1
|
Bagherikholenjani F, Shahidi S, Khosravi A, Mansouri A, Ashoorion V, Sarrafzadegan N. Update of the clinical guideline for hypertension diagnosis and treatment in Iran. Clin Hypertens 2024; 30:13. [PMID: 38822442 PMCID: PMC11143619 DOI: 10.1186/s40885-024-00269-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This article introduces the updated version of the Iranian guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension in adults. The initial version of the national guideline was developed in 2011 and updated in 2014. Among the reasons necessitating the update of this guideline were the passage of time, the incompleteness of the scopes, the limitation of the target group, and more important is the request of the ministry of health in Iran. METHOD The members of the guideline updating group, after reviewing the original version and the new evidence, prepared 10 clinical questions regarding hypertension, and based on the evidence found from the latest scientific documents, provided recommendations or suggestions to answer these questions. RESULT According to the updated guideline, the threshold for office prehypertension diagnosis should be considered the systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 130-139 mmHg and/or the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of 80-89 mmHg, and in adults under 75 years of age without comorbidities, the threshold for office hypertension diagnosis should be SBP ≥ 140 mmHg and or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg. The goal of treatment in adults who lack comorbidities and risk factors is SBP < 140 mmHg and DBP < 90 mmHg. The first-line treatment recommended in people with prehypertension is lifestyle modification, while for those with hypertension, pharmacotherapy along with lifestyle modification. The threshold to start drug therapy is determined at SBP ≥ 140 mmHg and or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg, and the first-line treatment is considered a drug or a combined pill of antihypertensive drugs, including ACEIs, ARBs, thiazide and thiazide-like agents, or CCBs. At the beginning of the pharmacotherapy, the Guideline Updating Group members suggested studying serum electrolytes, creatinine, lipid profile, fasting sugar, urinalysis, and an electrocardiogram. Regarding the visit intervals, monthly visits are suggested at the beginning of the treatment or in case of any change in the type or dosage of the drug until achieving the treatment goal, followed by every 3-to-6-month visits. Moreover, to reduce further complications, it was suggested that healthcare unit employees use telehealth strategies. CONCLUSIONS In this guideline, specific recommendations and suggestions have been presented for adults and subgroups like older people or those with cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Bagherikholenjani
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shahla Shahidi
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alireza Khosravi
- Hypertension Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Iranian Network of Cardiovascular Research, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asieh Mansouri
- Hypertension Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Nizal Sarrafzadegan
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
- Iranian Network of Cardiovascular Research, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Martin SS, Aday AW, Almarzooq ZI, Anderson CAM, Arora P, Avery CL, Baker-Smith CM, Barone Gibbs B, Beaton AZ, Boehme AK, Commodore-Mensah Y, Currie ME, Elkind MSV, Evenson KR, Generoso G, Heard DG, Hiremath S, Johansen MC, Kalani R, Kazi DS, Ko D, Liu J, Magnani JW, Michos ED, Mussolino ME, Navaneethan SD, Parikh NI, Perman SM, Poudel R, Rezk-Hanna M, Roth GA, Shah NS, St-Onge MP, Thacker EL, Tsao CW, Urbut SM, Van Spall HGC, Voeks JH, Wang NY, Wong ND, Wong SS, Yaffe K, Palaniappan LP. 2024 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2024; 149:e347-e913. [PMID: 38264914 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000001209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The American Heart Association (AHA), in conjunction with the National Institutes of Health, annually reports the most up-to-date statistics related to heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular risk factors, including core health behaviors (smoking, physical activity, nutrition, sleep, and obesity) and health factors (cholesterol, blood pressure, glucose control, and metabolic syndrome) that contribute to cardiovascular health. The AHA Heart Disease and Stroke Statistical Update presents the latest data on a range of major clinical heart and circulatory disease conditions (including stroke, brain health, complications of pregnancy, kidney disease, congenital heart disease, rhythm disorders, sudden cardiac arrest, subclinical atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathy, heart failure, valvular disease, venous thromboembolism, and peripheral artery disease) and the associated outcomes (including quality of care, procedures, and economic costs). METHODS The AHA, through its Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee, continuously monitors and evaluates sources of data on heart disease and stroke in the United States and globally to provide the most current information available in the annual Statistical Update with review of published literature through the year before writing. The 2024 AHA Statistical Update is the product of a full year's worth of effort in 2023 by dedicated volunteer clinicians and scientists, committed government professionals, and AHA staff members. The AHA strives to further understand and help heal health problems inflicted by structural racism, a public health crisis that can significantly damage physical and mental health and perpetuate disparities in access to health care, education, income, housing, and several other factors vital to healthy lives. This year's edition includes additional global data, as well as data on the monitoring and benefits of cardiovascular health in the population, with an enhanced focus on health equity across several key domains. RESULTS Each of the chapters in the Statistical Update focuses on a different topic related to heart disease and stroke statistics. CONCLUSIONS The Statistical Update represents a critical resource for the lay public, policymakers, media professionals, clinicians, health care administrators, researchers, health advocates, and others seeking the best available data on these factors and conditions.
Collapse
|
3
|
Incident Stroke Events in Clinical Trials of Antihypertensive Drugs in Cardiovascular Disease Patients: A Network Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Curr Probl Cardiol 2023; 48:101551. [PMID: 36529232 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2022.101551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Antihypertensive drugs are commonly used in cardiovascular diseases (CVD), less is known about the comparative effectiveness of different antihypertensive drugs on stroke events in CVD patients. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and the Web of Science for randomized controlled trails comparing the different antihypertensive drugs for stroke events in CVD patients from inception until November, 2022. Pairwise and network meta-analysis were performed to compare of different antihypertensive drugs for the incidence of stroke events in CVD patients. The protocol was registered on the PROSPERO database (CRD42022375038). 33 trials involving 141,217 CVD patients were included. The incidence of stroke in CVD patients for each antihypertensive drugs was placebo (3.0%), ACEI (2.4%), ARB (4.1%), CCB (1.8%), β blocker (1.3%), and diuretic (3.6%). Antihypertensive drug was significantly reducing stroke events in CVD patients when compared with placebo (OR 0.82; 95% CI 0.75 to 0.89). Specifically, ACEI (OR 0.82; 95% CI, 0.69-0.97), ARB (OR 0.87; 95% CI, 0.77-0.98), CCB (OR 0.69; 95% CI, 0.54-to 0.87), and diuretic (OR 0.74; 95% CI, 0.57-0.95) were significantly reducing stroke events in CVD patients when compared with placebo. Network meta-analysis suggested CCB and diuretic ranked the first and second in reducing the incidence of stroke events in CVD patients with the SUCRA value of 90.9% and 73.8%. CCB and diuretic had the greatest possibility to reduce the incidence of stroke events in CVD patients, while, ACEI was the worst antihypertensive agents in reducing the incidence of stroke events in CVD patients.
Collapse
|
4
|
Tsao CW, Aday AW, Almarzooq ZI, Anderson CAM, Arora P, Avery CL, Baker-Smith CM, Beaton AZ, Boehme AK, Buxton AE, Commodore-Mensah Y, Elkind MSV, Evenson KR, Eze-Nliam C, Fugar S, Generoso G, Heard DG, Hiremath S, Ho JE, Kalani R, Kazi DS, Ko D, Levine DA, Liu J, Ma J, Magnani JW, Michos ED, Mussolino ME, Navaneethan SD, Parikh NI, Poudel R, Rezk-Hanna M, Roth GA, Shah NS, St-Onge MP, Thacker EL, Virani SS, Voeks JH, Wang NY, Wong ND, Wong SS, Yaffe K, Martin SS. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2023; 147:e93-e621. [PMID: 36695182 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000001123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1135] [Impact Index Per Article: 1135.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The American Heart Association, in conjunction with the National Institutes of Health, annually reports the most up-to-date statistics related to heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular risk factors, including core health behaviors (smoking, physical activity, diet, and weight) and health factors (cholesterol, blood pressure, and glucose control) that contribute to cardiovascular health. The Statistical Update presents the latest data on a range of major clinical heart and circulatory disease conditions (including stroke, congenital heart disease, rhythm disorders, subclinical atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, heart failure, valvular disease, venous disease, and peripheral artery disease) and the associated outcomes (including quality of care, procedures, and economic costs). METHODS The American Heart Association, through its Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee, continuously monitors and evaluates sources of data on heart disease and stroke in the United States to provide the most current information available in the annual Statistical Update with review of published literature through the year before writing. The 2023 Statistical Update is the product of a full year's worth of effort in 2022 by dedicated volunteer clinicians and scientists, committed government professionals, and American Heart Association staff members. The American Heart Association strives to further understand and help heal health problems inflicted by structural racism, a public health crisis that can significantly damage physical and mental health and perpetuate disparities in access to health care, education, income, housing, and several other factors vital to healthy lives. This year's edition includes additional COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) publications, as well as data on the monitoring and benefits of cardiovascular health in the population, with an enhanced focus on health equity across several key domains. RESULTS Each of the chapters in the Statistical Update focuses on a different topic related to heart disease and stroke statistics. CONCLUSIONS The Statistical Update represents a critical resource for the lay public, policymakers, media professionals, clinicians, health care administrators, researchers, health advocates, and others seeking the best available data on these factors and conditions.
Collapse
|
5
|
Rashikh MA, Alruways AF, Alotaibi HB, Alotaibi NA, Almarshad F, Alsaab SM, Alotaibi G. Blood Pressure Control and Prescription Pattern of Antihypertensive Drugs in Adherence to the 2020 International Society of Hypertension (ISH) Global Hypertension Practice Guidelines in Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Study. Cureus 2023; 15:e34965. [PMID: 36938155 PMCID: PMC10019097 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.34965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hypertension is the leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease and death. Appropriate treatment of hypertension is necessary to reduce mortality. A prescription-based study is one of the most influential and helpful methods to examine physicians' irrational prescribing practices. This study was designed to investigate the antihypertensive prescription of physicians and their adherence to the treatment guidelines, as well as the blood pressure (BP) control rate in a general hospital in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methodology A retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted between February 2020 and June 2021 in an outpatient department. Patients diagnosed with hypertension as per the 2020 International Society of Hypertension guidelines and those who received antihypertensive drugs were included. Study data included prescriptions, patient's age, duration of hypertension, comorbidities, BP, drug therapy type, and antihypertensive class. Results Overall, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers (67.1%) were the most prescribed agents, followed by dihydropyridine-calcium channel blockers (62.6%), diuretics (26.1%), and β-blockers (10.1%). Comorbid and stage 2 hypertensive patients mainly received combination therapy (51.6%) rather than monotherapy (48.4%). The study revealed an 83.5% prescription adherence to the treatment guidelines. However, non-adherence was encountered in monotherapy, polytherapy, and elderly-treated patient groups. A 66.4% (at target BP in all cases <140/90 mmHg) and 39.3% (at target BP in comorbid patients <130/80 mmHg) rate of BP control was observed. Furthermore, the rate of BP control was significantly associated with prescription adherence (χ2 = 71.316; p < 0.001). Conclusions The degree of prescription adherence and rate of BP control were found to be compatible with other published hypertension studies. However, considerable scope exists for improvement in rational drug utilization and rate of BP control, particularly in high-risk patients. Therefore, treatment guidelines must be followed by clinicians to achieve BP goals and reduce cardiovascular events among the Saudi population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Rashikh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Dawadmi, SAU
| | | | | | - Nemer A Alotaibi
- Department of Pediatrics, Dawadmi College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Feras Almarshad
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra, SAU
| | - Saad M Alsaab
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Dawadmi, SAU
| | - Ghallab Alotaibi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Dawadmi, SAU
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pedro T, Pereira P, Costa AS, Almeida F, Loureiro ML, Alfaiate T, Gonçalves A. Systolic blood pressure variability within 120 hours of admission predicts the functional outcomes at discharge of patients with acute ischemic stroke. JOURNAL OF NEUROCRITICAL CARE 2022. [DOI: 10.18700/jnc.210038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
|
7
|
Maïer B, Gory B, Lapergue B, Sibon I, Richard S, Kyheng M, Labreuche J, Desilles JP, Blanc R, Piotin M, Mazighi M, Halimi JM. Effect of Baseline Antihypertensive Treatments on Stroke Severity and Outcomes in the BP TARGET Trial. Stroke 2022; 53:1837-1846. [PMID: 35321558 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.121.037548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients with a history of hypertension experience worse outcomes, which may be explained by a deleterious impact of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) overactivation. We sought to investigate whether prestroke antihypertensive treatments (AHT) influenced baseline stroke severity and neurological outcomes, in patients with AIS successfully treated by endovascular therapy. METHODS We performed a post hoc analysis of the BP TARGET trial (Blood Pressure Target in Acute Stroke to Reduce Hemorrhage After Endovascular Therapy) and included hypertensive patients with available data regarding AHT at admission, categorized as RAS inhibitors (ACE [angiotensin-converting enzyme] inhibitors, ARBs [angiotensin 2 receptor blockers], and β-blockers) and non-RAS inhibitors (calcium channel blockers and diuretics). Associations of each AHT with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score at baseline were investigated in linear mixed model adjusted for the number of treatments and center. Associations of each AHT with 24-hour NIHSS change, intracranial hemorrhage were performed using linear mixed model adjusted for baseline NIHSS, the number of treatments, center, age, and sex and adjusted for age, sex, diabetes, and current smoking for favorable outcome. All analyses were performed on cases-available data regarding the low number of missing data. RESULTS Overall, 203 patients with at least one AHT were included. Patients under non-RAS inhibitor treatments had a higher NIHSS score at baseline (adjusted mean difference=3.28 [95% CI, 1.33-5.22]; P=0.001). Conversely, patients under RAS inhibitor treatments had a lower baseline NIHSS score (adjusted mean difference=-2.81 [95% CI, -5.37 to -0.25]; P=0.031). Intracranial hemorrhage occurrence was significantly more frequent in patients under non-RAS inhibitor treatments (adjusted odds ratio of 2.48 [95% CI, 1.12-5.47]; P=0.025). Conversely, the use of RAS inhibitor treatments before AIS was not associated with higher odds of radiographic intracranial hemorrhage. Patients with non-RAS inhibitor treatments had less improvement of NIHSS at 24 hours compared with patients without (adjusted mean difference, 2.83 [95% CI, -0.16 to 5.81]; P=0.063). Baseline RAS inhibitor or noninhibitor treatments were not associated with favorable outcome. CONCLUSIONS We showed an opposite effect of baseline AHT, based on their effect on the RAS. Patients treated with RAS inhibitor agents before AIS exhibited less severe AIS compared with patients under non-RAS inhibitor treatments, developed less intracranial hemorrhage at 24 hours and had a trend toward better NIHSS score at 24 hours. REGISTRATION URL: https://www. CLINICALTRIALS gov; Unique identifier: NCT03160677.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Maïer
- Interventional Neuroradiology Department, Hôpital Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France (B.M., J.-P.D., R.B., M.P., M.M.).,Université de Paris, France (B.M., J.-P.D., M.M.).,FHU NeuroVasc, Paris, France (B.M., J.-P.D., R.B., M.P., M.M.).,EA4245-Transplantation, Immunology and Inflammation, University of Tours, France (B.M., J.-M.H.)
| | - Benjamin Gory
- Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Neuroradiology (B.G.), Université de Lorraine, France.,CHRU-Nancy and IADI, INSERM U1254 (B.G.), Université de Lorraine, France
| | - Bertrand Lapergue
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neurology, Stroke Centre, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, Suresnes, France (B.L.)
| | - Igor Sibon
- Stroke Unit, CHU Bordeaux, Université de Bordeaux, France (I.S.)
| | | | - Maeva Kyheng
- CHU Lille, EA 2694 - Santé publique: épidémiologie et qualité des soins, University of Lille, France (M.L., J.L.)
| | - Julien Labreuche
- CHU Lille, EA 2694 - Santé publique: épidémiologie et qualité des soins, University of Lille, France (M.L., J.L.)
| | - Jean-Philippe Desilles
- Interventional Neuroradiology Department, Hôpital Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France (B.M., J.-P.D., R.B., M.P., M.M.).,Université de Paris, France (B.M., J.-P.D., M.M.).,FHU NeuroVasc, Paris, France (B.M., J.-P.D., R.B., M.P., M.M.).,Laboratory of Vascular Translational Science, INSERM U1148, Paris, France (J.-P.D., R.B., M.P., M.M.)
| | - Raphael Blanc
- Interventional Neuroradiology Department, Hôpital Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France (B.M., J.-P.D., R.B., M.P., M.M.).,FHU NeuroVasc, Paris, France (B.M., J.-P.D., R.B., M.P., M.M.).,Laboratory of Vascular Translational Science, INSERM U1148, Paris, France (J.-P.D., R.B., M.P., M.M.)
| | - Michel Piotin
- Interventional Neuroradiology Department, Hôpital Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France (B.M., J.-P.D., R.B., M.P., M.M.).,FHU NeuroVasc, Paris, France (B.M., J.-P.D., R.B., M.P., M.M.).,Laboratory of Vascular Translational Science, INSERM U1148, Paris, France (J.-P.D., R.B., M.P., M.M.)
| | - Mikael Mazighi
- Interventional Neuroradiology Department, Hôpital Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France (B.M., J.-P.D., R.B., M.P., M.M.).,Université de Paris, France (B.M., J.-P.D., M.M.).,FHU NeuroVasc, Paris, France (B.M., J.-P.D., R.B., M.P., M.M.).,Laboratory of Vascular Translational Science, INSERM U1148, Paris, France (J.-P.D., R.B., M.P., M.M.)
| | - Jean-Michel Halimi
- EA4245-Transplantation, Immunology and Inflammation, University of Tours, France (B.M., J.-M.H.).,Nephrology Department, Tours Hospital, France (J.-M.H.). Université de Tours, France (J.M.H.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jung JY, Lee YB, Kang CK. Novel Technique to Measure Pulse Wave Velocity in Brain Vessels Using a Fast Simultaneous Multi-Slice Excitation Magnetic Resonance Sequence. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21196352. [PMID: 34640671 PMCID: PMC8512313 DOI: 10.3390/s21196352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we proposed a novel pulse wave velocity (PWV) technique to determine cerebrovascular stiffness using a 3-tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to overcome the various shortcomings of existing PWV techniques for cerebral-artery PWV, such as long scan times and complicated procedures. The technique was developed by combining a simultaneous multi-slice (SMS) excitation pulse sequence with keyhole acquisition and reconstruction (SMS-K). The SMS-K technique for cerebral-artery PWV was evaluated using phantom and human experiments. In the results, common and internal carotid arteries (CCA and ICA) were acquired simultaneously in an image with a high temporal resolution-of 48 ms for one measurement. Vascular signals at 500 time points acquired within 30 s could generate pulse waveforms of CCA and ICA with 26 heartbeats, allowing for the detection of PWV changes over time. The results demonstrated that the SMS-K technique could provide more PWV information with a simple procedure within a short period of time. The procedural convenience and advantages of PWV measurements will make it more appropriate for clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Yeon Jung
- Department of Health Science, Gachon University Graduate School, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea;
| | - Yeong-Bae Lee
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21565, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.-B.L.); (C.-K.K.); Tel.: +82-32-460-3346 (Y.-B.L.); +82-32-820-4110 (C.-K.K.)
| | - Chang-Ki Kang
- Department of Health Science, Gachon University Graduate School, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea;
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea
- Department of Radiological Science, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.-B.L.); (C.-K.K.); Tel.: +82-32-460-3346 (Y.-B.L.); +82-32-820-4110 (C.-K.K.)
| |
Collapse
|