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Kam RL, Amir LH, Cullinane M, Ingram J, Li X, Nommsen-Rivers LA. Breast hypoplasia markers among women who report insufficient milk production: A retrospective online survey. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299642. [PMID: 38421972 PMCID: PMC10903845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate the proportions of anatomical breast characteristics suggestive of breast hypoplasia among breastfeeding women self-reporting low milk supply. We also explored breast hypoplasia risk factors. DESIGN Online survey conducted between October 2021 and January 2022. SETTING Five low milk supply Facebook groups. PARTICIPANTS 487 women reporting low milk supply with their first child born ≥ 37 weeks gestation within 5 years of participation in this study, and residing in the USA, Australia or the UK. We present data on the primary outcome ('breast type') for 399 women. Women were excluded if the dyad was separated for more than 24 hours during the hospital stay, or if the mother reported removing milk less than 6 times per day from each breast on most days before being aware of having insufficient milk production. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES The proportions of proposed breast hypoplasia markers including atypical breast type, widely spaced breasts, breast asymmetry, stretch marks on the breast and lack of pregnancy breast growth. We also estimated the odds of having breast hypoplasia markers in at-risk groups compared to reference groups, adjusting for covariates. RESULTS Approximately 68% reported at least one atypical breast (270/399; 95% CI: 62.9%, 72.1%). Around 47% reported widely spaced breasts (212/449; 95% CI: 42.7%, 52.7%), 72% a lack of pregnancy breast growth (322/449; 95% CI: 68.3%, 77.4%), and 76% stretch marks on the breast (191/250; 95% CI: 70.7%, 81.3%). Multiple logistic regression analyses identified being overweight during pubertal years as a risk factor for atypical breast type and lack of pregnancy breast growth. CONCLUSIONS Participants in low milk supply Facebook groups reported high rates of breast hypoplasia markers. Being overweight during adolescence was a risk factor for breast hypoplasia markers. These findings should be confirmed in well-conducted large cohort studies to determine the strongest combination of hypoplasia markers in predicting low supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee L. Kam
- Judith Lumley Centre, School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lisa H. Amir
- Judith Lumley Centre, School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- Breastfeeding Service, Royal Women’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Meabh Cullinane
- Judith Lumley Centre, School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jenny Ingram
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laurie A. Nommsen-Rivers
- College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
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Zhang X, Cao Z, Yang H, Wang Y, Wang W, Li S. Analysis of serum antioxidant capacity and gut microbiota in calves at different growth stages in Tibet. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1089488. [PMID: 36798869 PMCID: PMC9927023 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1089488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The hypoxic environment at high altitudes poses a major physiological challenge to animals, especially young animals, as it disturbs the redox state and induces intestinal dysbiosis. Information about its effects on Holstein calves is limited. Methods Here, serum biochemical indices and next-generation sequencing were used to explore serum antioxidant capacity, fecal fermentation performance, and fecal microbiota in Holstein calves aged 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 months in Tibet. Results and Discussion Serum antioxidant capacity changed with age, with the catalase and malondialdehyde levels significantly decreasing (p < 0.05), and superoxide dismutase levels significantly increasing (p < 0.05) with age. No significant differences (p > 0.05) in total volatile fatty acid levels were noted between the groups. In all groups, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria were the three most dominant phyla in the gut. Gut microbial alpha diversity significantly increased (p < 0.05) with age. Principal coordinate analysis plot based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarity revealed significant differences (p = 0.001) among the groups. Furthermore, the relative abundance of various genera changed dynamically with age, and the serum antioxidant capacity was associated with certain gut bacteria. The study provides novel insights for feeding Holstein calves in high-altitude regions.
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Lourenco JM, Krause TR, Welch CB, Callaway TR, Pringle TD. Longitudinal Changes of the Ruminal Microbiota in Angus Beef Steers. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12091066. [PMID: 35565493 PMCID: PMC9102304 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ruminal microbiota of Angus cows and steers were characterized using 16s rRNA gene sequencing, and the expression of their metabolic pathways was predicted. Samples were collected on weaning day from the steers and the cows, and subsequently on three other occasions from the steers. Results showed that microbial richness, evenness, and diversity decreased (p < 0.001) in the rumen of the steers as they were weaned and transitioned to a high-concentrate feedlot diet. However, on the day of weaning, microbial evenness was similar to that observed in the rumen of cows (p = 0.12). The abundance of archaea was similar (p = 0.59) between the cows and steers at weaning, but it decreased (p = 0.04) in the rumen of steers after weaning, and remained stable (p ≥ 0.44) for the remainder of their lives. Likewise, no difference (p = 0.51) in the abundance of Bacteroidetes was detected between the cows and the calves on the day they were weaned, but the abundance of this phylum increased (p = 0.001) and remained stable after that. These results suggest that cows may have a strong influence on the composition, and help modulate the ruminal microbiota of young calves; however, following weaning, their ruminal microbiotas tend to differentiate from that state observed at earlier ages.
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Probo M, Guadagnini M, Sala G, Amodeo P, Bolli A. Calving Ease Risk Factors and Subsequent Survival, Fertility and Milk Production in Italian Holstein Cows. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12060671. [PMID: 35327070 PMCID: PMC8944450 DOI: 10.3390/ani12060671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Several studies have analyzed the potential risk factors for assisted calvings and the consequences of calving ease on cow performances. The present study used national data to focus on Italian Holstein cow herds. In summary, herd, number of calvings/herd/year, cow parity, gestation length, twinning, calf sex, previous calving-to-conception interval, dry period and close-up length, and calving season were identified as risk factors associated with calving ease. Regarding lactation performance, cows with assisted calving had higher 30 days in milk (DIM) culling risk, lower 150 DIM pregnancy risk and lower milk yield, measured as 60-d cumulative and as 305-d predicted milk yield. These results may be beneficial to focus attention on control, management and specific factors associated with calving ease in Italian Holstein herds and also to support adequate training and education of the personnel. Abstract The objectives of this study were to investigate the main risk factors associated with calving ease (CE) in Italian Holstein cow herds, and to estimate the association between CE and subsequent survival, fertility and milk production. Data obtained from Holstein cows in 40 Italian herds were retrospectively investigated. Calvings were surveilled and classified into two categories of CE, unassisted calving or assisted calving, based on the need for intervention. The following factors were analyzed as possible risk factor affecting CE: herd, number of calvings/herd/year, age at first calving (AFC), cow parity, gestation length, twinning, calf sex, previous calving-to-conception interval, previous milk yield, dry period and close-up length, and season of calving. The association between CE and culling risk within the first 30 days-in-milk (DIM), cumulative 60-d milk yield and predicted 305-d milk yield, and pregnancy risk within 150 DIM were also investigated. Of the 47,672 calvings, 37,892 (79.5%) were unassisted, while 9780 (20.5%) required some type of assistance. Among the risk factors, only the AFC was not correlated with CE, while for all the other risk factors an association with CE was detected. Assisted calvings were associated with an increased culling risk at 30 DIM, decreased 60-d milk yield, decreased 305-d milk yield and reduced pregnancy risk at 150 DIM. In conclusion, dairy herd management should aim at correcting/reducing the risk factors in order to limit the incidence of assisted calving, and possibly improve the quality of calving assistance; controlling CE within the herd is crucial to reducing culling risk, and achieving higher lactation and reproductive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Probo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Giulia Sala
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy;
| | - Paola Amodeo
- Independent Researcher, Via Carpaccio 3, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Agostino Bolli
- Alta Italia s.r.l., Via Mascherpa 10, 20067 Paullo, Italy;
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Costigan H, Delaby L, Walsh S, Fitzgerald R, Kennedy E. The effect of weaning age and post-weaning feeding regime on growth and fertility of pasture-based Holstein-Friesian and Jersey dairy heifers. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Bautista CJ, Reyes-Castro LA, Bautista RJ, Ramirez V, Elias-López AL, Hernández-Pando R, Zambrano E. Different Protein Sources in the Maternal Diet of the Rat during Gestation and Lactation Affect Milk Composition and Male Offspring Development during Adulthood. Reprod Sci 2021; 28:2481-2494. [PMID: 34159572 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00492-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein sources in maternal diet are important for mammary gland differentiation and milk protein; however, few studies have examined the metabolic and cellular adaptations of mothers based on protein source diets during pregnancy and lactation, and leptin concentration in offspring. We evaluated metabolic parameters and maternal key organs and milk components in mothers at the end of lactation, who were fed different sources of proteins. In postnatal day 110 and 250, we studied development parameters and leptin in male offspring. Female rats received a Vegetal (V) or Animal (A) diet during pregnancy and lactation. After weaning, male offspring ate V diet until postnatal day 250, which yielded two groups: Vv and Av. Milk dry, protein and fat were analyzed. Maternal metabolic parameters, leptin, and liver, adipose tissue and mammary gland histological analyses were studied. Body weight, food intake and leptin were analyzed in offspring at two ages. Adipose tissue weight and cells size and liver fat, mammary gland apoptosis, weight, milk protein and leptin were higher in A vs V. Maternal liver and milk dry were lower in A vs V. All offspring parameters were higher in Av vs Vv at postnatal day 110; however, at postnatal day 250, leptin was higher in Av vs Vv. Maternal serum and milk leptin had a positive correlation with offspring serum leptin at both ages. Consumption of animal protein-based diets by mothers during developmental periods affects specific maternal organs and changes milk composition during lactation, leading to a hyperleptinemic phenotype in male offsprings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia J Bautista
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Vasco de Quiroga 15, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080, México City, D.F, México.
| | - Luis A Reyes-Castro
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Vasco de Quiroga 15, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080, México City, D.F, México
| | - Regina J Bautista
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Vasco de Quiroga 15, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080, México City, D.F, México
| | - Victoria Ramirez
- Departamento de Cirugia Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elena Zambrano
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Vasco de Quiroga 15, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080, México City, D.F, México
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Shin S, Lee J, Do C. Genetic relationship of age at first calving with conformation traits and calving interval in Hanwoo cows. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:740-750. [PMID: 34447951 PMCID: PMC8367412 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed to investigate genetic relationship of age at first calving (AFC) with body development and reproduction capacity in female Hanwoo. The data sets of 52,299 reproduction records of 19,566 heads calved from 2011 to 2019 and conformation records of 19565 heads born from 1997 to 2017 were analyzed by separating them based on age at first calving. In the analysis, conformation traits included the body condition score (BCS), height (HT), body width (BW), hip bone length (HL), hip bone width (HW), and final score (FS). The heritability and genetic correlation of AFC with conformation traits and calving interval (CI) were analyzed. The heritability for AFC was 0.716, 0.087, and 0.097 for the before and after 24 months and combined data, respectively. The genetic correlation of AFC before 24 months with BCS was -0.778, -0.600 with BW, and 0.442 with HT. The genetic correlation of AFC after 24 months with HT was -0.826, -0.706 with BW, -0.623 with HL, -0.456 with HW, and -0.675 with FS. When the first calving age of young heifers approached 24 months, BCS and BW decreased, and HT increased. When first calving is delayed to after 24 months, the conformation traits become smaller, which indicates that conformation to some extent affects the delay in AFC. The genetic correlation between CI and AFC was -0.116, 0.307, and 0.250 for the before and after 24 month of AFC and combined data, respectively. When first calving date approached 24 months, CI was reduced. The obtained results suggest that it is important that first calving occurs at an appropriate age. Additional research is needed to perform proper genetic evaluation of first calving age in Hanwoo cattle in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- SeungGyu Shin
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science,
Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - JungJae Lee
- Department of Animal Science and
Technology, Chungang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - ChangHee Do
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science,
Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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Gomez NA, Du M. Animal development in the secondary classroom: linking basic science to livestock production. ADVANCES IN PHYSIOLOGY EDUCATION 2021; 45:259-263. [PMID: 33825521 DOI: 10.1152/advan.00002.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The field of life sciences encompasses a myriad of disciplines that collectively provide insight toward the intrinsic framework of life. Developmental physiology is one of these disciplines that can describe the origins of life at the molecular, cellular, tissue, and organismal level. However, organismal development is a continual process that transcends conception and progresses throughout the lifetime of an organism. In this Illumination, we discuss opportunities that secondary-level life science educators have when teaching developmental physiology through an agricultural lens. Specifically, we propose teaching about the origins of meat and milk, as a nontraditional approach for introducing developmental physiology to students. To justify this notion, we explore how novel research in livestock production focuses on meeting food demands imposed by our growing global population. In addition, we link these concepts to commonly employed standards in secondary-level science classrooms across the United States. In conclusion, the science of livestock production provides a window of opportunity for secondary-level physiology instructors to teach developmental physiology in a form that can readily adhere to institutionally employed standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noe A Gomez
- Department of Science, Carpinteria High School, Carpinteria Unified School District, Carpinteria, California
| | - Min Du
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
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Kam RL, Bernhardt SM, Ingman WV, Amir LH. Modern, exogenous exposures associated with altered mammary gland development: A systematic review. Early Hum Dev 2021; 156:105342. [PMID: 33711581 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2021.105342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many women report low milk supply as the reason for premature breastfeeding cessation. Altered mammary gland development may impact a woman's lactation ability. OBJECTIVE This review identifies modern exogenous exposures which alter mammary gland development during embryonic life, puberty and pregnancy. METHODS A systematic review was undertaken whereby Medline, CINAHL and Embase articles published from January 1, 2005 to November 20, 2020 were searched using the keywords puberty or embry* or fetal or foetal or foetus or fetus or pregnan* or gestation* AND "mammary gland development" or "breast development" or "mammary development" or "mammary gland function" or "mammary function" or "insufficient glandular tissue" or "mammary hypoplasia" or "breast hypoplasia" or "mammary gland hypoplasia" or "tubular breast*" or "tuberous breast*" or "glandular tissue" or "breast composition" or "mammary composition" or "mammary gland composition". After initial screening of 1207 records, 60 full texts were assessed for eligibility; 6 were excluded due to lack of information about exposure or outcome, leaving 54 studies. RESULTS The review included results from 52 animal (rats and mice, monkeys, rabbits, sheep, goats pigs and cows) and 2 human studies. Various endocrine disrupting chemicals and an obesogenic diet were found to be associated with altered mammary gland morphology during key development stages. CONCLUSIONS To improve lactation outcomes, future studies need to focus on lactation as the endpoint and be conducted in a standardised manner to allow for a more significant contribution to the literature that allows for better comparison across studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee L Kam
- Judith Lumley Centre, School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Sarah M Bernhardt
- Discipline of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, Australia; Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Wendy V Ingman
- Discipline of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, Australia; Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lisa H Amir
- Judith Lumley Centre, School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia; Breastfeeding Service, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Long Intergenic Non-Coding RNAs in the Mammary Parenchyma and Fat Pad of Pre-Weaning Heifer Calves: Identification and Functional Analysis. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051268. [PMID: 33924848 PMCID: PMC8145500 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced plane of nutrition at pre-weaning stage can promote the development of mammary gland especially heifer calves. Although several genes are involved in this process, long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) are regarded as key regulators in the regulated network and are still largely unknown. We identified and characterized 534 putative lincRNAs based on the published RNA-seq data, including heifer calves in two groups: fed enhanced milk replacer (EH, 1.13 kg/day, including 28% crude protein, 25% fat) group and fed restricted milk replacer (R, 0.45 kg/day, including 20% crude protein, 20% fat) group. Sub-samples from the mammary parenchyma (PAR) and mammary fat pad (MFP) were harvested from heifer calves. According to the information of these lincRNAs' quantitative trait loci (QTLs), the neighboring and co-expression genes were used to predict their function. By comparing EH vs R, 79 lincRNAs (61 upregulated, 18 downregulated) and 86 lincRNAs (54 upregulated, 32 downregulated) were differentially expressed in MFP and PAR, respectively. In MFP, some differentially expressed lincRNAs (DELs) are involved in lipid metabolism pathways, while, in PAR, among of DELs are involved in cell proliferation pathways. Taken together, this study explored the potential regulatory mechanism of lincRNAs in the mammary gland development of calves under different planes of nutrition.
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Adamczyk K, Grzesiak W, Zaborski D. The Use of Artificial Neural Networks and a General Discriminant Analysis for Predicting Culling Reasons in Holstein-Friesian Cows Based on First-Lactation Performance Records. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030721. [PMID: 33800832 PMCID: PMC7998856 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to verify whether artificial neural networks (ANN) may be an effective tool for predicting the culling reasons in cows based on routinely collected first-lactation records. Data on Holstein-Friesian cows culled in Poland between 2017 and 2018 were used in the present study. A general discriminant analysis (GDA) was applied as a reference method for ANN. Considering all predictive performance measures, ANN were the most effective in predicting the culling of cows due to old age (99.76-99.88% of correctly classified cases). In addition, a very high correct classification rate (99.24-99.98%) was obtained for culling the animals due to reproductive problems. It is significant because infertility is one of the conditions that are the most difficult to eliminate in dairy herds. The correct classification rate for individual culling reasons obtained with GDA (0.00-97.63%) was, in general, lower than that for multilayer perceptrons (MLP). The obtained results indicated that, in order to effectively predict the previously mentioned culling reasons, the following first-lactation parameters should be used: calving age, calving difficulty, and the characteristics of the lactation curve based on Wood's model parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Adamczyk
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Ethology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-126624088
| | - Wilhelm Grzesiak
- Department of Ruminants Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Klemensa Janickiego 29, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland; (W.G.); (D.Z.)
| | - Daniel Zaborski
- Department of Ruminants Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Klemensa Janickiego 29, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland; (W.G.); (D.Z.)
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12
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Characteristics of the Oxidative Status in Dairy Calves Fed at Different Milk Replacer Levels and Weaned at 14 Weeks of Age. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020260. [PMID: 33567587 PMCID: PMC7915232 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A paradigm shift in the way of rearing heifer calves from restricted feeding and early weaning towards greater feed allowances and later weaning ages is ongoing. We aimed at characterizing the oxidative status in Holstein heifer calves fed with milk replacer (MR) at either a restrictive (RES) or a high (HIGH) level for 14 weeks. We compared two groups: HIGH (10 L MR/d, n = 18) and RES (5.7 L/d, n = 19) from day five until week 14 of life. In blood samples collected at birth, and then fortnightly from week 8–16, and in week 20, the antioxidative capacity measured as ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), oxidative damage of lipids measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and oxidative damage of proteins measured as advanced oxidation products of proteins (AOPP), free radicals measured as reactive oxidative metabolites (dROM), and the glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, as well as leptin, adiponectin and haptoglobin were assessed. The time course of these variables during the first 20 weeks of life showed characteristic patterns; group differences were limited to adiponectin, AOPP, and FRAP. RES calves had lower growth rates, showed signs of hunger, but did not differ from HIGH in their intake of solid starter feed and in health status. This work characterizes the changes in oxidative status of dairy calves with increasing age and confirms the benefits of a high feeding plane with regard to welfare and development.
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Solé E, Ros-Freixedes R, Tor M, Reixach J, Pena RN, Estany J. Antagonistic maternal and direct effects of the leptin receptor gene on body weight in pigs. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246198. [PMID: 33508034 PMCID: PMC7842917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal effects on offspring growth can impact survival and evolution of natural and domesticated populations. Genetic correlation estimates often support a negative relationship between direct and maternal effects. However, the genetic underpinnings whereby this antagonism operates are unclear. In pigs, sow feeding status and body composition condition piglet development and growth. We hypothesized that variants in genes impacting these traits may be causative of maternal influences that could be antagonistic to the direct effects for piglet growth. A recessive missense mutation (C>T) in the porcine leptin receptor (LEPR) gene (rs709596309) has been identified as the possible causal polymorphism for increased feed intake and fatness. Using data from a Duroc line, we show that the TT sows exerted a negative impact on the body weight of their offspring at the end of the growing period of similar extent to the positive direct effect of the TT genotype over each individual. Thus, TT pigs from TT dams were about as heavy as CC and CT (C–) pigs from C–dams, but TT pigs from C–dams were around 5% heavier than C–pigs from TT dams. In contrast, body composition was only influenced by LEPR direct effects. This antagonism is due to a higher propensity of TT pigs for self-maintenance rather than for offspring investment. We show that TT pigs consumed more feed, favored fatty acid uptake over release, and produced lighter piglets at weaning than their C–counterparts. We conclude that LEPR underlies a transgenerational mechanism for energy distribution that allocates resources to the sow or the offspring according to whether selective pressure is exerted before or after weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Solé
- Department of Animal Science, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Roger Ros-Freixedes
- Department of Animal Science, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marc Tor
- Department of Animal Science, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep Reixach
- Selección Batallé S.A., Riudarenes, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ramona N Pena
- Department of Animal Science, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan Estany
- Department of Animal Science, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
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Li A, Derkho M, Tuyakova R, Iwaniuk P, Lozowicka B. Impact of DDT residues in feed on thyroid gland and liver secretory activity of Aberdeen-Angus cattle depending on cattle age and sex. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/128209/2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Vailati-Riboni M, Bucktrout RE, Zhan S, Geiger A, McCann JC, Akers RM, Loor JJ. Higher plane of nutrition pre-weaning enhances Holstein calf mammary gland development through alterations in the parenchyma and fat pad transcriptome. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:900. [PMID: 30537932 PMCID: PMC6290502 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5303-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To reduce costs of rearing replacement heifers, researchers have focused on decreasing age at breeding and first calving. To increase returns upon initiation of lactation the focus has been on increasing mammary development prior to onset of first lactation. Enhanced plane of nutrition pre-weaning may benefit the entire replacement heifer operation by promoting mammary gland development and greater future production. Methods Twelve Holstein heifer calves (< 1 week old) were reared on 1 of 2 dietary treatments (n = 6/group) for 8 weeks: a control group fed a restricted milk replacer at 0.45 kg/d (R, 20% crude protein, 20% fat), or an accelerated group fed an enhanced milk replacer at 1.13 kg/d (EH, 28% crude protein, 25% fat). At weaning (8 weeks), calves were euthanized and sub-samples of mammary parenchyma (PAR) and mammary fat pad (MFP) were harvested upon removal from the body. Total RNA from both tissues was extracted and sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq2500 platform. The Dynamic Impact Approach (DIA) and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) were used for pathway analysis and functions, gene networks, and cross-talk analyses of the two tissues. Results When comparing EH vs R 1561 genes (895 upregulated, 666 downregulated) and 970 genes (506 upregulated, 464 downregulated) were differentially expressed in PAR and MFP, respectively. DIA and IPA results highlight a greater proliferation and differentiation activity in both PAR and MFP, supported by an increased metabolic activity. When calves were fed EH, the PAR displayed transcriptional signs of greater overall organ development, with higher ductal growth and branching, together with a supportive blood vessel and nerve network. These activities were mediated by intracellular cascades, such as AKT, SHH, MAPK, and Wnt, probably activated by hormones, growth factors, and endogenous molecules. The analysis also revealed strong communication between MFP and PAR. Conclusion The transcriptomics and bioinformatics approach highlighted key mechanisms that mediate the mammary gland response to a higher plane of nutrition in the pre-weaning period. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5303-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vailati-Riboni
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, 61801, USA
| | - R E Bucktrout
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, 61801, USA
| | - S Zhan
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, 61801, USA.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - A Geiger
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - J C McCann
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, 61801, USA
| | - R M Akers
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - J J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, 61801, USA.
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Rodríguez-Sánchez JA, Sanz A, Ferrer J, Casasús I. Influence of postweaning feeding management of beef heifers on performance and physiological profiles through rearing and first lactation. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2018; 65:24-37. [PMID: 29870919 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of 2 postweaning feeding management approaches (FEED: 0.8 [HIGH] vs 0.6 [MOD] kg/d target ADG) on the performance of heifers of 2 beef breeds (BREED: Parda de Montaña [PA] vs Pirenaica) calving at 2 yr. Twenty-five heifers previously creep fed before weaning (6 mo) were assigned to 2 planes of nutrition from 6 to 15 mo of age. At 15 mo, they were inseminated, and then received similar diets until weaning of their first calf (4 mo postcalving). Several parameters were measured to analyze growth and development (BW; ADG; size measures at 6 mo, 15 mo, calving, and weaning), performance at puberty and first breeding, and dam and calf performance in the first lactation (calving traits, ADG, milk yield). Metabolic (glucose, cholesterol, NEFA, β-hydroxybutyrate, and urea) and endocrine status (IGF-I and leptin) were assessed in plasma samples collected every 3 mo from 6 mo to calving and monthly during lactation. No interaction between BREED and FEED was observed. Heifers from the HIGH feeding treatment had higher postweaning ADG than those on the LOW diet. At 15 mo, they had greater BW, heart girth, and external pelvic area, but they did not differ thereafter. All heifers reached puberty at similar BW (55% mature BW) but different ages. Heifers from the HIGH treatment tended (P < 0.09) to be pubertal earlier, and PA heifers were 1.6 mo younger than Pirenaica heifers (P < 0.05) at puberty. At the time of conception (452 ± 59 kg) and calving (471 ± 51 kg), BW was above common recommendations in all groups. Calving traits and performance in lactation did not differ between feeding treatments. BREED only influenced birth weight; PA calves being heavier (P < 0.05), which resulted in a larger calf/cow BW ratio, but no effect on calving difficulty or subsequent performance. Metabolic substrates and hormones depended mostly on sampling date, which was related to current energy and protein intake. Glucose (P < 0.001), cholesterol (P < 0.001), and IGF-I (P < 0.05) were greater during the postweaning phase in heifers on the HIGH diet, and persistent physiological effects were observed during lactation. Age at puberty was negatively related with IGF-I (r = -0.43, P < 0.001), but not with leptin concentrations. In conclusion, regardless of breed, a moderate growth rate ensured adequate heifer development and performance until the first lactation, whereas no advantage was gained from enhanced postweaning gains.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Rodríguez-Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria (CITA) de Aragón, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Avenida, Montañana, 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - A Sanz
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria (CITA) de Aragón, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Avenida, Montañana, 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J Ferrer
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria (CITA) de Aragón, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Avenida, Montañana, 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - I Casasús
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria (CITA) de Aragón, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Avenida, Montañana, 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
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Panzuti C, Duvaux-Ponter C, Dessauge F. High feeding level after early weaning had no impact on subsequent milk production in Alpine goats. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2018.1505623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christine Duvaux-Ponter
- UMR Modélisation Systémique Appliquée aux Ruminants, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
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Sun J, Xu J, Ge R, Wang M, Yu L, Wang H. Effects of different dietary ratio of metabolizable glucose and metabolizable protein on growth performance, rumen fermentation, blood biochemical indices and ruminal microbiota of 8 to 10-month-old dairy heifers. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2018; 31:1205-1212. [PMID: 29381900 PMCID: PMC6043457 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.17.0893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of different dietary ratio of metabolizable glucose (MG) to metabolizable protein (MP) on growth performance, blood metabolites, rumen fermentation parameters and the ruminal microbial community of 8 to 10-month-old heifers. Methods A total of 24 Holstein heifers weighing an average of 282.90 kg (8 month of age) were randomly assigned to four groups of six. The heifers were fed one of four diets of different dietary MG/MP (0.97, 1.07, 1.13, and 1.26). Results The results showed that the ratio of MG/MP affected the growth performance, blood metabolites, rumen fermentation parameters and the ruminal microbial community of heifers. The average daily gain of heifers was enhanced by increasing the ratio of MG/MP (p<0.05). The concentration of blood urea nitrogen, cholesterol, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol as well as the concentration of total volatile fatty acid in the rumen fluid of heifers decreased with the improvement in the ratio of dietary MG/MP (p<0.05). However, the relative amount of Ruminococcus albus and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens in the rumen of heifers was increased significantly (p<0.05) when the dietary MG/MP increased. At the same time, with the improvement in dietary MG/MP, the amount of Fibrobacter succinogenes increased (p = 0.08). Conclusion A diet with an optimal ratio (1.13) of MG/MP was beneficial for the improvement of growth, rumen fermentation, dietary protein and energy utilization of 8 to 10-month-old dairy heifers in this experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Jinhao Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Rufang Ge
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Mengzhi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Lihuai Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Hongrong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
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Xu J, Wang H, Shen Y, Zhao R, Ge R, Yu L, Wang M. Impact of dietary carbohydrate balance on rumen fermentation, eating behaviour, growth and development of 8–10-month-old heifers. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/an16118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to determine an optimal balance between the amount of physically effective fibre and rumen readily fermentable carbohydrates in the diets of heifers. The dietary carbohydrate balance index (CBI) was expressed as the ratio of physically effective neutral detergent fibre (g/kg of DM) to rumen degradable starch (g/kg of DM). Twenty-four Chinese Holstein heifers aged ~8 months were randomly divided into four groups of six. The length and content of Chinese wild-rye hay and the content of rumen degradable starch in diets were used to adjust dietary CBI, and treatment diets consisted of the following four CBI levels: 1.21 (Treatment A), 1.53 (Treatment B), 1.86 (Treatment C) and 2.29 (Treatment D). The feeding trial lasted 75 days, with 15 days for adaptation. DM intake of heifers was not influenced by different treatments (P > 0.10). Average daily gain of heifers varied (0.86 ± 0.10, 1.03 ± 0.06, 1.12 ± 0.08 and 0.98 ± 0.04 (mean ± s.d.) kg/day among groups respectively), with significant (P < 0.05) differences among treatments, but the initial and final bodyweight of heifers were not different (P > 0.10). In addition, the abdominal girth of heifers in Treatments C and D was significantly (P < 0.05) greater than that in Treatment A. With the increment of CBI, eating and chewing time increased significantly (P < 0.05), while eating frequency decreased significantly (P < 0.05). Rumen fluid pH increased significantly (P < 0.05) with the increasing of CBI level, while there was little difference in total volatile fatty acid concentration, and propionate, butyrate and valerate concentrations. Acetate concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in Treatments C and D than in Treatment A. Moreover, ammonia-nitrogen concentration of Treatments B and C was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of Treatment D. These results indicated that 1.86 is the optimal CBI in diets for 8–10-month-old heifers in the present study.
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Berryhill GE, Trott JF, Derpinghaus AL, Hovey RC. TRIENNIAL LACTATION SYMPOSIUM/BOLFA: Dietary regulation of allometric ductal growth in the mammary glands. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:5664-5674. [PMID: 29293798 PMCID: PMC6292269 DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.1901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although mammary gland growth and development in females is a lifelong process, it builds on isometric and allometric phases of mammary growth to establish a complex ductal network before and during puberty. Only then can other phases of branching and alveologenesis, differentiation, lactation, and involution proceed. Although the ductal network of various species differs in its histomorphology, all glands undergo a common phase of allometric growth when the mammary ducts penetrate into the supporting stromal microenvironment. Perhaps not surprisingly, different aspects of diet and nutrition can influence this allometric growth, either directly or indirectly. In this review, we outline some of the fundamental aspects of how allometric ductal growth in the mammary glands of various species is influenced by diet and nutrition and identify opportunities and questions for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. E. Berryhill
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis 95616
| | - J. F. Trott
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis 95616
| | - A. L. Derpinghaus
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis 95616
| | - R. C. Hovey
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis 95616
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Oregano Extract Added into the Diet of Dairy Heifers Changes Feeding Behavior and Concentrate Intake. ScientificWorldJournal 2017; 2016:8917817. [PMID: 28116344 PMCID: PMC5223031 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8917817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment aimed to describe the effects of Oregano extract (OE) inclusion into the concentrate fed to dairy heifers on physiological parameters, feeding behavior, intake, and performance. Thirty-two Holstein heifers were randomly distributed into four treatments: C = control, without addition of OE; OE2.5 = 2.5 g; OE5.0 = 5.0 g and OE7.5 = 7.5 g of Oregano extract per heifer/day. Feeding behavior and concentrate intake were assessed individually every day and total dry matter intake (DMI) was determined on the last week of the trial. Compared to control group, OE7.5 reduced by 32% the latency time to approach the feed bunk but increased by 6% the time spent eating the concentrate. Each inclusion of 2.5 grams of OE into the concentrate increased the occurrence of postingestive licking the feed bunk with abundant saliva production 1.2 times (P < 0.01) and tended to increase the occurrence of sneeze events 1.2 times (P < 0.10). No statistical difference was detected between treatments for total DMI, but concentrate DMI was 9% lower for OE7.5 when compared to control and OE2.5. The inclusion of 7.5 grams/day of OE causes small but negative effects in feeding behavior and concentrate intake, without change on total dry matter intake.
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Burgstaller J, Wittek T, Smith GW. Invited review: Abomasal emptying in calves and its potential influence on gastrointestinal disease. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:17-35. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-10949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Monteiro A, Tao S, Thompson I, Dahl G. In utero heat stress decreases calf survival and performance through the first lactation. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:8443-8450. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Gelsinger S, Heinrichs A, Jones C. A meta-analysis of the effects of preweaned calf nutrition and growth on first-lactation performance. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:6206-6214. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Thammasiri J, Navanukraw C, Uriyapongson S, Nutthakornkul J, Lertchunhakiat K, Boonkong S. Metabolic changes, ovarian function and growth related gene expression in goats given stair-step feeding during estrous cycle. Small Rumin Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractBovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in dairy calves. As the number of calves being raised on the dairy farm or at a calf-raising operation has become larger, both opportunity and risk have increased. Opportunities for applying economies of size and scale exist in these large dairy calf populations while meeting specific needs of the dairy calf. BRD control requires effective biosecurity and biocontainment efforts, adequate passive transfer of immunoglobulins, a strategic immunization program, and appropriate diagnostic strategies for ongoing disease surveillance. These components are necessary to achieve an evidence-based approach for preventing and reducing severity of BRD cases. Proper nutrition, housing, and environmental management are important for achieving optimal dairy calf health and performance. Good record keeping and analysis of outcomes are needed to document dairy calf health and performance and to efficiently identify new problems that require attention in these large dairy calf populations. Proper management of calves to prevent and control BRD requires careful planning and follow through to achieve those results but will likely pay big dividends in improved calf health and future productivity.
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