University Rovira i Virgili and IISPV, C/ Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - J.Z. Groenewald
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
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