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Tabulov C, Vascimini A, Ruble M. Using a virtual simulation platform for dispensing pediatric prescriptions in a community-based pharmaceutical skills course. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2023; 15:1052-1059. [PMID: 37923640 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2023.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Safe and accurate dispensing of medications is an essential skill. Pharmacy schools must provide students with the knowledge and practice to enhance special population dispensing skills. The objective of this study is to describe a community pharmacy pediatric simulation completed by first-year pharmacy students and to review student perceptions on confidence and knowledge learned after a MyDispense (Monash University) simulation. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING First-year Pharmaceutical Skills students participated in a MyDispense simulation to identify errors and omissions of prescription orders with a focus on pediatrics. Although students had limited therapeutic knowledge, the activity emphasized federal and Florida law requirements. Retrieval and direct application of these principles along with new experiences in identifying medication errors afforded students to learn in a low-stake, controlled environment. FINDINGS Of the 64 students enrolled in the Pharmaceutical Skills I course, 57 completed the pre-simulation survey and 56 students completed the post-simulation survey (87.5% response rate). Increased confidence and knowledge were found for most questions. The pre-simulation survey had students most frequently answer neutral followed by disagree or strongly disagree for ability to complete the listed task. The post-simulation survey responses shifted with many students responding with agree or strongly agree for the listed task and found MyDispense to be a helpful simulation tool. SUMMARY Exposing pharmacy students to pediatric virtual simulations early in the curriculum may increase confidence and knowledge. Future pediatric simulation coursework would benefit longitudinally to further build confidence and enhance retention of knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Tabulov
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics and Clinical Research, University of South Florida Health Taneja College of Pharmacy, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 30, Tampa, FL 33612, United States.
| | - Angelina Vascimini
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, 1225 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States.
| | - Melissa Ruble
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics and Clinical Research, University of South Florida Health Taneja College of Pharmacy, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 30, Tampa, FL 33612, United States.
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Straw A, Mills J, Winters R, Van de Roovaart H, Chen AM. Community pharmacies and the empowerment of self-care in the United States. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2023; 10:100266. [PMID: 37151372 PMCID: PMC10160781 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background As part of self-care, patients prevent diseases or conditions, maintain, or enhance their current health status, and address current health challenges. As a key member of the healthcare team, the role of the pharmacist in relation to self-care is important, given the ease of access to pharmacists in a variety of care settings. Objectives To describe the structure and function of self-care within community pharmacies throughout the United States (U.S.). Methods The literature within the U.S. was reviewed related to self-care definitions and practice, the role and training of the pharmacist, and challenges and opportunities for pharmacists. Results Within the U.S., self-care is broader than simply products found in the "over-the-counter" (OTC) section of pharmacies; it includes pharmacists involvement in disease prevention, evaluation and maintenance of current health status, and assistance in managing health challenges. There is growing recognition of the significance of pharmacists in aiding patients in self-care, due to publication of outcomes related to pharmacist-provided self-care support. Accreditation standards require student pharmacists to develop knowledge and competency related to the broadest definition of self-care; resources exist related to curricular content and student evaluation and assessment support. The evolving role of the pharmacist in relation to self-care has presented challenges in terms of recognition and renumeration for services and workload issues. Efforts are currently underway to address these challenges. Conclusions Spiraling health care costs, poor health outcomes, and continued health disparities indicate a need to better support U.S. patients on their health care journey, which often begins with self-care. There is a plethora of opportunities for pharmacists to advocate for expanding roles related to self-care, including participation in national efforts to recognize the outcomes of pharmacists in self-care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Straw
- Cedarville University School of Pharmacy, 251 N. Main St., Cedarville, OH 45314, USA
| | - Jenna Mills
- University of Findlay College of Pharmacy, 1000 N. Main St., Findlay, OH 45840, USA
| | - Rachel Winters
- Cedarville University School of Pharmacy, 251 N. Main St., Cedarville, OH 45314, USA
| | | | - Aleda M.H. Chen
- Cedarville University School of Pharmacy, 251 N. Main St., Cedarville, OH 45314, USA
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Cornelison B, Baldry A, Axon DR. Pharmacy Students’ Experiences with an Interactive Video Platform to Develop Clinical Reasoning. PHARMACY 2022; 10:pharmacy10040083. [PMID: 35893721 PMCID: PMC9326575 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy10040083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Activities used to evaluate clinical reasoning include the use of standardized patients, role play, and case studies. To provide a standardized student experience at a lower cost than a standardized patient, standardized patients were developed using an interactive video platform. The purpose of this article is to report pharmacy students’ perceptions of the interactive video standardized patients used to practice applying clinical reasoning in a self-care therapeutics course. Students participated in the following five methods to assess clinical reasoning: case studies, interactive patient videos, role play, case creation, and Zoom® polls. Four of the five methods (case studies, interactive patient videos, role play, and case creation) were used in small breakout groups consisting of two to three students. Upon completion of the small group work, Zoom® polls assessed the clinical reasoning of the entire class. Students completed a survey that assessed their level of agreement with 17 statements about the course on a five-point Likert scale and 2 questions that asked the students to rank the activities based on their experiences. There were 127 students that took the self-care therapeutics course, and 112 completed the survey (88%). Overall, the students preferred the Zoom® poll activity; however, of the four different methods utilized within the small breakout groups, the findings of our survey indicated that students preferred to receive fully written-out patient cases followed by the interactive patient videos. Additionally, the students thought that the written-out patient cases and interactive patient videos were most efficient for learning and recall. The interactive patient videos may be an alternative activity that allows students to demonstrate and assess their clinical reasoning for each patient case, in addition to seeing how this impacted their patient’s outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Cornelison
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, Tucson Campus, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-520-626-0588
| | - Adam Baldry
- Instructional Technologist, Center for Learning Technology, Northwest Campus, Pima Community College, Tucson, AZ 85741, USA;
| | - David R. Axon
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, Tucson Campus, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
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Mazan J, Komperda K, D'Souza J. Effects of virtual simulation on student pharmacists' ability to assess self-care patient cases. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2022; 14:863-869. [PMID: 35914847 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The use of simulation is recognized as an effective means to teach skills necessary for pharmacy practice. It is essential these educational activities are evaluated. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of virtual simulation on student pharmacists' ability to assess and formulate a plan for patients seeking self-care. METHODS In a third-year course, student pharmacists are assessed on their abilities to assist a patient seeking self-care. This assessment is a standardized patient (SP) case graded using a checklist. Previously, students prepared by participating in workshops and lectures only. In 2017, students continued workshops and lecture, but MyDispense virtual exercises were also assigned. Student performance after using MyDispense was compared to the previous year's students. Each student was assigned one of six different cases for the SP assessment. The maximum possible score was 20. Statistics used were chi-square, Fischer's exact, and t-test. RESULTS Data from 135 students in the intervention group were compared to 178 students in the control group. No differences were detected between the mean total scores of all cases when the intervention group was compared to the control group (16.89 vs. 17.22, respectively). A significant difference was only detected for Case 4 (15.91 vs. 18.02, intervention vs. control respectively, P < .001). Significant differences on the grading checklist were identified for six items. CONCLUSIONS Virtual simulation may impact student pharmacists' ability to assist patients seeking self-care recommendations. However, not all changes identified were positive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Mazan
- Pharmacy Practice, Midwestern University College of Pharmacy, Downers Grove, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL 60515, United States.
| | - Kathy Komperda
- Pharmacy Practice, Midwestern University College of Pharmacy, Downers Grove, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL 60515, United States.
| | - Jennifer D'Souza
- Pharmacy Practice, Midwestern University College of Pharmacy, Downers Grove, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL 60515, United States.
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Badri S, Najimi A, Azizkhani M, Zolghadr S, Roofeh S, Sepehr S, Mohammadi S. Development of a web-based virtual simulated learning environment for pharmacy practice education. J Res Pharm Pract 2022; 11:44-49. [PMID: 36277969 PMCID: PMC9585801 DOI: 10.4103/jrpp.jrpp_34_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: In the present study, we aimed to develop a virtual simulation that allows pharmacy students to play through actual prescriptions and pharmacy practice scenarios productively and on a personal computer. If designed properly, this program may serve as a supplementary educational tool without the need for an existing human tutor that could provide learning outcomes as good as those resulting from traditional paper-based pharmacy practice tutorials. Methods: A computer-based simulation of a community pharmacy was developed. This program mainly targeted three basic learning needs of pharmacy students: drug dispensing, patient counseling, and dealing with clinical situations related to the patients’ prescription or demand for over-the-counter (OTC) recommendations. Fundamental design decisions were based on breaking down the dispensing process into logical components to provide discrete development elements. For teaching patient counseling and clinical skills, instructors wrote scenarios covering the most prevalent pharmacy practice issues, mainly focused on medication use during pregnancy or lactation, OTC recommendations, information related to drug interactions and adverse drug reactions, and interactions between prescription drugs and patient's underlying disease. Findings: Based on the primary curriculum topics, the development team designed exercises for pharmacy practice units presented to year 5 pharmacy students. Accordingly, exercises were developed to authentically reflect tasks and challenges a community pharmacist would regularly face in the workplace. To fulfill this part, over 2000 real prescriptions were scanned and categorized based on the main drugs included. These prescriptions were used for both activities, namely medication dispensing and clinical scenarios. Furthermore, five senior pharmacy students wrote more than 200 clinical scenarios under a clinical pharmacist's supervision. The main objectives of pharmacy practice courses were followed to cover the most important must-to-know clinical tips, whether related to giving relevant advice as an OTC recommendation, referring the patient to a primary care physician, or just providing a piece of general health advice, which is expected to be comprehensively learned by pharmacy students. Conclusion: This program was designed as a simulated learning environment to help students develop prescription dispensing and clinical skills. To be considered a success, this simulation needed to provide equivalent or better learning outcomes than the current practice approach, which should be assessed in the future evaluation of the software, and then be promoted accordingly.
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Gülpınar G, Özçelikay G. Development of a Structured Communication and Counseling Skills Course for Pharmacy Students: A Simulation-based Approach. Turk J Pharm Sci 2021; 18:176-184. [PMID: 33902256 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2020.93709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Objectives We aimed to develop a structured communication and counseling education program to improve pharmacy students' skills. Then, we objectively assessed this program by using simulated patients. The program aims to improve pharmacy students' communication and counseling skills by using a patient-centered approach. Materials and Methods The study was conducted in three stages. First, a "Pharmacist-Patient Communication and Counseling Skills" education program was developed. Second, this program was implemented for pharmacy students. Third, the program was tested on volunteer students and evaluated for its effectiveness. Results The education program had a very large effect (Cohen's dz: 6.074) on improving students' communication and counseling skills, especially their empathy skills. Conclusion The education program achieved its goals. After demonstrating the program's success, a course was added to the pharmacy curriculum, and a communication skills laboratory was established in the school.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Gülpınar
- Ankara University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Management, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gülbin Özçelikay
- Ankara University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Management, Ankara, Turkey
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Scoular S, Huntsberry A, Patel T, Wettergreen S, Brunner JM. Transitioning Competency-Based Communication Assessments to the Online Platform: Examples and Student Outcomes. PHARMACY 2021; 9:52. [PMID: 33807737 PMCID: PMC8006042 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy9010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, pharmacy education has shifted from in-person teaching and assessments to the virtual environment. Many education programs had previously adopted objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs) to assess communication abilities in-person with standardized patients (SPs). However, comparative student outcome data between virtual and in-person methods as well as guidance on how to conduct communication-based OSCEs in the virtual environment is lacking. The University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (SSPPS) describes its methods of conducting two types of communication-based OSCEs (patient counseling and gathering a medical history). Student performance data from the two virtual OSCEs in 2020 was compared to results from two 2019 in-person OSCEs using Mann Whitney U Tests. The 2020 cohort scored significantly higher than the 2019 cohort in all variables (i.e., using effective verbal and non-verbal communication, using patient friendly education, organizing the encounter, demonstrating empathy, establishing trust, professionalism) and in overall score. However, the effect size for these findings indicate the differences between performances are generally small and more likely due to changes in grading patterns due to the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Scoular
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (A.H.); (T.P.); (S.W.); (J.M.B.)
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Thompson J, White S, Chapman S. Interactive Clinical Avatar Use in Pharmacist Preregistration Training: Design and Review. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22:e17146. [PMID: 33155983 PMCID: PMC7679212 DOI: 10.2196/17146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Virtual patients are interactive computer-based simulations that are being increasingly used in modern health care education. They have been identified as tools that can provide experiential learning and assessment in a standardized and safe environment. However, the study of high-fidelity virtual patients such as interactive clinical avatars within pharmacy is limited. OBJECTIVE The aim of this paper is to describe the design and review of three interactive clinical avatar simulations as part of pharmacist preregistration training. METHODS A multistep design approach was taken to create interactive clinical avatar simulations on the topics of emergency hormonal contraception (EHC), calculation of renal function, and childhood illnesses. All case studies were reviewed by registered pharmacists to establish content and face validity. The EHC case study and data collection questionnaire were also reviewed by a purposive sample of preregistration trainees and newly qualified pharmacists. The questionnaire used Likert ranking statements and open-ended questions to obtain users' feedback on the design, usability, and usefulness of the interactive clinical avatars as learning tools. Descriptive statistics and content analysis were undertaken on the data. RESULTS Ten preregistration trainees and newly qualified pharmacists reviewed the EHC interactive clinical avatars and data collection questionnaire. The data collection questionnaire was associated with a Cronbach alpha=.95, demonstrating good reliability. All three interactive clinical avatar simulations were reported as usable and appropriately designed for preregistration training. Users perceived they were developing skills and knowledge from the simulations. The high-fidelity nature of the avatars and relevance of the simulations to real-life practice were reported as aspects that encouraged the application of theory to practice. Improvements were suggested to ensure the simulations were more user-friendly. CONCLUSIONS The design and creation of the interactive clinical avatar simulations was successful. The multistep review process ensured validity and reliability of the simulations and data collection questionnaire. The in-depth explanation of the design process and provision of a questionnaire may help widen the use and evaluation of interactive clinical avatars or other simulation tools in pharmacy education. The interactive clinical avatars were reported as novel learning tools that promoted experiential learning and allowed users to feel like they were engaging in real-life scenarios, thus developing transferable knowledge and skills. This may be potentially beneficial for many health care training courses as a way to provide standardized experiences promoting active learning and reflection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Thompson
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom
| | - Simon White
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Chapman
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom
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Lim AS, Lee SWH, Karunaratne N, Caliph S. Pharmacy Students' Perceptions and Performance on the Use of an Online Virtual Experience Tool for Practicing Objective Structured Clinical Examinations. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2020; 84:7920. [PMID: 34283749 PMCID: PMC7712736 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe7920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To examine pharmacy students' performance on and perceptions regarding the use of an interactive online tool for practicing to take objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs).Methods. The Monash OSCE Virtual Experience (MOVE), an online module consisting of 20 pharmacy case scenarios with virtual patients, was piloted with final-year pharmacy students at Monash University campuses in Australia and Malaysia. A mixed methods approach that included reviewing user attempts and comparing grades, collecting student-administered questionnaires, and holding focus groups was used to examine students' perception and performance.Results. More than 99% of all students attempted at least one online case scenario in preparation for their final in-person OSCE, and 81% attempted all 20 scenarios two or more times. Ninety percent of students at the Malaysia campus and 70% of students at the Australia campus reported that MOVE was a helpful study tool for their OSCE preparation. However, a raw comparison of user attempts and OSCE grades did not find a direct correlation between online module attempts and assessment grades. Self-administered questionnaire and focus group results indicated that MOVE prepared students for targeted and time-restricted history-taking and problem-solving skills. Overall, students perceived MOVE to be a useful learning tool and a less overwhelming learning experience than were face-to-face sessions. Nevertheless, students still preferred face-to-face OSCE practice with simulated patients over online practice with virtual patients.Conclusion. The Monash OSCE Virtual Experience was perceived by our students as a flexible and useful online learning aid in preparing for their final-year OSCE However, there was no direct correlation between online practice attempts and students' exam grades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina S Lim
- Monash University, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shaun Wen Huey Lee
- Monash University Malaysia, School of Pharmacy, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Nilushi Karunaratne
- Monash University, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Suzanne Caliph
- Monash University, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Fidler BD. Use of a virtual patient simulation program to enhance the physical assessment and medical history taking skills of doctor of pharmacy students. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2020; 12:810-816. [PMID: 32540042 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To evaluate if utilizing a virtual simulated patient program in a required pharmacy course improves the health history taking and physical assessment skills of first-year professional pharmacy students. METHODS During a 14-week course students registered for a web-based virtual patient simulation program. Students were assigned a virtual patient case to complete during weeks one and 13 of the course. Scores from the pre- and post-interventions were compared focusing on the students' ability to perform a physical exam, take a medical history, provide patient education, and display empathy. Students were also asked to self-assess their skills after having been exposed to the virtual simulation program throughout the semester. RESULTS The total number of paired observations used in the final analysis of the pre- and post-virtual patient test case was 171 students. The overall student performance index, which includes the scoring of subjective/objective data and patient education/empathy, improved from 52% at week one to 78.42% at week 14. The individual scoring of subjective/objective data and patient education/empathy significantly improved from week one to week 13. Approximately 76.54% of the class strongly agreed or agreed that the virtual simulation program made them feel more confident in their ability to obtain a medical history from patients. CONCLUSIONS Virtual patient simulation programs are effective teaching methods for students to develop and improve upon their medical history taking and physical assessment skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke D Fidler
- LIU Pharmacy, Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States.
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Buckley K, Counts S, Fairman KA. Evaluation of an interactive simulated patient educational tool on course performance among current pharmacy students. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2020; 12:472-478. [PMID: 32334765 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2019.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE In an accelerated doctor of pharmacy program, student examination performance on a key knowledge concept, the Cockcroft-Gault equation (CGE) for creatinine clearance estimation, was suboptimal. A scenario-based online tutorial using a virtual patient activity was developed to provide just-in-time access to an active-learning opportunity, consistent with Millennial learning styles. The purposes of this study were to assess the association between tutorial use and CGE examination performance and to explore learner characteristics that may affect this association, including student age group. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING CGE calculation is a required component of Renal and Cardiovascular System I, the fourth of a five-quarter intensive integrated course sequence. The tutorial used pretest-based branching, learner personalization, and virtual-patient scenarios in a realistic environment. Statistical analyses estimated the association of voluntary tutorial usage with CGE-calculation performance using Spearman's Rho correlations and linear regression analysis. Covariates included age group and course grade, excluding CGE points. FINDINGS Over a three-year study period (2015 to 2017), students (n = 436) accessed the tutorial a mean (median) of 5.64 (5.0) times. Tutorial access varied significantly, but not consistently, across age categories. In both bivariate and linear regression analyses, tutorial access was significantly associated with CGE grade only among students with non-CGE grades in the top 25% (i.e. top quartile). SUMMARY The majority of learners took advantage of an interactive educational tool designed for active learner engagement. Frequency of tutorial access was associated with improvements in CGE calculation performance only among top-quartile students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Buckley
- Midwestern University College of Pharmacy - Glendale, 19555 N 59th Avenue, Glendale, AZ 85308, United States.
| | - Stephanie Counts
- Midwestern University College of Pharmacy - Glendale, 19555 N 59th Avenue, Glendale, AZ 85308, United States.
| | - Kathleen A Fairman
- Midwestern University College of Pharmacy - Glendale, 19555 N 59th Avenue, Glendale, AZ 85308, United States.
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Tai MH, Rida N, Klein KC, Diez H, Wells T, Kippes K, Walker PC, Vordenberg SE. Impact of virtual simulation in self-care therapeutics course on introductory pharmacy practice experience self-care encounters. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2020; 12:74-83. [PMID: 31843168 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2019.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Pharmacy education programs use simulation to provide a realistic and safe environment for student learning. We studied whether incorporation of virtual simulation into a required first year self-care therapeutics course impacted frequency of interactions, self-reported student confidence, and preceptor-reported student performance during second-year community pharmacy introductory pharmacy practice experiences (IPPEs). EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING Virtual simulation cases using MyDispense were incorporated into a self-care therapeutics course in winter 2017. Students and preceptors were surveyed at the end of the fall semester community pharmacy IPPE. Data from IPPE experiences was compared with students who took the self-care therapeutics course in winter 2016 (control). FINDINGS Students completed 30 virtual simulation cases and three cases as part of the final examination (n = 33). Students in the intervention group reported more patient care interactions during their IPPEs than students who did not complete virtual simulation cases, but there was no difference in self-reported confidence. Preceptors did not report any differences in the ability of students to complete over-the-counter medication interactions during IPPEs. SUMMARY Cases were well received by students although they took longer to complete than initially anticipated. Students in the intervention group reported significantly more patient care interactions during IPPEs than those in the control group; however, there were no differences in self-reported confidence. Incorporation of virtual simulation was a sustainable change as the cases were able to be re-used the following year with minimal edits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hei Tai
- University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Nada Rida
- University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kristin C Klein
- University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Heidi Diez
- University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Trisha Wells
- University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kellie Kippes
- University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Paul C Walker
- University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Sarah E Vordenberg
- University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, 428 Church St, Suite 3563 NUB, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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Seybert AL, Smithburger PL, Benedict NJ, Kobulinsky LR, Kane‐Gill SL, Coons JC. Evidence for simulation in pharmacy education. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jac5.1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Seybert
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Pamela L. Smithburger
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Neal J. Benedict
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Lawrence R. Kobulinsky
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Sandra L. Kane‐Gill
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - James C. Coons
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
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Ambroziak K, Ibrahim N, Marshall VD, Kelling SE. Virtual simulation to personalize student learning in a required pharmacy course. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2018; 10:750-756. [PMID: 30025776 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Virtual simulation is used to provide a realistic and safe environment for student pharmacists to learn and practice a variety of skills in the didactic and experiential settings. EDUCATION ACTIVITY AND SETTING The simulation program, MyDispense, that is used to teach medication dispensing in the outpatient setting was incorporated into a 2-credit hour required first-year pharmacy practice skills course. A total of 30 optional and 16 required exercises were completed by students. FINDINGS There was a total of 2,457 attempts (mean = 28.9 attempts per student) at optional practice exercises and students completed an average of 16.6 ± 7.9 (range 1-30). While variation in the number of optional practice exercises completed was observed between students with varying levels of pharmacy experience, the difference was not statistically significant. A component of the final exam utilized the virtual simulation program and all students passed this portion of the exam based on a minimum requirement of 70.0% (mean 92.9%, range 74.5-100%). DISCUSSION Students generally identified that the use of virtual simulation was an effective tool to learn medication dispensing skills in a classroom setting. Furthermore, this created an opportunity for pharmacy practice residents to develop teaching skills. The biggest barrier to implementation was the amount of time required to create and test each exercise. SUMMARY The virtual simulation program allowed students to self-identify the amount of practice they thought was necessary in order to gain specific skills related to medication dispensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Ambroziak
- University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Nour Ibrahim
- University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Vincent D Marshall
- University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Sarah E Kelling
- University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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Smith MA, Waite LH. Utilization of a virtual patient for advanced assessment of student performance in pain management. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2017; 9:893-897. [PMID: 29233321 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE To assess student performance and achievement of course objectives following the integration of a virtual patient case designed to promote active, patient-centered learning in a required pharmacy course. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING DecisionSim™ (Kynectiv, Inc., Chadsford, PA), a dynamic virtual patient platform, was used to implement an interactive patient case to augment pain management material presented during a didactic session in a pharmacotherapy course. Simulation performance data were collected and analyzed. Student exam performance on pain management questions was compared to student exam performance on nearly identical questions from a prior year when a paper-based case was used instead of virtual patient technology. FINDINGS Students who performed well on the virtual patient case performed better on exam questions related to patient assessment (p = 0.0244), primary pharmacological therapy (p = 0.0001), and additional pharmacological therapy (p = 0.0001). Overall exam performance did not differ between the two groups. However, students with exposure to the virtual patient case demonstrated significantly better performance on higher level Bloom's Taxonomy questions that required them to create pharmacotherapy regimens (p=0.0005). Students in the previous year (exposed only to a paper patient case) performed better in calculating conversions of opioids for patients (p = 0.0001). SUMMARY Virtual patient technology may enhance student performance on high-level Bloom's Taxonomy examination questions. This study adds to the current literature demonstrating the value of virtual patient technology as an active-learning strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Smith
- University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | - Laura H Waite
- Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences, 600 S. 43rd Street, Griffith Hall 108, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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Ferrone M, Kebodeaux C, Fitzgerald J, Holle L. Implementation of a virtual dispensing simulator to support US pharmacy education. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2017; 9:511-520. [PMID: 29233422 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A key element for pharmacy practice defined by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) is medication use systems management. A web-based community pharmacy simulation originally created for Australian pharmacy students was adapted for pharmacy students in the United States (US). The objective of this study was to collaboratively adapt an existing international simulation program for utility in the US and measure student perceptions of a web-based community pharmacy simulation program in three US schools of pharmacy. METHODS An Australian development team in collaboration with US pharmacy school faculty modified the existing MyDispense software to create a virtual environment that accurately represented US community pharmacy practice. Students at three US schools of pharmacy used the newly adapted version of MyDispense and were surveyed on their prior experience in community pharmacy and their perceptions of MyDispense as a learning tool. RESULTS Overall 241 (44%) students completed the satisfaction survey. Approximately 40% of these students worked in a community pharmacy before starting pharmacy school. Most students agreed or strongly agreed that MyDispense was straightforward to learn (76%), was more realistic than addressing similar paper cases (73%), and offered a learning opportunity to safely make errors (84%). Qualitative thematic analysis revealed that MyDispense allowed students to practice how to gather patient information and ask appropriate questions, counsel patients, and practice the dispensing process. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Response to the US version of My Dispense is positive and proves to be a viable option for introducing and reinforcing community pharmacy practice skills to students during in their pharmacy education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Ferrone
- University of California, San Francisco, School of Pharmacy, 3333 California Street, Suite 420, Box 0613, San Francisco, CA 94118, United States.
| | - Clark Kebodeaux
- St. Louis College of Pharmacy, 4588 Parkview Place, St. Louis, MO 63110-1088, United States.
| | - Jill Fitzgerald
- University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, 69 N. Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, United States.
| | - Lisa Holle
- University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, 69 N. Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, United States.
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Song M, Ung COL, Lee VWY, Hu Y, Zhao J, Li P, Hu H. Community pharmacists' perceptions about pharmaceutical service of over-the-counter traditional Chinese medicine: a survey study in Harbin of China. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 17:9. [PMID: 28056935 PMCID: PMC5217429 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1532-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to investigate community pharmacist's perception on the provision of over-the-counter (OTC) traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) pharmaceutical services; focusing on the areas of their attitude, general practice, perceived barriers and suggested improvements. METHODS Questionnaire survey targeting community pharmacists in Harbin of China was applied in this study. Questionnaires were distributed and collected at community pharmacies. Data was analyzed by combining descriptive analysis and Chi-test. RESULTS 280 valid questionnaires were collected, giving a response rate of 78%. Respondents generally showed positive attitude towards OTC TCM pharmaceutical services. However, they were uncertain about whether such pharmaceutical services should be considered as their primary responsibility. Respondents indicated that they acted proactively to find out all the medicines taken by their patients and to remind consumers of possible OTC TCM adverse reactions. However, they were less keen on recommending or re-directing consumers to suitable OTC TCM. The three main barriers hindering the provision of OTC TCM pharmaceutical service identified in this study were "insufficient professional knowledge" (54.6%), "ambiguity of the professional role of pharmacists" (54.6%) and "lack of scientific evidence of OTC TCM" (45.4%). The three main actions considered most relevant to improving pharmaceutical service of OTC TCM were "formulating or refining legislation to clarify the legal and professional role of pharmacists with respect to TCM" (60.7%), "strengthening training of pharmacists with respect to TCM" (57.9%), and "promoting public awareness of the pharmacist's role" (53.6%). According to the results of Chi-test, respondents' perceptions about the attitude, practice, perceived barriers, and improvement suggestions were significantly different depending on the education levels, certificate types and workloads of western medicine. CONCLUSIONS The community pharmacists in Harbin, China were positive about the provision of OTC TCM pharmaceutical services. However, they were less certain about taking this duty as their primary responsibility. Insufficient knowledge and lack of role definition in the area of OTC TCM were found to be the major factors discouraging the provision of pharmaceutical service on OTC TCM by community pharmacists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghuan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Carolina Oi Lam Ung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Vivian Wing-yan Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuanjia Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Hao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
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Smith MA, Siemianowski LA, Benedict N. Virtual Patient Case Sharing Across Two Schools of Pharmacy. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2016; 80:153. [PMID: 28090102 PMCID: PMC5221835 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe809153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To expand the use of virtual patients at 2 schools of pharmacy through virtual patient case sharing. Design. Faculty members at two schools of pharmacy collaborated to expand the use of virtual patients. Two simulation programs, vpSim and DecisionSim (Decision Simulation, LLC, Chadsford, PA), were used to create interactive patient cases for a required course and an elective course at the different schools. Each school developed cases for their own use and then shared the cases with the other school. Assessment. The development, sharing, and subsequent modification of cases were examined using a standardized data collection form completed by both schools. Survey instruments were used to gather data regarding faculty perception and student satisfaction. Pre- and post-tests were administered to assess student learning. Five cases were developed and shared between the institutions. The time spent constructing new cases (22 hours/case) was significantly longer than the time spent modifying the shared cases (1.2 hours/case). Faculty members and students were largely satisfied with case sharing and the use of virtual patient cases, respectively. Virtual patients significantly enhanced student learning of material (mean score: 3.2 vs 3.6 on a 5-point scale). Conclusions. The sharing of virtual patient cases may allow institutions to overcome barriers to implementation of virtual patient programs, namely faculty resources, while improving student learning and satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Smith
- Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Laura A. Siemianowski
- Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Neal Benedict
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Curley LE, McDonald M, Aspden T. Use of a fictitious community-based virtual teaching platform to aid in the teaching of pharmacy practice skills: Student perspectives after initial implementation. J Pharm Policy Pract 2016; 9:24. [PMID: 27688884 PMCID: PMC5034471 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-016-0077-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Providing patient-centred care requires pharmacy students to learn how to interact effectively and understand individual differences that can influence patients’ health. The School of Pharmacy at The University of Auckland, New Zealand (NZ), developed a virtual teaching platform, called NZ Pharmville, which consisted of twenty-one community-based patients who are members of six families; each family had a video vignette associated with it. Bachelor of Pharmacy (BPharm) students, enrolled in the third year pharmacy practice course, were able to view these recorded vignettes as part of their weekly pre-laboratory work for the course. All the clinical cases within the course were based on this community, with the aim of increasing the realism in the practical sessions and increasing patient-centred learning. This study aimed to explore the perspectives of pharmacy students regarding the integration of this virtual community into a third year undergraduate pharmacy practice course. Methods An anonymous, voluntary survey which consisted of twenty-one items, 13 requiring a Likert scale response and 8 requiring free text responses, was distributed to all students who had completed the third year pharmacy practice course. The responses to the questions were collated and analysed. Responses to questions one to thirteen were recorded in Excel, and results were presented as the combination of strongly agree and agree, strongly disagree and disagree and neutral. Responses to free text questions were read multiple times before being coded by two members of the research team into broad themes aligned to the overall aims of the evaluation. Results Eighty-six (80.4 %) of the eligible students completed the survey and the majority of responses were positive towards the benefits of using the virtual community in the course. Responses indicated that many of the students found the integration of the virtual community to be useful preparation for their practical sessions and the majority of students felt that the vignettes made it easier to develop empathy for the patients rather than reading about them. Conclusion The use of virtual communities, for example, NZ Pharmville, show promise as a platform to aid in teaching and learning. The resources in NZ Pharmville allow students ongoing access to patient video clips that attempt to depict a real life situation, and enable students to engage with the fictional characters. The virtual community provided an educational experience which was well received by students. This teaching method appeared to promote active patient-centered learning and allowed students to reflect on and revisit these skills on a weekly basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise E Curley
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand ; School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, NZ Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Maureen McDonald
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, NZ Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Trudi Aspden
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, NZ Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
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Peddle M, Bearman M, Nestel D. Virtual Patients and Nontechnical Skills in Undergraduate Health Professional Education: An Integrative Review. Clin Simul Nurs 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecns.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Zlotos L, Power A, Hill D, Chapman P. A Scenario-Based Virtual Patient Program to Support Substance Misuse Education. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2016; 80:48. [PMID: 27170819 PMCID: PMC4857643 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe80348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To evaluate virtual patient (VP) programs for injecting equipment provision (IEP) and opiate substitution therapy (OST) services with respect to confidence and knowledge among preregistration pharmacist trainees. Methods. Preregistration trainee pharmacists pilot-tested the VP programs and were invited to complete pre/post and 6-month assessments of knowledge and perceived confidence. Results. One hundred six trainees participated and completed the pre/postassessments. Forty-six (43.4%) participants repeated the assessments at six months. Scores in perceived confidence increased in all domains at both time points postprogram. Knowledge scores were greater posteducation than preeducation. Knowledge scores were also greater six months after education than preeducation. Knowledge scores at six months were lower than posteducation for both programs. Conclusion. Virtual patients programs increased preregistration pharmacists' knowledge and confidence with regard to IEP and OST immediately after use and at six months postprogram. There was a loss of clinical knowledge over time but confidence change was sustained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Zlotos
- NHS Education for Scotland, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Ailsa Power
- NHS Education for Scotland, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Duncan Hill
- NHS Lanarkshire, Airbles Road Centre, Motherwell, Scotland
| | - Paul Chapman
- Digital Design Studio, Glasgow School of Art, Glasgow, Scotland
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Barnett SG, Gallimore CE, Pitterle M, Morrill J. Impact of a Paper vs Virtual Simulated Patient Case on Student-Perceived Confidence and Engagement. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2016; 80:16. [PMID: 26941442 PMCID: PMC4776294 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe80116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate online case simulation vs a paper case on student confidence and engagement. DESIGN Students enrolled in a pharmacotherapy laboratory course completed a patient case scenario as a component of an osteoarthritis laboratory module. Two laboratory sections used a paper case (n=53); three sections used an online virtual case simulation (n=81). Student module performance was assessed through a submitted subjective objective assessment plan (SOAP) note. Students completed pre/post surveys to measure self-perceived confidence in providing medication management. The simulation group completed postmodule questions related to realism and engagement of the online virtual case simulation. Group assessments were performed using chi-square and Mann Whitney tests. ASSESSMENT A significant increase in all 13 confidence items was seen in both student groups following completion of the laboratory module. The simulation group had an increased change of confidence compared to the paper group in assessing medication efficacy and documenting a thorough assessment. Comparing the online virtual simulation to a paper case, students agreed the learning experience increased interest, enjoyment, relevance, and realism. The simulation group performed better on the subjective SOAP note domain though no differences in total SOAP note scores was found between the two groups. CONCLUSION Virtual case simulations result in increased student engagement and may lead to improved documentation performance in the subjective domain of SOAP notes. However, virtual patient cases may offer limited benefit over paper cases in improving overall student self-confidence to provide medication management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne G Barnett
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Casey E Gallimore
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Michael Pitterle
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Josh Morrill
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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Werlissandra MDS, Alessandra RM, Angelo RA, Divaldo PDLJ, Wellington BDS. Teaching in pharmaceutical care: A systematic reviewTeaching in pharmaceutical care: A systematic review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5897/ajpp2014.4181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Smith MA, Benedict N. Effectiveness of educational technology to improve patient care in pharmacy curricula. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2015; 79:15. [PMID: 25741031 PMCID: PMC4346827 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe79115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A review of the literature on the effectiveness of educational technologies to teach patient care skills to pharmacy students was conducted. Nineteen articles met inclusion criteria for the review. Seven of the articles included computer-aided instruction, 4 utilized human-patient simulation, 1 used both computer-aided instruction and human-patient simulation, and 7 utilized virtual patients. Educational technology was employed with more than 2700 students at 12 colleges and schools of pharmacy in courses including pharmacotherapeutics, skills and patient care laboratories, drug diversion, and advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) orientation. Students who learned by means of human-patient simulation and virtual patients reported enjoying the learning activity, whereas the results with computer-aided instruction were mixed. Moreover, the effect on learning was significant in the human-patient simulation and virtual patient studies, while conflicting data emerged on the effectiveness of computer-aided instruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Smith
- University of the Sciences, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Neal Benedict
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Smith MA, Mohammad RA, Benedict N. Use of virtual patients in an advanced therapeutics pharmacy course to promote active, patient-centered learning. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2014; 78:125. [PMID: 25147397 PMCID: PMC4140491 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe786125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess student satisfaction and learning of course objectives following the integration of virtual patient cases designed to promote active, patient-centered learning in an advanced therapeutics pharmacy course. DESIGN A dynamic virtual patient platform that incorporated a branched-narrative, decision-making teaching model was used in an advanced therapeutics course to supplement lecture content. ASSESSMENT Presimulation and postsimulation tests were used to assess student learning. The use of virtual patients significantly enhanced student learning for both higher- and lower-level test questions (p<0.001 and p=0.01, respectively). Students agreed or strongly agreed that the virtual patient cases provided an effective way to learn (72%), were enjoyable (69%), and were appropriate in content (80%), and that more should be incorporated (59%). CONCLUSION The use of virtual patients in an advanced therapeutics practicum effectively promoted active, patient-centered learning; engaged students in an interactive and dynamic educational technology; encouraged teamwork; enhanced higher-level student learning; and improved student satisfaction in the course.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rima A. Mohammad
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Neal Benedict
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Salvo M. In support of teaching basic diagnostics. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2014; 78:64. [PMID: 24761025 PMCID: PMC3996396 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe78364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Salvo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
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Ambizas EM, Bastianelli KM, Ferreri SP, Haines SL, Orr KK, Stutz MM, VanAmburgh JA, Wilhelm M. Evolution of self-care education. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2014; 78:28. [PMID: 24672061 PMCID: PMC3965136 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe78228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
During the past 15 years, the curriculum content for nonprescription medication and self-care therapeutics has expanded significantly. Self-care courses ranging from stand-alone, required courses to therapeutic content and skills laboratories, have evolved in colleges and schools of pharmacy to accommodate rapid changes related to nonprescription medications and to meet the needs of students. The design of and content delivery methods used in self-care courses vary among institutions. Teaching innovations such as team-based learning, role playing/vignettes, videos, and social media, as well as interdisciplinary learning have enhanced delivery of this content. Given that faculty members train future pharmacists, they should be familiar with the new paradigms of Nonprescription Safe Use Regulatory Expansion (NSURE) Initiative, nonprescription medications for chronic diseases, and the growing trends of health and wellness in advancing patient-care initiatives. This paper reviews the significant changes that may be impacting self-care curriculums in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily M. Ambizas
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, Queens, New York
| | | | - Stefanie P. Ferreri
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Seena L. Haines
- Gregory School of Pharmacy, Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, Florida
| | | | - Misty M. Stutz
- College of Pharmacy, Sullivan University, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Jenny A. VanAmburgh
- Bouvé College of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Miranda Wilhelm
- School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, Illinois
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Douglass MA, Casale JP, Skirvin JA, DiVall MV. A virtual patient software program to improve pharmacy student learning in a comprehensive disease management course. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2013; 77:172. [PMID: 24159213 PMCID: PMC3806956 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe778172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To implement and assess the impact of a virtual patient pilot program on pharmacy students' clinical competence skills. DESIGN Pharmacy students completed interactive software-based patient case scenarios embedded with drug-therapy problems as part of a course requirement at the end of their third year. ASSESSMENT Assessments included drug-therapy problem competency achievement, performance on a pretest and posttest, and pilot evaluation survey instrument. Significant improvements in students' posttest scores demonstrated advancement of clinical skills involving drug-therapy problem solving. Students agreed that completing the pilot program improved their chronic disease management skills and the program summarized the course series well. CONCLUSION Using virtual patient technology allowed for assessment of student competencies and improved learning outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Douglass
- Northeastern University School of Pharmacy, Boston, Massachusetts
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Benedict N, Schonder K, McGee J. Promotion of self-directed learning using virtual patient cases. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2013; 77:151. [PMID: 24052654 PMCID: PMC3776905 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe777151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effectiveness of virtual patient cases to promote self-directed learning (SDL) in a required advanced therapeutics course. DESIGN Virtual patient software based on a branched-narrative decision-making model was used to create complex patient case simulations to replace lecture-based instruction. Within each simulation, students used SDL principles to learn course objectives, apply their knowledge through clinical recommendations, and assess their progress through patient outcomes and faculty feedback linked to their individual decisions. Group discussions followed each virtual patient case to provide further interpretation, clarification, and clinical perspective. ASSESSMENTS Students found the simulated patient cases to be organized (90%), enjoyable (82%), intellectually challenging (97%), and valuable to their understanding of course content (91%). Students further indicated that completion of the virtual patient cases prior to class permitted better use of class time (78%) and promoted SDL (84%). When assessment questions regarding material on postoperative nausea and vomiting were compared, no difference in scores were found between the students who attended the lecture on the material in 2011 (control group) and those who completed the virtual patient case on the material in 2012 (intervention group). CONCLUSION Completion of virtual patient cases, designed to replace lectures and promote SDL, was overwhelmingly supported by students and proved to be as effective as traditional teaching methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal Benedict
- School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kristine Schonder
- School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - James McGee
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Wallman A, Vaudan C, Sporrong SK. Communications training in pharmacy education, 1995-2010. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2013; 77:36. [PMID: 23519011 PMCID: PMC3602860 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe77236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The role of the pharmacist as a "communicator" of information and advice between patients, other healthcare practitioners, and the community is recognized as a vital component of the responsibilities of a practicing pharmacist. Pharmacy education is changing to reflect this, although the difficulty is in designing a curriculum that is capable of equipping students with the necessary knowledge and skills, using activities that are effective in promoting communication competency. The objective of this review was to identify published, peer-reviewed articles concerning communication training in pharmacy education programs, and describe which communication skills the structured learning activities aimed to improve and how these learning activities were assessed. A systematic literature search was conducted and the articles found were analyzed and divided into categories based on specific communication skills taught and type of learning activity used. Oral interpersonal communication skills targeted at patients were the most common skill-type described, followed by clinical writing skills. Common teaching methods included simulated and standardized patient interactions and pharmacy practice experience courses. Most educational interventions were assessed by subjective measures. Many interventions were described as fragments, in isolation of other learning activities that took place in a course, which impedes complete analysis of study results. To succeed in communication training, integration between different learning activities and progression within pharmacy educations are important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Wallman
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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Simmons-Yon A, Roth MT, Vu M, Kavalieratos D, Weinberger M, Rao JK. Understanding pharmacists' experiences with advice-giving in the community pharmacy setting: a focus group study. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2012; 89:476-483. [PMID: 22995598 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the experiences of community pharmacists providing advice about symptoms and complementary and alternative medicines (CAM). METHODS Ten licensed pharmacists and 21 student pharmacists working in community settings participated in 4 focus groups to discuss: patients' questions about symptoms and CAM, comfort level providing advice, and factors prompting physician referrals. Focus group recordings were transcribed verbatim and interpreted using thematic text analysis. RESULTS Pharmacists' dual role as advisors and medical liaisons emerged as primary themes. Participants reported that patients often seek their advice about self-care of symptoms to delay physician visits. Participants were comfortable giving advice; lack of medical history decreased their comfort level. Most were uncomfortable recommending CAM because of the lack of regulation and evidence. Participants suggested that pharmacy curricula expand training on symptom triage, pharmacist-patient communication, and CAM to prepare graduates for employment in community settings. CONCLUSION Student and licensed pharmacists of this study voiced that they are often asked for advice on symptom management, but reported needing training to help provide appropriate advice to patients. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS The findings suggest that training strategies could help pharmacists appropriately triage and advise patients seeking self-care advice for their symptoms in the community setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amica Simmons-Yon
- Division of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Cecil G Sheps Center for Health Services Research, UNC-Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Battaglia JN, Kieser MA, Bruskiewitz RH, Pitterle ME, Thorpe JM. An online virtual-patient program to teach pharmacists and pharmacy students how to provide diabetes-specific medication therapy management. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2012; 76:131. [PMID: 23049103 PMCID: PMC3448469 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe767131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop, implement, and assess the effectiveness of an online medication therapy management (MTM) program to train pharmacists and pharmacy students in providing MTM services for patients with diabetes and to increase their intent to perform these services. DESIGN An online program was created using an Internet-based learning platform to simulate 4 MTM meetings between a pharmacist and a virtual patient diagnosed with diabetes. ASSESSMENT Eighty students and 42 pharmacists completed the program. After completing the program, scores on post-intervention assessments showed significant improvement in 2 areas: control over performing MTM, and knowledge of how to perform MTM. Students had a significantly less-positive attitude about MTM and a decline in their perception of the social expectation that MTM is part of the practice of pharmacy, while pharmacists' attitudes did not change significantly in these areas. CONCLUSION This online program using a virtual patient improved both participants' belief that they have control over performing MTM, and their knowledge of how to perform MTM for diabetic patients, which may increase the likelihood that pharmacists and pharmacy students will perform MTM in the future.
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Cavaco AM, Madeira F. European pharmacy students' experience with virtual patient technology. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2012; 76:106. [PMID: 22919082 PMCID: PMC3425921 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe766106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe how virtual patients are being used to simulate real-life clinical scenarios in undergraduate pharmacy education in Europe. METHODS One hundred ninety-four participants at the 2011 Congress of the European Pharmaceutical Students Association (EPSA) completed an exploratory cross-sectional survey instrument. RESULTS Of the 46 universities and 23 countries represented at the EPSA Congress, only 12 students from 6 universities in 6 different countries reported having experience with virtual patient technology. The students were satisfied with the virtual patient technology and considered it more useful as a teaching and learning tool than an assessment tool. Respondents who had not used virtual patient technology expressed support regarding its potential benefits in pharmacy education. French and Dutch students were significantly less interested in virtual patient technology than were their counterparts from other European countries. CONCLUSION The limited use of virtual patients in pharmacy education in Europe suggests the need for initiatives to increase the use of virtual patient technology and the benefits of computer-assisted learning in pharmacy education.
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Jabbur-Lopes MO, Mesquita AR, Silva LMA, De Almeida Neto A, Lyra DP. Virtual patients in pharmacy education. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2012; 76:92. [PMID: 22761533 PMCID: PMC3386043 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe76592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A review of the literature relating to the use of virtual patients in teaching pharmaceutical care to pharmacy students was conducted. Only 7 articles met the inclusion criteria for the review and 4 of the studies were conducted in North America. Few articles identified by the review used virtual patient technology that was true-to-life and/or validated.
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Kane-Gill SL, Smithburger PL. Transitioning knowledge gained from simulation to pharmacy practice. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2011; 75:210. [PMID: 22345729 PMCID: PMC3279027 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe7510210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Using simulation to teach pharmacy practice skills may result in knowledge that is transferable to patient care. Key areas in which simulation is being used in pharmacy education include therapeutics, communication, physical assessment, patient safety, and populations to which students may have infrequent exposure. Enhancing interprofessional healthcare team dynamics and the skills of practicing healthcare professionals are other practical applications for simulation education. Educators should continue to be creative in the incorporation of simulation into pharmacy education and conduct more studies on the impact of simulation education on patient care to demonstrate the efficacy of this teaching modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L Kane-Gill
- School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Curtin LB, Finn LA, Czosnowski QA, Whitman CB, Cawley MJ. Computer-based simulation training to improve learning outcomes in mannequin-based simulation exercises. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2011; 75:113. [PMID: 21931451 PMCID: PMC3175673 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe756113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of computer-based simulation on the achievement of student learning outcomes during mannequin-based simulation. DESIGN Participants were randomly assigned to rapid response teams of 5-6 students and then teams were randomly assigned to either a group that completed either computer-based or mannequin-based simulation cases first. In both simulations, students used their critical thinking skills and selected interventions independent of facilitator input. ASSESSMENT A predetermined rubric was used to record and assess students' performance in the mannequin-based simulations. Feedback and student performance scores were generated by the software in the computer-based simulations. More of the teams in the group that completed the computer-based simulation before completing the mannequin-based simulation achieved the primary outcome for the exercise, which was survival of the simulated patient (41.2% vs. 5.6%). The majority of students (>90%) recommended the continuation of simulation exercises in the course. Students in both groups felt the computer-based simulation should be completed prior to the mannequin-based simulation. CONCLUSION The use of computer-based simulation prior to mannequin-based simulation improved the achievement of learning goals and outcomes. In addition to improving participants' skills, completing the computer-based simulation first may improve participants' confidence during the more real-life setting achieved in the mannequin-based simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay B Curtin
- Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences, PA 19104, USA.
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Oderda GM, Zavod RM, Carter JT, Early JL, Joyner PU, Kirschenbaum H, Mack EJ, Traynor AP, Plaza CM. An environmental scan on the status of critical thinking and problem solving skills in colleges/schools of pharmacy: report of the 2009-2010 academic affairs standing committee. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2010; 74:S6. [PMID: 21436915 PMCID: PMC3058464 DOI: 10.5688/aj7410s6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
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Hämeen-Anttila K, Saano S, Vainio K. Professional competencies learned through working on a medication education project. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2010; 74:110. [PMID: 21045952 PMCID: PMC2933019 DOI: 10.5688/aj7406110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To implement a medication education project and assess the competencies students learned and implemented in professional practice after graduation. DESIGN Fourth-year pharmacy students planned, carried out, and reported on a real-life project during 1 study year. Outside experts and 2 faculty members facilitated the work. The aim of the medication education project was to create material that schoolteachers could use to teach children about rational use of medicines. ASSESSMENT All students who had participated in the medication education program during its 3 years were contacted (n = 31). A questionnaire was sent to the 21 students who had graduated (18 responded), and a focus group was conducted with the 10 students completing their final year of pharmacy school (9 participants). The competencies that the students reported learning most were teamwork and social interaction skills. They considered the project motivating but also found it challenging and the deadlines frustrating. CONCLUSIONS Through participation in a medication education project, students learned interpersonal skills, time management, conflict resolution, and other skills that many of them already were finding valuable in their professional practice.
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Mesquita AR, Lyra DP, Brito GC, Balisa-Rocha BJ, Aguiar PM, de Almeida Neto AC. Developing communication skills in pharmacy: a systematic review of the use of simulated patient methods. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2010; 78:143-8. [PMID: 19683890 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2009.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2008] [Revised: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 07/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the literature relating to the use of simulated patient methods to enhance communication skills of pharmacists. METHODOLOGY We searched Embase, Lilacs, Medline, Scielo, and Scopus databases between 1980 and 2008, using "communication skills", "patient counseling" and "pharmacist" as keywords. This search was then further refined by using "simulated patients", "pseudo-customer", "standardized patients", and "mystery shoppers" as additional keywords. RESULTS The initial search identified 241 published studies. Once further refined, 15 studies met inclusion criteria. CONCLUSION The majority of studies had an assessment focus aimed at documenting counseling behavior of practicing pharmacists, rather than an educational focus aimed at equipping pharmacists with effective communication skills. In instances where simulated patient methods were used for educational purposes, little regard was given to the role of performance and corrective feedback in shaping communication behavior of pharmacists. The majority of studies failed to describe the competencies and skills being investigated in relation to communication in the practice of pharmacy. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Simulated patient methods provide pharmacy educators with a tool for implementing communication skills in the practice of pharmacy and will serve as a basis for implementing communication skills development programs at the College of Pharmacy of the Federal University of Sergipe in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra R Mesquita
- Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Federal University of Sergipe, Brazil.
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Brazeau GA, Meyer SM, Belsey M, Bednarczyk EM, Bilic S, Bullock J, DeLander GE, Fiese EF, Giroux SL, McNatty D, Nemire R, Prescott WA, Traynor AP. Preparing pharmacy graduates for traditional and emerging career opportunities. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2009; 73:157. [PMID: 20221350 PMCID: PMC2828318 DOI: 10.5688/aj7308157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Educational programs in pharmacy must focus on educating pharmacists of the future who are prepared to serve as competent and confident health care "providers" whose "practice" can occur in any number of current and future settings; and whose expertise is essential to an interprofessional health care team. Graduates must be able to incorporate a scholarly approach to their practice in identifying patient care problems; practicing in an evidence-based manner; and ensuring safe, effective, and appropriate use of medications. It is time for colleges and schools of pharmacy to implement contemporary teaching and assessment strategies that facilitate effective and efficient student learning that is focused at the graduate professional level, to evolve the content around which the curriculum is organized, and clearly articulate the abilities graduates must have to function effectively in the myriad professional roles in which they may find themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayle A Brazeau
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, NY, USA.
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