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Ibrahim TA, Hassen A, Apostolides Z. The Antimethanogenic Potentials of Plant Extracts: Their Yields and Phytochemical Compositions as Affected by Extractive Solvents. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3296. [PMID: 36501339 PMCID: PMC9737672 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant phytochemicals are an important area of study in ruminant nutrition, primarily due to their antimethanogenic potentials. Plant extract yields, their bioactive compounds and antimethanogenic properties are largely dependent on the nature of the extractive solvents. This study evaluated the yields and phytochemical constituents of four plant extracts, as affected by the aqueous-methanolic (H2O-CH3OH) extraction and their antimethanogenic properties on the in vitro methane production. The plant extracts included Aloe vera, Jatropha curcas, Moringa oleifera, and Piper betle leaves with three levels of extractions (70, 85, and 100% CH3OH). The crude plant extract yields increased with the increasing amount of water. M. oleifera crude extracts yields (g/10 g) increased from 3.24 to 3.92, A. vera, (2.35 to 3.11) J. curcas (1.77 to 2.26), and P. betle (2.42 to 3.53). However, the identified and quantified metabolites showed differing degrees of solubility unique to their plant leaves in which they exist, while some of the metabolites were unaffected by the extraction solvents. The methane mitigating potentials of these extracts were evaluated as additives on Eragrostis curvula hay at a recommended rate of 50 mg kg−1 DM. The plant extracts exhibited antimethanogenic properties to various degrees, reducing (p < 0.05) in vitro methane production in the tested hay, A. vera, J. curcas, M. oleifera and P. betle reduced methane emission by 6.37−7.55%, 8.02−11.56%, 12.26−12.97, and 5.66−7.78 respectively compared to the control treatment. However, the antimethanogenic efficacy, gas production and organic matter digestibility of the plant extracts were unaffected by the extraction solvents. Metabolites, such as aloin A, aloin B and kaempferol (in A. vera), apigenin, catechin, epicatechin, kaempferol, tryptophan, procyanidins, vitexin-7-olate and isovitexin-7-olate (in J. curcas), alkaloid, kaempferol, quercetin, rutin and neochlorogenic acid (in M. oleifera) and apigenin-7,4′-diglucoside, 3-p-coumaroylquinic acid, rutin, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, dihydrocaffeic acid, and dihydrocoumaric acid (in P. betle) exhibited a methane reducing potential and hence, additional studies may be conducted to test the methane reducing properties of the individual metabolites as well as their combined forms. Plant extracts could be more promising, and hence, further study is necessary to explore other extraction methods, as well as the encapsulation of extracts for the improved delivery of core materials to the target sites and to enhance methane reducing properties. Furthermore, the use of 70% aqueous extraction on M. oleifera leaf is recommended for practical use due to the reduced cost of extractive solvents, the lower cost and availability of Moringa plants in South Africa, especially in Gauteng Province. Furthermore, 70% aqueous-methanolic extractions of A. vera, J. curcas, and P. betle are recommended for practical use in regions where they exist in abundance and are cost effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taofik Adam Ibrahim
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Abubeker Hassen
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Zeno Apostolides
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
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Fennel ( Foeniculum vulgare) seed powder increases Delta-Like Non-Canonical Notch Ligand 1 gene expression in testis, liver, and humeral muscle tissues of growing lambs. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08542. [PMID: 34917815 PMCID: PMC8665334 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Delta-Like Non-Canonical Notch Ligand 1 (DLK1) is one of the key genes involved in the development of muscle, liver, pancreas, and lung cells; adipocytes production; and the improvement of digestion, growth performance, and meat quality. It has been documented that fennel is effective on increasing the DLK1 gene (DLK1) expression in the testis, liver, and muscle tissues, which may consequently have important implications for sheep production. Hence, the aim of the current investigation was to evaluate the fennel seed powder's effect on DLK1 expression in testis, liver, and humeral muscle tissues in growing lambs. For the purpose of this study, 30 male Kermani sheep were fed with three different group of diets (number of animals in each group was 10), including control (without any fennel seed powder), treatment 1 (with 10 g/kg of dry matter (DM) fennel seed powder), and treatment 2 (with 20 g/kg of DM fennel seed powder) during a 3-month period. Thereafter, total RNA was extracted, cDNA was synthesized, and Real-Time PCR was performed. The addition of fennel seed powder (in the treatment 1 and treatment 2 groups) in the growing lambs diets consequently resulted in greater expression of DLK1 in both the liver and humeral muscle tissues compared to the testis tissue (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the increased DLK1 expression was higher in the tissue of humeral muscle (P < 0.05) in comparison to the other two tissues. As well, the concentration of blood testosterone was greater (P < 0.05) for the animals fed with fennel powder compared to growing lambs fed with the control diet. However, the concentrations of blood liver enzymes, including serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), decreased by the addition of 10 g/kg DM fennel to diets of lambs compared to the control diet (no fennel). Therefore, it can be concluded that using fennel seed powder in the diet of growing lamb by affecting the expression of DLK1, can improve the concentrations of blood testosterone, SGOT, SGPT, and muscle structure (increased mass of muscle and size of muscle fiber).
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Lee S, Lee SM, Lee J, Kim EJ. Feeding strategies with total mixed ration and concentrate may improve feed intake and carcass quality of Hanwoo steers. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:1086-1097. [PMID: 34796349 PMCID: PMC8564298 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the impact of using total mixed ration (TMR) and concentrate
on feed intake, daily gain, carcass yield grade, and carcass quality grade of
Hanwoo steers and its subsequent economic efficiency. Thirty six 7-month-old
Hanwoo steers were assigned to one of the four treatment groups, and each group
was divided into three repeated pens, with each repeated pen comprising three
steers. The treatment groups were: 1) separate feeding with commercial
concentrate and forage (namely, SCF) for the entire experimental period; 2) TMR
feeding for a growing period followed by SCF for the early and late fattening
period (namely, TMRGSCF); 3) TMR feeding for growing and an early fattening
period followed by SCF for the late fattening period (namely, TMREFSCF); and 4)
TMR feeding for the entire experimental period (namely, TMRW). The results
showed that the SCF treatment had significantly (p <
0.05) higher feed intake during the growing period than other treatments. In
contrast, the total feed intake had little difference during early and late
fattening as well as the whole period regardless of feeding strategies. Daily
gain showed no difference during the growing period. However, it was
significantly higher in SCF and TMREFSCF treatments for the early and late
fattening period, respectively (p < 0.05). The daily
gain during the total raising period is in the order of TMREFSCF >
TMRGSCF > SCF > TMRW. Carcass characteristics, including carcass
weight, loin eye muscle area, and carcass yield grade, did not significantly
differ among different treatments. However, TMRW treatment, wherein TMR was fed
for a long time, showed that the cold carcass weight was less compared with
other treatments, but carcass yield grade was higher with thinner backfat.
Backfat thickness was in the order of SCF > TMRGSCF > TMREFSCF
> TMRW, showing that the thickness reduced with longer TMR feeding
(p < 0.05). TMRGSCF, which numerically had a higher
carcass quality grade, showed higher economic efficiency, whereas SCF showed low
economic efficiency. In conclusion, it was more feasible to apply TMR strategy
in the growing and early fattening period and then SCF for the early or late
fattening period to improve carcass yield, quality grade, and economic
efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soohyung Lee
- Department of Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
| | - Sang Moo Lee
- Department of Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
| | - Jaehun Lee
- Department of Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
| | - Eun Joong Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
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Gas Production, Digestibility and Efficacy of Stored or Fresh Plant Extracts to Reduce Methane Production on Different Substrates. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10010146. [PMID: 31963192 PMCID: PMC7023457 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Medicinal plants possess the ability to mitigate methane production from ruminants. Long-term stability of these plant extracts are essential qualities to be able to replace other rumen modifiers. After one year of storage, plant secondary metabolites used in this study reduced methane production from low-quality forages, without adverse effects on feed digestibility in vitro. Abstract Natural compounds such as plant secondary metabolites (PSM) can be used to replace antibiotic growth promoters as rumen modifiers. In this study, the effectiveness of stored and freshly extracted Aloe vera (AV), Azadirachta indica (AZ), Moringa oleifera (MO), Jatropha curcas (JA), Tithonia diversifolia (TD) and Carica papaya (CP) crude extract and monensin on in vitro gas and methane production, organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) and volatile fatty acids (VFA) were evaluated using a total mixed ration (TMR), lucerne or Eragrostis curvula substrates. Fresh extracts were processed from the same batch of frozen (−20 °C) plant material a few days before the trial while the stored extracts were extracted and stored at 4 °C for 12 months prior to the study. Extraction was done by solubilising 50 g freeze-dried plant material in 500 mL 100% methanol. Four mL of reconstituted 50 mg crude extract per 1000 mL distilled water was added per incubation vial, which already contained 400 mg substrate and in vitro fermentation, and gas production and IVOMD evaluation were carried out using standard procedures. Results showed that storing plant extracts for 12 months did not affect the activity or stability of metabolites present in the crude extracts, as shown by the lack of differences in total gas production (TGP) and methane produced between fresh or stored extracts across the substrates. In the TMR substrate, plant extracts increased IVOMD but did not affect TGP and methane production, whereas monensin did not have any effect. Plant extracts increased IVOMD of Eragrostis substrate and supressed methane production to a greater extent than monensin (p < 0.05). It can be concluded that storing plant extracts for up to 12 months did not compromise their efficacy. In addition, the use of 50 mg/kg of AV, AZ, MO, JA, TD and CP extract to a forage-based diet will reduce methane production while improving feed digestibility.
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Abdallah A, Zhang P, Elemba E, Zhong Q, Sun Z. Carcass characteristics, meat quality, and functional compound deposition in sheep fed diets supplemented with Astragalus membranaceus by-product. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abdallah A, Zhang P, Zhong Q, Sun Z. Application of Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine By-products as Dietary Feed Supplements and Antibiotic Replacements in Animal Production. Curr Drug Metab 2019; 20:54-64. [PMID: 29788885 DOI: 10.2174/1389200219666180523102920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Misuse of synthetic antibiotics in livestock leads to the transfer of antibiotic resistant pathogens into humans and deposits toxic residues in meat and milk. There is therefore an urgent need for safe and viable alternative approaches to improve the nutrition and wellbeing of farm animals. An alternative source that has been widely exploited is Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine (TCHM). These herbs contain several but less toxic bioactive compounds which are generally regarded as biodegradable. Recently, advances in the knowledge of the importance of TCHM have led to a rapid increase in its production and hence, increasing the amount of by-products generated. Such by-products have become a serious environmental challenge because producers regard them as industrial waste and discard them directly. This review summarizes scientific findings on the bioactive compounds in TCHM and TCHM by-products, discusses functional dietary patterns and outlines challenges that may hinder full utilization of TCHM by-products in animal production. METHODS Information for this review was obtained through scientific databases and websites such as Pubmed and Google scholar from 2004 to 2017 using experimental studies on bioactive compounds in TCHM and their effects in animal production. RESULTS Studies have shown that TCHM by-products contain high amounts of bioactive compounds which confer several nutritional and health benefits to animals and thus could be incorporated as feed additives. CONCLUSION The findings for this review indicate that TCHM by-products apart from being a good alternative for synthetic antibiotics could also minimize the current environmental challenges associated with its disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abedin Abdallah
- Key Lab of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Key Lab of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Qingzhen Zhong
- Key Lab of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Zewei Sun
- Key Lab of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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The effect of adding fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) seed powder to the diet of fattening lambs on performance, carcass characteristics and liver enzymes. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Palazzo M, Vizzarri F, Cinone M, D'Alessandro AG, Martemucci G, Casamassima D. Dietary effect of lemon verbena extract on selected blood parameters and on plasma oxidative profile in Avelignese horses. Anim Sci J 2018; 90:222-228. [PMID: 30556324 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect of Lippia citriodora extract on selected blood parameters and on plasma oxidative markers in Avelignese horses was evaluated. Twenty-four horses were divided into three groups, consisting of eight animals each. Results of two experimental groups, 0.5 mg of verbascoside per kg of metabolic body weight (bw0.75 ) in the low-dose group (LVB) and 1.0 mg of verbascoside per kg of metabolic body weight (bw0.75 ) in the high-dose group (HVB), were compared to the control group (CON). Groups fed L. citriodora extract (HVB and LVB) showed a significant decrease in triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol (p < .01), bilirubin, and transaminases (p < .05), and an increase in HDL cholesterol (p < .01) compared to the CON group. Oxidative status was improved due to significant decrease in plasma concentration of ROMs and TBARS (p < .01) and increase in levels of vitamin A and vitamin E (p < .01). Based on obtained results, it is assumed that dietary supplementation with L. citriodora extract might find a useful application in horse feeding, with positive impact observed in blood parameters and plasma oxidative markers, with beneficial effects on the physiological welfare of livestock animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Palazzo
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Francesco Vizzarri
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Mario Cinone
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplants, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Martemucci
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Donato Casamassima
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
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Chung CS, Cho WK, Jang IS, Lee SS, Moon YH. Effects of feeding system on growth performance, plasma biochemical components and hormones, and carcass characteristics in Hanwoo steers. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017; 30:1117-1123. [PMID: 28669143 PMCID: PMC5494485 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.17.0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to compare growth performance, blood components and carcass traits by two feeding systems (concentrate with roughage separately [CON] vs total mixed ration [TMR]) in Hanwoo steers, and to learn the relationship between blood components during fattening or finishing phases and carcass traits in Hanwoo steers. METHODS Sixty steers aged 8 months were allotted to two feeding systems and fed similar amounts of average dry matter and total digestible nutrient throughout whole experimental period according to each feeding program. Steers were weighed monthly, taken blood at the end of growing, fattening and finishing periods, and slaughtered at 30 month of age. RESULTS Growing performance was higher (p<0.05) in the CON group compared to the TMR group during fattening and finishing periods. The CON group was lower (p<0.05) in blood aspartic acid transaminase, blood urea nitrogen and retinol levels during growing period, but higher in triglyceride and cholesterol levels during fattening and finishing periods compared to the TMR group. The CON group was greater (p<0.05) in rib-eye area, and lighter (p<0.05) red in meat color compared to the TMR group. In the correlation coefficients between blood components of steers and carcass traits, retinol had a negative (p<0.05) correlation with marbling score and rib-eye area. Leptin had a positive (p<0.05) correlation with back fat thickness. Blood cholesterol and triglyceride were positively (p<0.05) correlated with carcass weight and rib-eye area. CONCLUSION Growth performance, carcass ribeye area and meat color showed a more desirable result in the CON compared to the TMR in Hanwoo steers. Assessing the accumulated data of carcass traits with blood components including hormones-particularly retinol, cholesterol, triglyceride, and leptin-during the fattening or finishing phases, it may be possible to find a biomarker for determining beef quality in living animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Sung Chung
- Gyeonggido Livestock and Veterinary Service, Suwon 16381, Korea
| | - Woong Ki Cho
- Division of Applied Life Science(Institute of Agriculture & Life Science), BK21 plus, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - In Seok Jang
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology Jinju 52725, Korea
| | - Sung Sill Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science(Institute of Agriculture & Life Science), BK21 plus, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Yea Hwang Moon
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology Jinju 52725, Korea
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Lee SJ, Kim DH, Yang HS, Nam KC, Ahn SK, Park SK, Choi CW, Lee SS. Physicochemical characteristics and fatty acid profiles of muscle tissues from Hanwoo steers fed a total mixed ration supplied with medicinal plant by-products. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017; 30:1388-1395. [PMID: 28423890 PMCID: PMC5582322 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.16.0729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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