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Giruzzi ME, Fuller KA, Dryden KL, Hazen MR, Robinson JD. A Cycle of Reinforcing Challenges and Ideas for Action in Experiential Settings. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2024; 88:100710. [PMID: 38750821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpe.2024.100710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that both pharmacy students and preceptors are struggling in the experiential setting. Underlying this phenomenon is a potential interconnected and cyclic set of behaviors being reinforced between students and preceptors. These behaviors can contribute to or are the result of higher levels of burnout and a decrease in the development of student clinical skills and subsequent performance on rotation. In this review, the authors investigate various challenges commonly encountered in the experiential environment. These challenges can range from an observed decrease in student engagement, motivation, and critical thinking skills to an increase in preceptor burnout and culture shifts in the clinical practice environments. These factors all ultimately impact patient care and overall student performance. For each challenge identified, strategies will be presented that can be implemented by students, preceptors, and pharmacy programs to break the cyclic pattern identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Giruzzi
- Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Spokane, WA, USA.
| | - Kathryn A Fuller
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kate L Dryden
- Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Malia R Hazen
- Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer D Robinson
- Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Spokane, WA, USA
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Rhoney DH, Chen AMH, Churchwell MD, Daugherty KK, Jarrett JB, Kleppinger EL, Nawarskas JJ, Sibicky SL, Stowe CD, Meyer SM. The Need for Competency-Based Education. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2024; 88:100706. [PMID: 38705241 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpe.2024.100706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES While pharmacy education updates learning as new information arises, changes to learning experiences can trail behind current practices and technology. There have been multiple calls for radical changes in how health professions education is delivered to ensure patients are receiving high-quality care. Competency-based education has been one way discussed in the literature for how to handle this need to develop students who have a willingness to learn and can problem-solve. The goal of this review is to examine whether competency-based education is needed to drive the profession of pharmacy forward. FINDINGS To address, we collaboratively identified stakeholder perspectives to evaluate the need. The following stakeholders achieved consensus among the committee members: patients/society, learners, workplace/profession, and academic institutions. SUMMARY Based on those perspectives, needs, and gaps to address those needs were identified and are presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise H Rhoney
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Aleda M H Chen
- Cedarville University, School of Pharmacy, Cedarville, OH, USA.
| | - Mariann D Churchwell
- University of Toledo College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Kimberly K Daugherty
- Sullivan University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jennie B Jarrett
- University of Illinois Chicago College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Stephanie L Sibicky
- Northeastern University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cindy D Stowe
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences College of Pharmacy, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Susan M Meyer
- University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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3
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Steeb DR, Cain J, Haines ST. Reconsidering Pharmacy: We Need to Turn Career Regret into Career Options. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2024; 88:100678. [PMID: 38430985 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpe.2024.100678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Declining interest in pharmacy as a career is a growing concern. This commentary investigates the factors contributing to career regret among pharmacy graduates, based on data from the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy National Graduating Student Survey. We identify 3 key contributing factors: workplace environment, professional identity formation, and marketing of the Doctor of Pharmacy degree. We argue that students observe, in many work environments, a lack of autonomy, repetitive tasks, and unfulfilling work. This leads to diminished job satisfaction and disillusionment. Additionally, marketing tactics and curricular structures can inadvertently contribute to career regret. We propose potential interventions, emphasizing the need for improved working conditions, more versatile roles in pharmacy, and enhanced career development services within colleges/schools of pharmacy. Additional research is needed to fully understand career regret and the steps that academic institutions can proactively take to mitigate career dissatisfaction among their graduates.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Steeb
- University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Jeff Cain
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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4
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Bounthavong M. Despair and hope: Is the retail community pharmacy workforce in danger of becoming a monopsony labor market? J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2024:102039. [PMID: 38360112 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2024.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mergers of big chain retail community pharmacies can affect the competitiveness of the pharmacy workforce to negotiate better wages and work conditions. However, it is unclear whether these types of mergers are generalizable to the U.S. pharmacy workforce. We should observe this effect when comparing annual wage trends between retail community pharmacy workers and nonretail community pharmacy workers. In the absence of this effect, annual wage trends would be similar. To examine this theory, annual wage trends for community pharmacy workers were compared with hospital pharmacy workers between 2012 and 2022. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS A serial cross-sectional study was performed to compare the annual wages between retail community pharmacy workers and hospital pharmacy workers between 2012 and 2022 using data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor and Statistics (BLS). Pharmacy workforce was categorized as pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, and pharmacy aides (clerks) and grouped into retail or hospital pharmacy settings based on the North American Industry Classification System. Pharmacy workers' annual wages were based on the U.S. BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages data. OUTCOME MEASURES Annual wages. RESULTS Between 2012 and 2022, statistically significant annual wage reduction was greater among pharmacists in the retail than pharmacists in the hospital setting by -$1974 (95% CI -$2921 to -$1026) per year. However, these trends were not statistically significant among pharmacy technicians and pharmacy aides. Pharmacy technicians in the retail and hospital settings had a 3.4% and 7.0% increase in average annual wages, respectively. Pharmacy aides in the retail and hospital settings had a 16.8% and 21.6% increase in average annual wages, respectively. CONCLUSION Although pharmacists' annual wages decreased, it is unclear whether this was caused by the monopsony labor market. These findings suggest that there may be inefficiencies in the retail community pharmacy labor market, which may stimulate policies to improve pharmacy workforce conditions and patient safety.
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Dopheide JA, Onyema IE, Casey T, Goodwin H, Moore TD, Payne GH. The mental health workforce needs pharmacists. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2023; 80:1752-1758. [PMID: 37659002 DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxad213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Dopheide
- University of Southern California Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Tyler Casey
- Kaiser Permanente - Northwest, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Tera D Moore
- Clinical Pharmacy Practice Office, Department of Veterans Affairs, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Gregory H Payne
- American Association of Psychiatric Pharmacists, Lincoln, NE, USA
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Deusinger SS, Landers MR. Author Response to Dean E. Phys Ther. 2023:103;pzad031. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzad031. Phys Ther 2023; 103:pzad131. [PMID: 37792881 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzad131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan S Deusinger
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Merrill R Landers
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
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Leslie KF, Fields KS, Jones VF, Simpson RC, Boyd-Wagner S, Malcom DR. The intersectionality of professional and personal identity formation in a virtual pre-health pathway program. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2023:S1877-1297(23)00160-0. [PMID: 37394356 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2023.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE To describe the development and implementation of professional and personal identity formation content in a virtual pre-health pathway program. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING Content within a six-week pre-health program for underrepresented and/or disadvantaged college students was redesigned to a virtual format with enhanced focus on professional and personal identity formation. Sessions on personal identity formation were also enhanced through a partnership with local mental health clinicians specializing in trauma-informed care and culturally relevant practices and strategies. FINDINGS The 2020 and 2021 programs were restructured to include pharmacy professional identity formation content around the following weekly themes: Roadmap to Pharmacy, What Does it Mean to be a Pharmacist?, Expanding Knowledge of Pharmacy, Gaining Insight and Dispelling Myths, Practicing Knowledge and Exploration, and Moving Forward. These pre-pharmacy components emphasized diversity of career paths, pharmacy-based clinical services, and the pharmacist's role in promoting health equity. Overarching components of interprofessional collaboration coupled with health policy applications further emphasized the professional identity of a pharmacist in the collaborative design and delivery of health care. New personal identity formation sessions were implemented in tandem with this content and centering around the following themes: Supporting Scholars in Self-Authorship, Building a Community among Peers, and Strategies for Coping in Times of Challenge. SUMMARY This project has the potential to serve as a model for the implementation of both personal and professional identity formation initiatives at other programs to promote pharmacy as a desirable and attainable career to pre-health students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie F Leslie
- Sullivan University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Louisville, KY, United States.
| | - Kiana S Fields
- University of Louisville Health Sciences Center Office of Diversity and Inclusion, Louisville, KY, United States.
| | - V Faye Jones
- University of Louisville Health Sciences Center Office of Diversity and Inclusion, Louisville, KY, United States.
| | - Ryan C Simpson
- University of Louisville Health Sciences Center Office of Diversity and Inclusion, Louisville, KY, United States.
| | - Shonna Boyd-Wagner
- University of Louisville Health Sciences Center Office of Diversity and Inclusion, Louisville, KY, United States.
| | - Daniel R Malcom
- Sullivan University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Louisville, KY, United States.
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Wilby KJ, Smith SA, Yee I, Cannon F, Kim J, Cha DJ, Atiquzzaman M, Marra C. Messaging preferences for the role of pharmacists in pharmacy education recruitment material. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2023; 15:593-598. [PMID: 37355384 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Applications to pharmacy programs are declining worldwide. Previous research suggests that positioning of recruitment material according to prospective students' preferences may increase interest in the profession and entry-to-practice programs. The aim of this study was to determine messaging preferences for the role of the pharmacist. METHODS This was a best-worst choice survey conducted at one institution in one country. Participants included prospective students, current pharmacy students, and others representing the general public. Thirteen statements (plus one control) describing the role of the pharmacist were extracted from pharmacy program websites. Survey participants completed the best-worst choice analysis, and a conditional logit model was used to estimate statement preference coefficients. RESULTS A total of 150 complete survey responses were collected. The top ranked statement was, "Pharmacists are health care professionals who are experts in medicines" and the least ranked statement was the control statement, "Pharmacists are experts in dispensing medications and counting tablets." No differences were observed between the different groups of survey respondents. Other highly ranked statements spoke to the expertise of the pharmacist and promoted a well-defined role. Catchy statements, such as "Pharmacists are medicines superheroes," were not ranked highly. CONCLUSIONS This study found that current and prospective pharmacy students preferred descriptive and explicit messages that align with pharmacists' professional identity for promotion of the pharmacist's role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle John Wilby
- College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, PO Box 15000, 5968 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Sophie A Smith
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9018, New Zealand
| | - Irene Yee
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9018, New Zealand
| | - Fiona Cannon
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9018, New Zealand
| | - Joseph Kim
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9018, New Zealand
| | - Danny J Cha
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9018, New Zealand
| | - Mohammad Atiquzzaman
- BC Renal Agency, Suite 260, 1770 West 7th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V6J 4Y6, Canada.
| | - Carlo Marra
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9018, New Zealand.
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Osmond D, Shcherbakova N, Huston S. Prestige and financial stability: motivating factors to pursue a doctor of pharmacy degree. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2023; 31:95-101. [PMID: 36367376 DOI: 10.1093/ijpp/riac086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to identify factors influencing students' decision to pursue a doctorate in pharmacy (PharmD). METHODS Focus-group interviews and quantitative surveys were used in sequence to investigate pharmacy students' motivations. A total of 36 current PharmD students from two US colleges of pharmacy participated in five focus groups. The resulting qualitative findings, along with existing literature, informed the development of a survey questionnaire, which was then administered to two cohorts of first-year pharmacy students at one of the participating colleges. KEY FINDINGS Identified themes include prestige of a doctorate, patient interaction, career versatility, and pharmacy school's lower intensity vis-à-vis medical school. A total of 110 first-year pharmacy students from a 4-year program (average (SD) age 23 (5); 65% female) completed the survey (98.5% response rate). The order of factors that respondents ranked as important or somewhat important for choosing pharmacy include: financial stability (n = 107 (97%)), prestige of a doctorate degree ((n = 97 (88%)), good work-life balance ((n = 96 (87%)), the opportunity to use critical thinking skills ((n = 93 (85%)), having patient interaction and communication ((n = 91 (83%)), and being in a profession or service ((n = 91 (83%)). CONCLUSIONS US PharmD students are mainly drawn by job and financial stability, prestige of a doctorate, and a good work-life balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane Osmond
- Keck Graduate Institute School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Natalia Shcherbakova
- Western New England University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - Sally Huston
- Keck Graduate Institute School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Claremont, CA, USA
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Pruitt S, Darley A, Dennison E. Increasing the PharmD Pipeline, Encouraging Student Success, and Supporting the Underserved Through Pre-Pharmacy Advising. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2023; 87:ajpe8854. [PMID: 35379651 PMCID: PMC10159511 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe8854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Academic advising for pre-pharmacy students lacks best practice recommendations specific to the pharmacy profession. When considering contemporary challenges in pharmacy education, adoption of high-quality advising approaches will likely have a positive influence on professional school enrollment, general student success, and educational access for the traditionally underserved. As pre-health academic advising is an important component of student professional development, standardizing best-practice strategies in and around pharmacy programs will "[strengthen] the pharmacy pipeline" and "[raise] the profile of pharmacy" as stated in the 2021-2024 Strategic Plan Priorities, Goals and Objectives issued by the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP). An investment is needed to codify such practices in pre-pharmacy advising and scale these techniques across pharmacy schools positioned to serve undergraduates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Pruitt
- University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, Athens, Georgia
| | - Andrew Darley
- University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, Athens, Georgia
| | - Erik Dennison
- University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, Athens, Georgia
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11
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Eiland LS, Brown TR, Enderby CY, Luchen GG, Smith WJ, Trovato JA, Chisholm-Burns MA. The ASHP Section of Pharmacy Educators Crystal Ball project: Insight into the future of pharmacy education. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2023; 80:236-241. [PMID: 36318806 DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxac332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lea S Eiland
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Auburn University Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Tim R Brown
- Dean's Office, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Cher Y Enderby
- Department of Pharmacy, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Winter J Smith
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas at Tyler Fisch College of Pharmacy, Tyler, TX, USA
| | - James A Trovato
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, USA
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12
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Deusinger SS, Landers MR. Storm Clouds on the Horizon: The 3 Perils of Unconstrained Academic Growth in Physical Therapist Education. Phys Ther 2022; 102:pzac046. [PMID: 35485199 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzac046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan S Deusinger
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Merrill R Landers
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
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13
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Smith MG, Nuffer W, O'Connor S. Redefining 'advanced': Supporting and promoting practice change through community advanced pharmacy practice experiences. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2022; 14:133-137. [PMID: 35190153 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Community pharmacy practice in the United States (US) has faced several external pressures, threatening traditional practice models. Schools and colleges of pharmacy (S/COP), particularly through experiential rotations, are perfectly poised to help these practices create new sustainable business models. The purpose of this article is to highlight demonstrated, reproducible successes of community advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) advancement initiatives. PERSPECTIVE Despite community pharmacists being highly-trained health care providers with roughly equivalent educational backgrounds, community-based practices in the US are not all the same. Student pharmacists can contribute to the design and implementation of revenue-generating services helping individual pharmacies elevate their practice. Doing so involves new models for staffing, workflow, billing, and documentation. Students can help support practice change by focusing on implementation and sustainability. Example APPE integrations focused on community pharmacy practice transformation are described in detail from the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences College of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Idaho State University. IMPLICATIONS Establishing intentional connections that focus on new sustainable community business models is a responsibility for S/COP. The examples provided serve to demonstrate the feasibility of these partnerships. Training students on innovative practice models and utilizing them is critical in moving community practice forward. As academicians, we must prepare students to be agents of change for the profession and intentionally integrate them into a systematic plan to help promote and change practice activities wherever possible, but especially in community practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan G Smith
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham Street, Box 522, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States.
| | - Wesley Nuffer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, 12850 E Montview Blvd C238, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.
| | - Shanna O'Connor
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, 921 S 8th Ave Stop 8333, Pocatello, ID 83209, United States.
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Barnett MJ, Lindfelt T, Doroudgar S, Chan E, Ip EJ. Pharmacy-faculty work-life balance and career satisfaction: Comparison of national survey results from 2012 and 2018. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2022; 5:100112. [PMID: 35478528 PMCID: PMC9031084 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2022.100112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Changes in demographics and composition of pharmacy faculty, along with faculty perceived stress, work-life balance and career satisfaction have yet to be fully documented. Objective To compare recent results from a national survey of work-life balance and career satisfaction of United States (U.S.) pharmacy faculty with results obtained from a similar survey from 2012. Methods A 46-item anonymous survey administered via Qualtrics (Provo, UT) was sent to members of the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) in 2018. Information regarding demographics, stress, work-life balance, career satisfaction and intent to leave academia was collected. Although not part of the previous survey, participant information related to bullying and abuse in the pharmacy academic work was also gathered. While actual p-values are reported for all comparisons, a more conservative p-value of 0.01 was chosen a priori to indicate significance as multiple comparisons were made. Results A total of 1090 pharmacy faculty completed the survey, comparable to the number obtained in 2012 (n = 811). Overall response rates were similar for both years. The majority of pharmacy faculty in 2018 were female, white, married or with partner, worked in a pharmacy practice department and for a public institution. Notable differences between surveys included an increase in females, more associate professors and an increase in non-white faculty in 2018, relative to 2012. Stress, as measured by mean Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) scores was also significantly higher in 2018 (16.0 ± 6.6 vs. 13.5 ± 6.7, p < 0.01) relative to 2012. Faculty from 2018 were significantly less likely to report an intention to remain in academia (61.8% vs 86.3%, p < 0.01), relative to 2012. A sizable number of pharmacy faculty surveyed in 2018 also reported observing or experiencing hostility in the workplace, which included either bullying or verbal or physical abuse. Conclusions The makeup of pharmacy educators has evolved quickly over the last several years to comprise more female and associate professors who work within a pharmacy practice department. Also noteworthy is the significant increase in self-reported stress over the six-year timeframe. The direct implications of these findings are unknown but suggest that pharmacy academia is maturing in rank and changing to reflect the current pharmacy workforce (i.e., more females and additional clinical practice roles). Increases in responsibility likely accompany these maturing roles and may, along with other factors, contribute to the observed changes in the reported stress levels among faculty. Further research is called for regarding the reported hostility in pharmacy academic workplace and dovetails with concurrent work being done on citizenship and organizational citizenship behavior among pharmacy faculty. Findings of the study may aid pharmacy school administrators and stakeholders with plans to recruit, develop and retain faculty. Pharmacy faculty report frequent hostility and bullying in their workplace. Composition of pharmacy faculty is rapidly changing to include more females working in pharmacy practice departments. Pharmacy faculty report increased stress levels relative to a previous survey from 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell J. Barnett
- Touro University California College of Pharmacy, Clinical Sciences Department, 1310 Club Drive, Mare Island, Vallejo, CA 94592, United States of America
- Corresponding author.
| | - Tristan Lindfelt
- Epocrates Medical Information, athenahealth, Inc., 311 Arsenal Street, Watertown, MA 02472, United States of America
| | - Shadi Doroudgar
- Touro University California College of Pharmacy, Clinical Sciences Department, 1310 Club Drive, Mare Island, Vallejo, CA 94592, United States of America
- Stanford University, Department of Medicine-Primary Care and Population Health, 1265 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America
| | - Emily Chan
- Nebraska Medicine, Clarkson Family Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 988125 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States of America
| | - Eric J. Ip
- Touro University California College of Pharmacy, Clinical Sciences Department, 1310 Club Drive, Mare Island, Vallejo, CA 94592, United States of America
- Stanford University, Department of Medicine-Primary Care and Population Health, 1265 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America
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Smith KJ. Wicked Problems in Pharmacy Education. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2022; 86:8491. [PMID: 35074854 PMCID: PMC8787173 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe8491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Wicked problems are unstructured, cross-cutting, and relentless. While problem-solving is an expected outcome of pharmacy education programs, are we, as pharmacy educators, acknowledging the "wicked" problems we have in the Academy? This commentary provides examples of wicked problems in pharmacy practice and education and suggestions for engaging with wicked problems in an effort to solve them. Pharmacy educators must hold a summit on wicked problems in pharmacy education in order to address the complex problems we are currently facing in order to shape the profession for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J Smith
- The University of Oklahoma, College of Pharmacy, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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16
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Tanni KA, Qian J. Trends in gender and race/ethnicity of PharmD students and faculty in US pharmacy schools. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2021; 13:1408-1413. [PMID: 34799052 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study described and compared trends in the distribution of gender and race/ethnicity for doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) students and faculty in schools and colleges of pharmacy in the United States. METHODS Institution-level gender (male and female) and racial/ethnic (White, Black/African American, Hispanic/Latino) data for full-time faculty were obtained from the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy institutional database for 2009-2019. PharmD students' demographic data during the same study period were collected separately for applications, enrollments, and degrees conferred. Generalized linear regression models were applied to examine trends in proportion of PharmD students and faculty distribution in subgroups of different gender and race/ethnicity at P < .05. All analyses were conducted using SAS, version 9.4 (SAS Institute). RESULTS Significantly increasing trends in female full-time faculty, PharmD applications, and enrollments were observed; however, the trend in female PharmD degrees conferred remained stable from 2009 to 2019. While the trends in proportion of PharmD applications, enrollments, and degrees conferred for Black/African American and Hispanic/Latino students increased significantly, declines and stable trends in the proportion of Black/African American and Hispanic/Latino faculty, respectively, were identified during the same time. CONCLUSIONS Upward trends in proportions of Black/African American and Hispanic/Latino PharmD applications, enrollments, and degrees conferred were not mirrored by trends in proportions of underrepresented faculty. Implementation of effective faculty diversity and inclusion strategies is warranted to better meet the educational needs of PharmD students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaniz Afroz Tanni
- Department of Health Outcomes Research and Policy, Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy, 4306 Walker Building, Auburn, AL 36849, United States.
| | - Jingjing Qian
- Department of Health Outcomes Research and Policy, Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy, 4306 Walker Building, Auburn, AL 36849, United States.
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17
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Dixon DL, Sobieraj DM, Brown RE, Koenig RA, Wagner M, Baker WL. A Bibliometric Analysis of Peer-Reviewed Journal Publications of Pharmacy Practice Department Chairs. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2021; 85:8481. [PMID: 34615625 PMCID: PMC8500282 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe8481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To perform a bibliometric analysis of pharmacy practice department chairs at US schools and colleges of pharmacy to determine factors associated with their level of scholarly productivity.Methods. Scopus was searched for all publications by pharmacy practice chairs from all pharmacy schools through August 11, 2020. Publication metrics (total number of publications and citations and the Hirsch-index (h-index), and year of first publication), as well as characteristics of the individual chair and institution were collected. Characteristics were compared across groups. A generalized linear model was used to determine the correlation between the total number of publications and h-index to school ranking by US News & World Report (USNWR).Results. One hundred forty-one pharmacy practice chairs were identified. The majority were male and at the rank of professor, with a similar proportion from public and private institutions. The median total number of publications and citations was 19 and 247, respectively, with a median h-index of eight. Compared with female chairs, male chairs had a higher median total of publications and citations and a higher h-index. Chairs at public institutions had a higher median total of publications and citations and a higher publication rate, h-index, and m quotient. The USNWR ranking for the school was significantly correlated with total publications and the h-index.Conclusion. Pharmacy practice chairs vary significantly in their scholarship productivity, although those at institutions with a larger emphasis on research were more prolific. Observed differences in the publication metrics of male and female chairs warrants further study to determine possible explanations for this finding and its potential impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave L Dixon
- Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Pharmacy, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Diana M Sobieraj
- University of Connecticut, School of Pharmacy, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Roy E Brown
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Health Sciences Library, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Rachel A Koenig
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Health Sciences Library, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Madeleine Wagner
- Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Pharmacy, Richmond, Virginia
| | - William L Baker
- University of Connecticut, School of Pharmacy, Storrs, Connecticut
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18
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Romanelli F. Continuing to Challenge the Paradigm of What Is Possible in Pharmacy Education and Practice Post-COVID-19. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2021; 85:8540. [PMID: 34315710 PMCID: PMC8341235 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe8540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused boundless disruptions to every element of life. It has also brought with it lessons from the past that will likely extend into the future as humans continue to interface with the ever-increasing threats of zoonotic diseases. The pandemic has challenged the profession and the Academy to adjust, modify, and adapt. It has also stretched the bounds of what had previously been thought possible within the realms of medicine. As the Academy begins to reach and crest the apex of the epidemic it should be reminded of the many lessons associated with the pandemic and of the constant need to challenge the paradigm of what is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Romanelli
- University of Kentucky, College of Pharmacy, Lexington, Kentucky
- Executive Associate Editor, American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, Arlington, Virginia
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19
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Bauman JL. Time to downsize and evolve: Of Mustangs, sport utility vehicles, and colleges of pharmacy. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jac5.1371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jerry L. Bauman
- Journal of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy Lenexa Kanas USA
- Department of Pharmacy Practice University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy Chicago Illinois USA
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