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Park D, Oh J, Kwon I. The effect of warm-up with transcranial direct current stimulation on performance factors in collegiate golfers. Phys Act Nutr 2024; 28:14-19. [PMID: 39097993 PMCID: PMC11298282 DOI: 10.20463/pan.2024.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the effects of warm-up using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on performance factors in collegiate golfers and to provide a scientific basis for the effectiveness and methodology of tDCS. We sought to compare the effects of tDCS as an additional treatment during warm-up. tDCS is generally activated when a small electric current is applied to the motor cortex of the cerebral cortex, which has been reported to be helpful in improving motor function. Therefore, we sought to prove the effectiveness of combined warm-up exercise and tDCS. METHODS Twenty-two collegiate male golfers were divided into tDC- (tDCS; n=11) and sham-treated (sham; n=11) groups. To examine performance factors, the following were assessed following tDCS application: carry, clubhead speed (CHS), ball speed (BS) for driver performance, countermovement jump (CMJ) for lower extremity muscle power, global rating of change (GRC) for the subjective change in condition of the participants, and test of attentional interpersonal style (TAIS) for concentration. RESULTS This study showed that warm-up with tDCS had positive effects on carry (p=.004), CHS (p=.019), BS (p=.017) of driver performance, CMJ (p=.002), and GRC (p=.005), however, no significant effect on TAIS was found, which suggest that the effects of the warm-up with tDCS were significant for driver performances, CMJ, and GRC. CONCLUSION Future studies should independently validate the effectiveness of tDCS and apply it to different situations and timeframes, such as training and competitions, to provide new alternative strategies or performance improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deuksu Park
- Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaekeun Oh
- Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilsu Kwon
- Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Crewther BT, Obmiński Z, Turowski D, Szczepańska B, Mroczkowska H. Associations between the Big Five personality traits, testosterone, and cortisol in adolescent male athletes. Biol Sport 2024; 41:279-286. [PMID: 38188103 PMCID: PMC10765448 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.127390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Testosterone (T) has been conceptualized as a biomarker of individual differences, yet T associations with the Big Five personality traits are inconsistent. Athletes provide a suitable model for evaluation here, as T co-expresses traits related to male-to-male competition and fitness with cortisol (C) playing a moderating role. This study investigated associations between the Big Five traits, T, and C in adolescent male athletes. One hundred and twenty male ice hockey players (aged 14-19 years) were assessed for blood total (T, C) and free (FT, FC) hormones, body-size dimensions (i.e., body mass, height, body mass index [BMI]), the Big Five personality traits (i.e., extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness), and trait anxiety. Correlational and regression (with age and BMI as covariates) analyses identified a positive effect of FT on extraversion, but a negative FT effect on neuroticism and anxiety (p < 0.05). Significant FT × FC interactions emerged for extraversion and agreeableness. Slope testing revealed that FT had a positive effect on extraversion at the FC mean and +1 SD, and a negative effect on agreeableness with FC at +1 SD. In conclusion, adolescent male athletes with a higher serum FT concentration tended to express higher extraversion, but lower neuroticism and anxiety. The FT association with extraversion was moderated by FC concentration, as was agreeableness. Therefore, high-FT athletes presented a behavioural disposition that favours dominance and resiliency, with some dependencies on FC availability. Since all association effect sizes were weak, replicate studies on larger adolescent samples are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blair T Crewther
- Institute of Sport - National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
- Biomedical Discipline, School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | | | - Dariusz Turowski
- Institute of Sport - National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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Crewther BT, Hecht M, Grillot RL, Eisenbruch AB, Catena T, Potts N, Kilduff LP, Cook CJ, Maestripieri D, Roney JR. Day-to-day coordination of the stress and reproductive axes: A continuous-time analysis of within-person testosterone and cortisol relationships in athletic and healthy men. Physiol Behav 2023; 263:114104. [PMID: 36731761 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Day-to-day coordination of the stress (i.e., hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal [HPA]) and reproductive (i.e., hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal [HPG]) axes is central to allostatic regulation, reproductive success, and survival. Reports of positive, within-person testosterone and cortisol relationships (or coupling) suggest cross-talk of a facilitative nature, but longitudinal evidence is scarce and has methodological and analytical limitations. To address this, we used a continuous-time (CT) model to investigate day-to-day, within-person coupling of testosterone and cortisol in two male cohorts. Salivary testosterone and cortisol fluctuations were monitored in 35 athletic men across two international tournaments (M = 19.3 tests) and in 41 healthy men during normal daily living (M = 27.9 tests). Bayesian CT analysis revealed a diminishing effect of each hormone on itself as time-interval length or lag increased. In both groups, cortisol had a negative lagged effect on testosterone that persisted for around three days. The cortisol effect on testosterone peaked after 0.71 and 0.51 days in athletic (standardized estimate = -0.13) and healthy men (standardized estimate = -0.11), respectively. Further estimates of non-lagged, contemporaneous correlations revealed positive testosterone and cortisol relationships (athlete r = 0.04, healthy r = 0.46). In summary, complex within-person HPA and HPG interplay emerged in two independent male cohorts. Specifically, a rising cortisol concentration was linked to a fall in testosterone concentration at later time points, but concurrently these hormones tended to rise and fall together. Our results suggest that inhibitory and facilitatory hormonal actions coexist on varying timescales, thereby expanding knowledge of HPG and HPA cross-talk in everyday life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blair T Crewther
- Institute of Sport - National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland; School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia; Hamlyn Centre, Imperial College, London, UK.
| | | | - Rachel L Grillot
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
| | | | - Tikal Catena
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
| | - Neill Potts
- Western Australian Institute of Sport, Perth, Australia
| | - Liam P Kilduff
- A-STEM, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK; Welsh Institute of Performance Science (WIPS), Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Christian J Cook
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia; Hamlyn Centre, Imperial College, London, UK
| | | | - James R Roney
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
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McKay BA, Delaney JA, Simpkin A, Larkin T, Murray A, Daniels D, Pedlar CR, Sampson JA. Objective Measures of Strain and Subjective Muscle Soreness Differ Between Positional Groups and Season Phases in American College Football. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:625-633. [PMID: 37059425 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess objective strain and subjective muscle soreness in "Bigs" (offensive and defensive line), "Combos" (tight ends, quarterbacks, line backers, and running backs), and "Skills" (wide receivers and defensive backs) in American college football players during off-season, fall camp, and in-season phases. METHODS Twenty-three male players were assessed once weekly (3-wk off-season, 4-wk fall camp, and 3-wk in-season) for hydroperoxides (free oxygen radical test [FORT]), antioxidant capacity (free oxygen radical defense test [FORD]), oxidative stress index (OSI), countermovement-jump flight time, Reactive Strength Index (RSI) modified, and subjective soreness. Linear mixed models analyzed the effect of a 2-within-subject-SD change between predictor and dependent variables. RESULTS Compared to fall camp and in-season phases, off-season FORT (P ≤ .001 and <.001), FORD (P ≤ .001 and <.001), OSI (P ≤ .001 and <.001), flight time (P ≤ .001 and <.001), RSI modified (P ≤ .001 and <.001), and soreness (P ≤ .001 and <.001) were higher for "Bigs," whereas FORT (P ≤ .001 and <.001) and OSI (P = .02 and <.001) were lower for "Combos." FORT was higher for "Bigs" compared to "Combos" in all phases (P ≤ .001, .02, and .01). FORD was higher for "Skills" compared with "Bigs" in off-season (P = .02) and "Combos" in-season (P = .01). OSI was higher for "Bigs" compared with "Combos" (P ≤ .001) and "Skills" (P = .01) during off-season and to "Combos" in-season (P ≤ .001). Flight time was higher for "Skills" in fall camp compared with "Bigs" (P = .04) and to "Combos" in-season (P = .01). RSI modified was higher for "Skills" during off-season compared with "Bigs" (P = .02) and "Combos" during fall camp (P = .03), and in-season (P = .03). CONCLUSION Off-season American college football training resulted in higher objective strain and subjective muscle soreness in "Bigs" compared with fall camp and during in-season compared with "Combos" and "Skills" players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A McKay
- Centre of Medical and Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW,Australia
- Athletics Department, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR,USA
| | | | - Andrew Simpkin
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway,Ireland
| | - Theresa Larkin
- Centre of Medical and Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW,Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW,Australia
| | - Andrew Murray
- Physical Education & Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh,United Kingdom
| | - Diarmuid Daniels
- Orreco Ltd, Business Innovation Unit, National University of Ireland, Galway,Ireland
| | - Charles R Pedlar
- Orreco Ltd, Business Innovation Unit, National University of Ireland, Galway,Ireland
- Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Sciences, St Mary's University, London,United Kingdom
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London,United Kingdom
| | - John A Sampson
- Centre of Medical and Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW,Australia
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Redman KJ, Kelly VG, Beckman EM. Seasonal Changes in Strength and Power in Elite Rugby League: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Sports Sci Med 2021; 20:721-731. [PMID: 35321143 PMCID: PMC8488825 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2021.721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ability of a rugby league player to express high levels of strength and power is crucial for success in competition. Although researchers have shown relationships between physical attributes and performance, there is a lack of information related to changes in strength and power across various phases of the season. The purpose of this review was to identify the magnitude of change in muscular strength and power during different phases of an elite rugby league season. Percentage change and effect size were calculated to evaluate the magnitude of changes in strength and power. Meta-analyses were conducted to provide pooled estimates and 95% confidence intervals. Twelve studies were included; six reported changes following pre-season training, two during the competition phase and four examined changes over multiple seasons. Pooled estimates indicated large increases in upper and lower body strength 0.81 [0.43-1.19] and 1.35 [0.79-1.91], respectively, following pre-season training. Studies incorporating predominantly heavier loads (p 80% 1 RM) in training reported greater increases in maximal strength than studies completing lighter loads. Four studies used a wave-like programming strategy to obtain large improvements in strength and power 0.91 [0.36-1.45] and 0.90 [0.22-1.57], over multiple seasons. The results of this review highlight the limited current evidence and provides a preliminary reference point for strength and conditioning coaches aiming to develop and maintain strength and power across various stages, and over multiple seasons. Importantly, the results also indicate that higher loads result in greater increases in strength than lower loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellyanne J Redman
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Performance Science Department, Brisbane Broncos Rugby League Club, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Vincent G Kelly
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences Queensland University of Technology Brisbane, Australia
| | - Emma M Beckman
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Testosterone and Dihydrotestosterone Changes in Male and Female Athletes Relative to Training Status. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:1700-1706. [PMID: 33952710 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To establish if training volume was associated with androgen baselines and androgen responsiveness to acute exercise. METHODS During a "high-volume" training phase, 28 cyclists (14 men and 14 women) undertook oxygen-uptake and maximal-work-capacity testing. Two days later, they completed a repeat-sprint protocol, which was repeated 3 weeks later during a "low-volume" phase. Blood and saliva samples were collected before and after (+5 and +60 min) the repeat-sprint protocol. Blood was assayed for total testosterone (TT), free testosterone (FT), and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and saliva, for testosterone and DHT. RESULTS Pretrial TT, FT, and DHT concentration was greater for males (P < .001, large effect size differences), and in both genders TT, DHT, and saliva for DHT was higher during high-volume loading (moderate to large effect size). Area-under-the-curve analysis revealed larger TT, FT, and DHT responses to the repeat-sprint protocol among females, and high-volume training was linked to larger TT, DHT, and saliva for DHT responses (moderate to large effect size). Baseline TT and FT correlated with oxygen uptake and work capacity in both genders (P < .05). CONCLUSION DHT showed no acute performance correlation but was responsive to volume of training, particularly in females. This work informs on timelines and relationships of androgenic biomarkers in males and females across different training loads, adding to the complexity that should be considered in interpretation thereof. The authors speculate that testosterone may impact acute performance via behavioral mechanisms of motivation and attention; DHT, via training volume-induced androgenic promotion, may facilitate long-term adaptive changes, especially for females.
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Moringa protein drink increases testosterone and anabolic status of men with hyperlipidemia: A randomized controlled study. TURKISH JOURNAL OF KINESIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.31459/turkjkin.851832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Hobbins L, Hunter S, Gaoua N, Girard O. Short-Term Perceptually Regulated Interval-Walk Training in Hypoxia and Normoxia in Overweight-to-Obese Adults. JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCE AND MEDICINE 2021; 20:45-51. [PMID: 33707985 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2021.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We compared the effects of short-term, perceptually regulated training using interval-walking in hypoxia vs. normoxia on health outcomes in overweight-to-obese individuals. Sixteen adults (body mass index = 33 ± 3 kg·m-2) completed eight interval-walk training sessions (15 × 2 min walking at a rating of perceived exertion of 14 on the 6-20 Borg scale; rest = 2 min) either in hypoxia (FiO2 = 13.0%) or normoxia during two weeks. Treadmill velocity did not differ between conditions or over time (p > 0.05). Heart rate was higher in hypoxia (+10 ± 3%; p = 0.04) during the first session and this was consistent within condition across the training sessions (p > 0.05). Similarly, arterial oxygen saturation was lower in hypoxia than normoxia (83 ± 1% vs. 96 ± 1%, p < 0.05), and did not vary over time (p > 0.05). After training, perceived mood state (+11.8 ± 2.7%, p = 0.06) and exercise self-efficacy (+10.6 ± 4.1%, p = 0.03) improved in both groups. Body mass (p = 0.55), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.19 and 0.07, respectively) and distance covered during a 6-min walk test (p = 0.11) did not change from pre- to post-tests. Short term (2-week) perceptually regulated interval-walk training sessions with or without hypoxia had no effect on exercise-related sensations, health markers and functional performance. This mode and duration of hypoxic conditioning does not appear to modify the measured cardiometabolic risk factors or improve exercise tolerance in overweight-to-obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Hobbins
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre (SESRC), London South Bank University, London, UK
| | - Steve Hunter
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre (SESRC), London South Bank University, London, UK
| | - Nadia Gaoua
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre (SESRC), London South Bank University, London, UK
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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Batista MM, Paludo AC, DA Silva MP, Martins MV, Pauli PH, Dal'maz G, Stefanello JM, Tartaruga MP. Effect of mental fatigue on performance, perceptual and physiological responses in orienteering athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 61:673-679. [PMID: 33586924 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.11334-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental fatigue seems to impair the athletes' performance; however, in sports with high cognitive demand, such as orienteering, this negative effect could be attenuated during the race. Therefore, this study investigated mental fatigue effect on performance, perceptual, and physiological responses in orienteers. METHODS Fifteen male orienteers (30±8 years) participated in the study. Two conditions of cognitive tasks preceded the orienteering performance, performed randomly: 30 minutes of mental exertion (experimental condition [EXP]) by Stroop task, or 30 min without mental exertion (control condition [CON]). Orienteering performance was determined by the time required to perform the Orienteering race. The perceived recovery and motivation were evaluated in each condition, pre-cognitive task, and heart rate during the task. Perceived exertion (RPE) was measured pre- and post-orienteering race. Orienteering performance and perceived performance were measured immediately after the race. RESULTS Orienteering performance and remain variables showed no significant differences between conditions (EXP versus CON) (P>0.05). Although a slight increase in performance-time was found in EXP (40.8±11.4 min) versus CON (38.4±13 min) (P=0.4; ES=0.20). RPE increase post-EXP (P<0.05; ES=0.96) but not post-orienteering race (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Thirty minutes of the cognitive task did not significantly affect the perceptual and physiological responses but demonstrates the addition of 2.4 minutes to orienteering performance. Orienteers may cope with mental effort due to the cognitive demands and physical conditions required in orienteering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana C Paludo
- Department of Physical Education, State University of Midwestern Paraná, Guarapuava, Brazil
| | - Michael P DA Silva
- Department of Physical Education, State University of Midwestern Paraná, Guarapuava, Brazil
| | - Marcos V Martins
- Department of Physical Education, State University of Midwestern Paraná, Guarapuava, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriela Dal'maz
- Department of Physical Education, State University of Midwestern Paraná, Guarapuava, Brazil
| | | | - Marcus P Tartaruga
- Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, State University of Midwestern Paraná, Guarapuava, Brazil
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Bayne F, Racinais S, Mileva K, Hunter S, Gaoua N. Less Is More-Cyclists-Triathlete's 30 min Cycling Time-Trial Performance Is Impaired With Multiple Feedback Compared to a Single Feedback. Front Psychol 2021; 11:608426. [PMID: 33424719 PMCID: PMC7786101 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.608426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this article was to (i) compare different modes of feedback (multiple vs. single) on 30 min cycling time-trial performance in non-cyclist’s and cyclists-triathletes, and (ii) investigate cyclists-triathlete’s information acquisition. Methods: 20 participants (10 non-cyclists, 10 cyclists-triathletes) performed two 30 min self-paced cycling time-trials (TT, ∼5–7 days apart) with either a single feedback (elapsed time) or multiple feedback (power output, elapsed distance, elapsed time, cadence, speed, and heart rate). Cyclists-triathlete’s information acquisition was also monitored during the multiple feedback trial via an eye tracker. Perceptual measurements of task motivation, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and affect were collected every 5 min. Performance variables (power output, cadence, distance, speed) and heart rate were recorded continuously. Results: Cyclists-triathletes average power output was greater compared to non-cyclists with both multiple feedback (227.99 ± 42.02 W; 137.27 ± 27.63 W; P < 0.05) and single feedback (287.9 ± 60.07 W; 131.13 ± 25.53 W). Non-cyclist’s performance did not differ between multiple and single feedback (p > 0.05). Whereas, cyclists-triathletes 30 min cycling time-trial performance was impaired with multiple feedback (227.99 ± 42.02 W) compared to single feedback (287.9 ± 60.07 W; p < 0.05), despite adopting and reporting a similar pacing strategy and perceptual responses (p > 0.05). Cyclists-triathlete’s primary and secondary objects of regard were power (64.95 s) and elapsed time (64.46 s). However, total glance time during multiple feedback decreased from the first 5 min (75.67 s) to the last 5 min (22.34 s). Conclusion: Cyclists-triathletes indoor 30 min cycling TT performance was impaired with multiple feedback compared to single feedback. Whereas non-cyclist’s performance did not differ between multiple and single feedback. Cyclists-triathletes glanced at power and time which corresponds with the wireless sensor networks they use during training. However, total glance time during multiple feedback decreased over time, and therefore, overloading athletes with feedback may decrease performance in cyclists-triathletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freya Bayne
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Katya Mileva
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Hunter
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nadia Gaoua
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
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Morning Priming Exercise Strategy to Enhance Afternoon Performance in Young Elite Soccer Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:407-414. [PMID: 33401241 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the effects of different modalities of morning priming exercise on afternoon physical performance with the associated hormonal and psychophysiological responses in young soccer players. METHODS In a randomized counterbalanced crossover design, 12 young soccer players completed 3 different morning conditions on 3 different days: repeated-sprint running (6 × 40 m), easy exercise (4 × 12 fast half squats, 6 speed ladder drills, and 20-m sprints), and control (no exercise). Blood testosterone and cortisol concentrations were assessed upon arrival (approximately 8:30AM) and approximately 5 hours and 30 minutes later. Body temperature, self-reported mood, quadriceps neuromuscular function (maximal voluntary contraction, voluntary activation, rate of torque development, and twitch contractile properties), jump, and sprint performance were evaluated twice per day, while rating of perceived exertion, motivation, and the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery level 2 (IR2) tests were assessed once per day. RESULTS Compared with the control, repeated-sprint running induced a possible positive effect on testosterone (+11.6%) but a possible to very likely negative effect on twitch contractile properties (-13.0%), jump height (-1.4%), and Yo-Yo IR2 (-7.1%). On the other hand, easy exercise had an unclear effect on testosterone (-3.3%), resulted in lower self-reported fatigue (-31.0%) and cortisol (-12.9%), and had a possible positive effect on the rate of torque development (+4.3%) and Yo-Yo IR2 (+6.5%) compared with the control. CONCLUSIONS Players' testosterone levels were positively influenced by repeated-sprint running, but this did not translate into better physical function, as both muscular and endurance performance were reduced. Easy exercise seemed to be suitable to optimize the physical performance and psychophysiological state of young soccer players.
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Isometric Mid-Thigh Pull Performance in Rugby Players: A Systematic Literature Review. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2020; 5:jfmk5040091. [PMID: 33467306 PMCID: PMC7804886 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk5040091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) is a multi-joint test of whole-body force production relevant to rugby players. "Rugby AND (mid-thigh pull OR midthigh pull OR mid thigh pull" were searched in PubMed, Sportdiscus, Academic Search Premier, CINAHL Plus with Full Text, and Google Scholar; the final date of search was 24 January 2018. Data extraction from 24 articles included subject characteristics, force data, and IMTP testing procedures. Select ranges of peak forces reported were: Youth: 1162-2374 N; Academy: 1855-3104 N; Professional: 2254-3851 N. Rate of force development (RFD) at 100 and 200 ms ranged from 5521 to 11,892 N and 5403 to 8405 N, respectively, among professional rugby players. Studies' research design were of moderate quality, but most studies lacked detailed reporting of IMTP procedures. Variability of force characteristics derived from the IMTP within similar populations (e.g., approximately 200% difference in peak force between samples of professional rugby league players) as well as large and unexpected overlaps between dissimilar populations, limit conclusions about force production capabilities relative to playing level, likely due to limitations and lack of standardization of IMTP procedures. Greater uniformity in IMTP testing procedures and reporting is needed. This manuscript provides a guide for reporting needs when presenting results from an IMTP in research.
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Hobbins L, Girard O, Gaoua N, Hunter S. Acute psycho-physiological responses to perceptually regulated hypoxic and normoxic interval walks in overweight-to-obese adults. J Sci Med Sport 2020; 24:481-487. [PMID: 33281095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated psycho-physiological responses to perceptually regulated interval walks in hypoxia versus normoxia in obese individuals. DESIGN Within-participants repeated measures. METHODS Ten obese adults (BMI=32±3kg/m-2) completed a 60-min interval session (15×2min walking at a rating of perceived exertion of 14 on the 6-20 Borg scale with 2min of rest) either in hypoxia (FiO2=13.0%, HYP) or normoxia (NOR). A third trial replicating the HYP speed pattern was carried out in normoxia as a control (CON). Exercise responses were analysed comparing the average of 1st to 3rd exercise bouts to those of the 4th-6th, 7th-9th, 10th-12th and 13th-15th exercise bouts (block 1 versus 2, 3, 4 and 5). RESULTS Treadmill speed was slower during block 4 (6.14±0.67 versus 6.24±0.73km/h-1) and block 5 (6.12±0.64 versus 6.25±0.75km/h-1) in HYP compared to NOR or CON (p=0.009). Compared to NOR and CON, heart rate was +6-10% higher (p=0.001), whilst arterial oxygen saturation (-12-13%) was lower (p<0.001) in HYP. Perceived limb discomfort was lower in HYP and CON versus NOR (-21±4% and -34±6%; p=0.004). CONCLUSIONS In overweight-to-obese adults, perceptually regulated interval walks in hypoxia versus normoxia leads to progressively slower speeds along with lower limb discomfort and larger physiological stress than normoxia. Walking at the speed adopted in hypoxia produces similar psycho-physiological responses at the same absolute intensity in normoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Hobbins
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre (SESRC), London South Bank University, United Kingdom
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Nadia Gaoua
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre (SESRC), London South Bank University, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Hunter
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre (SESRC), London South Bank University, United Kingdom
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14
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Crewther BT, Hecht M, Potts N, Kilduff LP, Drawer S, Marshall E, Cook CJ. A longitudinal investigation of bidirectional and time-dependent interrelationships between testosterone and training motivation in an elite rugby environment. Horm Behav 2020; 126:104866. [PMID: 33002456 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In sport, testosterone has been positioned as a substrate for motivation with both directional and time dependencies. However, evidence is scarce when considering the complexities of competitive sport and no work has explicitly modeled these dependencies. To address these gaps, we investigated the bidirectional and time-dependent interrelationships between testosterone and training motivation in an elite rugby environment. Thirty-six male athletes were monitored across training weeks before and after eight international rugby matches. Pre-breakfast measures of salivary testosterone and training motivation (1-10 rating) were taken on training, competition, and recovery days (up to 40 tests). Using a continuous-time (CT) model, within-person estimates of autoregressive effects (persistence) and cross-lagged effects (relationships) were derived. A stronger, more persistent temporal association was identified for testosterone than for motivation. Cross-lagged effects verified that training motivation was positively related to testosterone at latter time points (p < 0.001). Discrete-time analyses revealed a non-linear association; increasing in strength from a zero-time lag to peak after 2.83 days (standardized effect = 0.25), before dissipation over longer lagged intervals. The testosterone relationship with ensuing training motivation was also positive, but non-significant. Match effects also appeared (p < 0.001) with a predicted decline in training motivation, but a rise in testosterone, at match onset. In summary, a positive association emerged between within-person fluctuations in self-appraised motivation to train and testosterone concentration in an elite rugby environment. The lagged, non-linear nature of this relationship and match predictions on both outcomes support, and extend, theoretical models linking testosterone and competitive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blair T Crewther
- Institute of Sport - National Research Institute, Poland; Hamlyn Centre, Imperial College, UK.
| | | | | | - Liam P Kilduff
- A-STEM, School of Engineering, Swansea University, UK; Welsh Institute of Performance Science (WIPS), Swansea University, UK
| | | | - Elizabeth Marshall
- Human Performance, Sport and Physiology Group, Brain-Behaviour Research Group, School of Science and Technology University of New England, Australia
| | - Christian J Cook
- Hamlyn Centre, Imperial College, UK; A-STEM, School of Engineering, Swansea University, UK; Human Performance, Sport and Physiology Group, Brain-Behaviour Research Group, School of Science and Technology University of New England, Australia
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15
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Aben HGJ, Hills SP, Cooke CB, Davis D, Jones B, Russell M. Profiling the Post-match Recovery Response in Male Rugby: A Systematic Review. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:2050-2067. [PMID: 33003172 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Aben, HGJ, Hills, SP, Cooke, CB, Davis, D, Jones, B, and Russell, M. Profiling the post-match recovery response in male rugby: A systematic review. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-To minimize underperformance, injury, and illness, and to enhance readiness for training and match-play, post-match responses are commonly monitored within professional rugby. As no clear consensus exists regarding the magnitude and duration of post-match recovery, this review summarized the literature (17 studies yielded from literature searching/screening) reporting neuromuscular (countermovement jump [CMJ], peak power output [PP], and flight time [FT]), biochemical (creatine kinase [CK]) or endocrine (cortisol [C] and testosterone [T] concentrations), and subjective (wellness questionnaire and muscle soreness) indices after rugby match-play. For neuromuscular responses (11 studies), reductions in PP <31.5% occurred <30 minutes after match, returning to baseline within 48-72 hours. Post-match reductions in FT of <4% recovered after 48 hours. For biochemical and endocrine responses (14 studies), increases in CK, ranging from 120 to 451%, peaked between 12 and 24 hours, returning to baseline within 72 hours of match-play. Initial increases of <298% in C and reductions in T concentrations (<44%) returned to pre-match values within 48-72 hours. Mood disturbances (6 studies) required 48-72 hours to normalize after peak decrements of <65% at 24 hours. This review highlights that 72 hours were needed to restore perturbations in neuromuscular, biochemical and endocrine, and subjective/perceptual responses after competitive rugby match-play. Notably, only 4 studies reported responses in more ecologically valid scenarios (i.e., those in which regular training and recovery strategies were used) while also reporting detailed match demands. A lack of research focusing on youth players was also evident, as only 3 studies profiled post-match responses in younger athletes. Deeper insight regarding post-match responses in ecologically valid scenarios is therefore required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrickus G J Aben
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Castleford Tigers RLFC, the Mend-A-Hose Jungle, Castleford, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel P Hills
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Carlton B Cooke
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Danielle Davis
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Jones
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom.,England Performance Unit, the Rugby Football League, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Russell
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom
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16
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Solheim SA, Mørkeberg J, Juul A, Freiesleben SY, Upners EN, Dehnes Y, Nordsborg NB. An Intramuscular Injection of Mixed Testosterone Esters Does Not Acutely Enhance Strength and Power in Recreationally Active Young Men. Front Physiol 2020; 11:563620. [PMID: 33071818 PMCID: PMC7538707 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.563620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Limited data are available on the acute performance-enhancing effects of single-dose administration of testosterone in healthy humans. Studies of testosterone administrations to healthy humans are rare due to the difficult nature and necessity of close clinical monitoring. However, our unique physiological experimental facilities combined with close endocrinological collaboration have allowed us to safely complete such a study. We tested the hypothesis that an intramuscular injection of 250 mg mixed testosterone esters (TEs) enhances physical performance in strength and power exercises acutely, measured 24 h after injection. Additionally, we investigated whether the basal serum testosterone concentration influences the performance in countermovement jump (CMJ), 30-s all out cycle sprint, and one-arm isometric elbow flexion. Methods: In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design, 19 eugonadal men received either a TE (n = 9, 23 ± 1 years, 183 ± 7 cm, 83 ± 10 kg) or a PLA (n = 10, 25 ± 2 years, 186 ± 6 cm, 82 ± 14 kg) injection. Hormonal levels and the performance in CMJ, 30-s all out cycle sprint, and one-arm isometric elbow flexion were measured before and 24 h after injection. Results: Firstly, an intramuscular injection of 250 mg mixed TEs did not enhance the vertical jump height in a CMJ test, peak power, mean power, and fatigue index in a 30-s all-out cycle sprint or rate of force development and maximal voluntary contraction in a one-arm isometric elbow flexion 24 h post-injection. Secondly, baseline testosterone levels appeared not to influence performance in strength and power exercises to a large extent in healthy, recreationally active young men. Conclusion: A single intramuscular injection of 250 mg mixed TEs has no acute ergogenic effects on strength and power performance in recreationally active, young men. This novel information has implication for basic physiological understanding. Whether the same applies to an elite athlete population remains to be determined. If so, this would have implications for anti-doping efforts aiming to determine the most cost-efficient testing programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Amalie Solheim
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Anti Doping Denmark, Brøndby, Denmark
| | | | - Anders Juul
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stine Yde Freiesleben
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emmie N Upners
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yvette Dehnes
- Norwegian Doping Control Laboratory, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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17
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Resistance Priming to Enhance Neuromuscular Performance in Sport: Evidence, Potential Mechanisms and Directions for Future Research. Sports Med 2020; 49:1499-1514. [PMID: 31203499 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01136-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent scientific evidence supports the use of a low-volume strength-power 'resistance priming' session prior to sporting competition in an effort to enhance neuromuscular performance. Though research evidence relating to this strategy is presently limited, it has been shown to be effective in improving various measures of neuromuscular performance within 48 h. Post-activation potentiation strategies have previously been shown to enhance strength-power performance within 20 min of completing maximal or near-maximal resistance exercise. Comparably, a delayed potentiation effect has been demonstrated following 'resistance priming' at various times between 1 and 48 h in upper- and lower-body performance measures. This may have significant implications for a range of athletes when preparing for competition. Various exercise protocols have been shown to improve upper- and lower-body neuromuscular performance measures in this period. In particular, high-intensity resistance exercise through high loading (≥ 85% 1 repetition maximum) or ballistic exercise at lower loads appears to be an effective stimulus for this strategy. Although current research has identified the benefits of resistance priming to some physical qualities, many questions remain over the application of this type of session, as well as the effects that it may have on a range of specific sporting activities. The aims of this brief review are to assess the current literature examining the acute effects (1-48 h) of resistance exercise on neuromuscular performance and discuss potential mechanisms of action as well as provide directions for future research.
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18
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Jiménez M, Alvero-Cruz JR, Solla J, García-Bastida J, García-Coll V, Rivilla I, Ruiz E, García-Romero J, Carnero EA, Clemente-Suárez VJ. Competition Seriousness and Competition Level Modulate Testosterone and Cortisol Responses in Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17010350. [PMID: 31947915 PMCID: PMC6981813 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the modulating effect of competition seriousness and competition level in the testosterone and cortisol responses in professional soccer player. Ninety five (95) soccer players were included in this study (professional, n = 39; semiprofessional, n = 27; amateur, n = 29) before and after training, friendly game and official games. Repeated measures ANOVA showed higher testosterone levels (F(1,89) = 134, p < 0.0001, η2p = 0.75) in professional soccer players, when compared with semiprofessional (p < 0.0001) or amateur athletes (p < 0.0001). After winning a competition game an increase in testosterone levels was observed in professionals (t = −3.456, p < 0.001), semiprofessionals (t = −4.400, p < 0.0001), and amateurs (t = −2.835, p < 0.009). In contrast, this momentary hormonal fluctuation was not observed after winning a friendly game or during a regular training day. Additionally, statistical analysis indicated that cortisol levels were lower in professional (t = −3.456, p < 0.001) and semiprofessional athletes (t = −4.400, p < 0.0001) than in amateurs (t = −2.835, p < 0.009). In soccer players a rise in testosterone was only observable when the team was faced with an actual challenge but did not support a different response between categories. Thus, the desire to achieve a goal (and keep the social status) may be one of the key reasons why testosterone levels rise promptly. Conversely, testosterone did not change after friendly games, which suggests these situations are not real goals and the players do not perceive an actual threat (in terms of dominance) more than the preparation for their next competitive game.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Jiménez
- Facultad de Educación, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, Avenida de la Paz 137, 26002 Logroño, Spain; (J.G.-B.); (V.G.-C.); (I.R.); (E.R.)
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (J.R.A.-C.); (J.G.-R.)
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +34-941-210-211
| | - José Ramón Alvero-Cruz
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (J.R.A.-C.); (J.G.-R.)
| | - Juan Solla
- Grupo de Investigación Hi20, Universidad de Vigo, Campus a Xunqueira s/n, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Jorge García-Bastida
- Facultad de Educación, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, Avenida de la Paz 137, 26002 Logroño, Spain; (J.G.-B.); (V.G.-C.); (I.R.); (E.R.)
| | - Virginia García-Coll
- Facultad de Educación, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, Avenida de la Paz 137, 26002 Logroño, Spain; (J.G.-B.); (V.G.-C.); (I.R.); (E.R.)
| | - Iván Rivilla
- Facultad de Educación, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, Avenida de la Paz 137, 26002 Logroño, Spain; (J.G.-B.); (V.G.-C.); (I.R.); (E.R.)
| | - Enrique Ruiz
- Facultad de Educación, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, Avenida de la Paz 137, 26002 Logroño, Spain; (J.G.-B.); (V.G.-C.); (I.R.); (E.R.)
| | - Jerónimo García-Romero
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (J.R.A.-C.); (J.G.-R.)
| | - Elvis A. Carnero
- Research Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Florida Hospital Sanford, Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 301 East Princeton Street, Orlando, FL 32804, USA;
| | - Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Science, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
- Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
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19
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Silva SEF, Serassuelo Junior H, Magatão M, Paludo AC. Competition phase affect motivation and perceived performance but not the pre-competitive anxiety on professional dancers. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CIÊNCIAS DO ESPORTE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/rbce.42.2019.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of competition phase on pre-competitive anxiety, motivation and perceived of performance on professional contemporary dancers. Eight professional dancers from the same company were evaluated on basal condition, classificatory and final phase. Anxiety and motivation state were evaluated pre-competition and perceived of performance (PP) post-competition. ANOVA with repeated measures presented no difference for anxiety state between the competitive phases (p > 0.05). Motivation and PP were significantly higher during the final phase, tested by Friedman test (p ≤ 0.05). The data suggest competing in a final phase may lead to a major motivation and perceived of performance on professional contemporary dancers.
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20
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Hobbins L, Girard O, Gaoua N, Hunter S. Acute Psychophysiological Responses to Cyclic Variation of Intermittent Hypoxic Exposure in Adults with Obesity. High Alt Med Biol 2019; 20:262-270. [DOI: 10.1089/ham.2019.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Liam Hobbins
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Olivier Girard
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science (MASS) Laboratory, School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Nadia Gaoua
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Hunter
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
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21
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Hobbins L, Gaoua N, Hunter S, Girard O. Psycho-physiological responses to perceptually-regulated interval runs in hypoxia and normoxia. Physiol Behav 2019; 209:112611. [PMID: 31295451 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether perceptually-regulated high-intensity intervals in hypoxia are associated with slower running velocities versus normoxia, when physiological responses and exercise-related sensations remain the same. Nineteen trained runners (33.4 ± 9.1 years) completed a high-intensity interval running protocol (4 × 4-min intervals at a clamped perceived rating exertion of 16 on the 6-20 Borg scale, 3-min passive recoveries) in either hypoxic (HYP; FiO2 15.0%) or normoxic (NOR; FiO2 20.9%) conditions. Participants adjusted to a progressively slower running velocity from interval 1-4 (-7.0%), and more so in HYP vs. NOR for intervals 2, 3 and 4 (-4.6%, -6.4% and - 7.9%, respectively; p < .01). Heart rate increased from interval 1-4 (+4.8%; p < .01), independent of condition. Arterial oxygen saturation was lower in HYP vs. NOR (86.0% vs. 94.8%; p < .01). Oxyhemoglobin (-23.7%) and total hemoglobin (-77.0%) decreased, whilst deoxyhemoglobin increased (+44.9%) from interval 1-4 (p < .01), independent of condition. Perceived recovery (-41.6%) and motivation (-21.8%) were progressively lower from interval 1-4, and more so in HYP vs. NOR for intervals 2, 3 and 4 (recovery: -8.8%, -24.2% and - 29.3%; motivation: -5.3%, -20.3% and - 22.4%, respectively; p < .01). Perceived breathlessness (+18.6%), limb discomfort (+44.0%) and pleasure (-32.2%) changed from interval 1-4, with significant differences (+21.8%, +11.3% and - 31.3%, respectively) between HYP and NOR (p < .01). Slower interval running velocities in hypoxia achieve similar heart rate and muscle oxygenation responses to those observed in normoxia when perceptually-regulated, yet at the expense of less favourable exercise-related sensations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hobbins
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre (SESRC), London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom.
| | - N Gaoua
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre (SESRC), London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
| | - S Hunter
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre (SESRC), London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
| | - O Girard
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science (MASS) Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia; Athlete Health and Performance Research Center, ASPETAR, Qatar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
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22
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Comfort P, Dos'Santos T, Beckham GK, Stone MH, Guppy SN, Haff GG. Standardization and Methodological Considerations for the Isometric Midthigh Pull. Strength Cond J 2019. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Serpell BG, Strahorn J, Colomer C, McKune A, Cook C, Pumpa K. The Effect of Speed, Power, and Strength Training and a Group Motivational Presentation on Physiological Markers of Athlete Readiness: A Case Study in Professional Rugby. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 14:125-129. [PMID: 29893598 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of a physical treatment (speed, power, and strength [SPS] training) and psychosocial treatment (group motivational presentation) on salivary testosterone (sal-T), salivary cortisol (sal-C), and sal-T-to-sal-C ratio (T:C) in professional rugby. METHODS Fourteen male rugby players (age = 25.9 [2.5] y, height = 186.1 [6.7] cm, and body mass = 104.1 [12.7] kg) participated in this study. Testing occurred across 2 d on 2 separate occasions (week 1 and week 2). On day 1 of both weeks, participants completed an SPS training session. On day 2 of both weeks, participants undertook a field-based rugby training session. In week 2, participants underwent an additional treatment in the form of a motivational presentation given by a respected former player before the rugby session. Saliva was collected before and after SPS training and before and after the rugby session and was assayed for testosterone and cortisol. RESULTS No differences were found between weeks for sal-T at any time point, but sal-C was higher in week 2 before and after SPS and before rugby on day 2 (P < .05). In both weeks, T:C increased following SPS (P < .02, ES > 0.91 [0.13, 1.69]). T:C increased when the motivational presentation accompanied rugby training (P = .07, ES = 1.06 [0.27, 1.85]). Sal-C, not sal-T, drove changes in T:C (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Physical or psychosocial treatments may affect sal-T, sal-C, and T:C, and individual variation in responses to treatments may exist.
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Sparkes W, Turner A, Weston M, Russell M, Johnston M, Kilduff L. Neuromuscular, Biochemical, Endocrine, and Mood Responses to Small-Sided Games' Training in Professional Soccer. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:2569-2576. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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Slimani M, Paravlic AH, Chaabene H, Davis P, Chamari K, Cheour F. Hormonal responses to striking combat sports competition: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biol Sport 2018; 35:121-136. [PMID: 30455540 PMCID: PMC6234310 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2018.71601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Striking combat sports are challenging, commonly stressing the endocrinological system based on a mixture of body-contact actions and physiological efforts. The aims of this systematic review and meta-analysis were to discuss the hormonal responses related to striking combat sports competitions and to investigate the moderator and mediator variables of the hormonal response-competition/outcome relationship. Three electronic databases (i.e., PubMed, Google Scholar and ScienceDirect) were systematically searched (up to February 2016) followed by a manual search of retrieved papers. The data showed a moderate increase in cortisol (C) (ES = 0.79; 95% CI 0.31-1.28; p = 0.001), an extremely large increase in adrenaline (ES = 4.22; 95% CI 2.62-5.82; p < 0.001), and a very large increase in noradrenaline (ES = 3.40; 95% CI 1.03-5.76; p = 0.005) and human growth hormone (HGH) levels (ES = 3.69; 95% CI 1.96-5.42; p < 0.001) immediately following the combat events, compared to the control condition i.e., "pre-combat". Furthermore, amateur athletes had a larger increase in C levels compared to highly trained athletes (ES = 2.91 [very large] vs ES = 0.56 [small]), while evening events showed greater alterations in C levels compared to morning events (ES = 1.91 [large] vs ES = 0.48 [small]), without significant differences between them (p = 0.26 and p = 0.06, respectively). The present meta-analysis also showed a small, insignificant increase in testosterone (T) (ES = 0.47 [small]; 95% CI -0.45-0.99; p = 0.074) and a decrease in insulin-like growth factor 1 levels (ES = -0.20 [trivial]; 95% CI -0.78-0.37; p = 0.486) immediately following the combat events, compared to the control condition. The type of combat sports practised, participants' gender, and the nature of competition contests (i.e., official vs simulation) did not moderate the relationship between competition and hormonal response. Additionaly, sub-analysis results showed a significant difference between younger and older athletes (Q = 4.05, p = 0.044), suggesting that after combat, younger individuals (less than 17 years of age) had a small decrease in T levels (ES = -0.58), compared with the moderate increase observed in older individuals (ES = 0.76). In conclusion, irrespective of striking combat sports types, the results showed that both official and simulated bouts are a real stressor of the hormonal system of practitioners. Coaches and applied practitioners should adopt "pre-competitive cognitive/coping strategies" to improve the psychological state that mediates the hormonal changes-competition/outcome relationship of their athletes in order to mitigate athletes' stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maamer Slimani
- Research Laboratory “Sports Performance Optimization”, National Centre of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Armin Huso Paravlic
- Science and Research Centre, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Garibaldijeva 1, 6000 Koper, Slovenia
| | - Helmi Chaabene
- Research Laboratory “Sports Performance Optimization”, National Centre of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Philip Davis
- Combat Sports Performance, Braintree, Essex, United Kingdom
| | - Karim Chamari
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, ASPETAR, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Foued Cheour
- Higher Institute of Applied Biology of Médenine, Medenine, Tunisia
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Serum cortisol as a moderator of the relationship between serum testosterone and Olympic weightlifting performance in real and simulated competitions. Biol Sport 2018; 35:215-221. [PMID: 30449938 PMCID: PMC6224847 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2018.74632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Some equivocality exists regarding the effect of testosterone (T) on competitive performance with cortisol (C) implicated as a moderating factor. This study investigated whether C is moderating the T relationship with Olympic weightlifting (OWL) performance during real and simulated competitions. We monitored 105 male athletes (age 19.3±3.7 years); 46 during real OWL competitions (e.g., national age championships) and 59 across simulated events (e.g., talent identification). Serum T and C were assessed before warming up and within 15 minutes of event completion. Performance was indexed by the total combined load across the snatch and clean and jerk exercises. Hierarchical linear regression and simple slopes were employed to test the hormone and performance relationships. Pre-competition T (pre-T) and C (pre-C) were unrelated to OWL performance when controlling for competition type, time of day, age, and body mass (model=75.6% variance). However, the pre-T × pre-C interaction was significant (model=77% variance). Upon exploring this interaction, different pre-T and performance relationships emerged for males with high pre-C (β=-9.96) and low pre-C levels (β=9.04), with diverging slopes (p=0.006). The assessment of T changes and pre-C produced similar results. The association between male T and performance during OWL competition was determined by C activity, which could explain conflicting reports of T as a correlate of competitive abilities. Our results imply that T and C are not strictly anabolic and catabolic biomarkers of performance, respectively, but rather they exert complementary actions that could depend on task, situational and environmental needs.
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Crewther BT, Cook CJ. A longitudinal analysis of salivary testosterone concentrations and competitiveness in elite and non-elite women athletes. Physiol Behav 2018; 188:157-161. [PMID: 29425972 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence linking women's testosterone (T) to competitive behaviours in sport and exercise. To advance this work, we examined the longitudinal relationships between salivary T (sal-T) and competitiveness in athletic women who differ in training status. METHODS Elite (n = 9) and non-elite (n = 21) women athletes were monitored on days 6-8 (follicular phase), 13-15 (ovulatory phase) and 20-22 (Luteal phase) of a menstrual cycle with two repeats. Salivary T levels were assessed before breakfast, followed by two questions (each rated on a 1-7 scale) on competitive desire and training motivation. Using a linear mixed model, we evaluated the menstrual phase and training status effects on each variable, before assessing the within-subject effects of sal-T on competitiveness. RESULTS Salivary T concentrations were higher at ovulation (effect size [ES] difference = 0.2-1.4), relative to the follicular and luteal phases, with a more marked response among elite women (p < .01). The competitiveness ratings showed similar menstrual-phase variation (ES difference = 0.6-1.0 at ovulation). A positive effect of sal-T on competitiveness emerged in both groups (p < .001), but with different slope patterns (p < .015). Specifically, the elite sal-T relationships with desire to compete (standardized β = 1.147, SE = 0.132) and training motivation (β = 1.195, SE = 0.124) were stronger compared with non-elite women (β = 0.631, SE = 0.114; β = 0.778, SE = 0.114), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Morning sal-T concentrations, competitive desire and training motivation all peaked around ovulation in women athletes. Notably, sal-T availability and its relationship with competitiveness was stronger among high-performing athletes. Our findings confirm menstrual fluctuations in T and competitiveness among naturally-cycling women, with population context as a moderating factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blair T Crewther
- Institute of Sport - National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland; Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Imperial College, UK.
| | - Christian J Cook
- Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Imperial College, UK; University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Canberra University, Canberra, Australia; Sport and Exercise, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
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28
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Cook CJ, Kilduff LP, Crewther BT. Basal and stress-induced salivary testosterone variation across the menstrual cycle and linkage to motivation and muscle power. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 28:1345-1353. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. J. Cook
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise; University of Canberra; Canberra Australia
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences; Bangor University; Bangor UK
- Hamlyn Centre; Imperial College; London UK
| | - L. P. Kilduff
- A-STEM; School of Engineering; Swansea University; Swansea UK
- Welsh Institute of Performance Science (WIPS); Swansea University; Swansea UK
| | - B. T. Crewther
- Hamlyn Centre; Imperial College; London UK
- Institute of Sport - National Research Institute; Warsaw Poland
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29
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Edwards DJ, Cortes M, Wortman-Jutt S, Putrino D, Bikson M, Thickbroom G, Pascual-Leone A. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Sports Performance. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:243. [PMID: 28539880 PMCID: PMC5423975 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J Edwards
- Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation and Human Motor Control Laboratory, Burke Medical Research Institute, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell UniversityWhite Plains, NY, USA.,Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan UniversityPerth, WA, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell UniversityNew York, NY, USA
| | - Mar Cortes
- Human Spinal Cord Injury Repair Laboratory, Burke Medical Research Institute, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell UniversityWhite Plains, NY, USA.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell UniversityNew York, NY, USA
| | | | - David Putrino
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell UniversityNew York, NY, USA.,Telemedicine and Virtual Rehabilitation Laboratory, Burke Medical Research InstituteWhite Plains, NY, USA
| | - Marom Bikson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, City University of New YorkNew York, NY, USA
| | - Gary Thickbroom
- Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation and Human Motor Control Laboratory, Burke Medical Research Institute, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell UniversityWhite Plains, NY, USA.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan UniversityPerth, WA, Australia.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell UniversityNew York, NY, USA
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA.,Institut de Neurorehabilitacio Guttman, Universitat Autonoma de BarcelonaBadalona, Spain
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