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Qian G, Wang M, Zhou J, Wang X, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zhu P, Han L, Li X, Liu C, Li L. Analysis of widely targeted metabolites of quinoa sprouts (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) under saline-alkali stress provides new insights into nutritional value. Food Chem 2024; 448:138575. [PMID: 38604110 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Quinoa sprouts are a green vegetable rich in bioactive chemicals, which have multiple health benefits. However, there is limited information on the overall metabolic profiles of quinoa sprouts and the metabolite changes caused by saline-alkali stress. Here, a UHPLC-MS/MS-based widely targeted metabolomics technique was performed to comprehensively evaluate the metabolic profiles of quinoa sprouts and characterize its metabolic response to saline-alkali stress. A total of 930 metabolites were identified of which 232 showed significant response to saline-alkali stress. The contents of lipids and amino acids were significantly increased, while the contents of flavonoids and phenolic acids were significantly reduced under saline-alkali stress. Moreover, the antioxidant activities of quinoa sprouts were significantly affected by saline-alkali stress. The enrichment analysis of the differentially accumulated metabolites revealed that flavonoid, amino acid and carbohydrate biosynthesis/metabolism pathways responded to saline-alkali stress. This study provided an important theoretical basis for evaluating the nutritional value of quinoa sprouts and the changes in metabolites in response to saline-alkali stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangtao Qian
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Mingyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xiaoting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yuqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Peng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Long Han
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xiangyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Changli Liu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Lixin Li
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
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Baiyasi M, St Claire K, Hengy M, Tur K, Fahs F, Potts G. Eyelash serums: A comprehensive review. J Cosmet Dermatol 2024; 23:2328-2344. [PMID: 38475901 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.16278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eyelash serums, both prescription and over-the-counter, are gaining popularity for enhancing the appearance of eyelashes through various biologically active molecules. Categorized into prostaglandin analogs and non-prostaglandin analogs, these serums claim increased strength, length, luster, and thickness. Current United States law also requires no efficacy or safety assessments by the Food and Drug Administration before approving products for consumer use, potentially posing health risks for patients seeking over-the-counter eyelash enhancements. AIMS Our aims include exploring proposed benefits and adverse effects associated with eyelash serums, while providing evidence-based clinical recommendations on their use. We aim to contribute valuable insights to the understanding of eyelash serums and their respective safety considerations. METHODS The authors conducted a comprehensive electronic search across databases including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central, and Google Scholar to evaluate eyelash serum ingredients. Articles were evaluated by two independent researchers for relevance, and the ingredients discussed were analyzed and given clinical recommendations for eyelash serums based off the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. RESULTS Results highlight bimatoprost's efficacy, supported by numerous studies evaluating safety and adverse effects. Other prostaglandin ingredients show potential benefits, but further studies are encouraged to enhance the understanding of respective safety profiles. While non-prostaglandins ingredients show promising data, more studies are needed due to a lack of formal evidence in eyelash serum use. CONCLUSION As the cosmeceutical market for eyelash serums is growing, dermatologists need to be knowledgeable about evidence-based information regarding prescription and over-the-counter eyelash serum products before making recommendations to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Baiyasi
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Kayla St Claire
- Department of Dermatology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Meredith Hengy
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Komal Tur
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Fatima Fahs
- Department of Dermatology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Geoffrey Potts
- Department of Dermatology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Morito K, Ali H, Kishino S, Tanaka T. Fatty Acid Metabolism in Peroxisomes and Related Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38811487 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2024_802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
One of the functions of peroxisomes is the oxidation of fatty acids (FAs). The importance of this function in our lives is evidenced by the presence of peroxisomal disorders caused by the genetic deletion of proteins involved in these processes. Unlike mitochondrial oxidation, peroxisomal oxidation is not directly linked to ATP production. What is the role of FA oxidation in peroxisomes? Recent studies have revealed that peroxisomes supply the building blocks for lipid synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum and facilitate intracellular carbon recycling for membrane quality control. Accumulation of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), which are peroxisomal substrates, is a diagnostic marker in many types of peroxisomal disorders. However, the relationship between VLCFA accumulation and various symptoms of these disorders remains unclear. Recently, we developed a method for solubilizing VLCFAs in aqueous media and found that VLCFA toxicity could be mitigated by oleic acid replenishment. In this chapter, we present the physiological role of peroxisomal FA oxidation and the knowledge obtained from VLCFA-accumulating peroxisome-deficient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Morito
- Laboratory of Environmental Biochemistry, Division of Biological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hanif Ali
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | | | - Tamotsu Tanaka
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan.
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Iorizzo M, Di Martino C, Letizia F, Crawford TW, Paventi G. Production of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum: A Review with Emphasis on Fermented Foods. Foods 2024; 13:975. [PMID: 38611281 PMCID: PMC11012127 DOI: 10.3390/foods13070975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The term Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) refers generically to a class of positional and geometric conjugated dienoic isomers of linoleic acid. Among the isomers of linoleic acid cis9, trans11-CLA (c9, t11-CLA) and trans10, cis12-CLA (t10, c12-CLA) are found to be biologically active isomers, and they occur naturally in milk, dairy products and meat from ruminants. In addition, some vegetables and some seafoods have also been reported to contain CLA. Although the CLA levels in these natural sources are insufficient to confer the essential health benefits, anti-carcinogenic or anti-cancer effects are of current interest. In the rumen, CLA is an intermediate of isomerization and the biohydrogenation process of linoleic acid to stearic acid conducted by ruminal microorganisms. In addition to rumen bacteria, some other bacteria, such as Propionibacterium, Bifidobacterium and some lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are also capable of producing CLA. In this regard, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (formerly Lactobacillus plantarum) has demonstrated the ability to produce CLA isomers from linoleic acid by multiple enzymatic activities, including hydration, dehydration, and isomerization. L. plantarum is one of the most versatile species of LAB and the bacterium is widely used in the food industry as a microbial food culture. Thus, in this review we critically analyzed the literature produced in the last ten years with the aim to highlight the potentiality as well as the optimal conditions for CLA production by L. plantarum. Evidence was provided suggesting that the use of appropriate strains of L. plantarum, as a starter or additional culture in the production of some fermented foods, can be considered a critical factor in the design of new CLA-enriched functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Iorizzo
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (M.I.); (F.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Catello Di Martino
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (M.I.); (F.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Francesco Letizia
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (M.I.); (F.L.); (G.P.)
| | | | - Gianluca Paventi
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (M.I.); (F.L.); (G.P.)
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Parvizi MM, Saki N, Samimi S, Radanfer R, Shahrizi MM, Zarshenas MM. Efficacy of castor oil cream in treating infraorbital hyperpigmentation: An exploratory single-arm clinical trial. J Cosmet Dermatol 2024; 23:911-917. [PMID: 37927123 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.16056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Infraorbital hyperpigmentation represents one of the most prevalent conditions in cosmetic dermatology. To treat this condition, many patients prefer natural remedies. This study explored the efficacy of topical castor oil cream in treating patients with infraorbital hyperpigmentation. METHODS We conducted an exploratory single-arm clinical trial at the Shahid Faghihi Dermatology Clinic and Molecular Dermatology Research Center of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, during 2021-2022. Using the convenience sampling method, we enrolled 25 patients with infraorbital hyperpigmentation. We instructed the patients to apply topical castor oil cream twice daily for 2 months. The darkness, melanin, and erythema levels were evaluated by VisioFace® 1000 D and SkinColorCatch® devices. We used a visual analog scale to assess skin laxity, wrinkles, and patient satisfaction. Data analysis was done with Stata version 14.2. RESULTS The data of 22 patients with a mean age of 40.92 ± 7.33 years were analyzed. The VisioFace® scores decreased significantly by the end of the study [right eyes: mean difference (MD): -5.63 (95% CI: -7.12 to -4.15), p < 0.001; left eyes: MD: -5.91 (95% CI: -7.46 to -4.36), p < 0.001]. Moreover, castor oil cream significantly reduced the melanin level, wrinkles, and skin laxity in the infraorbital region (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Castor oil cream seems to be an effective alternative for treating infraorbital hyperpigmentation. Randomized clinical trials are needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahdi Parvizi
- Molecular Dermatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nasrin Saki
- Department of Dermatology, Molecular Dermatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Soodabeh Samimi
- Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Roya Radanfer
- Department of Dermatology, Molecular Dermatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Miaad Shahrizi
- Department of Phytopharmaceuticals (Traditional Pharmacy), School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Zarshenas
- Department of Phytopharmaceuticals (Traditional Pharmacy), School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Epilepsy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Park K, Hahn JS. Engineering Yarrowia lipolytica for sustainable ricinoleic acid production: A pathway to free fatty acid synthesis. Metab Eng 2024; 81:197-209. [PMID: 38072356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Ricinoleic acid (C18:1-OH, RA) is a valuable hydroxy fatty acid with versatile applications. The current industrial source of RA relies on the hydrolysis of castor bean oil. However, the coexistence of the toxic compound ricin and the unstable supply of this plant have led to an exploration of promising alternatives: generating RA in heterologous plants or microorganisms. In this study, we engineered the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica to produce RA in the form of free fatty acids (FFA). First, we overexpressed fungal Δ12 oleate hydroxylase gene (CpFAH12) from Claviceps purpurea while deleting genes related to fatty acid degradation (MEF1 and PEX10) and oleic acid desaturation (FAD2). Since Δ12 oleate hydroxylase converts oleic acid (C18:1) located at the sn-2 position of phosphatidylcholine (PC), we next focused on increasing the PC pool containing oleic acid. This objective was achieved thorough implementing metabolic engineering strategies designed to enhance the biosynthesis of PC and C18 fatty acids. To increase the PC pool, we redirected the flux towards phospholipid biosynthesis by deleting phosphatidic acid phosphatase genes (PAH1 and APP1) and diacylglycerol acyltransferase gene (DGA1), involved in the production of diacylglycerol and triacylglycerol, respectively. Furthermore, the PC biosynthesis via the CDP-DAG pathway was enhanced through the overexpression of CDS1, PSD1, CHO2, and OPI3 genes. Subsequently, to increase the oleic acid content within PC, we overexpressed the heterologous fatty acid elongase gene (MaC16E) involved in the conversion of C16 to C18 fatty acids. As RA production titer escalated, the produced RA was mainly found in the FFA form, leading to cell growth inhibition. The growth inhibition was mitigated by inducing RA secretion via Triton X-100 treatment, a process that simultaneously amplified RA production by redirecting flux towards RA synthesis. The final engineered strain JHYL-R146 produced 2.061 g/L of free RA in a medium treated with 5% Triton X-100, constituting 74% of the total FFAs produced. Generating free RA offers the added benefit of bypassing the hydrolysis stage required when employing castor bean oil as an RA source. This achievement represents the highest level of RA synthesis from glucose reported thus far, underscoring the potential of Y. lipolytica as a host for sustainable RA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwanghyun Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Sook Hahn
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Rajan D, Amrutha M, George S, Susmitha A, Anburaj AA, Nampoothiri KM. Molecular cloning, overexpression, characterization, and In silico modelling analysis of a novel GDSL autotransporter-dependent outer membrane lipase (OML) of Pseudomonas guariconensis. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 255:128050. [PMID: 37992946 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
The outer membrane lipase (oml) gene, encoding a novel autotransporter-dependent lipase from Pseudomonas guariconensis, was cloned and sequenced. The oml gene has an open reading frame of 1866 bp. It encodes the 621 amino acid autotransporter-dependent GDSL lipase (OML), which has the highest sequence similarity (64.08 %) with the EstA of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PDB:3kvn.1. A). OML was expressed and purified, which showed a purified band of approximately 70 kDa. The purified enzyme showed maximum activity at pH 9 and 40 °C. Substrate specificity studies and kinetic study by Lineweaver-Burk plot of purified OML showed Km of 1.27 mM and Vmax of 333.33 U/mL with p-nitrophenyl palmitate. The purified enzyme showed good stability in the presence of hexane, methanol, and ethanol, while the presence of the metal ion Mg2+ showed maximum lipase activity. Bioinformatics analysis supported the in vitro findings by predicting enzyme substrate specificity towards long-chain fatty acids and fatty acids with shorter chain lengths. The stability of the interaction of the protein-ligand complex (OML-ricinoleic acid) was confirmed using MDS and castor oil bioconversion using purified OML was confirmed using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Devi Rajan
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695019, Kerala, India; University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram 695034, Kerala, India
| | - M Amrutha
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695019, Kerala, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sinumol George
- Cancer Research Program (HPV), Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, India
| | - A Susmitha
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695019, Kerala, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | | | - Kesavan Madhavan Nampoothiri
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695019, Kerala, India.
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Wrobel TJ, Brilhaus D, Stefanski A, Stühler K, Weber APM, Linka N. Mapping the castor bean endosperm proteome revealed a metabolic interaction between plastid, mitochondria, and peroxisomes to optimize seedling growth. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1182105. [PMID: 37868318 PMCID: PMC10588648 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1182105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we studied castor-oil plant Ricinus communis as a classical system for endosperm reserve breakdown. The seeds of castor beans consist of a centrally located embryo with the two thin cotyledons surrounded by the endosperm. The endosperm functions as major storage tissue and is packed with nutritional reserves, such as oil, proteins, and starch. Upon germination, mobilization of the storage reserves requires inter-organellar interplay of plastids, mitochondria, and peroxisomes to optimize growth for the developing seedling. To understand their metabolic interactions, we performed a large-scale organellar proteomic study on castor bean endosperm. Organelles from endosperm of etiolated seedlings were isolated and subjected to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Computer-assisted deconvolution algorithms were applied to reliably assign the identified proteins to their correct subcellular localization and to determine the abundance of the different organelles in the heterogeneous protein samples. The data obtained were used to build a comprehensive metabolic model for plastids, mitochondria, and peroxisomes during storage reserve mobilization in castor bean endosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Wrobel
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dominik Brilhaus
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anja Stefanski
- Molecular Proteomics Laboratory, Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ), Universitätsklinikum, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kai Stühler
- Molecular Proteomics Laboratory, Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ), Universitätsklinikum, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas P. M. Weber
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nicole Linka
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Sha Y, Guo X, He Y, Li W, Liu X, Zhao S, Hu J, Wang J, Li S, Zhao Z, Hao Z. Synergistic Responses of Tibetan Sheep Rumen Microbiota, Metabolites, and the Host to the Plateau Environment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14856. [PMID: 37834304 PMCID: PMC10573510 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Plateau adaptation in animals involves genetic mechanisms as well as coevolutionary mechanisms of the microbiota and metabolome of the animal. Therefore, the characteristics of the rumen microbiome and metabolome, transcriptome, and serum metabolome of Tibetan sheep at different altitudes (4500 m, 3500 m, and 2500 m) were analyzed. The results showed that the rumen differential metabolites at 3500 m and 4500 m were mainly enriched in amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, and carbohydrate metabolism, and there was a significant correlation with microbiota. The differentially expressed genes and metabolites at middle and high altitudes were coenriched in asthma, arachidonic acid metabolism, and butanoate and propanoate metabolism. In addition, the serum differential metabolites at 3500 m and 4500 m were mainly enriched in amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, and metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, and they were also related to microbiota. Further analysis revealed that rumen metabolites accounted for 7.65% of serum metabolites. These common metabolites were mainly enriched in metabolic pathways and were significantly correlated with host genes (p < 0.05). This study found that microbiota, metabolites, and epithelial genes were coenriched in pathways related to lipid metabolism, energy metabolism, and immune metabolism, which may be involved in the regulation of Tibetan sheep adaptation to plateau environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhu Sha
- College of Animal Science and Technology/Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Y.S.); (X.G.); (S.Z.); (J.H.); (J.W.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (Z.H.)
| | - Xinyu Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology/Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Y.S.); (X.G.); (S.Z.); (J.H.); (J.W.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (Z.H.)
| | - Yanyu He
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand;
| | - Wenhao Li
- Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China;
| | - Xiu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology/Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Y.S.); (X.G.); (S.Z.); (J.H.); (J.W.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (Z.H.)
| | - Shengguo Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology/Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Y.S.); (X.G.); (S.Z.); (J.H.); (J.W.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (Z.H.)
| | - Jiang Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology/Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Y.S.); (X.G.); (S.Z.); (J.H.); (J.W.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (Z.H.)
| | - Jiqing Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology/Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Y.S.); (X.G.); (S.Z.); (J.H.); (J.W.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (Z.H.)
| | - Shaobin Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology/Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Y.S.); (X.G.); (S.Z.); (J.H.); (J.W.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (Z.H.)
| | - Zhidong Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology/Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Y.S.); (X.G.); (S.Z.); (J.H.); (J.W.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (Z.H.)
| | - Zhiyun Hao
- College of Animal Science and Technology/Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Y.S.); (X.G.); (S.Z.); (J.H.); (J.W.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (Z.H.)
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Kanai M, Hikino K, Mano S. Cloning and Functional Verification of Endogenous U6 Promoters for the Establishment of Efficient CRISPR/Cas9-Based Genome Editing in Castor ( Ricinus communis). Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1327. [PMID: 37510232 PMCID: PMC10379810 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Castor (Ricinus communis) seeds are rich in a type of hydroxy fatty acid called ricinoleic acid, which is in high demand for the production of plant-based plastics, lubricants, and hydraulic oils. However, the high content of ricin, a toxic protein, in these seeds has restricted further expansion in the area of castor cultivation. Therefore, the development of ricin-free castor is needed. Genome editing technology, although successfully applied in several plant species, is still in the developing stages in castor and awaits the identification of an endogenous U6 promoter with robust function. Here, we searched for U6 small nuclear RNA (snRNA) genes in the castor genome. This led to the identification of six U6 snRNA genes. The promoters of these U6 snRNA genes were cloned, and their function was examined in castor cells using the particle delivery method. The results showed that a U6 promoter length of approximately 300 bp from the transcription start site was sufficient to activate gene expression. This study provides insights into the endogenous castor U6 promoter sequences and outlines a method for verifying the function of U6 promoters in plants using the particle delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatake Kanai
- Laboratory of Organelle Regulation, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kazumi Hikino
- Laboratory of Organelle Regulation, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Shoji Mano
- Laboratory of Organelle Regulation, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Basic Biology Program, Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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Darie-Niță RN, Irimia A, Grigoraș VC, Mustață F, Tudorachi N, Râpă M, Ludwiczak J, Iwanczuk A. Evaluation of Natural and Modified Castor Oil Incorporation on the Melt Processing and Physico-Chemical Properties of Polylactic Acid. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173608. [PMID: 36080683 PMCID: PMC9460240 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bio-based plasticizers derived from renewable resources represent a sustainable replacement for petrochemical-based plasticizers. Vegetable oils are widely available, non-toxic and biodegradable, resistant to evaporation, mostly colorless and stable to light and heat, and are a suitable alternative for phthalate plasticizers. Plasticized poly(lactic acid) (PLA) materials containing 5 wt%, 10 wt%, 15 wt% and 20 wt% natural castor oil (R) were prepared by melt blending to improve the ductility of PLA. Three castor oil adducts with maleic anhydride (MA), methyl nadic anhydride (methyl-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride) (NA) and hexahydro-4-methylphthalic anhydride (HA), previously synthesized, were incorporated in a concentration of 15 wt% each in PLA and compared with PLA plasticized with natural R. The physico-chemical properties of PLA/R blends were investigated by means of processability, chemical structure, surface wettability, mechanical, rheological and thermal characteristics. The addition of natural and modified R significantly improved the melt processing by decreasing the melt viscosity by ~95%, increased the surface hydrophobicity, enhanced the flexibility by ~14 times in the case of PLA/20R blend and ~11 times in the case of PLA/15R-MA blend as compared with neat PLA. The TG/DTG results showed that the natural R used up to 20 wt% could significantly improve the thermal stability of PLA, similar to the maleic anhydride-modified R. Based on the obtained results, up to 20 wt% natural R and 15 wt% MA-, HA- or NA-modified R might be used as environmentally friendly plasticizers that can improve the overall properties of PLA, depending on the intended food packaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca Nicoleta Darie-Niță
- Physical Chemistry of Polymers Department, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Anamaria Irimia
- Physical Chemistry of Polymers Department, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Vasile Cristian Grigoraș
- Physical Chemistry of Polymers Department, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Fănică Mustață
- Physical Chemistry of Polymers Department, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Niță Tudorachi
- Natural Polymers, Bioactive and Biocompatible Materials Department, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Maria Râpă
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Joanna Ludwiczak
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology, 50-013 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Andrzej Iwanczuk
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology, 50-013 Wrocław, Poland
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