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Alkuran O, Al-Mehaisen L, Abu Mahfouz I, Al-Kuran L, Asali F, Khamees A, Al-Shatanawi T, Jaber H. Distance Electronic Learning Strategy in Medical Teaching During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Cross-Sectional Survey Study. JMIR MEDICAL EDUCATION 2023; 9:e42354. [PMID: 38051556 PMCID: PMC10731547 DOI: 10.2196/42354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Teaching hospitals have been regarded as the primary settings where doctors teach and practice high-quality medicine, as well as where medical students learn the profession and acquire their initial clinical skills. A percentage of instruction is now done over the internet or via electronic techniques. The present COVID-19 epidemic has pushed distance electronic learning (DEL) to the forefront of education at all levels, including medical institutions. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to observe how late-stage medical students felt about DEL, which was put in place during the recent COVID-19 shutdown in Jordan. METHODS We conducted a prospective, cross-sectional, web-based, questionnaire-based research study during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown between March 15 and May 1, 2020. During this period, all medical schools in Jordan shifted to DEL. RESULTS A total of 380 students responded to a request to fill out the questionnaire, of which 256 completed the questionnaire. The data analysis showed that 43.6% (n=112) of respondents had no DEL experience, and 53.1% (n=136)of respondents perceived the DEL method as user-friendly. On the other hand, 64.1% (n=164) of students strongly believed that DEL cannot substitute traditional clinical teaching. There was a significant positive correlation between the perception of user-friendliness and the clarity of the images and texts used. Moreover, there was a strong positive correlation between the perception of sound audibility and confidence in applying knowledge gained through DEL to clinical practice. CONCLUSIONS DEL is a necessary and important tool in modern medical education, but it should be used as an auxiliary approach in the clinical setting since it cannot replace conventional personal instruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oqba Alkuran
- Medical School, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | | | | | - Lena Al-Kuran
- Medical School, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Fida Asali
- Medical School, Hashimite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | | | | | - Hatim Jaber
- Medical School, Al-Balqa Applied University, Amman, Jordan
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Handoyo NE, Claramita M, Keraf MKPA, Ash J, Schuwirth L, Rahayu GR. The importance of developing meaningfulness and manageability for resilience in rural doctors. MEDICAL TEACHER 2023; 45:32-39. [PMID: 36202102 DOI: 10.1080/0142159x.2022.2128734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Retention of rural doctors is a problem in many countries. A previous study has identified resilience as a factor associated with longer retention. However, this needs a deeper study to understand what local and personal factors are at play. Studies suggest resilience can be developed during training. We propose that a better understanding of factors associated with resilience might assist in training students for rural practice and increase retention. AIM This study aimed to understand the differences in resilience development between the more and the less resilient rural doctors. A secondary purpose was to identify how to assist this developmental process through health professional education. METHODS This study employed a mixed-method design and was part of a more extensive study aiming to develop rural doctors' resilience in a low-resource setting. A prior survey assessed rural doctors' resilience levels. This study sampled high-level and low-level resilience participants to be interviewed. A total of 22 rural doctors participated in the individual semi-structured interviews. The interviews were analyzed qualitatively based on Richardson's Resilience Model and the six resilience dimensions looking for factors that explained high or low resilience. RESULTS Two important themes emerged during the qualitative analysis: 'meaningfulness' and 'manageability.' The different responses of high and low-resilient participants can be explained through cases. CONCLUSIONS The participants' perceived meaningfulness and manageability of the stressor determine the responses. We suggest that teachers may better construct students' resilience by focussing on assisting them in finding meaning and developing a sense of manageability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E Handoyo
- Faculty of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Nusa Cendana, Kupang, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Indonesia
| | - Mora Claramita
- Department of Medical, Health Professions Education, and Bioethics, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Public Health, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Julie Ash
- Prideaux Center for Research in Health Professions Education, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia
- Adelaide Rural Clinical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Lambert Schuwirth
- Prideaux Center for Research in Health Professions Education, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Gandes R Rahayu
- Department of Medical, Health Professions Education, and Bioethics, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Public Health, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Wakabayashi T, Tsuji Y, Yamamoto T, Sohma H, Yamamoto W. Self-assessment scale for the community-based and emergency practice. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2022; 22:799. [PMID: 36397056 PMCID: PMC9670040 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-022-03848-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For current medical education, community-based primary care for the elderly is an essential topic. This study aimed to establish a scale of community-based assessment for clinical and emergency practice (C-CEP). METHODS A self-assessment scale for C-CEP was developed according to four steps. Initially, we reviewed publications from the societies of the United States, British, and Japan regarding educational goals. In addition, we searched MEDLINE for educational goals regarding attitude, skills, and knowledge. Getting together, we established 23 items as the educational goals of the C-CEP. Second, we collected responses for these 23 items from 5th-grade medical students (n = 195). Third, we conducted an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) using their responses to determine the fundamental structure of the self-assessment scale. Finally, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to assess the fitness of the self-assessment scale developing the EFA, resulting in modification of the items. RESULTS In EFA and CFA results, C-CEP Scale consisted of four factors with 15 items: "Attitude and communication in emergency care," Basic clinical skills," "Knowledge of community healthcare," and "Knowledge of evidence-based medicine perseverance." The model fit indices were acceptable (Goodness of Fix Index = 0.928, Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index = 0.900, Comparative Fit Index = 0.979, and Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0.045). The values of McDonald's omega as an estimate of scale reliability were more than 0.7 in all four factors. As for test-retest reliability, the intraclass correlation coefficients were ≥ 0.58 for all factors. All four factors of the C-CEP Scale correlated positively with the Medical Professionalism Evaluation Scale subscales. CONCLUSIONS We developed a valid and reliable self-assessment scale to assess student competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Wakabayashi
- Department of General and Emergency Medicine, Japan Community Health-care Organization Sapporo Hokushin Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of General Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, S1 W17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Tsuji
- Department of General Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, S1 W17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Yamamoto
- Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, S1 W17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
- Center for Medical Education, Sapporo Medical University, S1 W17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sohma
- Center for Medical Education, Sapporo Medical University, S1 W17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Wari Yamamoto
- Department of General Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, S1 W17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
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Effective Veterinary Clinical Teaching in a Variety of Teaching Settings. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9010017. [PMID: 35051101 PMCID: PMC8779673 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This review explores different modalities for clinical teaching of veterinary learners globally. Effective clinical teaching aims to prepare graduates for a successful career in clinical practice. Unfortunately, there is scant literature concerning clinical teaching in veterinary medicine. Our intent for this review is to stimulate and/or facilitate discussion and/or research in this important area. We discuss the different forms that veterinary clinical teaching can take, depending on their setting, which can be university-based clinical activities, work-based in commercial clinical practices, or in a traditional academic setting with little to no real-time exposure to clients and patients. We suggest that each of these modalities has a place in clinical teaching of veterinary learners at any point in the curriculum but that a mix of these approaches will likely provide an improved experience for the learner. Further, we discuss strategies to improve clinical teaching in these different settings. Potential strategies related to the teaching skills of clinical instructors could include training in delivery of clinical teaching in a variety of learning settings, and instructors’ official recognition, including opportunities for career progression. Potential strategies to improve clinical teaching in different teaching settings would vary with the learning settings. For example, in traditional academic settings, case-based learning with incorporation of simulation models is one proposed strategy. The involvement of learners in ‘teach-others’ is a strategy for both traditional academic and clinical settings. Finally, clearly addressing Day One competencies is required in any clinical teaching setting.
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Yeoh A, Sathiakumar AK, Leung CNY, Hoffman R, Gosbell A, Tan KN. Impact of clinical placement sites on general practice as a career preference for Australian medical students. Aust J Rural Health 2021; 30:95-102. [PMID: 34787946 DOI: 10.1111/ajr.12819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigates whether General Practice placement experience or locations (urban/metropolitan vs non-metropolitan) promote student interest in pursuing general practice. DESIGN SurveyMonkey was used in the design of the survey. SETTING The study was conducted online. PARTICIPANTS A total of 520 and 705 clinical-year students were surveyed in 2009 and 2019, respectively. The study was conducted online, using SurveyMonkey, and the participants were mostly non-indigenous Australian medical students, between the ages of 18 and 30. INTERVENTIONS Students were recruited from the General Practice Students' Network membership database to complete the survey online. Chi-squared testing, Pearson's correlation and a multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to investigate the correlation between general practice placements and intention to become a general practice. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The association and causation between general practice placement location, student experience and students' intended career outcomes. RESULTS In 2009, majority of students rated their general practice experience 'mostly positive' while most metropolitan participants and majority of non-metropolitan placement participants in the 2019 survey responded with 'mostly positive' in 2019. Based on 2009 and 2019 data, general practice placement location had no association with the likelihood of pursuing general practice as a career, while student experience had a stronger positive correlation with the likelihood of pursuing general practice as a career. CONCLUSION Our study shows that students' overall experience with their general practice placements significantly encourages medical students to pursue the general practice pathway. As such, increasing both metropolitan and non-metropolitan placement experiences can potentially overcome general practice shortage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Yeoh
- Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia.,GPSN, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Kang Ning Tan
- GPSN, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia
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Fuller L, Lawson M, Beattie J. The impact of clerkship model and clinical setting on medical student's participation in the clinical workplace: A comparison of rural LIC and rural block rotation experience. MEDICAL TEACHER 2021; 43:307-313. [PMID: 33307934 DOI: 10.1080/0142159x.2020.1839032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the participation of rural Longitudinal Integrated Clerkship (LIC) and rural Block Rotation (BR) students in surgical clinical activities. METHODS Third-year medical students from Deakin University's Rural Clinical Schools were invited to record their participation during clinical encounters with ten common surgical conditions, using a descriptive five-point progressive entrustment scale. Participation levels of LIC and BR students were compared for differences, according to clinical task and context. RESULTS LIC students recorded greater active participation across all clinical tasks.Highest levels of active participation occurred in General Practice, a setting only LIC students were exposed to at this course stage. BR students recorded the majority of their surgical encounters in the hospital inpatient setting, where their involvement was predominantly observational. Both groups recorded high levels of participation in the Emergency Department. CONCLUSIONS Active participation in clinical encounters with surgical patients was enhanced by participation in a LIC program and cannot be attributed to the rural context alone. Student participation is influenced by clinical context, presenting the opportunity to reconsider the design of clerkships to include models that facilitate active student participation. Further research is required to investigate the learner, supervisor and contextual factors influencing entrustment decisions within clerkships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Fuller
- Deakin University, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia
| | - Mary Lawson
- Deakin University, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia
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Stupart D, Beattie J, Lawson M, Watters D, Fuller L. Medical Students Can Learn Surgery Effectively in a Rural Longitudinal Integrated Clerkship. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2020; 77:1407-1413. [PMID: 32451311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND At Deakin University School of Medicine, compulsory formal teaching in Surgery occurs in year 3. This may occur as part of a rural longitudinal integrated clerkship (LIC), or in a traditional teaching hospital block rotation (BR). The purpose of this study was to compare these groups' exposure to surgical common conditions and their academic outcomes. METHODS Part I: This was a survey of students' encounters with patients with common surgical conditions between 2016 and 2018. Self-reported data were collected describing the nature of the encounters and their clinical settings. Part II: All third year Surgery MCQ and OSCE results from 2011 to 2017 were analyzed. Students were deidentified and grouped according to whether they were in the LIC or BR programme. RESULTS Part I: Thirty-eight third year students (20 LIC, 18 BR) submitted data for a total of 188 clinical encounters. Both groups encountered all nominated common surgical conditions, but the settings in which this occurred were different. BR students saw most patients as hospital inpatients whereas LIC student encounters were distributed across multiple clinical sites. Part II: A total of 942 (121 [26%] LIC and 821 [74%] BR) students' assessment results were analyzed. The groups performed similarly in the MCQ (p = 0.21) and OSCE (p = 0.16) examinations. CONCLUSIONS Students who were taught surgery in a LIC program performed similarly to on their final exams to their peers in traditional clerkships, with self-reported student data indicating both groups encountered a similar range of conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Stupart
- Department of Surgery, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Jessica Beattie
- Rural Community Clinical School, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Mary Lawson
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - David Watters
- Department of Surgery, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Lara Fuller
- Rural Community Clinical School, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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van Heerden C, Uahwatanasakul W, Vaughan B, Delany C. Ripple effect of a clinical teaching fellow programme in an Australian paediatric hospital. J Paediatr Child Health 2020; 56:1072-1076. [PMID: 32100387 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.14819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM Bedside teaching performed by experienced clinicians is an expected component of medical student training. As clinicians often have high clinical demands and a lack of formal training in teaching methods, clinical teaching fellowships have been established. In clinical teaching fellowships, clinicians with an interest and expertise in medical education provide medical students with standardised teaching. Studies about the impact of clinical teaching fellowships have demonstrated benefits for both clinical teaching fellows (CTFs) and medical students. However, studies have not evaluated the impact of these fellowships on other clinicians or learning relationships within the institution. In this study, we aimed to address this gap by gathering data on the perspectives of CTFs, medical students and hospital consultants. METHOD A mixed-method design was used, utilising a combination of surveys for CTFs, medical students and hospital consultants and semi-structured telephone interviews for CTFs. Quantitative and qualitative data were obtained. RESULTS The combination of data from CTFs, medical students and consultants enabled a more comprehensive understanding of the impact of the CTF programme within the institution. Although benefits were identified for CTFs and medical students, the consultant group noted that they were less involved in teaching medical students and that the CTFs were not well integrated into the ward team. CONCLUSION This research highlights the importance of considering not only direct outcomes of teaching and learning but broader influences on more implicit teaching opportunities and relationships within hospital teams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn van Heerden
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of General Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wonie Uahwatanasakul
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of General Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Education, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brett Vaughan
- Department of Medical Education, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Clare Delany
- Department of Medical Education, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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The Physiotherapy in Preschools Program: Describing a Student-Led Assessment Service for Children With Possible Motor Skill Difficulties. Adapt Phys Activ Q 2020; 37:324-337. [PMID: 32559737 DOI: 10.1123/apaq.2019-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe and undertake an initial evaluation of a student-led assessment service for children with possible motor-skill difficulties. A secondary analysis of cross-sectional descriptive clinical data collected from 2015 to 2016 was undertaken. Children (N = 102) were assessed in preschools by physiotherapy students (supervised by qualified physiotherapists). Key outcomes included the following: Children's Activities Scale, Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2, and demographic/service-usage/onward referral statistics. The results highlighted that for every five children referred/assessed, two were at risk of motor-skill difficulties (∼43%). About 66% of children were subsequently referred on or monitored (40% requiring multidisciplinary follow-up). Conversely 34% of children did not require further services. In conclusion, a student-led assessment service may be a sustainable and feasible option to assist children at risk of motor-skill difficulties, enabling onward referral. Additional evaluation is required to garner stakeholder feedback.
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Beattie J, Binder M, Ramsbottom V, Fuller L. The role of vertically integrated learning in a rural longitudinal integrated clerkship. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2019; 19:328. [PMID: 31481036 PMCID: PMC6724250 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-019-1767-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deakin's Rural Community Clinical School (RCCS) is a Longitudinal Integrated Clerkship (LIC) program in Western Victoria. Students undertake a year-long placement in a rural General Practice, many of which also host General Practice Registrars. There is a lack of evidence addressing the role and impact of Vertically Integrated Learning (VI) in practices hosting both LIC medical students and General Practice Registrars. The objective of the study was to establish how VI is perceived in the LIC context and the impact that it has on both learners and practices, in order to consider how to potentiate the role it can play in facilitating learning. METHODS Semi-structured, in-depth, qualitative interviews were undertaken, with 15 participants located in RCCS General Practices. Emergent themes were identified by thematic analysis. RESULTS Five main interconnected themes were identified; (i) understanding and structure, (ii) planning and evaluation, (iii) benefits, (iv) facilitators, and (v) barriers. CONCLUSION VI in a rural LIC is not clearly understood, even by participants. VI structure and methodology varied considerably between practices. Benefits included satisfying and efficient sharing of knowledge between learners at different levels. VI was facilitated by the supportive and collegiate environment identified as being present in a rural LIC context. Resources for VI are needed to guide content and expectations across the continuum of medical training and evaluate its role. The financial impact of VI in a rural LIC warrants further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Beattie
- School of Medicine, Rural Community Clinical School, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Marley Binder
- School of Medicine, Rural Community Clinical School, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Vivienne Ramsbottom
- School of Medicine, Rural Community Clinical School, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Lara Fuller
- School of Medicine, Rural Community Clinical School, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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Wearne SM, Magin PJ, Spike NA. Preparation for general practice vocational training: time for a rethink. Med J Aust 2019; 209:52-54. [PMID: 29996746 DOI: 10.5694/mja17.00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Neil A Spike
- Eastern Victoria General Practice Training, Melbourne, VIC
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12
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Walker LE, Cross M, Barnett T. Students' experiences and perceptions of interprofessional education during rural placement: A mixed methods study. NURSE EDUCATION TODAY 2019; 75:28-34. [PMID: 30677641 DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interprofessional collaboration is key to addressing the complexity of contemporary health care, therefore it is imperative that students from different disciplines have access to interprofessional education to equip them with the requisite skills and attributes. While interprofessional education promotes a person-centred approach and mutual recognition of one another's contributions to health outcomes, interprofessional education in Australian universities is fragmented and presents challenges that can be addressed through clinical placements. OBJECTIVES This article reports student perceptions and readiness for interprofessional education in the rural clinical learning environment in one region of Australia. DESIGN A mixed methods approach. SETTINGS Rural clinical learning environments in one geographic area in Victoria, Australia. PARTICIPANTS 60 undergraduate healthcare students from allied health, medicine, nursing and midwifery. METHODS A survey incorporating Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale, Interdisciplinary Education Perception Scale and focused interprofessional questions. Qualitative data were collected via survey comments, interviews and focus groups. RESULTS Students had numerous opportunities for interprofessional education, to observe role modelling in the workplace and considered that learning with other professions would help them become more effective members of the health care team. Students valued learning about collaborative practice, the roles of other professions and identified activities that enhanced interprofessional engagement. CONCLUSIONS This study provides important insights regarding students' perceptions and readiness for interprofessional education. These results demonstrate that there are numerous opportunities to embed interprofessional education within the rural clinical learning environment and offer new insights into students' experiences and preferences for potential activities. These findings may resonate with others implementing interprofessional education in the workplace and guide facilitators in planning activities for students. Factors influencing differences in attitudes towards interprofessional education and how students acquire an understanding of their professional or disciplinary role warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine E Walker
- Monash University, PO Box 527, Frankston, Victoria 3199, Australia; University of Tasmania, Australia.
| | - Merylin Cross
- Centre for Rural Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia.
| | - Tony Barnett
- Centre for Rural Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia.
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Somporn P, Ash J, Walters L. Stakeholder views of rural community-based medical education: a narrative review of the international literature. MEDICAL EDUCATION 2018; 52:791-802. [PMID: 29603320 DOI: 10.1111/medu.13580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Rural community-based medical education (RCBME), in which medical student learning activities take place within a rural community, requires students, clinical teachers, patients, community members and representatives of health and government sectors to actively contribute to the educational process. Therefore, academics seeking to develop RCBME need to understand the rural context, and the views and needs of local stakeholders. OBJECTIVES The aim of this review is to examine stakeholder experiences of RCBME programmes internationally. METHODS This narrative literature review of original research articles published after 1970 utilises Worley's symbiosis model of medical education as an analysis framework. This model proposes that students experience RCBME through their intersection with multiple clinical, social and institutional relationships. This model seeks to provide a framework for considering the intersecting relationships in which RCBME programmes are situated. RESULTS Thirty RCBME programmes are described in 52 articles, representing a wide range of rural clinical placements. One-year longitudinal integrated clerkships for penultimate-year students in Anglosphere countries were most common. Such RCBME enables students to engage in work-integrated learning in a feasible manner that is acceptable to many rural clinicians and patients. Academic results are not compromised, and a few papers demonstrate quality improvement for rural health services engaged in RCBME. These programmes have delivered some rural medical workforce outcomes to communities and governments. Medical students also provide social capital to rural communities. However, these programmes have significant financial cost and risk student social and educational isolation. CONCLUSIONS Rural community-based medical education programmes are seen as academically acceptable and can facilitate symbiotic relationships among students, rural clinicians, patients and community stakeholders. These relationships can influence students' clinical competency and professional identity, increase graduates' interest in rural careers, and potentially improve rural health service stability. Formal prospective stakeholder consultations should be published in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praphun Somporn
- Hatyai Medical Education Centre, Hatyai Hospital, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Julie Ash
- Prideaux Centre for Research in Health Professions Education, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lucie Walters
- Flinders Rural Health South Australia, Flinders University, Mount Gambier, South Australia, Australia
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14
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Bahmanbijari B, Beigzadeh A, Etminan A, Najarkolai AR, Khodaei M, Askari SMS. The perspective of medical students regarding the roles and characteristics of a clinical role model. Electron Physician 2017; 9:4124-4130. [PMID: 28607645 PMCID: PMC5459282 DOI: 10.19082/4124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As medical students spend most of their time with their clinical teachers and imitate their roles and characteristics during the school year, it is important to identify the roles and characteristics that they find essential in their role models. These traits play a part in their future professions as doctors. Objective The aim of this study was to determine the perspective of students, interns, and residents regarding the roles and characteristics of a clinical role model. Methods In an analytical cross-sectional study, a structured and self-developed questionnaire was completed by 185 medical students at educational hospitals of Kerman University of Medical Sciences during April and May 2015. Participants were selected using convenience sampling method. For data analysis, we used descriptive and inferential statistics. SPSS software version 16 was used as needed. Results In total, 90 medical students (48.7%), 65 interns (35.1%), and 30 residents (16.2%) participated in this study. Male respondents (n=75) comprised 40.5% and female respondents (n=110) 59.5% of the study sample. The three most important roles of a clinical teacher were organizer role (99.7), teacher role (101.7), and supporter role (109.5) for students, interns, and residents respectively. On the other hand, supporter role (85.4), communicator role (86.4) and organizer role (83.4) were ranked as the least important for students, interns, and residents respectively. There was no significant association among the three batches and the roles of a clinical teacher (p>0.05). Conversely, Females rated the roles of a clinical teacher significantly higher than males (p<0.05). Conclusions As teachers are frequently perceived by students as role models in medical schools, great attention should be given to their roles. Teachers must be aware that their roles have an impact on students’ professional development and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Bahmanbijari
- MD., Pediatrician, Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Amin Beigzadeh
- Ph.D. Candidate of Medical Education, Health Services Management Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Abbas Etminan
- MD., Nephrologist, Assistant Professor, Department of Nephrology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Atena Rahmati Najarkolai
- M.Sc. of Medical Education, Education Development Office, Firoozgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Khodaei
- M.Sc. of Health Services Management, Health Services Management Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Seyed Mostafa Seyed Askari
- B.Sc. of Health Services Management, Shafa Clinical Research Committee, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Abstract
Medical education fails to prepare young doctors for the nature of the work they will encounter. Doctors face a rapidly changing medical landscape, which relies more and more upon interprofessional collaboration to optimise patient outcomes and upon non-clinical skills to provide care efficiently and cost effectively. The current response to change is a reactive and resource-intensive effort, where established doctors are directed towards new ways of working. A better response would be interprofessional clinical and non-clinical training, incorporating a philosophy and style that accommodate innovation, communication and change. This preparative training should be overseen by a single educational enterprise that links undergraduate and postgraduate instruction. Improved training might enable better design of the healthcare system from within.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine S Thomas
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Toby R Gilbert
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Campbell H Thompson
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia
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16
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Gustafsson L, Brown T, McKinstry C, Caine AM. Practice education: A snapshot from Australian university programmes. Aust Occup Ther J 2016; 64:159-169. [PMID: 27859321 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1630.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Practice education is an integral component of the learning process for occupational therapy students. The dramatic increase in Australian occupational therapy programmes and students enrolled over the last decade is placing exponential demands on universities and practice education providers to meet accreditation and registration requirements. This study aimed to explore practice education from the perspectives of Australian occupational therapy university programmes. METHODS A purpose-designed survey was emailed to the heads of all Australian occupational therapy programmes. The survey gathered qualitative and quantitative data on courses offered, number of students, practice education hours and models, practice education administration and funding, and challenges for stakeholders. All data were summarised and are presented descriptively. RESULTS Responses were received from 21 (95.5%) Australian university occupational therapy programmes, with a total enrolment of 5569 undergraduate and 659 graduate-entry masters students. Practice education hours were predominantly in the later years of study and used an apprenticeship model for supervision. There was a trend for observation, simulation and service-learning experiences to be placed in the early years of programmes. Participants reported that the increasing student numbers presented difficulties within the changing clinical contexts. There was a call to re-examine the 1000-hour requirement for practice education. CONCLUSION Practice education is a critical issue for Australian occupational therapy. Increasing student numbers place mounting financial and resource demands on education programmes and practice education providers. There is a need for a national, collaborative approach to develop guidelines and processes to ensure sustainability relating to practice education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Gustafsson
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ted Brown
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Frankston, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carol McKinstry
- La Trobe Rural Health School, Faculty of Health Sciences, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anne-Maree Caine
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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17
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Shahi R, Walters L, Ward H, Woodman RJ, Prideaux D. Clinical participation of medical students in three contemporary training models. MEDICAL EDUCATION 2015; 49:1219-28. [PMID: 26611187 DOI: 10.1111/medu.12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES As community settings are being used increasingly in undergraduate medical programmes, this study aimed to explore and compare the clinical experiences of students in hospital-based and community-based training programmes. It measured students' clinical participation and compared the perspectives of Year 3 medical students in three different models of clinical education: a tertiary hospital block programme; a community hybrid programme, and a rural longitudinal integrated clerkship (LIC) programme. METHODS The study used a mixed methodology approach to examine the clinical experiences of students through the analysis of logbooks and semi-structured student interviews. This involved the quantitative analysis of 88 logbook weeks, data from which were triangulated through the analysis of 101 individual interviews using grounded theory. RESULTS A total of 35 students across the three different clinical training models participated in the study. The results demonstrate significant differences among the three models in students' clinical participation and suggest that community settings provide more opportunities to students for meaningful engagement in patient care activities. CONCLUSIONS Consistent wider and more direct access to patients for students, as found in the community-based model, provides a pathway for engaging students in the learning processes, and a step towards making them aware of their learning needs and knowledge. Interviews provide evidence that authentic clinical activities can be enhanced through structured systems of supervision and through the provision of authentic roles for students in clinical teams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Shahi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lucie Walters
- Flinders University Rural Clinical School, Flinders University, Mt. Gambier, South Australia, Australia
| | - Helena Ward
- Medicine Learning and Teaching Unit (MLTU), The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Richard J Woodman
- Flinders Centre for Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David Prideaux
- School Of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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18
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Walters L, Greenhill J, Richards J, Ward H, Campbell N, Ash J, Schuwirth LWT. Outcomes of longitudinal integrated clinical placements for students, clinicians and society. MEDICAL EDUCATION 2012; 46:1028-41. [PMID: 23078680 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2923.2012.04331.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Longitudinal integrated clerkships (LICs) have been widely implemented in both rural and urban contexts, as is now evident in the wealth of studies published internationally. This narrative literature review aims to summarise current evidence regarding the outcomes of LICs for student, clinician and community stakeholders. METHODS Recent literature was examined for original research articles pertaining to outcomes of LICs. RESULTS Students in LICs achieve academic results equivalent to and in some cases better than those of their counterparts who receive clinical education in block rotations. Students in LICs are reported to have well-developed patient-centred communication skills, demonstrate understanding of the psychosocial contributions to medicine, and report more preparedness in higher-order clinical and cognitive skills in comparison with students in traditional block rotations (TBRs). Students in LICs take on increased responsibility with patients and describe having more confidence in dealing with ethical dilemmas. Continuity of supervision reportedly facilitates incremental knowledge acquisition, and supervisors provide incrementally progressive feedback. Despite early disorientation regarding the organising of their learning, students feel well supported by the continuity of student-preceptor relationships and value the contributions made by these. Students in LICs living and working in rural areas are positively influenced towards primary care and rural career choices. DISCUSSION A sound body of knowledge in the field of LIC research suggests it is time to move beyond descriptive or exploratory research that is designed to justify this new educational approach by comparing academic results. As the attributes of LIC alumni are better understood, it is important to conduct explanatory research to develop a more complete understanding of these findings and a foundation for new theoretical frameworks that underpin educational change. CONCLUSIONS Longitudinal integrated clerkships are now recognised as representing credible and effective pedagogical alternatives to TBRs in medical education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Walters
- Flinders University Rural Clinical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Flinders University, Mount Gambier, South Australia, Australia.
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