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Samei M, Dowlatkhahi N, Boozari M, Hosseinzadeh H. Can daily consumption of enriched fatty acids diet be effective in improving metabolic syndrome? An attractive paradox for walnut kernel. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:2311-2333. [PMID: 38628188 PMCID: PMC11016402 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Imagine consuming a daily diet rich in fatty acids to help treat diseases such as hypertension and obesity. This concept presents an attractive paradox. In particular, consuming walnut kernels is beneficial for treating diseases associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS), including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, and obesity. Different parts of the Juglans regia tree (family Juglandaceae), including its leaves, green husks, bark, and septum, have shown promising effects on pathological conditions related to MetS. The therapeutic advantages of consuming walnut kernels for MetS can be attributed to the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids and polyphenolic compounds such as juglone and ellagic acid. Diets enriched with walnut kernel have a positive impact on MetS complications by reducing diastolic blood pressure, improving blood lipid profiles, lowering fasting blood sugar levels, and increasing insulin sensitivity. The potential cellular mechanisms responsible for these benefits involve activating the cholesterol hemostasis pathway by inhibiting sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs), proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP). Furthermore, other by-products of walnuts, such as leaves and green husks, have also demonstrated effectiveness in managing MetS. These findings highlight the potential of incorporating walnut-based products into our diets as a natural approach to combating MetS and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melika Samei
- School of PharmacyMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | | | - Motahareh Boozari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of PharmacyMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of PharmacyMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology InstituteMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
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Hamami Chamgordani Z, Mazaheri M, Iraj B, Baghshahi H, Sabouhi F. Antidiabetic effects of Eryngium billardieri hydrosol in the treatment of type 2 diabetic patients: A double-blind randomized clinical trial. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF PHYTOMEDICINE 2023; 13:34-44. [PMID: 36698734 PMCID: PMC9840773 DOI: 10.22038/ajp.2022.21175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Objective Medicinal plants with fewer side effects and low cost than synthetic medicines are increasingly advised to treat diseases. The present study aimed to identify Eryngium billardieri compounds and evaluate the plant's effects on hyperglycemic and hyperlipidemia indices, and liver, and kidney function. Materials and Methods Following identification of Eryngium billardieri using GC/MS method, 72 participants were randomly divided into two groups (n=36 per group), receiving oral hypoglycemic medication (metformin) with or without 50 ml hydrosol twice a day for three months as intervention and placebo control, respectively. Body mass index (BMI), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood sugar (FBS), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-C, and LDL-C levels were measured at the beginning and end of the experiment. Also, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine levels were measured to assess adverse effects on liver and kidney functions. Results The main components were terpenes with 46.69% of the total ingredients of E. billardieri essential oil. Other prominent compounds identified included octanoic acid (12.14 %) and isoxazole (6.72 %). Intergroup changes in blood parameters showed that E. billardieri hydrosol for three months could significantly reduce HbA1C and blood cholesterol levels but did not affect other measured parameters. Also, there were no adverse effects on kidney or liver function. Conclusion The present findings showed that the consumption of 50 ml of E. billardieri hydrosol as a complementary treatment in diabetic patients reduced HbA1C and cholesterol levels without adverse effects on the liver or kidneys functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Hamami Chamgordani
- Department of Adult Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mazaheri
- Persian Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Bijan Iraj
- Isfahan Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Fakhri Sabouhi
- Department of Adult Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Song H, Cong Z, Wang C, He M, Liu C, Gao P. Research progress on Walnut oil: Bioactive compounds, health benefits, extraction methods, and medicinal uses. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14504. [PMID: 36369998 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Walnut oil is extracted from walnut kernels (Juglans regia Linne) or iron walnut kernels (Juhlans sigillata Dode). The percentage of oil in walnuts is 52%-70%. The main constituents in oil are fatty acids, phenols, sterols, squalene, melatonin, vitamins, and minerals. Many extraction methods such as supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, maceration, modified "bligh and dyer extraction," aqueous enzymatic extraction, ultrasonic extraction, soxhlet extraction, and cold-press extraction methods are reported in the literature. Walnut oil showed anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, antidiabetic, and antihyperlipidemic activities. The reported data in the literature suggest that walnut oil has many health benefits. This review summarizes the extraction methods, bioactive constituents, health benefits, and pharmacological actions of walnut oil. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Walnut oil is a natural vegetable oil of significant importance due to their nutritional, and intelligence-boosting benefits. Several factors, including the processing parameters and the phytochemical profile, affect walnut oil products' flavor and color. In addition, storage environment of walnut oil can also affect walnut oil quality. Apart from the predominant ingredient fatty acids, the chemical composition of walnut oil comprises phenols, sterols, squalene, melatonin, vitamins, and minerals. These bioactive compounds are of potential value owing to their health-promoting benefits, including antioxidant, antitumor, and cholesterol-lowering effects. Many chemical constituents were isolated from walnut oil; however, all the compounds are not explored for their possible medicinal value. Thus, clinical studies, exploration of the therapeutic potential and the molecular mechanisms of all the compounds, and development of convenient dosage forms either for therapeutic or functional food purposes are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaying Song
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Zhufeng Cong
- Shandong Institute of Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Jinan, China
| | - Changlin Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Mengyuan He
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Congying Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Peng Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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Patle D, Vyas M, Khatik GL. A Review on Natural Products and Herbs Used in the Management of Diabetes. Curr Diabetes Rev 2021; 17:186-197. [PMID: 32268866 DOI: 10.2174/1573399816666200408090058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM We aimed to review the importance of the natural products and herbs used in the management of diabetes mellitus (DM) as medicinal agents. BACKGROUND Naturally occuring phytoactive compounds and herbs are very important because they are found to be effective against several diseases. DM is a commonly occurring endocrinological disorder, with the incidences increased four times in the last 34 years. There are several oral hypoglycemic agents available in the market, which in the long term, may lead to a high risk of secondary failure rate. OBJECTIVES This review focuses on natural products and herbs application for effective management of diabetic conditions, and natural products that can be utilized as alternative therapy. METHODS We searched the various online databases (PubMed, Bentham, ScienceDirect) and scientific publications from the library using a qualitative systematic review. The criteria of the review were based on natural products and herbs application for possessing medicinal value against diabetes and the literature of previous thirty years has been searched. The inclusion criteria of materials were based on the quality and relevancy with our aim. RESULTS We observed that owing to the potential of natural products and herbs, different research groups are searching for the potent natural antidiabetic agents with minimal side effects. Recent research showed that there is a decline in a number of new molecules that fail in clinical trials because of toxicity thus, natural products and herbs are considered as the alternative. Currently, some of the natural products and herbs like coixol, andrographolide, Tinospora cordifolia, polypeptide p, charantin, Annona squamosa, and Nigella are being explored for their potential to be used successfully for the management of type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSION The significance of natural products and herbs in the anticipation of diabetes and allied complications are being described herein. We observed that a huge amount of work is being done to explore the natural products and herbs to manage the diabetes and this review gives the highlights of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepshikha Patle
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences - PCTE Group of Institutes, Jhande, VPO Baddowal, Ludhiana, Punjab, 142021, India
| | - Manish Vyas
- Department of Ayurveda, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Gopal L Khatik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar- Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
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Gencoglu H, Orhan C, Tuzcu M, Sahin N, Juturu V, Sahin K. Effects of walnut oil on metabolic profile and transcription factors in rats fed high-carbohydrate-/-fat diets. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13235. [PMID: 32424831 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of walnut oil (WO) on metabolic profile and transcription factors in rats fed high carbohydrate (HCD) and high-fat diet (HFD). Forty-two male rats were divided in to six groups: (a) Control, (b) WO (20 mg/kg BW), (c) HCD (20% of sucrose), (d) HCD + WO (e) HFD (42% of calories as fat), and (f) HFD + WO. HFD and HCD intake increased final body weights by 19% and 23% and visceral fat weights by 3- and 5-fold, respectively (p < .05 for all). In addition, serum glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and free fatty acids (FFA) insulin, leptin, and MDA levels increased in rats fed with HFD and HCD. WO supplementation improved these metabolic parameters (p < .05 for all). HFD + WO and HCD + WO treated groups had a significant reduction in serum and liver malondialdehyde (MDA) levels by 12% or 15% (p < .05 for both). In addition, WO supplementation lowered the levels of hepatic nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and NADPH oxidase subunit p22phox , whereas increased the endothelial-NO synthase (e-NOS), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2, and sirtuin-1 levels. In conclusion, WO supplementation could alleviate the adverse impacts of both HCD and HFD in the rats. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This study suggests that WO intake can modulate carbohydrate metabolism and increase antioxidant capacity. These properties might be partially mediated through the regulation of the transcription factors and some proteins involved in energy metabolism, as well as a balance of oxidative stress, and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Gencoglu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Cemal Orhan
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Tuzcu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Nurhan Sahin
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Vijaya Juturu
- Research and Development, OmniActives Health Technologies Inc., Morristown, NJ, USA
| | - Kazim Sahin
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
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Effect of drying on the essential oil traits and antioxidant potential J. regia L. leaves from Kumaun Himalaya. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-1575-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Arab L, Dhaliwal SK, Martin CJ, Larios AD, Jackson NJ, Elashoff D. Association between walnut consumption and diabetes risk in NHANES. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2018; 34:e3031. [PMID: 29927053 PMCID: PMC6220814 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary interventions and cohort studies relating tree nut consumption to blood glucose levels suggest a possible effect of walnuts. OBJECTIVE To examine the associations between walnut consumption and diabetes risk using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. METHODS National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data on adults conducting 24-hour dietary recall was pooled across the years 1999 through 2014. Diabetes status or risk was based on self-report, medication use, fasting plasma glucose levels, and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c ) levels. Individuals were characterized based on reported consumption of walnuts, mixed-nuts, or no nuts. RESULTS After adjustment for covariates, walnut consumers showed lower risk for diabetes compared with non-nut consumers based on self-report (odds ratio of 0.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.31-0.72) as well as fasting blood glucose (relative risk ratio 0.32, CI 0.17-0.58) and HbA1c (relative risk ratio 0.51, CI 0.27-0.99). For each standard deviation of increase in walnut intake, prevalence of diabetes dropped 47%. The gender by walnut interaction suggests that the effect may be more potent among women than men (dose response P = .061). CONCLUSIONS Both among individuals with known diabetes and those diagnosed based on elevated diabetes blood markers, the prevalence of individuals with diabetes was significantly lower among the walnut consumers. A possible gender-specific effect invites further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenore Arab
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services ResearchDavid Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Satvinder K. Dhaliwal
- Department of Medicine Statistics Core, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Carly J. Martin
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services ResearchDavid Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Alena D. Larios
- School of DentistryUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | | | - David Elashoff
- Department of Medicine Statistics Core, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
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Delaviz H, Mohammadi J, Ghalamfarsa G, Mohammadi B, Farhadi N. A Review Study on Phytochemistry and Pharmacology Applications of Juglans Regia Plant. Pharmacogn Rev 2017; 11:145-152. [PMID: 28989250 PMCID: PMC5628521 DOI: 10.4103/phrev.phrev_10_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the use of medicinal plants increased considerably; so that today, the use of traditional medicine, as well as medicinal plants is necessary for the aim of producing more effective drugs with fewer side effects and determining the effective doses. With the scientific name of Juglans regia, walnut plant is a medicinal plant with different properties that is considered less, despite having great therapeutic potential in the traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to review the dispersal of walnut plants, the chemical compounds, and therapeutic effects of walnuts on antioxidant activity, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, antimicrobial, and antihypertensive activities, as well as liver protection. Data of this review study have been collected from the books and scientific articles published in databases such as Science Direct, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Scientific Information Database. While this plant having high antioxidant capabilities, walnuts are composed of many chemical compounds such as ascorbic acid, flavonoids, quercetin, and caffeic acid. Experimental studies have shown that walnuts reduced blood glucose and lipids and also decreased blood pressure. They have antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and liver-protective properties. The use of walnuts in traditional medicine and review of experimental studies demonstrated the presence of multiple, effective, and useful compounds which may provide the opportunity for the production of lipid-lowering, antidiabetes, and liver protective drugs. Due to the effects of walnuts on improving the complications of various diseases, the need for doing comprehensive clinical trials for the use of walnuts in the treatment of diseases is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdollah Delaviz
- Medicinal Plants Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Jamshid Mohammadi
- Medicinal Plants Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Ghasem Ghalamfarsa
- Medicinal Plants Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Bahram Mohammadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Naser Farhadi
- Medicinal Plants Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
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