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Bellanti F, Lo Buglio A, Pannone G, Pedicillo MC, De Stefano IS, Pignataro A, Capurso C, Vendemiale G. An Amino Acid Mixture to Counteract Skeletal Muscle Atrophy: Impact on Mitochondrial Bioenergetics. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6056. [PMID: 38892242 PMCID: PMC11173258 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy (SMA) is caused by a rise in muscle breakdown and a decline in protein synthesis, with a consequent loss of mass and function. This study characterized the effect of an amino acid mixture (AA) in models of SMA, focusing on mitochondria. C57/Bl6 mice underwent immobilization of one hindlimb (I) or cardiotoxin-induced muscle injury (C) and were compared with controls (CTRL). Mice were then administered AA in drinking water for 10 days and compared to a placebo group. With respect to CTRL, I and C reduced running time and distance, along with grip strength; however, the reduction was prevented by AA. Tibialis anterior (TA) muscles were used for histology and mitochondria isolation. I and C resulted in TA atrophy, characterized by a reduction in both wet weight and TA/body weight ratio and smaller myofibers than those of CTRL. Interestingly, these alterations were lightly observed in mice treated with AA. The mitochondrial yield from the TA of I and C mice was lower than that of CTRL but not in AA-treated mice. AA also preserved mitochondrial bioenergetics in TA muscle from I and C mice. To conclude, this study demonstrates that AA prevents loss of muscle mass and function in SMA by protecting mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bellanti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (F.B.); (A.L.B.); (C.C.)
| | - Aurelio Lo Buglio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (F.B.); (A.L.B.); (C.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Pannone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.P.); (I.S.D.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Maria Carmela Pedicillo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.P.); (I.S.D.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Ilenia Sara De Stefano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.P.); (I.S.D.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Angela Pignataro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.P.); (I.S.D.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Cristiano Capurso
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (F.B.); (A.L.B.); (C.C.)
| | - Gianluigi Vendemiale
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (F.B.); (A.L.B.); (C.C.)
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NISHIKAWA A, NISHIKAWA A, KAMAJIRI N, OKADA K, IMAGITA H. The Effects of Branched-Chain Amino Acids on the Akt/mTOR Pathway and Nebulin Protein in Joint Fixation-Induced Muscle Atrophy. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2022; 68:112-119. [DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.68.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Cicatiello AG, Sagliocchi S, Nappi A, Di Cicco E, Miro C, Murolo M, Stornaiuolo M, Dentice M. Thyroid hormone regulates glutamine metabolism and anaplerotic fluxes by inducing mitochondrial glutamate aminotransferase GPT2. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110409. [PMID: 35196498 PMCID: PMC8889437 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are key metabolic regulators coordinating short- and long-term energy needs. In skeletal muscle, THs modulate energy metabolism in pathophysiological conditions. Indeed, hypo- and hyperthyroidism are leading causes of muscle weakness and strength; however, the metabolic pathways underlying these effects are still poorly understood. Using molecular, biochemical, and isotope-tracing approaches combined with mass spectrometry and denervation experiments, we find that THs regulate glutamine metabolism and anaplerotic fluxes by up-regulating the glutamate pyruvate transaminase 2 (GPT2) gene. In humans, GPT2 autosomal recessive mutations cause a neurological syndrome characterized by intellectual disability, microcephaly, and progressive motor symptoms. Here, we demonstrate a role of the TH/GPT2 axis in skeletal muscle in which it regulates muscle weight and fiber diameter in resting and atrophic conditions and results in protection from muscle loss during atrophy. These results describe an anabolic route by which THs rewire glutamine metabolism toward the maintenance of muscle mass. THs induce the expression of the mitochondrial GPT2 gene in skeletal muscle The GPT2 up-regulation by THs enhances anaplerotic cycles and α-KG production GPT2 is reduced during muscle atrophy and is reactivated by THs treatment GPT2 KO+/– mice undergo muscle loss that is partially attenuated by THs
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Serena Sagliocchi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, NA 80138 Italy
| | - Annarita Nappi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, NA 80138 Italy
| | - Emery Di Cicco
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, NA 80138 Italy
| | - Caterina Miro
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, NA 80138 Italy
| | - Melania Murolo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, NA 80138 Italy
| | - Mariano Stornaiuolo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, NA 80138 Italy
| | - Monica Dentice
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, NA 80138 Italy; CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Naples, NA 80131, Italy.
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Mantuano P, Boccanegra B, Bianchini G, Conte E, De Bellis M, Sanarica F, Camerino GM, Pierno S, Cappellari O, Allegretti M, Aramini A, De Luca A. BCAAs and Di-Alanine supplementation in the prevention of skeletal muscle atrophy: preclinical evaluation in a murine model of hind limb unloading. Pharmacol Res 2021; 171:105798. [PMID: 34352400 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy occurs in response to various pathophysiological stimuli, including disuse, aging, and neuromuscular disorders, mainly due to an imbalance of anabolic/catabolic signaling. Branched Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs: leucine, isoleucine, valine) supplements can be beneficial for counteracting muscle atrophy, in virtue of their reported anabolic properties. Here, we carried out a proof-of-concept study to assess the in vivo/ex vivo effects of a 4-week treatment with BCAAs on disuse-induced atrophy, in a murine model of hind limb unloading (HU). BCAAs were formulated in drinking water, alone, or plus two equivalents of L-Alanine (2 ALA) or the dipeptide L-Alanyl-L-Alanine (Di-ALA), to boost BCAAs bioavailability. HU mice were characterized by reduction of body mass, decrease of soleus - SOL - muscle mass and total protein, alteration of postural muscles architecture and fiber size, dysregulation of atrophy-related genes (Atrogin-1, MuRF-1, mTOR, Mstn). In parallel, we provided new robust readouts in the HU murine model, such as impaired in vivo isometric torque and ex vivo SOL muscle contractility and elasticity, as well as altered immune response. An acute pharmacokinetic study confirmed that L-ALA, also as dipeptide, enhanced plasma exposure of BCAAs. Globally, the most sensitive parameters to BCAAs action were muscle atrophy and myofiber cross-sectional area, muscle force and compliance to stress, protein synthesis via mTOR and innate immunity, with the new BCAAs + Di-ALA formulation being the most effective treatment. Our results support the working hypothesis and highlight the importance of developing innovative formulations to optimize BCAAs biodistribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Mantuano
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Orabona 4 - Campus, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Brigida Boccanegra
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Orabona 4 - Campus, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Gianluca Bianchini
- Research & Early Development, Dompé farmaceutici S.p.A., Via Campo di Pile, s.n.c., 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Elena Conte
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Orabona 4 - Campus, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Michela De Bellis
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Orabona 4 - Campus, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Sanarica
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Orabona 4 - Campus, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Giulia Maria Camerino
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Orabona 4 - Campus, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Sabata Pierno
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Orabona 4 - Campus, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Ornella Cappellari
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Orabona 4 - Campus, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Marcello Allegretti
- Research & Early Development, Dompé farmaceutici S.p.A., Via Campo di Pile, s.n.c., 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Andrea Aramini
- Research & Early Development, Dompé farmaceutici S.p.A., Via Campo di Pile, s.n.c., 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Annamaria De Luca
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Orabona 4 - Campus, 70125 Bari, Italy.
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Protein Supplementation Enhances the Effects of Intermittent Loading on Skeletal Muscles by Activating the mTORC1 Signaling Pathway in a Rat Model of Disuse Atrophy. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092729. [PMID: 32906669 PMCID: PMC7551819 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inactivity leads to skeletal muscle atrophy, whereas intermittent loading (IL) during hind limb unloading (HU) attenuates muscle atrophy. However, the combined effects of IL and protein supplementation on disuse muscle atrophy are unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effects of IL and a high-protein oral nutritional supplement (HP) during HU on skeletal muscle mass and protein synthesis/breakdown. Male F344 rats were assigned to the control (CON), 14-day HU (HU), IL during HU (HU + IL), and IL during HU followed by HP administration (2.6 g protein/kg/day; HU + IL + HP) groups. Soleus and gastrocnemius muscles were sampled 30 min after the last IL and HP supplementation. HU decreased relative soleus and gastrocnemius muscle masses. Relative muscle masses and p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase/ribosomal protein S6 phosphorylation in soleus and gastrocnemius muscles were higher in the HU + IL group than the HU group and further higher in the HU + IL + HP group than the HU + IL group in gastrocnemius muscle. Therefore, protein administration plus IL effectively prevented skeletal muscle atrophy induced by disuse, potentially via enhanced activation of targets downstream of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway.
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Bennett BT, Mohamed JS, Alway SE. The Effects of Calcium- β-Hydroxy- β-Methylbutyrate on Aging-Associated Apoptotic Signaling and Muscle Mass and Function in Unloaded but Nonatrophied Extensor Digitorum Longus Muscles of Aged Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:3938672. [PMID: 32774671 PMCID: PMC7396042 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3938672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB), a naturally occurring leucine metabolite, has been shown to attenuate plantar flexor muscle loss and increase myogenic stem cell activation during reloading after a period of significant muscle wasting by disuse in old rodents. However, it was less clear if HMB would alter dorsiflexor muscle response to unloading or reloading when there was no significant atrophy that was induced by unloading. In this study, we tested if calcium HMB (Ca-HMB) would improve muscle function and alter apoptotic signaling in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) of aged animals that were unloaded but did not undergo atrophy. The EDL muscle was unloaded for 14 days by hindlimb suspension (HS) in aged (34-36 mo.) male Fisher 344 × Brown Norway rats. The rats were removed from HS and allowed normal cage ambulation for 14 days of reloading (R). Throughout the study, the rats were gavaged daily with 170 mg of Ca-HMB or water 7 days prior to HS, then throughout 14 days of HS and 14 days of recovery after removing HS. The animals' body weights were significantly reduced by ~18% after 14 days of HS and continued to decline by ~22% during R as compared to control conditions; however, despite unloading, EDL did not atrophy by HS, nor did it increase in mass after R. No changes were observed in EDL twitch contraction time, force production, fatigue resistance, fiber cross-sectional area, or markers of nuclear apoptosis (myonuclei + satellite cells) after HS or R. While HS and R increased the proapoptotic Bax protein abundance, BCL-2 abundance was also increased as was the frequency of TUNEL-positive myonuclei and satellite cells, yet muscle mass and fiber cross-sectional area did not change and Ca-HMB treatment had no effect reducing apoptotic signaling. These data indicate that (i) increased apoptotic signaling preceded muscle atrophy or occurred without significant EDL atrophy and (ii) that Ca-HMB treatment did not improve EDL signaling, muscle mass, or muscle function in aged rats, when HS and R did not impact mass or function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T. Bennett
- Laboratory of Muscle Biology and Sarcopenia, Department of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA 26506
| | - Junaith S. Mohamed
- Center for Muscle, Metabolism and Neuropathology, Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Professions, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA 38163
- Laboratory of Nerve and Muscle, Department of Diagnostic and Health Sciences, College of Health Professions, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA 38163
- Laboratory of Muscle Biology and Sarcopenia, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Professions, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA 38163
| | - Stephen E. Alway
- Laboratory of Muscle Biology and Sarcopenia, Department of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA 26506
- Center for Muscle, Metabolism and Neuropathology, Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Professions, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA 38163
- Laboratory of Muscle Biology and Sarcopenia, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Professions, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA 38163
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA 38163
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Hanson ED, Betik AC, Timpani CA, Tarle J, Zhang X, Hayes A. Testosterone suppression does not exacerbate disuse atrophy and impairs muscle recovery that is not rescued by high protein. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:5-16. [PMID: 32463734 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00752.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) decreases muscle mass, force, and physical activity levels, but it is unclear whether disuse atrophy and testosterone suppression are additive. Additionally, conflicting reports exist on load-mediated hypertrophy during ADT and if protein supplementation offsets these deficits. This study sought to determine the role of testosterone suppression and a high-protein diet on 1) immobilization-induced atrophy and 2) muscle regrowth during reloading. Eight-week-old male Fischer 344 rats underwent sham surgery (Sham), castration surgery (ORX), or ORX and a high-casein diet supplemented with branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) (ORX+CAS/AA) followed by 10 days of unilateral immobilization (IMM) and 0, 6, or 14 days of reloading. With IMM, body mass gains were ~8% greater than ORX and ORX+CAS/AA that increased to 15% during reloading (both P < 0.01). IMM reduced muscle mass by 11-34% (all P < 0.01) and extensor digitorum longus and soleus (SOL) force by 21% and 49% (both P < 0.01), respectively, with no group differences. During reloading, castration reduced gastrocnemius mass (~12%) at 6 days and SOL mass (~20%) and SOL force recovery (~46%) at 14 days relative to Sham (all P < 0.05). Specific force reduced castration deficits, indicating that muscle atrophy was a key contributor. IMM decreased SOL cross-sectional area by 30.3% (P < 0.001), with a trend for reduced regrowth in ORX and ORX+CAS/AA following reloading (P = 0.083). Castration did not exacerbate disuse atrophy but may impair recovery of muscle function, with no benefit from a CAS/AA diet during reloading. Examining functional outcomes in addition to muscle mass during dietary interventions provides novel insights into muscle regrowth during ADT.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Low testosterone levels during skeletal muscle disuse did not worsen declines in muscle mass and function, although hypogonadism may attenuate recovery during subsequent reloading. Diets high in casein did not improve outcomes during immobilization or reloading. Practical strategies are needed that do not compromise caloric intake yet provide effective protein doses to augment these adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik D Hanson
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew C Betik
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cara A Timpani
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John Tarle
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xinmei Zhang
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alan Hayes
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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GCN2 deficiency protects mice from denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy via inhibiting FoxO3a nuclear translocation. Protein Cell 2019; 9:966-970. [PMID: 29349768 PMCID: PMC6208481 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-018-0504-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Strollo F, Gentile S, Strollo G, Mambro A, Vernikos J. Recent Progress in Space Physiology and Aging. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1551. [PMID: 30483144 PMCID: PMC6240610 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Astronauts coming back from long-term space missions present with different health problems potentially affecting mission performance, involving all functional systems and organs and closely resembling those found in the elderly. This review points out the most recent advances in the literature in areas of expertise in which specific research groups were particularly creative, and as they relate to aging and to possible benefits on Earth for disabled people. The update of new findings and approaches in space research refers especially to neuro-immuno-endocrine-metabolic interactions, optic nerve edema, motion sickness and muscle-tendon-bone interplay and aims at providing the curious - and even possibly naïve young researchers – with a source of inspiration and of creative ideas for translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandro Gentile
- Campania University "Luigi Vanvitelli" and Nefrocenter Research Network, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Mambro
- Anesthesiology and Resuscitation Unit, "Misercordia" Hospital, Grosseto, Italy
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Abedpoor N, Taghian F, Ghaedi K, Niktab I, Safaeinejad Z, Rabiee F, Tanhaei S, Nasr-Esfahani MH. PPARγ/Pgc-1α-Fndc5 pathway up-regulation in gastrocnemius and heart muscle of exercised, branched chain amino acid diet fed mice. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2018; 15:59. [PMID: 30181762 PMCID: PMC6114499 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-018-0298-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have revealed the inductive effect of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) catabolism on fatty acid oxidation and metabolism, especially in muscle cells. In the present investigation, we have attempted to address whether a combination of BCAAs supplement consumption with aerobic exercise could elaborate the expression of PPARγ, Pgc-1α and Fndc5 genes in gastrocnemius muscle and heart tissue of male C57BL/6 mice. Methods Thirty-six young male mice with an average weight of 18 ± 2 g were selected. Mice were randomly assigned to 6 groups: 20 mg/mL of BCAAs consumption with simultaneous exercise-training, 60 mg/mL of BCAAs consumption with simultaneous exercise-training, exercise-trained with no BCAAs consumption group, 20 mg/mL BCAAs without exercise-training, 60 mg/mL BCAAs without exercise-training, and untrained mice without BCAAs consumption. Results The findings showed a combination of 20 mg/mL BCAAs with aerobic exercise significantly increased Fndc5, PPARγ, Pgc-1α gene expression in skeletal muscles although, circulating Irisin levels remained unchanged (p < 0.05). Interestingly, plasma urea and lactate levels were significantly increased in 60 mg/mL BCAAs administrated mice which performed exercised (p < 0.05). Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine significant difference between groups and sedentary group. Conclusions Results showed inductive effect of 20 mg/mL BCAAs on expression levels of Fndc5, PPARγ, Pgc-1α in gastrocnemius muscle similar with counterparts in heart tissue. Of note, higher serum irisin levels were detected after 20 mg/mL BCAAs supplementation coincided with the exercise. Graphical abstract An Overview on supplemantaion of branched chain amoinoacids on metablism of skeletal muscle and heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Abedpoor
- 1Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Taghian
- 1Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Kamran Ghaedi
- 2Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.,3Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Royan Street, Salman Street, Isfahan, 816513-1378 Iran
| | - Iman Niktab
- 3Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Royan Street, Salman Street, Isfahan, 816513-1378 Iran
| | - Zahra Safaeinejad
- 3Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Royan Street, Salman Street, Isfahan, 816513-1378 Iran
| | - Farzaneh Rabiee
- 3Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Royan Street, Salman Street, Isfahan, 816513-1378 Iran
| | - Sommayeh Tanhaei
- 3Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Royan Street, Salman Street, Isfahan, 816513-1378 Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr-Esfahani
- 3Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Royan Street, Salman Street, Isfahan, 816513-1378 Iran
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Theilen NT, Jeremic N, Weber GJ, Tyagi SC. Exercise preconditioning diminishes skeletal muscle atrophy after hindlimb suspension in mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:999-1010. [PMID: 29975600 PMCID: PMC6230574 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00137.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate whether short-term, concurrent exercise training before hindlimb suspension (HLS) prevents or diminishes both soleus and gastrocnemius atrophy and to analyze whether changes in mitochondrial molecular markers were associated. Male C57BL/6 mice were assigned to control at 13 ± 1 wk of age, 7-day HLS at 12 ± 1 wk of age (HLS), 2 wk of exercise training before 7-day HLS at 10 ± 1 wk of age (Ex+HLS), and 2 wk of exercise training at 11 ± 1 wk of age (Ex) groups. HLS resulted in a 27.1% and 21.5% decrease in soleus and gastrocnemius muscle weight-to-body weight ratio, respectively. Exercise training before HLS resulted in a 5.6% and 8.1% decrease in soleus and gastrocnemius weight-to-body weight ratio, respectively. Exercise increased mitochondrial biogenesis- and function-associated markers and slow myosin heavy chain (SMHC) expression, and reduced fiber-type transitioning marker myosin heavy chain 4 (Myh4). Ex+HLS revealed decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress compared with HLS. Our data indicated the time before an atrophic setting, particularly caused by muscle unloading, may be a useful period to intervene short-term, progressive exercise training to prevent skeletal muscle atrophy and is associated with mitochondrial biogenesis, function, and redox balance. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with disuse-induced skeletal muscle atrophy, whereas exercise is known to increase mitochondrial biogenesis and function. Here we provide evidence of short-term concurrent exercise training before an atrophic event protecting skeletal muscle from atrophy in two separate muscles with different, dominant fiber-types, and we reveal an association with the adaptive changes of mitochondrial molecular markers to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas T Theilen
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Nevena Jeremic
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Gregory J Weber
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Suresh C Tyagi
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
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Theilen NT, Kunkel GH, Tyagi SC. The Role of Exercise and TFAM in Preventing Skeletal Muscle Atrophy. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2348-2358. [PMID: 27966783 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is the consequence of protein degradation exceeding protein synthesis. This arises for a multitude of reasons including the unloading of muscle during microgravity, post-surgery bedrest, immobilization of a limb after injury, and overall disuse of the musculature. The development of therapies prior to skeletal muscle atrophy settings to diminish protein degradation is scarce. Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with skeletal muscle atrophy and contributes to the induction of protein degradation and cell apoptosis through increased levels of ROS observed with the loss of organelle function. ROS binds mtDNA, leading to its degradation and decreasing functionality. Mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) will bind and coat mtDNA, protecting it from ROS and degradation while increasing mitochondrial function. Exercise stimulates cell signaling pathways that converge on and increase PGC-1α, a well-known activator of the transcription of TFAM and mitochondrial biogenesis. Therefore, in the present review we are proposing, separately, exercise and TFAM treatments prior to atrophic settings (muscle unloading or disuse) alleviate skeletal muscle atrophy through enhanced mitochondrial adaptations and function. Additionally, we hypothesize the combination of exercise and TFAM leads to a synergistic effect in targeting mitochondrial function to prevent skeletal muscle atrophy. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 2348-2358, 2017. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Cellular Physiology Published by © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas T Theilen
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - George H Kunkel
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Suresh C Tyagi
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
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Sun K, Wu Z, Ji Y, Wu G. Glycine Regulates Protein Turnover by Activating Protein Kinase B/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin and by Inhibiting MuRF1 and Atrogin-1 Gene Expression in C2C12 Myoblasts. J Nutr 2016; 146:2461-2467. [DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.231266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- KaiJi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guoyao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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