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Higher Risk of HEV Transmission and Exposure among Blood Donors in Europe and Asia in Comparison to North America: A Meta-Analysis. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030425. [PMID: 36986347 PMCID: PMC10059948 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims: The increasing number of diagnosed hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections in Europe has led to the implementation of the testing of blood products in various countries. Many nations have not yet implemented such screening. To assess the need for HEV screening in blood products worldwide, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis assessing HEV RNA positivity and anti-HEV seroprevalence in blood donors. Methods: Studies reporting anti-HEV IgG/IgM or HEV RNA positivity rates among blood donors worldwide were identified via predefined search terms in PubMed and Scopus. Estimates were calculated by pooling study data with multivariable linear mixed-effects metaregression analysis. Results: A total of 157 (14%) of 1144 studies were included in the final analysis. The estimated HEV PCR positivity rate ranged from 0.01 to 0.14% worldwide, with strikingly higher rates in Asia (0.14%) and Europe (0.10%) in comparison to North America (0.01%). In line with this, anti-HEV IgG seroprevalence in North America (13%) was lower than that in Europe (19%). Conclusions: Our data demonstrate large regional differences regarding the risk of HEV exposure and blood-borne HEV transmission. Considering the cost–benefit ratio, this supports blood product screening in high endemic areas, such as Europe and Asia, in contrast to low endemic regions, such as the U.S.
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Badur S, Öztürk S, AbdelGhany M, Khalaf M, Lagoubi Y, Ozudogru O, Hanif K, Saha D. Hepatitis A in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: a comprehensive review. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2073146. [PMID: 35617508 PMCID: PMC9621081 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2073146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION With 583 million inhabitants, the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) is a worldwide hub for travel, migration, and food trade. However, there is a scarcity of data on the epidemiology of the hepatitis A virus (HAV). METHODS The MEDLINE and grey literature were systematically searched for HAV epidemiological data relevant to the EMR region published between 1980 and 2020 in English, French, or Arabic. RESULTS Overall, 123 publications were extracted. The proportion of HAV cases among acute viral hepatitis cases was high. HAV seroprevalence rate ranged from 5.7% to 100.0% and it was decreasing over time while the average age at infection increased. CONCLUSION In the EMR, HAV remains a significant cause of acute viral hepatitis. The observed endemicity shift will likely increase disease burden as the population ages. Vaccinating children and adopting sanitary measures are still essential to disease prevention; vaccinating at-risk groups might reduce disease burden even further.
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Qashqari FS. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Middle Eastern Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58070905. [PMID: 35888624 PMCID: PMC9318471 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58070905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a hepatotropic virus that is a major public health concern worldwide. Autochthonous HEV is spread through oral feces in unsanitary environments, as well as vertical and, occasionally, blood transfusion. HEV is more common in developing countries, but it has recently become more widespread in developed countries as well. The Middle East (ME) has long been an endemic location for HEV infection. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the seroprevalence of anti-HEV antibodies in ME countries. The author systematically searched five databases, namely ScienceDirect, EMBASE, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar, to identify English-language articles published on or before 25 April 2022. Comprehensive meta-analysis software was used for all statistical analyses (CMA, version 3, BioStat, Englewood, CO, USA). After quality control and exclusion of irrelevant studies, 80 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis and meta-analysis. A forest plot showed that the overall pooled seroprevalence of HEV infection in ME countries in the fixed-effect and random-effect models were 21.3% (95% CI: 0.209–0.216) and 11.8% (95% CI: 0.099–0.144), respectively. Furthermore, the findings showed a high level of heterogeneity (I2 = 98.733%) among the included studies. In both fixed-effect and random-effect models, the seroprevalence of HEV infection by country was high in Egypt as compared to other regions, at 35.0% (95% CI: 0.342–0.359), and 34.7% (95% CI: 0.153–0.611), respectively. The seroprevalence of HEV infection by country was high among pregnant women, at 47.9% (95% CI: 0.459–0.499) in the fixed-effect model, and in renal transplant recipients, at 30.8% (95% CI: 0.222–0.410) in the random-effect model. The seroprevalence of HEV infection varies by country and study population in the Middle East. More research is needed to determine the disease’s incidence, morbidity, and mortality in the region, where it is prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi S Qashqari
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia
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Villalba R, Mirabet V. Risk assessment of hepatitis E transmission through tissue allografts. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2022; 13:50-58. [PMID: 35433096 PMCID: PMC8976234 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v13.i2.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a small non-enveloped single stranded RNA virus whose genotypes 3 and 4 have been associated with zoonotic transmission in industrialized countries. HEV infection is considered the main cause of acute hepatitis worldwide. In some cases, transfusion of blood components or organ transplantation have been reported as the source of infection. We have conducted a literature review on the risk of transmission through cell and tissue allografts. Although no case was found, measures to control this risk should be taken when donor profile (based upon geographical and behavioural data) recommended it. Issues to be considered in donor screening and tissue processing to assess and to reduce the risk of HEV transmission are approached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Villalba
- Center for Blood Transfusion, Tissues and Cells, Córdoba 14004, Spain
| | - Vicente Mirabet
- Cell and Tissue Bank, Centro de Transfusión de Valencia, Valencia 46014, Spain
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5
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El-Kafrawy SA, El-Daly MM. Hepatitis E virus in Saudi Arabia: more surveillance needed. Future Virol 2022. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2021-0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a small quasi-enveloped ssRNA causing acute hepatitis. HEV is the leading cause of intermittent acute hepatitis and fulminant hepatic failure. Risk factors include drinking contaminated water in developing countries and consumption of infected animal products in developed countries. Previous reports on HEV prevalence in Saudi Arabia had small sample sizes. Nationwide systematic seroprevalence studies are needed to investigate risk factors and annual incidence. Camels play a cultural and economic role in the life of Saudi citizens with frequent human contact and potential role in zoonotic transmission. Future research needs to include larger sample-sizes and nationwide studies. Future studies should also focus on raising awareness of HEV infection and the need for wider population testing and screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif Aly El-Kafrawy
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mai Mohamed El-Daly
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Cheung CKM, Wong SH, Law AWH, Law MF. Transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E: What we know so far? World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:47-75. [PMID: 35125819 PMCID: PMC8793017 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i1.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of viral hepatitis globally. There is growing concern about transfusion-transmitted HEV (TT-HEV) as an emerging global health problem. HEV can potentially result in chronic infection in immunocompromised patients, leading to a higher risk of liver cirrhosis and even death. Between 0.0013% and 0.281% of asymptomatic blood donors around the world have HEV viremia, and 0.27% to 60.5% have anti-HEV immunoglobulin G. HEV is infectious even at very low blood concentrations of the virus. Immunosuppressed patients who develop persistent hepatitis E infection should have their immunosuppressant regimen reduced; ribavirin may be considered as treatment. Pegylated interferon can be considered in those who are refractory or intolerant to ribavirin. Sofosbuvir, a nucleotide analog, showed modest antiviral activity in some clinical studies but sustained viral response was not achieved. Therefore, rescue treatment remains an unmet need. The need for HEV screening of all blood donations remains controversial. Universal screening has been adopted in some countries after consideration of risk and resource availability. Various pathogen reduction methods have also been proposed to reduce the risk of TT-HEV. Future studies are needed to define the incidence of transmission through transfusion, their clinical features, outcomes and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunny Hei Wong
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 852, China
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | | | - Man Fai Law
- Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong 852, China
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The Seroprevalence of Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) Among Blood Donors Presenting to the Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization in Sanandaj, Iran. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.110357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Background: Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is endemic in Iran. Detection of the seroprevalence of HAV is necessary to evaluate the feasibility of infection control strategies in the population. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of HAV among blood donors as a representative sample of the general population. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 268 blood samples were randomly selected from donors, presenting to the Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization in Sanandaj, Iran, in 2019. The collected sera were measured for anti-HAV antibodies (IgG and IgM), using ELISA assays. Also, demographic data, including age, gender, marital status, education, occupation, and blood donation status, were collected. The test results and demographic data were analyzed in STATA software. Results: The mean age of the blood donors was 37.79 ± 10.64 years, and 88.43% of them were male. Out of 268 blood samples, 218 (81.34%) were positive for anti-HAV antibodies. The antibody positivity was significantly correlated with age (P = 0.014) and marital status (P = 0.027). The majority of anti-HAV positive cases were found among farmers and ranchers (93.33%) (P = 0.045). Conclusions: A large proportion of blood donors had anti-HAV antibodies and were immune to HAV infection. Therefore, HAV was endemic in the study area.
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Shahriarirad R, Erfani A, Rastegarian M, Zeighami A, Arefkhah N, Ghorbani F, Sarvari J, Sarkari B. Seroprevalence of anti-hepatitis E antibodies and antigens among HIV-infected patients in Fars Province, southern Iran. Virol J 2020; 17:109. [PMID: 32680534 PMCID: PMC7368745 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01384-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective HIV-infected patients have immunological and clinical features that might affect the pathogenesis, as well as the outcome of the HIV/HEV co-infection. The current study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of anti-HEV antibodies and HEV antigens among HIV-infected patients in Fars Province, Southwest Iran. Methods Blood samples (5 mL) were collected from 251 HIV-confirmed patients. Respective data, including patients’ demographic information, were obtained for each patient. The presence of HEV antigens and anti-HEV antibodies (IgG) were assessed by commercial ELISA kits, based on the manufacturers’ instructions. Results Out of 251 cases, 158 (62.9%) were male and 91 (36.3%) were female. Patients’ age varied from 14 to 83 (mean: 40 ± 9.7) years. Out of 251 HIV positive cases, 26 (10.4%) were positive for anti-HEV IgG antibodies and 6 (2.4%) were positive for HEV-antigens. Also, 2 (0.8%) of the patients were positive for both anti-HEV IgG antibodies and antigens. Statistical analysis revealed no significant association between sex and seropositivity to either HEV antigen or antibodies. Moreover, no significant association was seen between age and seropositivity to HEV antigen or antibody (P = 0.622 and 0.945, respectively). Conclusion Our results showed a relatively low prevalence of HEV-antibodies in HIV-infected patients, indicating that HIV positive patients may not be at greater risk of HEV infection than the general population. Moreover, HEV-antigen was detected in a few cases of HIV-infected individuals which indicate an acute or chronic HEV infection in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Shahriarirad
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Erfani
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rastegarian
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Zeighami
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nasir Arefkhah
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fariba Ghorbani
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Jamal Sarvari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. .,Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Bahador Sarkari
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. .,Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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9
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Maponga TG, Lopes T, Cable R, Pistorius C, Preiser W, Andersson MI. Prevalence and risks of hepatitis E virus infection in blood donors from the Western Cape, South Africa. Vox Sang 2020; 115:695-702. [PMID: 32597542 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is a potential risk to recipients of blood transfusions. Infection with HEV poses a high risk to immunocompromised recipients with an increased likelihood of developing chronic infection. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of past and active HEV infections in donors from the Western Cape and to identify the risk factors associated with infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS We prospectively tested 10 250 blood donors for HEV infection. A risk factor sub-study investigated 250 donors who completed a questionnaire, and plasma samples were tested for HEV IgG antibodies and pooled for HEV RNA detection. The demographic and risk factors associated with HEV infection were assessed. The molecular study tested 10 000 individual donations using a commercial assay to detect viraemia. HEV viral load and genotype were also determined. RESULTS The overall anti-HEV IgG seroprevalence was 42·8% (107/250) among donors participating in the risk factor sub-study. The likelihood of past HEV infection was higher with an increase in age. Of the 10 000 donor samples individually tested for HEV RNA, one sample was positive with a viral load of 7·9 x 104 IU/ml and belonged to HEV genotype 3. CONCLUSION We found a high seroprevalence of anti-HEV IgG but a low HEV RNA prevalence among donors in the Western Cape, South Africa. The study provides evidence for a potential risk of HEV contamination in the blood supply in South Africa. A cost-benefit analysis is needed before considering the introduction of routine donor screening in our setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongai G Maponga
- Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tatum Lopes
- Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | - Wolfgang Preiser
- Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa.,Tygerberg Business Unit, National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Monique I Andersson
- Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa.,Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
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10
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Pourkarim MR, Thijssen M, Alavian SM, Van Ranst M. Natural disasters pose a challenge for hepatitis elimination in Iran. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 4:581-582. [PMID: 31292070 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(19)30197-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Reza Pourkarim
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Blood Transfusion Research Centre, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Marijn Thijssen
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Seyed Moayed Alavian
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marc Van Ranst
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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11
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Behzadi MA, Leyva-Grado VH, Namayandeh M, Ziyaeyan A, Feyznezhad R, Dorzaban H, Jamalidoust M, Ziyaeyan M. Seroprevalence of viral hepatitis A, B, C, D and E viruses in the Hormozgan province southern Iran. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:1027. [PMID: 31795979 PMCID: PMC6889522 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4661-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral hepatitis is a global public health problem affecting millions of people worldwide, causing thousands of deaths due to acute and persistent infection, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. Providing updated serologic data can improve both surveillance and disease control programs. This study is aimed to determine the seroprevalence of markers for viral hepatitis (A, B, C, D and E) and the epidemiology of such infections in the general population of southern Iran's Hormozgan province. METHODS Between 2016 and 2017, a total of 562 individuals with ages ranging from 1 to 86 years, who visited governmental public laboratories for routine check-ups, were tested for the presence of serological markers to hepatitis virus types A to E using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS The overall anti-hepatitis A virus (HAV) antibody seroprevalence was 93.2% (524/562). The prevalence of anti-hepatitis E virus (HEV) antibodies was 15.8% (89/562) among which 1.6% (9/562) of the seropositive individuals also had evidence of recent exposure to the virus (IgM positivity). Two and a half percent (14/562) were positive for hepatitis B surface (HBs) antigen, whereas 11.6% (65/562) tested positive for anti-hepatitis B core (HBc) antibodies. Among anti-HBc positive patients, 11% (7/65) had HBs Ag and 5% (3/65) were positive for anti-hepatitis D virus (HDV) antibodies. The prevalence of anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies was 0.7% (4/562). The seroprevalence of anti-HAV, HEV IgG, anti-HBc antibodies, and HBs Ag increased with age. CONCLUSION The present study confirms a high seroprevalence of HAV infection among the examined population and reveals high levels of endemicity for HEV in the region. Planned vaccination policies against HAV should be considered in all parts of Iran. In addition, improvements on public sanitation and hygiene management of drinking water sources for the studied area are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Behzadi
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Mandana Namayandeh
- Department of Clinical Virology, Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Atoosa Ziyaeyan
- Life Science student, Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Roya Feyznezhad
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hedayat Dorzaban
- Hormozgan Health Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Marzieh Jamalidoust
- Department of Clinical Virology, Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mazyar Ziyaeyan
- Department of Clinical Virology, Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz, Iran.
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Süer K, Güvenir M, Aykaç A. A Special Risk Group for Hepatitis E Infection: The First Record of North Cyprus. Pol J Microbiol 2019; 67:525-528. [PMID: 30550239 PMCID: PMC7256789 DOI: 10.21307/pjm-2018-062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is transmitted by a fecal oral route from animals to humans following exposure to the body fluids of infected animals. We investigated the seroprevalence of anti-hepatitis E (anti-HEV) antibodies by monitoring IgG and IgM virus antibodies amongst employees in the animal industry in North Cyprus through a cross-sectional study. Samples were taken from individuals without occupational exposure to animals and from those who worked with animals (doing animal husbandry, veterinary work or butchery). Enzyme-linked immunoassays were used to detect anti-HEV IgG and IgM in the blood samples. The prevalence of anti-HEV IgG antibodies was 3.0% (12/400), while the prevalence of anti-HEV IgM antibodies was 0.25% (1/400). The prevalence of anti-HEV IgG amongst the samples received from females was approximately 2.5-fold higher than samples received from males (2.4%). Anti-HEV IgG was detected amongst 7% of animal husbandry workers and amongst 2% of veterinarians and butchers. The current findings represent the first records of HEV surveillance in Cyprus. We investigated the seroprevalence of anti-HEV by monitoring IgG and IgM virus antibodies amongst employees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaya Süer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University , Nicosia , Cyprus
| | - Meryem Güvenir
- Vocational School of Health Services, Near East University , Nicosia , Cyprus
| | - Asli Aykaç
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University , Nicosia , Cyprus
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13
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Hepatitis E: Current Status in India and Other Asian Countries. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.13.1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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14
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Tripathy AS, Puranik S, Sharma M, Chakraborty S, Devakate UR. Hepatitis E virus seroprevalence among blood donors in Pune, India. J Med Virol 2018; 91:813-819. [PMID: 30489644 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood transfusion is a recently reported route of hepatitis E virus (HEV) transmission. It is a bigger concern in regions where large-scale HEV genotype 1 infections occur causing more severe disease. The present study aims to assess the prevalence and rate of HEV infection in the blood donors of Pune, India. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 2447 healthy blood donors were screened for anti-HEV IgG and IgM antibodies. Anti-HEV IgM antibody positives were further subjected to alanine aminotransferase measurement, HEV RNA detection, viral load quantification and phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS Anti-HEV seroprevalence rate was 17.70%, while IgM prevalence rate was 0.20%. An age dependent increase in IgG seropositive rate was observed. Two of five IgM-positives tested positive for HEV RNA. The viral load ranged from 3.5 × 104 to 4.6 × 105 copies/mL and belonged to HEV genotype 1. CONCLUSIONS HEV prevalence rate of 17.70% in the blood donors of Pune, India, a developing country, goes at par with the developed countries. Current data of 0.20% (5 of 2447) blood donors positive for anti-HEV IgM and two of them being HEV RNA positive suggest a need for consideration of cost-effective evaluation towards pooled HEV RNA testing in blood banks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shaila Puranik
- Department of Pathology, B.J. Medical College and Sassoon General Hospitals, Pune, India
| | - Meenal Sharma
- Hepatitis Group, National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Ujwal R Devakate
- Department of Pathology, B.J. Medical College and Sassoon General Hospitals, Pune, India
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15
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The Prevalence of Hepatitis A Among Blood Donors in Golestan Province in the Northeast of Iran. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.81609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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16
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Epidemiology and Molecular Detection of HAV, HBV, and HCV in Patients with Acute Hepatitis Symptoms in Ahvaz. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.63317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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17
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Hadifar S, Sedighi M, Mostafaei S, Miri A, Amiri H, Abiri R, Babaei F, Kabir K, Moghoofei M. Prevalence of hepatitis E infection in the general population of Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Future Virol 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Aim: Hepatitis E is a form of acute viral hepatitis, which is caused by hepatitis E virus (HEV). The study objective was to evaluate the prevalence of HEV to provide an overall relative frequency in Iran. Methods: In this study, databases such as PubMed and Scopus were searched using the following keywords according to MeSH, “Hepatitis E virus”, “Epidemiology”, “Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)” and “Iran”. Then studies which had reported prevalence of HEV were selected. Results: We selected 36 researches out of 9246 for our study. From all the samples, the pooled estimated prevalence of HEV positive was 9.7%. It should be noted that HEV infection's relative frequency varied from 1.1% in Tehran to 46.1% in Ahvaz. Conclusion: HEV is common in Iran, although comparing to some neighboring countries, its prevalence is lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Hadifar
- Department of Mycobacteriology & Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansour Sedighi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shayan Mostafaei
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Miri
- Department of Nutrition, School of Health, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Hamed Amiri
- Department of Material Science & Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Teharan, Iran
| | - Ramin Abiri
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Farhad Babaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Kourosh Kabir
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohsen Moghoofei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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18
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Prevalence of Hepatitis E Virus Antibodies Among Blood Donors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.42875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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19
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Safiabadi M, Rezaee-Zavareh MS, Moayed Alavian S. Estimation of Hepatitis A Virus Infection Prevalence Among Eastern Mediterranean and Middle Eastern Countries: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2017; 17. [DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.44695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
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20
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Taherkhani R, Farshadpour F. Epidemiology of hepatitis E virus in Iran. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:5143-5153. [PMID: 27298557 PMCID: PMC4893461 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i22.5143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Iran is known as an endemic country for hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection, while there are variations in the epidemiology of HEV infection throughout the country. The available epidemiological studies in different regions of Iran show HEV seroprevalence of 1.1%-14.2% among general population, 4.5% -14.3% among blood donors, 6.1%-22.8% among injecting drug users, 6.3%-28.3% among hemodialysis patients, 1.6%-11.3% among patients infected with other hepatitis viruses, 27.5% among patients with chronic liver disease, 30.8% among kidney transplant recipient patients, and 10%-16.4% among human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. These variations reflect differences in the status of public health and hygiene, risk factors, and routes of transmission in different regions and groups. Therefore, it is necessary to review the epidemiology of HEV infection to determine the most prevalent risk factors and routes of transmission, and to evaluate the effectiveness of preventive strategies employed in the public health services of the country. Moreover, the other epidemiological aspects of HEV, including the genotypic pattern, extra hepatic manifestations, and incidence of chronic infection need to be investigated among Iranian population to expand the current knowledge on the epidemiology of HEV and to clarify the real burden of HEV infection. Therefore, this review was performed to provide a general overview regarding the epidemiology of HEV in Iran.
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Zeraati AA, Nazemian F, Takalloo L, Sahebkar A, Heidari E, Yaghoubi MA. The relationship between serology of hepatitis E virus with liver and kidney function in kidney transplant patients. EXCLI JOURNAL 2016; 15:343-9. [PMID: 27366144 PMCID: PMC4928011 DOI: 10.17179/excli2016-232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although hepatitis E virus (HEV) is well known to cause acute hepatitis, there are reports showing that HEV may also be responsible for progression of acute to chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis in patients receiving organ transplantation. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the prevalence of HEV in patients with kidney transplantation. In this study, 110 patients with kidney transplantation were recruited, and anti-HEV IgG, creatinine, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in the first, third and sixth months after renal transplantation were measured. The mean serum anti-HEV IgG titers in the study participants was 1.36 (range 0.23 to 6.3). Twenty-three patients were found to be seropositive for HEV Ab defined as anti-HEV IgG titer > 1.1. The difference in liver and renal function tests (creatinine, eGFR, AST, ALT and ALP) at different intervals was not significant between patients with HEV Ab titers higher and lower than 1.1 (p > 0.05). However, an inverse correlation was observed between HEV Ab and eGFR values in the first (p = 0.047, r = -0.21), third (p = 0.04, r = -0.20) and sixth (p = 0.04, r = -0.22) months after renal transplantation in patients with HEV Ab < 1.1 but not in the subgroup with HEV Ab > 1.1. Also, a significant correlation between age and HEV Ab levels was found in the entire study population (p = 0.001, r = 0.33). Our findings showed a high prevalence of seropositivity for anti-HEV IgG in patients receiving renal transplants. However, liver and renal functions were not found to be significantly different seropositive and seronegative patients by up to 6 months post-transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Ali Zeraati
- Kidney transplantation Complications Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nazemian
- Kidney transplantation Complications Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ladan Takalloo
- Kidney transplantation Complications Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Metabolic Research Centre, Royal Perth Hospital, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Elahe Heidari
- Department of Pediatrics, Imam Reza Hospital , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Yaghoubi
- Endocrine Research Center, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
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22
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Ghasemian R, Babamahmoodi F, Ahangarkani F. Hepatitis A Is a Health Hazard for Iranian Pilgrims Who Go to Holly Karbala: A Preliminary Report. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2016; 16:e38138. [PMID: 27630729 PMCID: PMC5011296 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.38138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iraq is a highly endemic area for the prevalence of hepatitis A and annually hosts a large number of Iranian pilgrims, most of whom are susceptible to infection with the hepatitis A virus (HAV). OBJECTIVES This study reports the health hazard of hepatitis A for Iranian pilgrims who go to holly Karbala from the Mazandaran province. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this cross-sectional study, the data of all patients with acute hepatitis A admitted in the Razi teaching hospital from November 23, 2014 to January 24, 2015, with a history of recently returning from holly Karbala or being exposed to Karbala pilgrims, were registered. RESULTS A total number of nine patients were registered. Seven patients were male and two were female. The mean age was 30.11 ± 10.09.Two patients were from the same family. All patients had typical symptoms of acute hepatitis A. None of the patients died nor did fulminant occur in any patients. In addition, all patients were treated with supportive treatment and subsequently recovered. CONCLUSIONS This number of pilgrim patients with acute hepatitis A from a single province compels us to conduct more evaluations and follow up monitoring on all persons travelling to Karbala and be sensitive to early diagnoses of the pilgrims. In the future, it is important to be mindful of administering the HAV vaccine and Ig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Ghasemian
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran
| | - Farhang Babamahmoodi
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ahangarkani
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran
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Akbarpour Shirazi M, Samieifard R, Abduli MA, Omidvar B. Mathematical modeling in municipal solid waste management: case study of Tehran. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2016; 14:8. [PMID: 27195124 PMCID: PMC4870754 DOI: 10.1186/s40201-016-0250-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Solid Waste Management (SWM) in metropolises with systematic methods and following environmental issues, is one of the most important subjects in the area of urban management. In this regard, it is regarded as a legal entity so that its activities are not overshadowed by other urban activities. In this paper, a linear mathematical programming model has been designed for integrated SWM. Using Lingo software and required data from Tehran, the proposed model has been applied for Tehran SWM system as a case study. RESULTS To determine the optimal status of the available system for Tehran's Solid Waste Management System (SWMS), a novel linear programming model is applied. Tehran has 22 municipal regions with 11 transfer stations and 10 processing units. By running of the model, the transfer stations and processing units are decreased to 10 and 6 units, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The proposed model is an alternative method for improvement the SWMS by decreasing the transfer stations and processing units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Akbarpour Shirazi
- />Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Systems, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Samieifard
- />Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Azin alley, Ghods St. Enghelab Ave., Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Abduli
- />Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Azin alley, Ghods St. Enghelab Ave., Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Omidvar
- />Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Azin alley, Ghods St. Enghelab Ave., Tehran, Iran
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24
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Alavian SM. Hepatitis A virus vaccination in Iranian soldiers needs more attention. GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY FROM BED TO BENCH 2016; 9:231. [PMID: 27458517 PMCID: PMC4947139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Moayed Alavian
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Middle East Liver Disease Centre, Tehran, Iran
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