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Kızılırmak D, Havlucu Y. Clinical Characteristics and Prognostic Factors of Patients With Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Pneumonia: 10-Year Experience From a Single Center. Cureus 2023; 15:e47187. [PMID: 38021834 PMCID: PMC10652227 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.47187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infection is gaining importance as an important cause of nosocomial pneumonia. S. maltophilia infection occurs especially in patients with a history of immunosuppression, comorbidity, or multiple antibiotherapy uses. A retrospective 10-year study was carried out to determine the clinical characteristics of all patients with S. maltophilia pneumonia, antibiotic resistance pattern, and risk factors associated with hospital mortality. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hospitalized pneumonia patients with S. maltophilia culture positivity were identified, and their medical records were reviewed. Risk factors associated with hospital mortality were analyzed. Any variable with a significant association with mortality in the univariate analysis was entered in a multivariate forward stepwise logistic regression model to identify independent risk factors for death. RESULTS Seventy-two patients (mean age: 67.3 years, 65.2% males) with S. maltophilia pneumonia were included in the study. All patients had at least one comorbidity. The most common comorbidities were chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure, malignancy, and cardiac diseases. Percentage resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (5.5%) was lower than that for fluoroquinolones (12.5%). By using multivariate analysis, respiratory insufficiency needed mechanical ventilation, low hemoglobin level, age>65 years, previous antibiotic usage, and hypotension were the independent prognostic factors for mortality. CONCLUSION S. maltophilia is emerging as an important pathogen with an increased risk of mortality in patients with respiratory insufficiency who need mechanical ventilation, a low hemoglobin level, >65 years of age, previous antibiotic usage, and hypotension. Empiric therapy should include agents active against S. maltophilia, such as newer fluoroquinolones and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Kızılırmak
- Department of Chest Diseases, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, TUR
| | - Yavuz Havlucu
- Department of Chest Diseases, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, TUR
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Han K, Dong Y, An X, Song L, Li M, Fan H, Tong Y. Potential application of a newly isolated phage BUCT609 infecting Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1001237. [PMID: 36478859 PMCID: PMC9720304 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1001237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (S. maltophilia) is widely distributed in nature and frequently causes nosocomial infections. In this work, the biological characteristics and genome of a new S. maltophilia phage BUCT609 isolated from hospital sewage with S. maltophilia strain No. 3015 as host was analyzed and its therapeutic effect in vivo was explored. It was observed by TEM that phage BUCT609 belongs to the Podoviridae with a 10 nm tail structure and a capsid with a diameter of about 50 nm. It has a short latent period (about 10 min) and its burst size is 382 PFU /cell when multiplicity of infection (MOI) is 0.01. Furthermore, it has a high survival rate in the environment with a pH range from 3 to 10 and temperature range from 4°C to 55°C. The complete genome of phage BUCT609 is linear double-stranded DNA of 43,145 bp in length, and the GC content is 58%. The genome sequence of phage BUCT609 shares <45% homology with other phages. No virulence genes and antibiotic resistance genes were found in bacteriophage BUCT609. In vivo animal experiments showed that the survival rate of mice infected with S. maltophilia was significantly improved after the intranasal injection of phage BUCT609. Therefore, our study supports that phage BUCT609 could be used as a promising antimicrobial candidate for treating S. maltophilia infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Han
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqi Dong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoping An
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Lihua Song
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Mengzhe Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Huahao Fan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yigang Tong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
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Menekşe Ş, Altınay E, Oğuş H, Kaya Ç, Işık ME, Kırali K. Risk Factors for Mortality in Patients with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Bloodstream Infections in Immunocompetent Patients. INFECTIOUS DISEASES & CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2022; 4:178-184. [PMID: 38633400 PMCID: PMC10986715 DOI: 10.36519/idcm.2022.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to evaluate bloodstream infections caused by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in immunocompetent patients with respect to clinical features and risk factors for mortality. Methods We reviewed bloodstream infections detected between January 1, 2012, and July 1, 2021, to identify nosocomial S. maltophilia bacteremia in Koşuyolu Research and Training Hospital. Results We identified a total of 97 patients with S. maltophilia bloodstream infections. Of these, 17 patients were excluded because of community-acquired infections (n=9), contamination with S. maltophilia (n=3), and insufficient data (n=5), with 80 (57.5% males) patients remaining for analysis. The source of infection was the respiratory tract in 28 (35%) patients. A central venous catheter was used in 60 (75%) patients, which required replacement in 23 patients within five days after detecting S. maltophilia bacteremia. On antimicrobial susceptibility testing, 71 strains were found to be susceptible and 9 (11.3%) resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Thirty-day mortality was 33.8%. Non-survivors differed significantly from survivors with respect to higher rates of central venous catheters ( p=0.020), mechanical ventilation (p=0.006), urinary catheters (p=0.021), septic shock (p=0.001), hypoalbuminemia (p=0.026) and thrombocytopenia (p =0.039). S. maltophilia bacteremia was independently associated with mortality in patients with hypoalbuminemia, and replacement of central venous catheters had a protective role in reducing mortality. Conclusion As with other bacterial infections, S. maltophilia bacteremia is associated with a considerably high mortality rate in patients with cardiac conditions. The replacement of the catheter seems to play a beneficial role in 30-day survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şirin Menekşe
- Infection Control Unit, Kartal Koşuyolu High Speciality Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ece Altınay
- Department of Anesthesia, Kartal Koşuyolu High Speciality Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Halide Oğuş
- Department of Anesthesia, Kartal Koşuyolu High Speciality Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Çiğdem Kaya
- Infection Control Unit, Kartal Koşuyolu High Speciality Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Emirhan Işık
- Infection Control Unit, Kartal Koşuyolu High Speciality Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Kaan Kırali
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kartal Koşuyolu Heart and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
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Azimi A, Rezaei F, Yaseri M, Jafari S, Rahbar M, Douraghi M. Emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance and possible mechanisms in clinical isolates of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia from Iran. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9582. [PMID: 33953262 PMCID: PMC8100118 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88977-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia exhibits wide spectrum of fluoroquinolone resistance using different mechanisms as multidrug efflux pumps and Smqnr alleles. Here, the role of smeDEF, smeVWX efflux genes and contribution of Smqnr alleles in the development of fluoroquinolone resistance was assessed. Ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin resistance were found in 10.9%, 3.5%, and 1.6% of isolates, respectively. More than four-fold differences in ciprofloxacin MICs were detected in the presence of reserpine and smeD, F, V expression was significantly associated with ciprofloxacin resistance (p = 0.017 for smeD, 0.003 for smeF, and 0.001 for smeV). Smqnr gene was found in 52% of the ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates and Smqnr8 was the most common allele detected. Fluoroquinolone resistance in S. maltophilia clinical isolates was significantly associated with active efflux pumps. There was no correlation between the Smqnr alleles and ciprofloxacin resistance; however, contribution of the Smqnr genes in low-level levofloxacin resistance was revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Azimi
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poursina street, Enghelab-e-Eslami avenue, PO Box: 14155-6446, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Rezaei
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yaseri
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sirus Jafari
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imam-Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rahbar
- Reference Health Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Douraghi
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poursina street, Enghelab-e-Eslami avenue, PO Box: 14155-6446, Tehran, Iran. .,Food Microbiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Ince N, Yekenkurul D, Danış A, Çalışkan E, Akkaş İ. An evaluation of six-year Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections in a university hospital. Afr Health Sci 2020; 20:1118-1123. [PMID: 33402956 PMCID: PMC7751516 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v20i3.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a Gram-negative bacillus and opportunistic emergent pathogen causing hospital-acquired infections (HAIs). Due to risk factors such as prolonged intensive care unit stay and invasive procedures, it has become one of the leading causes of HAIs. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiology of S.maltophilia infections over a six-year period at Düzce University Hospital, Turkey. Methods The incidence, clinical characteristics, antimicrobial susceptibility and outcomes of nosocomial S. maltophilia infections during this period were retrospectively analyzed. Results During the study period, 67 samples obtained from 61 patients were identified. Pneumonias (82%) were the most common HAIs, followed by bloodstream infections (10.5%), urinary tract infections (3%), skin and soft tissue infections (3%) and surgical site infection (1.5%). Admission to intensive care, hospitalization exceeding 30 days, and previous use of broad-spectrum antibiotics constituted risk factors. Resistance to cotrimoxazole (6%) was lower than that to levofloxacin (18%). Conclusion The most important risk factors for S.maltophilia infection in patients are previous exposure to antibiotics, prolonged hospitalization and invasive procedures such as mechanic ventilation. Discharging patients as early as possible with the rational use of antibiotics may be effective in reducing S. maltophilia infections and resistance rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevin Ince
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Duzce University Faculty of Medicine, Duzce, Turkey
| | - Dilek Yekenkurul
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Duzce University Faculty of Medicine, Duzce, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Danış
- Duzce University Research and Application Hospital, Infection Control Committee Nurse Duzce, Turkey
| | - Emel Çalışkan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Duzce University Faculty of Medicine, Duzce, Turkey
| | - İdris Akkaş
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Oltu State Hospital, Ministry of Health, Erzurum, Turkey
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Gajdács M, Urbán E. Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in Respiratory Tract Samples: A 10-Year Epidemiological Snapshot. Health Serv Res Manag Epidemiol 2019; 6:2333392819870774. [PMID: 31453265 PMCID: PMC6698998 DOI: 10.1177/2333392819870774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Since the 1980s, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia has emerged as an
important pathogen associated with significant mortality in pneumonia and bacteremia of
severely immunocompromised, hospitalized patients. The drug of choice in S
maltophilia infections is sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SMX/TMP); SMX/TMP
resistance is a serious concern in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to
assess the prevalence of S maltophilia in lower respiratory tract
(LRTI) samples at a tertiary-care university hospital. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was carried out using microbiological data collected
between January 2008 and December 2017. Routine antimicrobial susceptibility testing was
performed for SMX/TMP and levofloxacin; in case of resistance, susceptibility testing
for additional antibiotics (tigecycline, amikacin, and colistin) was also performed. Results: A total of 579 individual S maltophilia isolates were identified
(2008-2012: n = 160, 2013-2017: n = 419; P = .0008). In all, 78.46% of
patients were younger than 5 or older than 50 years of age and had recent trauma,
surgery, or underlying conditions (malignancies, respiratory distress syndrome,
congenital disorders, and cystic fibrosis). In 28.16% of samples, more than 1 pathogen
was identified, and 5.35% of coisolated pathogens were multidrug resistant (MDR). In
all, 12.1% of isolates were SMX/TMP-resistant (2008-2012: 6.12%, 2013-2017: 18.06%;
P = .034), while 8.99% were resistant to levofloxacin (2008-2012:
7.86%, 2013-2017: 10.12%; P > .05). SMX/TMP resistance was detected
more frequently in samples originating from inpatients (n = 2.50 ± 2.39 vs n = 11.50 ±
3.76; P = .0002). Conclusions: In all, 5.87% of isolates were extensively drug resistant (XDR), that is, in addition
to SMX/TMP, they were resistant to levofloxacin, amikacin, colistin, and tigecycline.
The results of our study correspond to the findings in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márió Gajdács
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Edit Urbán
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Gajdács M, Urbán E. Epidemiological Trends and Resistance Associated with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Bacteremia: A 10-Year Retrospective Cohort Study in a Tertiary-Care Hospital in Hungary. Diseases 2019; 7:diseases7020041. [PMID: 31159258 PMCID: PMC6631814 DOI: 10.3390/diseases7020041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia has been recognized as an emerging nosocomial pathogen in invasive infections of immunocompromised, severely debilitated patients with significant underlying illnesses. The first-choice drug in these infections is sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SMX/TMP), and resistance to this antimicrobial is a daunting challenge for clinicians. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of S. maltophilia bacteremia and SMX/TMP-resistance levels at a tertiary-care university hospital. A total of 175 episodes of S. maltophilia bacteremia were identified (2008-2012: n = 82, 2013-2017: n = 93; p = 0.061), 52% of affected patients were 60 years of age, and had recent surgery, severe injuries or underlying conditions (malignant hematologic diseases and solid tumors) in their history. Sixteen percent of isolates were resistant to SMX/TMP (2008-2012: n = 13.8%, 2013-2017: n = 17.2%; p = 0.076), and out of the resistant strains, 32.7% were also resistant to levofloxacin and colistin. Our findings on the SMX/TMP-resistance were similar to global literature data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márió Gajdács
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary.
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Edit Urbán
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary.
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Ko JH, Kang CI, Cornejo-Juárez P, Yeh KM, Wang CH, Cho SY, Gözel MG, Kim SH, Hsueh PR, Sekiya N, Matsumura Y, Lee DG, Cho SY, Shiratori S, Kim YJ, Chung DR, Peck KR. Fluoroquinolones versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the treatment of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2018; 25:546-554. [PMID: 30448331 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fluoroquinolones are a popular alternative to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections. OBJECTIVES To compare the effects of fluoroquinolones and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole on mortality of S. maltophilia infections. DATA SOURCES PubMed and EMBASE. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Clinical studies reporting mortality outcomes of S. maltophilia infections. PARTICIPANTS Patients with clinical infections caused by S. maltophilia. INTERVENTIONS Fluoroquinolone monotherapy in comparison with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole monotherapy. METHODS Systematic review with meta-analysis technique. RESULTS Seven retrospective cohort and seven case-control studies were included. Three cohort studies were designed to compare the two drugs, whereas others had other purposes. A total of 663 patients were identified, 332 of which were treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (50.1%) and 331 with fluoroquinolones (49.9%). Three cohort studies were designed to compare the effect of the two drugs, whereas the others had other purposes. Levofloxacin was most frequently used among fluoroquinolones (187/331, 56.5%), followed by ciprofloxacin (114/331, 34.4%). The overall mortality rate was 29.6%. Using pooled ORs for the mortality of each study, fluoroquinolone treatment (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.39-0.99) was associated with survival benefit over trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole treatment, with low heterogeneity (I2 = 18%). Specific fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin (OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.17-1.12) and levofloxacin (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.48-1.26) did not show a significant difference in comparison with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. In the sub-group analyses of adult and bacteraemic patients, significant differences in mortality were not observed between fluoroquinolones and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. CONCLUSIONS Based on a meta-analysis of non-randomized studies, fluoroquinolones demonstrated comparable effects on mortality of S. maltophilia infection to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, supporting the use of fluoroquinolones in clinical S. maltophilia infections. Although the pooled analysis of overall studies favoured fluoroquinolones over trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, the studies included were observational, and sub-group analyses of certain fluoroquinolone agents did not show statistical differences with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Randomized clinical studies are needed to address these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-H Ko
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Centre, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Armed Forces Capital Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - C-I Kang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Centre, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - P Cornejo-Juárez
- Departamento de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - K-M Yeh
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defence Medical Centre, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - C-H Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defence Medical Centre, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - S Y Cho
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Centre, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - M G Gözel
- Department of Microbiology Reference Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Public Health, Turkey
| | - S-H Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Centre, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - P-R Hsueh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - N Sekiya
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Centre Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Matsumura
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - D-G Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, St Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - S-Y Cho
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, St Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - S Shiratori
- Department of Haematology, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Y-J Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, Samsung Medical Centre, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - D R Chung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Centre, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - K R Peck
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Centre, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Nanotechnological applications for the control of pulmonary infections. THE MICROBIOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM INFECTIONS 2016. [PMCID: PMC7173458 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-804543-5.00015-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary infections are the major global problem. According to the global burden of disease study, lower respiratory infections were ranked third among the leading causes of death after ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease. Despite the availability of treatment options and diagnostic methods, the severity of pulmonary infections is increasing due to the emergence of multiple drug resistance and lack of sensitivity in pathogenic microbes. In this context, nanotechnology based treatment therapies have emerged as a promising approach to circumvent the limitations of conventional therapies and also manage the problem of drug resistance in pulmonary infections. The present chapter is focused on the global status of existing management strategies of pulmonary infections and their limitations. Moreover, the role of nanotechnology for the management of pulmonary infections with a special reference to different type of nanomaterials has also been discussed.
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