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Aljadeed R, Aljadeed R, Alsamti W, Alharbi H, Alturki R, Almalag H, Aljuffali L, Alsabhan J, AlAloola N, Alkofide H, Alfaraj R, Altuwaijri N, Alkhudair N, Alnaim L, Bawazeer G. Evaluation of factors affecting pharmacists and pharmacy technicians' satisfaction towards practicing CE activities in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharm J 2024; 32:102083. [PMID: 38798999 PMCID: PMC11127264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Continuing education (CE) is an essential requirement for pharmacy professionals to stay abreast with the evolving knowledge and skills of the practice and meet the regulatory mandate. The purpose of this research is to assess factors affecting the satisfaction of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians towards CE practices in Saudi Arabia. Material and methods A self-administered survey instrument was developed following an extensive literature search. The questionnaire consisted of three sections: participants' demographics, data on CE activities over the past year and overall satisfaction, and statements of barriers (14 items) and facilitators (12 items) for participation in CE activities (scored on a 5-point Likert scale (5 = always, 1 = never)). The survey was piloted and then distributed as a link through the Saudi Commission for Health Specialties and Saudi Pharmaceutical Society (SPS) between Jan 2018 and Feb 2019. Results Data was available on 398 pharmacists and 40 pharmacy technicians (completion rate was 55 %). The majority were practitioners, male, working in a hospital setting and had more than five years of practice experience. Half of the participants were from the Central Region and about one-third were non-Saudi. Only a quarter of the participants were satisfied/very satisfied with the current CE practices in Saudi Arabia. Job constraints (62.7 %), cost (55.9 %), schedule of CE activities (55.4 %), lack of information on CE opportunities (53 %) and professional burnout (49.7 %) were the top barriers. There was a significant level of dissatisfaction among pharmacy technicians when compared to pharmacists (p = 0.003), as well as among Saudi pharmacists when compared to non-Saudi pharmacists (p = 0.002). Lack of relevant CE activities (p = 0.05), lack of quality activities (p = 0.002), lack of recognition (p = 0.013) and lack of internet access (p = 0.006) were significantly more barriers for pharmacy technicians compared to pharmacists. The most identified facilitators to engage in CE activities were a personal desire to learn (78.4 %), the requirement to maintain a professional license (73.8 %) and relaxation provided by learning (58.5 %) and networking opportunities (53.4 %). The majority of the participants preferred conferences or interactive workshops, short CE over half a day or less, and the topic of disease management/drug therapy. Conclusion The findings of the study highlight the need for a partnership strategy that includes various stakeholders to improve CE program quality and accessibility that supports and promotes the professional development of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians in Saudi Arabia. It also underscores the importance of meeting the preferences of pharmacy practitioners when designing CE programs and aligning such activities with their practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raniah Aljadeed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rana Aljadeed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wasmeah Alsamti
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadeel Alharbi
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rand Alturki
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haya Almalag
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lobna Aljuffali
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jawza Alsabhan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noha AlAloola
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadeel Alkofide
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Drug Regulations Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rihaf Alfaraj
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Njoud Altuwaijri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nora Alkhudair
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lamya Alnaim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghada Bawazeer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Murry LT, Whittington B, Travlos DV. Continuing Professional Development Activities Provided by Continuing Pharmacy Education Providers. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2024; 88:100685. [PMID: 38490562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpe.2024.100685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe continuing professional development (CPD)-related continuing pharmacy education (CPE) activities from 2018 through 2023. METHODS This was an exploratory study using CPE activities offered by US-based accredited providers from the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education Provider Web Tool. Activities were selected based on submission and expiration date, which included activities active from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2023. The words "professional development" were used to search for CPE activities based on titles. Frequencies were calculated for provider type, delivery method, and activity types. Content analysis was used to identify categories, subcategories, and elements or components of the CPD cycle from activity titles and learning objectives. RESULTS A total of 204 activities were identified, with the most common provider type being college or school which provided 41% (n = 83) of the activities. Most activities were designed for pharmacists 76% (n = 156) and primarily delivered in a live seminar format (68%, n = 138) and used a single delivery method (92%, n = 187). Content analysis identified 7 categories and 23 subcategories of activities. Of the 7 activity categories, only 3 had subcategories which reflected elements or components of CPD: precepting and teaching; diversity, equity, and inclusion; and CPD process and principles. CONCLUSION This study identified that most CPE activities and learning objectives reflected educational interventions without the inclusion or use of the CPD cycle or process, suggesting that additional provider education on the implementation of CPD and differentiation between CPE and CPD may be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan T Murry
- Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Waters AR, Meehan K, Atkins DL, Ittes AH, Ferrari RM, Rohweder CL, Wangen M, Ceballos RM, Issaka RB, Reuland DS, Wheeler SB, Brenner AT, Shah PD. How pharmacists would design and implement a community pharmacy-based colorectal cancer screening program. PREVENTIVE ONCOLOGY & EPIDEMIOLOGY 2024; 2:10.1080/28322134.2024.2332264. [PMID: 38881823 PMCID: PMC11177275 DOI: 10.1080/28322134.2024.2332264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Background Distributing CRC screening through pharmacies, a highly accessible health service, may create opportunities for more equitable access to CRC screening. However, providing CRC screening in a new context introduces a substantial implementation challenge. Methods We conducted 23 semi-structured interviews with community pharmacists practicing in Washington state and North Carolina about distributing fecal immunochemical tests (FIT) to patients in the pharmacy. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) was used to guide analysis. Results Pharmacists believed that delivering FITs was highly compatible with their environment, workflow, and scope of practice. While knowledge about FIT eligibility criteria varied, pharmacists felt comfortable screening patients. They identified standardized eligibility criteria, patient-facing educational materials, and continuing education as essential design features. Pharmacists proposed adapting existing pharmacy electronic health record systems for patient reminders/prompts to facilitate FIT completion. While pharmacists felt confident that they could discuss test results with patients, they also expressed a need for stronger communication and care coordination with primary care providers. Discussion When designing a pharmacy-based CRC screening program, pharmacists desired programmatic procedures to fit their current knowledge and context. Findings indicate that if proper attention is given to multi-level factors, FIT delivery can be extended to pharmacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin R Waters
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27510, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27510, USA
| | - Katherine Meehan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington School of Pharmacy, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Dana L Atkins
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Annika H Ittes
- Hutchinson Institute for Cancer Outcomes Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Renée M Ferrari
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27510, USA
| | - Catherine L Rohweder
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mary Wangen
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rachel M Ceballos
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Rachel B Issaka
- Hutchinson Institute for Cancer Outcomes Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine. Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Daniel S Reuland
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27510, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27510, USA
| | - Stephanie B Wheeler
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27510, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27510, USA
| | - Alison T Brenner
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27510, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27510, USA
| | - Parth D Shah
- Hutchinson Institute for Cancer Outcomes Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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Murry LT, Asokan A, Baumgart G, Bosworth J, Capobianco L, Chapman L, Estevez MM, Hughes PJ, Knutson A, LaNou E, Lehman N, Lawson B, Malhotra J, Matson A, Sogol EM, Yoon D, Engle JP, Travlos DV. Principles for Continuing Professional Development (CPD) Programs: A Statement by the ACPE CPD Advisory Committee. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2023; 87:100578. [PMID: 37524261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpe.2023.100578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Continuing Professional Development (CPD) has received increased attention within the pharmacy profession in the United States and is recognized as a potential pathway for ongoing professional development and practice transformation. Despite potential benefits of CPD, adoption in the United States has remained limited. A CPD program accreditation pathway, including principles, guidance, and a credit system for CPD programs, has recently been approved by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education Board of Directors. This commentary reviews existing literature regarding pharmacy CPD, introduces CPD program principles and guidance for CPD program providers, and describes the model for awarding CPD units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan T Murry
- The Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | | | - Glen Baumgart
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer Bosworth
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Austin, TX, USA
| | | | - Liza Chapman
- Pharmacy Technician Certification Board, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ellie LaNou
- Board of Pharmacy Specialties, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Nicholas Lehman
- Drake University, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Des Moines, IA, USA; Unity Point West Des Moines Family Medicine and Internal Medicine, West Des Moines, IA, USA
| | - Brian Lawson
- Board of Pharmacy Specialties, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jodie Malhotra
- University of Colorado, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Adrienne Matson
- University of Kentucky, College of Pharmacy, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - Diane Yoon
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Janet P Engle
- The Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education, Chicago, IL, USA
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Kandasamy G, Almaghaslah D, Almanasef M. An Evaluation of Continuing Medical Education among Pharmacists in Various Pharmacy Sectors in the Asir Region of Saudi Arabia. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2060. [PMID: 37510500 PMCID: PMC10379422 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11142060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuing medical training is an important component of modern medical practice because it maintains the ability of physicians to provide up-to-date patient care. This study explored pharmacists' involvement in CME activities and investigated the barriers to undertaking CME activities in Saudi Arabia. It also aimed to highlight the obstacles that prevent pharmacists from participating in CE activities. METHODS This study used a cross-sectional self-administered web-based questionnaire. It was conducted among practising pharmacists in various pharmacy fields in the Asir region of Saudi Arabia. The structured questionnaire consisted of four domains. A convenience sampling strategy was used to select and recruit study participants. The results were described in terms of frequencies and percentages. A Chi-square test was used to assess the differences for categorical data. p value of <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS A total of 173 pharmacists participated in the study. Attending the conference was the most popular activity (67%), followed by training courses (61.8%) and approved web-based activities (60.1%). Regarding barriers that prevented pharmacists from participating in CME activities, a lack of a scientific database or books was the top-rated barrier that hindered pharmacists from obtaining the required CME hours (79.8%). Another important barrier was the cost of the activities (74.6%). Regarding the area of practice for which pharmacists would be interested in attending CME activities, public health was the favourite (89.6%), followed by personal skills (82.7%). Gathering the required CME hours for re-registration was the main motive for attending CME activities in most of the pharmacy sectors. Policymakers should consider shifting the current CME system to the Continuing Professional Development (CPD) model, which promotes engagement in professional development activities that are relevant to the scope of practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Kandasamy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalia Almaghaslah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Almanasef
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
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Jin H, Huang Y, Xi X, Chen L. Exploring the training of pharmacists oriented to the demands for clinical pharmacy services: from the perspective of physicians. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2023; 23:357. [PMID: 37217963 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-023-04353-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate physicians' perceptions, experiences and expectations of clinical pharmacists in China from the perspective of physicians' demands, to improve the training of pharmacists. METHODS A cross-sectional survey involving physicians (except for primary physicians) was conducted from July to August 2019 in China. Using a field questionnaire, this study gathered data on descriptive information about the respondents and their perceptions, experiences and expectations of clinical pharmacists. Data were analysed descriptively using frequencies, percentages and mean. Several subgroup analyses using Chi-square tests were conducted to identify physicians' demands for clinical pharmacists in China. RESULTS A total of 1376 physicians from secondary and tertiary hospitals in China (response rate = 92%) participated. The majority of the respondents were comfortable with clinical pharmacists providing education to patients (59.09%) and detecting and preventing prescription errors (60.17%), but they appeared uncomfortable when asked about clinical pharmacists suggesting the use of prescription medications to patients (15.71%). Most respondents agreed that clinical pharmacists are a reliable source of general drug information (81.84%) instead of clinical drug information (79.58%). The majority of the respondents expected clinical pharmacists to be knowledgeable drug therapy experts (95.56%) and to educate their patients about the safe and appropriate use of medications (95.56%). CONCLUSION Physicians' perceptions and experiences were positively associated with the frequency of their interaction with clinical pharmacists. They had high expectations of clinical pharmacists as knowledgeable drug therapy experts. Corresponding policies and measures are needed to improve the education and training system of clinical pharmacists in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Jin
- National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Drug Regulatory Innovation and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, No.639 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuankai Huang
- National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Drug Regulatory Innovation and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, No.639 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xi
- National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Drug Regulatory Innovation and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, No.639 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Lei Chen
- National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Drug Regulatory Innovation and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, No.639 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Adams AJ. Facilitating multistate pharmacy practice: streamlining continuing pharmacy education requirements. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2023; 63:731-735. [PMID: 36894433 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2023.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
A major regulatory impediment to achieving multistate pharmacist licensure is state-specific Continuing Pharmacy Education (CPE) mandates. States vary on CPE requirements in 6 key domains, presenting a potentially significant administrative burden for multistate pharmacists. In the short term, replicating the nursing compact model of CPE regulation is the most viable model for the pharmacy profession. In this model, a pharmacist would have to follow just the CPE requirements for the state where the pharmacist maintains primary residence, and maintenance of this home state license would be automatically recognized by other states in which the pharmacist practices.
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Cooley J, Frederick KD, Larson S. Promoting continuing professional development (CPD) through a novel CPD advanced pharmacy practice experience. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2023; 15:85-90. [PMID: 36898881 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2023.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education Standards 2016 and the Entrustable Professional Activities highlight the importance of continuing professional development (CPD) in pharmacy education. Furthermore, pharmacy graduates must self-direct their learning to sustain professional knowledge, skills, and practice. An advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) dedicated to CPD can help meet standards of pharmacy education and prepare students for a career of lifelong learning. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING An innovative CPD APPE centered on the CPD framework and student self-directed learning was developed and implemented by three colleges of pharmacy. Students enrolled in the new CPD APPE were introduced to the CPD framework, engaged in reflection, developed personalized learning objectives, and participated in self-directed learning activities to meet identified educational needs. FINDINGS Student performance outcomes were assessed via written reflections, portfolio documentation, and attendance records. The novel CPD rotation showed positive findings regarding student-perceived satisfaction, achievement of learning outcomes, and foundational lifelong learning habits. As soon-to-be graduates and practicing pharmacists, final-year pharmacy students are well poised to learn and apply the CPD framework and develop the skills needed to become lifelong learners. SUMMARY Experiences across three colleges of pharmacy demonstrated that a CPD APPE is feasible, valuable, and effective to integrate comprehensive CPD training within pharmacy education. Other programs within the academy may utilize this scalable model to prepare APPE students to engage in self-directed CPD and lifelong learning as health professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Cooley
- University of Arizona R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, 1295 N. Martin Avenue, PO 210202, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States.
| | - Kelsey D Frederick
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, 301 S. Perimeter Park Drive, Suite 220, Nashville, TN 37211, United States.
| | - Suzanne Larson
- Midwestern University College of Pharmacy, 19555 N 59th Avenue, Glendale, AZ 85308, United States.
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Makhlouf AM, Ibrahim MI, Awaisu A, Yusuff KB. Predictors of enablers and barriers to community pharmacists' management of minor ailments in a developing setting: A theory-driven assessment. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2023; 63:58-65. [PMID: 36109333 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2022.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical and financial burdens associated with minor ailments are well documented, but published evidence suggests that minor ailment services led by community pharmacists have a remarkable positive impact, mainly in developed settings. There is a paucity of evidence on community pharmacists' self-perceived enablers and barriers to the effective management of minor ailments. OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to identify community pharmacists' self-perceived enablers and barriers to the effective management of minor ailments as well as their significant predictors. METHODS A Kurt Lewin's theory-driven cross-sectional survey of 305 community pharmacists was conducted in Qatar using a pretested 25-item structured questionnaire developed with an adapted conceptual framework focused on 4 key areas: education, regulation, practice, and research. Bivariate logistic regression was used to identify significant predictors of community pharmacists' self-perceived enablers and barriers. RESULTS The response rate was 92.5% (282/305). Most of the respondents (68.1%) were males, who were 31-40 years of age (55.3%) and worked for pharmacy chains (77.3%). Community pharmacists identified a higher proportion of enablers (positive force) (82.4%) relative to only 3 barriers (negative force) (17.6%). The barriers identified included insufficient private or semiprivate space for patient counseling, the paucity of invitations to participate in practice-based research, and lack of feedback regarding the results and recommendations of previous research in which they were participants. The significant predictors of self-perceived enablers and barriers were female gender (odds ratio [OR], 2.21; 95% CI, 1.25-3.91; P = 0.007) and age group of ≤40 years (OR, 4.74; 95% CI, 3.50-7.16; P = 0.006). CONCLUSION Community pharmacists' perceptions of the factors that enhance their effective management of minor ailments were overwhelmingly positive, as 14 enablers were identified relative to only 3 barriers. Female and young community pharmacists were significantly more likely to perceive enablers than barriers. The insights provided are potentially useful in developing pharmacy-based schemes to improve the effective management of minor ailments.
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Frederick KD, Barenie RE, Dill MB, Wheeler JS. Designing a pharmacist primary care certificate training program based on employer perceptions. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2022; 8:100191. [PMID: 36277307 PMCID: PMC9579043 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2022.100191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As the pharmacy profession transforms toward practice centered around direct patient care and clinical services, upskilling the existing workforce may be required for pharmacists to take on expanded roles, especially in an increasingly competitive job market. Objective To explore pharmacist employer perceptions of a primary care certificate training program including its design, value, and relevance and to develop and implement a pharmacist primary care certificate training program based on study results. Methods Focus groups were conducted to a point of saturation in December 2020 via video conference. Participants were identified via the study institution's continuing professional development registrant listserv and invited to participate via self-selection. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and underwent inductive thematic analysis. Results Four focus groups were conducted with 15 pharmacist employers. Employers perceived primary care certificate training as valuable, helping pharmacists sustain shifting roles and increasing opportunities in a competitive job market. A combination of clinical and practice management topics with emphasis on an experiential component was recommended to achieve expected competency levels and favorably influence hiring decisions. The primary care certificate was specifically recommended to pharmacists aiming to transition into primary care or for pharmacists who did not complete residency training. Conclusions This study's findings informed development of a pharmacist primary care certificate program containing didactic and experiential training on a variety of key topics. As pharmacists' roles evolve, this program may prepare pharmacists to engage in direct patient care and develop skills and expertise necessary to succeed in outpatient primary care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey D. Frederick
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, 301 S. Perimeter Park Drive, Suite 220, Nashville, TN 37211, United States,Corresponding author.
| | - Rachel E. Barenie
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - M. Braden Dill
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, 1924 Alcoa Highway, Box 117, Knoxville, TN 37920, United States
| | - James S. Wheeler
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, 1924 Alcoa Highway, Box 117, Knoxville, TN 37920, United States
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Thomas D, Zachariah S, Baker D, Cooper J, Sreedharan J, Khalifa S. Impact of educational intervention in evidence-based drug information in interprofessional practice at a tertiary-level care hospital. JOURNAL OF INTERPROFESSIONAL EDUCATION & PRACTICE 2022; 27:100496. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xjep.2022.100496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Khatiwada AP, Shrestha S, Sapkota B, Shakya S, Shrestha R, Roien R, Ozaki A, Mohamed Ibrahim MI. Continuing Pharmacy Education: Exploring the Status and Future Prospects in Nepal. ADVANCES IN MEDICAL EDUCATION AND PRACTICE 2022; 13:419-425. [PMID: 35509353 PMCID: PMC9060305 DOI: 10.2147/amep.s353455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Continuing pharmacy education (CPE) is an educational way for pharmacy professionals to develop competency in providing quality pharmaceutical care to patients. The CPE program helps maintain up-to-date knowledge and skills, increase the professionalism of pharmacists, and positively impact patient health outcomes. However, the concept and practice of CPE are still in their infancy in Nepal. Nepal's conventional pharmacy education system involves didactic lectures focusing more on theoretical learning than practical and experiential approaches, leading to the generation of pharmacists theoretically knowledgeable but practically non-competent to deliver pharmaceutical care services in independent practice settings. Additionally, in the absence of CPE, the professionals might miss updated information on new therapies, technologies, and approaches in patient management. The community and hospital pharmacies in Nepal are often business-oriented rather than service, and may not even be staffed by pharmacists, so the CPE programs are rarely conducted for the pharmacy professionals. Hence, the present commentary aimed to explore the status of CPE and its barriers or challenges in implementation and to suggest solutions in Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Priyadarshini Khatiwada
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Service Research, Nepal Health Research and Innovation Foundation, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Sunil Shrestha
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Service Research, Nepal Health Research and Innovation Foundation, Lalitpur, Nepal
- Nobel College Faculty of Health Sciences, Affiliated to Pokhara University, Kathmandu, Province Bagmati, Nepal
| | - Binaya Sapkota
- Nobel College Faculty of Health Sciences, Affiliated to Pokhara University, Kathmandu, Province Bagmati, Nepal
| | - Sujyoti Shakya
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Service Research, Nepal Health Research and Innovation Foundation, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Rajeev Shrestha
- Department of Pharmacy, District Hospital Lamjung, Lamjung, Nepal
| | - Rohullah Roien
- Medical Research Centre, Kateb University, Kabul, Afghanistan
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Batista JPB, Torre C, Sousa Lobo JM, Sepodes B. A review of the continuous professional development system for pharmacists. HUMAN RESOURCES FOR HEALTH 2022; 20:3. [PMID: 34991616 PMCID: PMC8734236 DOI: 10.1186/s12960-021-00700-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Portuguese Pharmaceutical Society (PPS) implemented a system of Continuous Professional Development (CPD) for pharmacists in 2004. This system has evolved throughout the years, and currently all active pharmacists in Portugal are required to participate in the CPD program. Each CPD cycle takes 5 years. In each cycle, pharmacists must collect 15 CPD points, through participation in educational activities. The PPS accreditation process is managed via an online platform, where education/training providers, as well as pharmacists themselves, can submit educational activities for accreditation. Pharmacists may access their CPD status and assess their development at any point. The objective of this study was to analyze and review the educational activities submitted by providers over a 11-year period (2009-2019). METHODS Data from activities were retrieved from the PPS CPD online platform. All educational activities were labeled according to the area of pharmaceutical professional focus, type of promoter, and activity type. RESULTS During the study 3685 activities were analyzed. Over the last decade, submitted activities for accreditation increased in 52.6%. A significantly high proportion (98.9%) of these activities has been accredited. Promoters of activities were mostly pharmacies sectoral associations (29.6%), consultancy/training companies (19.6%), the PPS (18.5%), pharmaceutical industry (17.7%) and wholesalers' consortia (9.0%). Academia represented only 2.3% of the total amount of educational activities. The most frequent topics were related to "pharmacology & pharmacotherapy" (9.9%), followed by "counselling" (9.8%) and "management & administration" (7.2%). The most accredited type of activities was face-to-face (68.9%) and e-learning trainings (13.1%). CONCLUSIONS This study shows increasing interest in submitting CPD activities for accreditation between 2009 and 2019, but it also demonstrates that Academia could play a more interventive role in the lifelong learning education of Portuguese pharmacists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge P B Batista
- Ordem dos Farmacêuticos (Portuguese Pharmaceutical Society), Lisboa, Portugal.
- Unidade de Saúde Pública Internacional e Bioestatística, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Carla Torre
- Ordem dos Farmacêuticos (Portuguese Pharmaceutical Society), Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Health Technologies, Lisbon, Portugal
- Laboratory of Systems Integration Pharmacology, Clinical and Regulatory Science - Research Institute for Medicines of the University of Lisbon (iMED.ULisboa), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José Manuel Sousa Lobo
- Ordem dos Farmacêuticos (Portuguese Pharmaceutical Society), Lisboa, Portugal
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sepodes
- Ordem dos Farmacêuticos (Portuguese Pharmaceutical Society), Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Health Technologies, Lisbon, Portugal
- Laboratory of Systems Integration Pharmacology, Clinical and Regulatory Science - Research Institute for Medicines of the University of Lisbon (iMED.ULisboa), Lisbon, Portugal
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Alharthi NM, Alsaeed MS, Alsharif MO, Almalki MG, Alshehri WS, Prabahar K. Assessment of pharmacists' perception toward continuing education. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2021; 12:368-372. [PMID: 34820311 PMCID: PMC8588923 DOI: 10.4103/2231-4040.329910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuing education (CE) is a structured educational activity. Pharmacists must actively participate in CE and is an important part of developing the professional competency of pharmacists. This research focuses on measuring Saudi pharmacists' perception in CE, its impact on professional performance, and the barriers in CE. This was a cross-sectional study, conducted in 2020, using random sample of Saudi pharmacists working in all workplaces from different cities in Saudi Arabia using a questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of 15 questions that assess the perception of Saudi pharmacists toward CE and barriers that prevent them from CE. A total of 409 pharmacists participated in the study. Majority of pharmacists were working in government hospitals (48.4%) and have <2 years of practice experience (44.5%). More than 70% of respondents acknowledged that CE helps to increase their knowledge. The pharmacists mentioned that getting a certificate (23.37%) was the major reason for attending a CE event. The reasons that prevent respondents from attending live CE were cost and work responsibilities (23.59% and 24.57%, respectively). This study reported a subjective assessment of pharmacists' perception toward CE, their lifelong learning experience. Saudi pharmacists showed a great desire for CE because they believed that it greatly affects their professional performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouf M Alharthi
- Pharm D Program, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohannad Sahaw Alsaeed
- Pharm D Program, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Omar Alsharif
- Director of Pharmaceutical Care Administration in Tabuk Region, Umluj General Hospital, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Ghabbash Almalki
- Board Certified Pharmacotherapy Specialist, Pharmacy Director and Head of DIC, Umluj General Hospital, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Kousalya Prabahar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
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Cole JD, Ruble MJ. Designing and evaluating game-based learning for continuing pharmacy education using an "escape room" activity. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2021; 13:1293-1299. [PMID: 34521522 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Continuing education (CE) standards by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education emphasize that educational methodologies should contribute to the development of participants' critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Employment of serious gaming can meet this expectation through motivation, timely feedback, and challenging all performance levels. Current literature is lacking regarding use of game-based learning, such as "escape rooms" in pharmacy CE programming. METHODS This pilot study enrolled participants at a two-hour medication error CE presentation. Study investigators utilized the first hour for lecture and the second hour for application through an "escape room" activity. During this activity, participants used critical thinking and teamwork to unlock puzzles for root cause analysis (RCA) creation in a provided timeframe. An optional, online anonymous survey was emailed to attendees. Responses were rated on a five-point Likert scale; descriptive statistics were represented by percent distributions. RESULTS A total of 40 pharmacists and seven technicians responded to the perception survey. Most respondents felt this activity emphasized critical thinking (87%) and was appropriate for the topic of medication errors (83%). The majority (63%) agreed this activity helped them to better understand a RCA, 48% felt the group sizes were appropriate, and 76% felt instructions for the activity were clear. Over 75% would like to see this type of activity utilized in another CE programs. CONCLUSIONS This activity was well received by participants and may emphasize critical thinking and understanding of topics presented. Further studies assessing pre-/post-program knowledge are needed to ensure adequate retention of information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn D Cole
- Pharmacotherapeutics and Clinical Research Department, University of South Florida Taneja College of Pharmacy, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, MDC 30, Tampa, FL 33612, United States.
| | - Melissa J Ruble
- Pharmacotherapeutics and Clinical Research Department, University of South Florida Taneja College of Pharmacy, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, MDC 30, Tampa, FL 33612, United States.
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Makhlouf AM, Ibrahim MIM, Awaisu A, Vyas SK, Yusuff KB. Management of common minor ailments in Qatar: Community pharmacists' self-perceived competency and its predictors. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256156. [PMID: 34398894 PMCID: PMC8367001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies focused on comprehensive assessment of self-perceived competency of community pharmacists to manage minor ailments are scanty despite that self-perceived competency is a valid determinant of task performance. The objectives of the study were to assess community pharmacists’ self-perceived competency to manage fourteen common minor ailments in Qatar, and identify its significant predictors. A cross-sectional assessment of 307 community pharmacists was conducted with a pre-tested 20-item questionnaire. Self-perceived competency was assessed with nine elements on a scale of 1–10 (Maximum obtainable score: Each minor ailment = 90; each element = 140). Mann-Whitney U and bivariate logistic regression were used for data analyses. The response rate was 91.9% (282/307). The majority of the respondents were males (68.1%; 192/282), within the age range of 31–40 years (55.3%; 156/282). The minor ailments with the highest median competency score were constipation (76), and cold/catarrh (75) while travel sickness (69), and ringworm (69) had the lowest. The two condition-specific competency elements with the highest median score were recommendation of over-the-counter (OTC) medicines (115), and provision of instructions to guide its use (115). Ability to differentiate minor ailments from other medical conditions had the lowest median competency score (109). The significant predictors self-perceived competency were female gender (OR = 2.39, 95%CI: 1.34–4.25, p = 0.003), and working for chain pharmacies (OR = 2.54, 95%CI: 1.30–4.96, p = 0.006). Overall, Community pharmacists’ self-perceived competency was adequate for majority of the common minor ailments, and it was highest for constipation and cold/catarrh, and specifically for the recommendation of OTC medicines and provision of instructions to guide its use. However, diagnostic ability to differentiate minor ailments from other medical conditions with similar features had the lowest median competency score. Female gender and working in chain pharmacies were the significant predictors of self-perceived competency to manage minor ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mohamed Makhlouf
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Practice, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Ahmed Awaisu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Practice, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Kazeem Babatunde Yusuff
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Practice, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- * E-mail:
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Downes JM, Appeddu LA, Johnson JL, Haywood KS, James BJ, Wingard KD. An exploratory survey on the awareness and usage of clinical practice guidelines among clinical pharmacists. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2021; 2:100013. [PMID: 35481123 PMCID: PMC9031035 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2021.100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The NHLBI has not developed clinical practice guidelines since 2007. As a result, multiple organizations have released competing guidelines. This has created confusion and debate among clinicians as to which recommendations are most applicable for practice. Objectives To explore preliminary attitudes, awareness, and usage of clinical practice guidelines in practice and teaching for hypertension, dyslipidemia and asthma among clinical pharmacists. Methods Clinical pharmacists across the US were surveyed electronically over a two week period in Spring 2019 regarding utilization and knowledge of practice guidelines for hypertension, dyslipidemia, and asthma. Clinical cases were included to evaluate application of guidelines. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square analysis, and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were conducted. Statistical significance level was set to 0.01 to account for multiple tests conducted on the same survey participants. Results Forty-eight, 34, and 28 pharmacists voluntarily completed hypertension, dyslipidemia, and asthma survey questions, respectively. Interactions by disease state (p < 0.001) revealed more pharmacists (93%) reporting to have ≤50% patient load in managing asthma and more pharmacists (95%) had read the full summary/report of the most recent hypertension guideline. Primary reasons why the most recent guideline was not selected were also significantly different by disease state (interaction; p < 0.001). For dyslipidemia and asthma, pharmacists had a higher mean rating of agreement (p < 0.007) in having the most confidence in the most recent as compared to older guidelines. Proportionally more clinical cases were answered correctly (interaction; p < 0.001) when pharmacists applied the most recent guideline for hypertension (84%), while the opposite outcome was found for asthma (27%). Conclusion While more pharmacists selected the most recent guideline for practice and teaching, there was inconsistent application of guidelines to clinical cases. Further studies with a larger representation of pharmacists are warranted to more definitively determine factors influencing guideline preference and usage.
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18
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Gani MA, Nurhan AD, Maulana S, Siswodihardjo S, Shinta DW, Khotib J. Structure-based virtual screening of bioactive compounds from Indonesian medical plants against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2021; 12:120-126. [PMID: 34159141 PMCID: PMC8177144 DOI: 10.4103/japtr.japtr_88_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a virus that causes the infectious disease coronavirus disease-2019. Currently, there is no effective drug for the prevention and treatment of this virus. This study aimed to identify secondary metabolites that potentially inhibit the key proteins of SARS-CoV-2. This was an in silico molecular docking study of several secondary metabolites of Indonesian herbal plant compounds and other metabolites with antiviral testing history. Virtual screening using AutoDock Vina of 216 Lipinski rule-compliant plant metabolites was performed on 3C-like protease (3CLpro), RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), and spike glycoprotein. Ligand preparation was performed using JChem and Schrödinger's software, and virtual protein elucidation was performed using AutoDockTools version 1.5.6. Virtual screening identified several RdRp, spike, and 3CLpro inhibitors. Justicidin D had binding affinities of −8.7, −8.1, and −7.6 kcal mol−1 on RdRp, 3CLpro, and spike, respectively. 10-methoxycamptothecin had binding affinities of −8.5 and −8.2 kcal mol−1 on RdRp and spike, respectively. Inoxanthone had binding affinities of −8.3 and −8.1 kcal mol−1 on RdRp and spike, respectively, while binding affinities of caribine were −9.0 and −7.5 mol−1 on 3CLpro and spike, respectively. Secondary metabolites of compounds from several plants were identified as potential agents for SARS-CoV-2 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Apriliani Gani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Ahmad Dzulfikri Nurhan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Saipul Maulana
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Siswandono Siswodihardjo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Dewi Wara Shinta
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Junaidi Khotib
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Prabahar K, Alharthi N, Alsaeed M, Alsharif M, Almalki M, Alshehri W. Assessment of pharmacists' perception toward continuing education. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/2231-4040.329911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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20
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Goodlet KJ, Gore S, Stoffel M, Nailor MD. Making the transition from pharmacy resident to independent practitioner. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2021; 78:14-17. [PMID: 33030506 DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxaa340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kellie J Goodlet
- Department of Pharmacy Practice Midwestern University College of Pharmacy, Glendale, AZ
| | - Stephanie Gore
- Department of Pharmacy Services Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Marissa Stoffel
- Department of Pharmacy Services Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Michael D Nailor
- Department of Pharmacy Services St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
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21
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Balkanski SV, Lebanova HV, Grigorov EE, Getov IN. In-depth Assessment after 18 Months of Distance E-learning of Pharmacists in Bulgaria. ARCHIVES OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.51847/ybi8kcfkfc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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22
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Adhikari B, Khatiwada AP, Shrestha R, Shrestha S. Assessing Pharmacy Practitioners' Perceptions of Continuing Pharmacy Education and Professional Development at an Oncology Service Hospital in Nepal: A Pilot Study. ADVANCES IN MEDICAL EDUCATION AND PRACTICE 2020; 11:911-919. [PMID: 33293884 PMCID: PMC7718868 DOI: 10.2147/amep.s271129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Continuing pharmacy education (CPE) and continuing professional development (CPD) programs have been useful for enhancing the skills and performance of pharmacists. Despite its adoption worldwide, the practice of such programs has been limited in Nepal. The current pilot study aimed to assess the perception of pharmacists regarding CPE/CPD in one of the oncology centers in Nepal. The goal of this study was to provide suggestions for developing and implementing the CPE/CPD programs. METHODS This is a cross-sectional, questionnaire-based pilot study, whereby the pharmacists and assistant pharmacists at a single-center were provided with a structured questionnaire inquiring about their perception of CPE/CPD. A mixed-method approach was followed for data collection. Descriptive statistics were used for all the variables. RESULTS A total of 15 pharmacy professionals were enrolled in the study. Recent innovations in pharmacy practices were the most commonly desired topics (n= 11, 73.3%) for CPE/CPD. Live in-person presentations (n= 10, 66.7%) and handouts method (n= 10, 66.7%) were the most recommended practices for CPE/CPD. The most commonly cited deterrent was poor quality and method of CPE delivery (n=11, 73.3%), while the most common motivation was professional competence (n= 12, 80%). CONCLUSION This pilot study shows the benefits of developing CPE/CPD packages in future for pharmacy professionals focusing on advances in pharmacy practices and skill development, using in-person presentations and handouts, and focusing on the curiosity of the participant to improve his/her professional practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baburam Adhikari
- Department of Pharmacy, Nepal Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Asmita Priyadarshini Khatiwada
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Service Research, Nepal Health Research and Innovation Foundation, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Ranish Shrestha
- Infection Control Unit, Nepal Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Sunil Shrestha
- Department of Pharmacy, Nepal Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lalitpur, Nepal
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Cheng W, Wang C, Ma J, Ji W, Yang X, Wu B, Hou R. Satisfaction and needs of pharmacists in prescription-checking training: a cross-sectional survey. J Int Med Res 2020; 48:300060520965810. [PMID: 33131364 PMCID: PMC7653297 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520965810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prescription checking is becoming increasingly prevalent in medical institutions. However, the prescription-checking ability of pharmacists requires improvement. The study aim was to explore the main aspects of prescription-checking training and provide an empirical reference for the training of pharmacists in medical institutions. METHODS Participants were pharmacists willing to complete a Likert questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to examine percentages and composition ratios. The chi-square test and exploratory factor analysis were used for inferential analysis. RESULTS The questionnaire showed good internal consistency reliability and validity. A total of 90% of participants were satisfied with the training. Exploratory factor analysis extracted three satisfaction dimensions: training organization, teaching method, and knowledge consolidation and assessment. The average examination score for the 20 courses was 89.21/100. Regarding trainee needs, 94.66% preferred face-to-face lectures, 89.33% expected high professional skills of the lecturers and 62.67% believed that clinical expertise was highly desirable. CONCLUSIONS There was a high demand for prescription-checking training among pharmacists. Trainees in this study showed high satisfaction. The most important aspects of prescription-checking training were training organization and knowledge consolidation and assessment. It is recommended that training should be stratified. Pharmacists preferred face-to-face and interactive lectures as a supplement to clinical knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanxi Eye Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Medical Cases and Statistics, Shanxi Cardiovascular Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Wen Ji
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiangli Yang
- Department of Radiology, Shanxi Baiqiuen Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Bei Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Ruigang Hou
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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Famure O, Batoy B, Minkovich M, Liyanage I, Kim SJ. Evaluation of a professional development course on research methods for healthcare professionals. Healthc Manage Forum 2020; 34:186-192. [PMID: 33030076 DOI: 10.1177/0840470420960173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Healthcare is constantly evolving and thus requires lifelong learning. Evidence-based learning has been shown to lead to better patient outcomes, yet many healthcare professionals report gaps in their research abilities. We sought to evaluate the efficacy of a professional development program in addressing identified gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olusegun Famure
- Kidney Transplant Program, 33540Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benedict Batoy
- Kidney Transplant Program, 33540Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle Minkovich
- Kidney Transplant Program, 33540Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Imindu Liyanage
- Kidney Transplant Program, 33540Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Joseph Kim
- Kidney Transplant Program, 33540Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Owen JA, Skelton JB, Maine LL. Advancing the Adoption of Continuing Professional Development (CPD) in the United States. PHARMACY 2020; 8:E157. [PMID: 32877997 PMCID: PMC7557374 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy8030157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last four decades, the expanded patient care roles of pharmacists in the United States (U.S.) have increased focus on ensuring the implementation of processes to enhance continuing professional development within the profession. The transition from a model of continuing pharmacy education (CPE) to a model of continuing professional development (CPD) is still evolving. As pharmacists assume more complex roles in patient care delivery, particularly in community-based settings, the need to demonstrate and maintain professional competence becomes more critical. In addition, long-held processes for post-graduate education and licensure must also continue to adapt to meet these changing needs. Members of the pharmacy profession in the U.S. must adopt the concept of CPD and implement processes to support the thoughtful completion of professional development plans. Comprehensive, state-of-the-art technology solutions are available to assist pharmacists with understanding, implementing and applying CPD to their professional lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Owen
- American Pharmacists Association, Washington, DC 20037, USA;
| | - Jann B. Skelton
- American Pharmacists Association, Washington, DC 20037, USA;
| | - Lucinda L. Maine
- American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy, Arlington, VA 22202, USA
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Patel TC, Malhotra JV, Saseen JJ. Advancing Pharm. D. Training in Egypt through a Structured Preceptor Development Program. PHARMACY 2020; 8:pharmacy8030135. [PMID: 32752194 PMCID: PMC7559753 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy8030135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Children’s Cancer Hospital of Egypt (CCHE) and the University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (SSPPS) collaborate to offer a Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) degree to international pharmacists holding a bachelor’s degree in pharmacy. The experiential training is provided by CCHE’s clinical pharmacist preceptors at CCHE. Clinical pharmacists at CCHE had prior experience precepting baccalaureate pharmacy students, but not Pharm.D. students when this program commenced. Therefore, the SSPPS faculty provided a live preceptor development program for select CCHE clinical pharmacists in 2017. Primary deliverables of the program included the preparation of individual preceptor development plans and experiential syllabi for program participants. Preceptor development plans and experiential syllabi were evaluated by the SSPPS faculty. Program participants were also evaluated on their assessment of learner case scenarios using introductory pharmacy practice experience (IPPE) and advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) assessment tools created for the CCHE program. Participant performance on submitted preceptor development plans and experiential syllabi, and performance on the learner cases were all utilized for participant selection as Pharm.D. preceptors in the CCHE Pharm.D. program. This paper describes this preceptor development program, the process utilized to determine selection of Pharm.D. preceptors, and plans for providing continuing preceptor development for preceptors at CCHE.
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Nguyen E, Miao B, Pugliese N, Huang D, Sobieraj DM. Cross-sectional analysis of consumer-facing mHealth apps associated with inhaler monitoring for asthma. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2020; 60:e162-e167. [PMID: 32586716 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to describe the current landscape of consumer-directed mHealth apps that communicate with inhalers for asthma. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional and systematic analysis of Google Play and the Apple App Stores to identify apps that are consumer-direct and available in English, intended for patients with asthma and communicate with an inhaler-based sensor. We collected information about each app using the app stores and publicly available manufacturer websites. We reported the results descriptively. RESULTS We identified 6 apps, released as early as 2012. Of these, 5 apps require an external sensor available over the counter to be attached to the patient's inhaler, and 1 app communicates with a prescription-only inhaler that has a built-in sensor and will be dispensed from the pharmacy. Aside from passively monitoring inhaler adherence, all apps facilitate provider communication; serve as a diary; and use notifications, reminders, or alarms for things such as inhaler dose reminders. Additional features vary across apps, including direct pharmacy access for refill requests and telehealth and artificial intelligence to predict future asthma exacerbations. CONCLUSION We identified 6 consumer-directed mHealth apps that communicate with inhalers for asthma management. Pharmacists must be prepared to evaluate these apps, particularly in comparison with the first prescription-only inhaler built to communicate with an mHealth app to be released this year. To do so, further research on the outcomes and use of these apps is needed so that pharmacists can make evidence-based recommendations.
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van Huyssteen M, Bheekie A, Srinivas SC, Essack A. Continuous Professional Development for Public Sector Pharmacists in South Africa: A Case Study of Mapping Competencies in a Pharmacists' Preceptor Programme. PHARMACY 2020; 8:E96. [PMID: 32503119 PMCID: PMC7356960 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy8020096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lifelong learning among healthcare practitioners is crucial to keep abreast of advances in therapeutic and service delivery approaches. In South Africa, continuous professional development (CPD) was mandated (2019) for re-registration of pharmacists to illustrate their learning according to the South African Pharmacy Council's (SAPC) competency standards. This paper uses a preceptor programme linked to the University of the Western Cape School of Pharmacy's service learning programme to map the competencies employed by pharmacist preceptors in primary care public healthcare facilities in Cape Town in an attempt to encourage completion of their annual CPDs and strengthening the academic-service partnership. Competencies identified were divided into input competencies related to the preceptor's role in designing and implementing the educational programme in their facilities and assisting students to complete their prescribed learning activities, and output/outcome competencies that emerged from preceptors identifying the facility needs and employing their input competencies. Input competencies pertained to education, leadership, patient counselling, collaborative practice and human resources management. Output competencies related to pharmaceutical infrastructure, quality assurance, professional and health advocacy, primary healthcare, self-management and patient-centred care. The preceptor programme enabled pharmacist preceptors to employ several competencies that are aligned with the SAPC's competency framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mea van Huyssteen
- School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Private bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; (A.B.); (A.E.)
| | - Angeni Bheekie
- School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Private bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; (A.B.); (A.E.)
| | | | - Azeezah Essack
- School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Private bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; (A.B.); (A.E.)
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A Continuing Professional Development Program for Pharmacists Implementing Pharmacogenomics into Practice. PHARMACY 2020; 8:pharmacy8020055. [PMID: 32231164 PMCID: PMC7356265 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy8020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A continuing professional development (CPD) program for pharmacists practicing in community and team-based primary care settings was developed and evaluated using Moore’s framework for the assessment of continuing medical education. The program had three components: online lectures, a two-day training workshop, and patient case studies. Knowledge (pre-post multiple choice test); attitudes, readiness, and comfort with applying pharmacogenomics in their practices (pre-post surveys); and experiences of implementing pharmacogenomics in practice (semi-structured interviews) were assessed. Twenty-one of 26 enrolled pharmacists successfully completed the program, and were satisfied with their experience. Almost all achieved a score of 80% or higher on the post-training multiple choice test, with significantly improved scores compared to the pre-training test. Pre- and post-training surveys demonstrated that participants felt that their knowledge and competence increased upon completion of the training. In the follow-up, 15 pharmacists incorporated pharmacogenomics testing into care for 117 patients. Ten pharmacists participated in semi-structured interviews, reporting strong performance in the program, but some difficulty implementing new knowledge in their practices. This multi-component CPD program successfully increased pharmacists’ knowledge, readiness, and comfort in applying pharmacogenomics to patient care in the short-term, yet some pharmacists struggled to integrate this new service into their practices.
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Cortez R, Diño MJS. Antecedents and consequences of an effective simulation-based continuing professional development (CPD) program for nurses: Demographic differences and development of a partial least square model. ENFERMERIA CLINICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Hall PD, Fish H, McBane S, Mercer J, Moreau C, Owen J, Policastri A, Rattinger GB, Srivastava SB, Thomas MC, Bradley-Baker LR. The Report of the 2018-2019 Professional Affairs Standing Committee: The Role of Educators in Pharmacy Practice Transformation. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2019; 83:7596. [PMID: 32001892 PMCID: PMC6983901 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe7596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The 2018-2019 Professional Affairs Committee examined the potential roles and needs of clinical educators (faculty and preceptors) in leading transformation in pharmacy practice. The committee was charged to (1) discuss the potential roles and responsibilities of faculty and preceptors leading transformation and enhanced patient care services in pharmacy practice; (2) describe factors, including clinician well-being and resilience, which may influence faculty and preceptor involvement in practice transformation and the enhancement of patient care services; and (3) recommend how the efforts and successes of faculty and preceptors involved in pharmacy practice transformation can be replicated and recognized as well as identify the types of continuing professional development (CPD) that should be available to enable the influence and implementation of patient care services. This report provides a framework for addressing the committee charges by examining the roles of advocacy, collaboration, continuing professional development, and clinician resilience and well-being. The committee provides a revision to a current AACP policy regarding continuing professional development as well as several recommendations to AACP and suggestions to colleges and schools of pharmacy pertaining to the committee charges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip D Hall
- Medical University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Hannah Fish
- National Community Pharmacists Association, Alexandria, Virginia
| | - Sarah McBane
- West Coast University School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jeff Mercer
- Harding University College of Pharmacy, Searcy, Arkansas
| | - Cynthia Moreau
- Nova Southeastern University College of Pharmacy, Fort Lauderdale, Florida
| | - James Owen
- American Pharmacists Association, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Anne Policastri
- American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gail B Rattinger
- Binghamton University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton, New York
| | - Sneha Baxi Srivastava
- Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science College of Pharmacy, North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Michael C Thomas
- Samford University McWhorter School of Pharmacy, Birmingham, Alabama
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The role of reflective practice in healthcare professions: Next steps for pharmacy education and practice. Res Social Adm Pharm 2019; 15:1476-1479. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Micallef R, Kayyali R. A Systematic Review of Models Used and Preferences for Continuing Education and Continuing Professional Development of Pharmacists. PHARMACY 2019; 7:pharmacy7040154. [PMID: 31744140 PMCID: PMC6958463 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy7040154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuing Education (CE) or Continuing Professional Development (CPD) are used by pharmacists globally to maintain up-to-date knowledge and skills throughout their careers. The primary aim of this study was to identify the formats or models used by pharmacists for CE and CPD globally. The secondary aim was to identify preferences of pharmacists, in relation to the variety of formats or models used to fulfil mandatory requirements, in order to support future planning of lifelong learning events. A systematic review was performed using PubMed, Science Direct, and Web of Science covering a time period from 1995 until March 2018. Searches were conducted in English, with studies on undergraduate studies being excluded. Eighteen papers from an initial search of 4561 were included from 2004 to 2014. All studies focused on pharmacists. Three studies identified face-to-face learning as a preference, with six studies identifying a positive impact of interactive learning. All four identified studies focusing on online provision were linked to CE. One study highlighted the benefits of blended learning. Two studies identified concluded that no one size fits all. A clear structure of event was highlighted in three studies. Three studies highlighted the relevance of topics to practice, and two studies showed the need for opportunities to apply knowledge. Due to the variety of formats and no consistent model, no perfect model or activity has been identified. However, CPD showed increased practice outcomes versus CE. Although an increasing amount of technology is being utilized, face-to-face learning is still preferred. Interactive, multiple-format learning should be used where possible, to reflect preferences of different learners. There is a need for a structured approach to the planning and learning event itself to support CE and CPD.
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Katoue MG, Ker J. Simulation for Continuing Pharmacy Education: Development and Implementation of a Simulation-Based Workshop on Medicines Reconciliation for Pharmacists. THE JOURNAL OF CONTINUING EDUCATION IN THE HEALTH PROFESSIONS 2019; 39:185-193. [PMID: 31166221 DOI: 10.1097/ceh.0000000000000257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Simulation has been increasingly used to train health care professionals on clinical skills. Little is published on simulation-based education in the context of continuing pharmacy education (CPE) of pharmacists. This article describes the development implementation and evaluation of simulation-based workshop to train hospital pharmacists on medicines reconciliation in Kuwait. The study aimed to explore pharmacists' perceptions about simulation use in CPE. It also assessed the impact of the workshops on pharmacists' attitudes toward, knowledge, and comfort level to apply medicines reconciliation. METHODS One hundred ten pharmacists attended 11 simulation-based workshops. Data were collected using focus groups and self-administered surveys in a mixed-method research design. Focus groups were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed for content. Descriptive statistics were used to report surveys' findings. RESULTS The workshops were well-received by pharmacists. Few pharmacists recalled previous exposure to simulation in CPE activities. Pharmacists' perceived challenges to simulation integration into their professional training were the need for good preparation/setting, qualified faculty, well-trained simulated patients, and time constrains. Participants felt that simulation enhanced their attitudes toward, knowledge, and comfort level to apply medicines reconciliation. They rated their knowledge level as having increased by 62.3% and comfort level as having increased by 37.0%. They overwhelmingly welcomed more integration of simulation in CPE activities. DISCUSSION A simulation-based continuing education workshop was well-received by pharmacists and enhanced their self-reported knowledge, comfort level, and preparedness to apply medicines reconciliation. Efforts are needed to expand simulation use in the development, refinement, and maintenance of clinical skills of pharmacists throughout their educational continuum including CPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maram G Katoue
- Miss Katoue: Associate Teaching Assistant, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait. Professor Ker: National Lead for Clinical Skills and Simulation, NHS Education for Scotland, and Emeritus Professor of Medical Education, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
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