Henrietta Lacks, HeLa cells, and cell culture contamination

Increasing research study engagement in minoritized populations: An example from the Black Women Inflammation and Tau Study

Black women are sorely underrepresented in studies of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) despite higher rates of ADRD diagnoses than in non-Hispanic White women. There are many reasons for underrepresentation, including medical mistrust, limited access to clinical studies, and restrictive study inclusion criteria. These pervasive barriers to research participation are often not considered during study development and, if eventually thought of tend to be after the fact. Community-engaged research (CER) approaches are an effective method for reducing participation barriers. This article describes how CER approaches were used to develop the Black Women Inflammation and Tau Study (BWITS), a prospective study to identify biopsychosocial risk factors for ADRD in Black women. Guidelines discussed here for future ADRD research in diverse populations are informed by Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR), the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD), and the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI). HIGHLIGHTS: Understand the historical tragedies related to medical practices and research designs that may contribute to the underrepresentation of Black Americans in research studies today. Highlight community-engaged research approaches that effectively reduce participation barriers in minoritized groups. Review Community-Based Participatory Research, National Institute of Minority Health and Health Disparities, and the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute guidelines for conducting research with minoritized communities. Describe using the three frameworks to inform the study development protocol for the Black Women Inflammation and Tau Study. Conclude by offering study design considerations that we hope can be a helpful starting point for others conducting research with minoritized communities.

Unlocking Population-Specific Treatments to Render Equitable Approaches and Management in Cardiovascular Disease: Development of a Situation-Specific Theory for African American Emerging Adults

BACKGROUND

Emerging adulthood (18-25 years old) is a distinct developmental period in which multiple life transitions pose barriers to engaging in healthy lifestyle behaviors that reduce cardiovascular disease risk. There is limited theory-based research on African American emerging adults.

OBJECTIVE

This article introduces a synthesized empirically testable situation-specific theory for cardiovascular disease prevention in African American emerging adults.

METHODOLOGY

Im and Meleis' integrative approach was used to develop the situation-specific theory.

RESULTS

Unlocking Population-Specific Treatments to Render Equitable Approach and Management in Cardiovascular Disease is a situation-specific theory developed based on theoretical and empirical evidence and theorists' research and clinical practice experiences.

DISCUSSION

African American emerging adults have multifaceted factors that influence health behaviors and healthcare needs. Unlocking Population-Specific Treatments to Render Equitable Approaches and Management in Cardiovascular Disease has the potential to inform theory-guided clinical practice and nursing research. Recommendations for integration in nursing practice, research, and policy advocacy are presented. Further critique and testing of the theory are required.

Chimera RNA transcribed from integrated HPV18 genome with adjacent host genomic region promotes oncogenic gene expression through condensate formation

Most cervical cancers are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. In HeLa cells, the HPV18 viral genome is integrated at chromosome 8q24.21 and activates transcription of the proto-oncogene c-Myc. However, the mechanism of how the integrated HPV genome and its transcribed RNAs exhibit transcription activation function has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we found that HPV18 transcripts contain an enhancer RNA-like function to activate proximal genes including CCAT1-5L and c-Myc. We showed that the human genome-integrated HPV18 genes are activated by transcription coregulators including BRD4 and Mediator. The transcribed HPV18 RNAs form a liquid-like condensate at chromosome 8q24.21 locus, which in turn accumulates RNA polymerase II. Moreover, we focused on a relatively uncharacterized transcript from the upstream region of CCAT1, named URC. The URC RNA is transcribed as a chimera RNA with HPV18 and is composed of the 3'-untranslated region of the HPV18 transcript. We experimentally showed that the URC contributes to stabilization of HPV18 RNAs by supplying a polyadenylation site for the HPV18 transcript. Our findings suggest that integrated HPV18 at 8q24.21 locus produces HPV18-URC chimera RNA and promotes tumorigenesis through RNA-based condensate formation.

"They don't care to study it": Trust, race, and health care experiences among patient-caregiver dyads with multiple myeloma

BACKGROUND

Medical mistrust, rooted in unethical research, is a barrier to cancer-related health care for Black/African American (AA) persons. Understanding trust, mistrust, and health care experiences is crucial, especially in multiple myeloma (MM), which disproportionately burdens Black/AA persons in incidence and survival.

STUDY PURPOSE

This study qualitatively examines the experiences of Black/AA and White dyads (patient with MM and adult caregiver) to gain insights into these phenomena.

METHODS

From November 2021 to April 2022, we recruited 21 dyads from the UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center. Participants completed a sociodemographic survey and a 60-90 min semi-structured interview. We used ATLAS.ti v9 for project management and to facilitate data analysis using the Sort and Sift, Think and Shift approach (ResearchTalk Inc).

RESULTS

We interviewed 21 racially concordant dyads (11 Black/AA, 10 White) with mean patient ages of 70 (Black/AA) and 72 (White) at enrollment. Both Black/AA and White caregivers had a mean enrollment age of 68. The mean duration from MM diagnosis to enrollment for all patients was 5.5 years. Four key themes emerged: (1) knowledge and trust, (2) heightened emotions and discomfort, (3) differing mental constructs of health care experiences, and (4) mitigating mistrust, which varied by self-identified race. Black/AA participants had greater knowledge of historical events like the U.S. Public Health Service Untreated Syphilis Study at Tuskegee and carried the emotional burden longer. They also emphasized self-learning and self-guided research about MM for informed medical decision-making. Both Black/AA and White dyads emphasized the pivotal role of patient-provider relationships and effective communication in fostering trust and addressing concerns.

CONCLUSION

Our study offers contextual insights into the enduring challenges of medical mistrust, particularly within the Black/AA community, and its implications for patients and caregivers accessing and receiving MM-related care. Future studies should leverage these insights to guide the development of multilevel interventions addressing medical mistrust within the Black/AA community.

Uveal melanoma: Current evidence on prognosis, treatment and potential developments

Uveal Melanoma (UM) is a rare disease, yet it is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adult patients. Despite continuous advancements and research, the risk of metastasis remains high. It is possible to stratify patients according to their risk of metastases using a variety of known risk factors. Even though there is no gold standard for the prognostication of patients with uveal melanoma, it is becoming increasingly clear that combining histo-pathological, patient-related and molecular prognostic markers allows a more accurate prediction of the metastatic risk than by using one parameter. Primary UM in the eye are treated very effectively with eye-sparing radiation-based techniques or enucleation. However, it is not yet possible to prevent or treat metastases with the current therapeutic options. Nonetheless, the efforts to find new therapeutic targets continue and progress is being made, especially in the field of targeted therapy, as exemplified by the anti-gp100 bispecific molecule Tebentafusp. This review delves into the history of uveal melanoma, its incidence, presentation and diagnosis, the known prognostic factors and the treatment options, both for the primary tumour and for metastases. We show that different populations may have different risks for developing UM, and that each country should evaluate their own patients.

Studies on "Ascites sarcoma"

This review seeks to highlight and celebrate Professor Tomizo Yoshida's famous work on "Establishment and characterization of a rat ascites sarcoma, later named "Yoshida ascites sarcoma". Considering the tremendous contribution of this ascites tumor system to the subsequent promotion of research on cancer biology and cancer chemotherapy, his paper should be regarded as a monumental one in the cancer field. The research was carried out during 1943 and the results were submitted to this Journal in October 1944, when Japan was approaching a debilitating defeat in World War II in August 1945. In 1947, when "Research on Ascites sarcoma" was first comprehensively introduced to researchers in a special lecture at the Annual Meeting of the Japanese Society of Pathology, the whole audience was deeply impressed and was encouraged to resume scientific activity in Japan.

A roadmap for social determinants of health and biological nursing research in the National Institute of Nursing Research 2022-2026 Strategic Plan: Optimizing health and advancing health equity using antiracist framing

BACKGROUND

Health equity is essential for improving the well-being of all individuals and groups, and research remains a critical element for understanding barriers to health equity. While considering how to best support research that acknowledges current health challenges, it is crucial to understand the role of social justice frameworks within health equity research and the contributions of minoritized researchers. Additionally, there should be an increased understanding of the influence of social determinants of health on biological mechanisms.

PURPOSE

Biological health equity research seeks to understand and address health disparities among historically excluded populations.

DISCUSSION

While there are examples of studies in this area led by minoritized researchers, some individuals and groups remain understudied due to underfunding. Research within minoritized populations must be prioritized to authentically achieve health equity. Furthermore, there should be increased funding from National Institutes of Health to support minoritized researchers working in this area.

Performing HeLa: theatrical bodies and living remains

As a biomedical entity that has been the subject of a plethora of artistic and cultural projects, HeLa, the first immortal human cell line, calls for investigations into the human. Extracted and cultured from the cervical tumour of African-American woman, Henrietta Lacks, at Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1950s' Baltimore, HeLa's robust capacity to grow has ensured its role in numerous medical advances. The first part of this essay synthesises scientific, sociocultural, familial and philosophical perspectives on HeLa, while the second half applies these perspectives to a reading of a theatrical production, HeLa (2013), written and performed internationally by black British artist Adura Onashile. The discussion considers ways in which prevailing cultural narratives that situate Lacks as a victim, dispossessed of bodily agency in life and after death, might delimit productive possibilities for thinking about Lacks as a contributor to biotechnological progress, and about HeLa as a living remain. Lacks' labour in the creation of HeLa may have been unwitting, but her role in biotechnological progress is profound in that it is constitutive. Onashile's solo performance-its deft choreography moving across the subjectivities of patient, physician and family-presents the political fact of black female corporeality as part of its exploration of scientific innovation. The theatrical registers of Onashile's HeLa open up and nuance imaginings of Lacks/HeLa, moving beyond monolithic conceptions of medical research by creatively investigating Lacks' scientific contribution in the midst (and in the wake) of medical exploitation.

Disparities in Cisplatin-Induced Cytotoxicity-A Meta-Analysis of Selected Cancer Cell Lines

Cisplatin is a classic anticancer drug widely used as a reference drug to test new metal complex drug candidates. We found an unexpected diversity in cisplatin-related cytotoxicity values, expressed as IC50 (the half-maximal inhibitory concentration) in tumour cell lines, such as MCF-7, HepG2 and HeLa. We reviewed the data published from 2018 to 2022. A total of 41 articles based on 56 in vitro experiments met our eligibility criteria. Using a meta-analysis based on a random effect model, we evaluated the cytotoxicity of cisplatin (IC50) after 48- or 72-h cell exposure. We found large differences between studies using a particular cell line. According to the random effect model, the 95% confidence intervals for IC50 were extremely wide. The heterogeneity of cisplatin IC50, as measured by the I2 index for all cancer cell lines, was over 99.7% at culture times of 48 or 72 h. Therefore, the variability between studies is due to experimental heterogeneity rather than chance. Despite the higher IC50 values after 48 h than after 72 h, the heterogeneity between the two culture periods did not differ significantly. This indicates that the duration of cultivation is not the main cause of heterogeneity. Therefore, the available data is diverse and not useful as a reference. We discuss possible reasons for the IC50 heterogeneity and advise researchers to conduct preliminary testing before starting experiments and not to solely rely on the published data. We hope that this systematic meta-analysis will provide valuable information for researchers searching for new cancer drugs using cisplatin as a reference drug.

Fanconi anemia-isogenic head and neck cancer cell line pairs: A basic and translational science resource

Fanconi anemia (FA) is a heritable malformation, bone marrow failure and cancer predisposition syndrome that confers an exceptionally high risk of squamous carcinomas. These carcinomas originate in epithelia lining the mouth, proximal esophagus, vulva and anus: their origins are not understood, and no effective ways have been identified to prevent or delay their appearance. Many FA-associated carcinomas are also therapeutically challenging: they may be multi-focal and stage-advanced at diagnosis, and most individuals with FA cannot tolerate standard-of-care systemic therapies such as DNA cross-linking drugs or ionizing radiation due to constitutional DNA damage hypersensitivity. We developed the Fanconi Anemia Cancer Cell Line Resource (FA-CCLR) to foster new work on the origins, treatment and prevention of FA-associated carcinomas. The FA-CCLR consists of Fanconi-isogenic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell line pairs generated from five individuals with FA-associated HNSCC, and five individuals with sporadic HNSCC. Sporadic, isogenic HNSCC cell line pairs were generated in parallel with FA patient-derived isogenic cell line pairs to provide comparable experimental material to use to identify cell and molecular phenotypes driven by germline or somatic loss of Fanconi pathway function, and the subset of these FA-dependent phenotypes that can be modified, complemented or suppressed. All 10 FANC-isogenic cell line pairs are available to academic, non-profit and industry investigators via the "Fanconi Anemia Research Materials" Resource and Repository at Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland OR.

Greener Grass: The Modern History of Epithelial Stem Cell Innovation

The field of epithelial stem cell development has been irrevocably shaped by the work of American scientist Howard Green, whose breakthroughs in stem cell culture methods translated to therapeutic practice. In this review, we chronicle the milestones that propelled the field of regenerative medicine of the skin forward over the last fifty years. We detail the early discoveries made by Green and his collaborators, highlight clinical cases that made life-saving use of his findings, and discuss the accomplishments of other scientists who later innovated upon his discoveries.

Labial Frenectomy using Laser: A Scoping Review

Labial frenectomy is a surgical technique, that aims to remove the frenulum with its attachment to the underlying bone. Frenectomy, is indicated if the frenulum attachment causes midline diastema, gingival recession, hindrance in maintaining oral hygiene, or if it interferes with lip movements and for prosthetic needs. A labial frenectomy can be performed either by the routine scalpel technique, electrocautery, and most recently medical lasers. The aim of this study was to evaluate, whether the laser technique is more effective than the conventional surgical technique, and whether there are differences between the different types of lasers. The scoping review was conducted and prepared on the basis of the indications of the PRISMA guidelines (PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews, PRISMA-ScR) of PRISMA checklist, and nine papers were considered admissible to the qualitative analysis for the following outcomes: bleeding during intervention, use of sutures, duration of the intervention, and use of analgesic drugs in the days following the intervention. This review suggests that laser-performed labial frenectomy is faster and offers better intra- and postoperative management; however, due to the limited number of available papers, the final results of the present review are not absolute.

Cancer Cell Culture: The Basics and Two-Dimensional Cultures

Despite significant advances in investigative and therapeutic methodologies for cancer, 2D cell culture remains an essential and evolving competency in this fast-paced industry. From basic monolayer cultures and functional assays to more recent and ever-advancing cell-based cancer interventions, 2D cell culture plays a crucial role in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Research and development in this field call for a great deal of optimization, while the heterogenous nature of cancer itself demands personalized precision for its intervention. In this way, 2D cell culture is ideal, providing a highly adaptive and responsive platform, where skills can be honed and techniques modified. Furthermore, it is arguably the most efficient, economical, and sustainable methodology available to researchers and clinicians alike.In this chapter, we discuss the history of cell culture and the varying types of cell and cell lines used today, the techniques used to characterize and authenticate them, the applications of 2D cell culture in cancer diagnosis and prognosis, and more recent developments in the area of cell-based cancer interventions and vaccines.

Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Vimentin-Induced Disruption of Cell-Cell Associations Augments Breast Cancer Cell Migration

In advanced metastatic cancers with reduced patient survival and poor prognosis, expression of vimentin, a type III intermediate filament protein is frequently observed. Vimentin appears to suppress epithelial characteristics and augments cell migration but the molecular basis for these changes is not well understood. Here, we have ectopically expressed vimentin in MCF-7 and investigated its genomic and functional implications. Vimentin changed the cell shape by decreasing major axis, major axis angle and increased cell migration, without affecting proliferation. Vimentin downregulated major keratin genes KRT8, KRT18 and KRT19. Transcriptome-coupled GO and KEGG analyses revealed that vimentin-affected genes were linked to either cell-cell/cell-ECM or cell cycle/proliferation specific pathways. Using shRNA mediated knockdown of vimentin in two cell types; MCF-7FV (ectopically expressing) and MDA-MB-231 (endogenously expressing), we identified a vimentin-specific signature consisting of 13 protein encoding genes (CDH5, AXL, PTPRM, TGFBI, CDH10, NES, E2F1, FOXM1, CDC45, FSD1, BCL2, KIF26A and WISP2) and two long non-coding RNAs, LINC00052 and C15ORF9-AS1. CDH5, an endothelial cadherin, which mediates cell-cell junctions, was the most downregulated protein encoding gene. Interestingly, downregulation of CDH5 by shRNA significantly increased cell migration confirming our RNA-Seq data. Furthermore, presence of vimentin altered the lamin expression in MCF-7. Collectively, we demonstrate, for the first time, that vimentin in breast cancer cells could change nuclear architecture by affecting lamin expression, which downregulates genes maintaining cell-cell junctions resulting in increased cell migration.

Application of the Extracts of Punica granatum in Oral Cancer: Scoping Review

The Punica granatum L. is an ancient fruit plant native to south-western Asia. It belongs to the Litraceae family and of its genus we have only one other Punica protopunic species. The fruit is rich in polyphenols, whose extract is consumed as a food and is considered safe. In medicine, it is used for its antioxidant properties; it has a rich component of tannic polyphenols among which the most bioactive are: punicalagin (flavonoids) and anthocyanins (delphinidin, cyanidin, pelargonidin), which are found mainly in the skins and in the pericarp; however, all the parts of the Punica granatum are used for therapeutic purposes as anti-inflammatories and analgesics and in diabetes and cardio-vascular disease. Punica granatum extracts also show interesting anticancer activities in influencing tumorgenesis and angiogenesis and cell transformation and proliferation. The purpose of this scoping review is to summarize all the scientific evidence on the possible applications of Punica granatum extracts in the treatment and prevention of oral cavity tumors to investigate the anticancer properties of the active ingredients extracted from Punica granatum. Methods: The scoping review was carried out following the PRISMA-ScR checklist; the search was performed on three databases (Scopus, Science direct and PubMed) and one registry (Cochrane library). Results: The search produced a number of bibliographic sources equal to 11,403; with the removal of duplicates, 670 potentially admissible articles were obtained, from 24 of which only 7 in vitro studies on OSCC cell lines were included. Conclusions: From the preliminary data on the cellular lines of OSCC, it emerges that for oral cancer there are conditions for which the extracts of Punic granatum are effective at least from a prevention perspective.

Pre-clinical models to study abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB)

Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB) is a common debilitating condition that significantly reduces quality of life of women across the reproductive age span. AUB creates significant morbidity, medical, social, and economic problems for women, their families, workplace, and health services. Despite the profoundly negative effects of AUB on public health, advancement in understanding the pathophysiology of AUB and the discovery of novel effective therapies is slow due to lack of reliable pre-clinical models. This review discusses currently available laboratory-based pre-clinical scientific models and how they are used to study AUB. Human and animal in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models will be described along with advantages and limitations of each method.

Anticancer effects of putative and validated BH3-mimetic drugs in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas: An overview of current knowledge

The purpose of this review was to summarise available literature concerning the anticancer effects of both putative and validated BH3-mimetics in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. A literature search was performed and studies assessing malignant cell lines, xenograft models, and/or humans were considered eligible. A total of 501 studies were identified, of which 40 were included. One phase-II clinical trial assessing gossypol (combined with docetaxel) was found. The remaining 39 preclinical studies investigated cell lines and/or xenograft models involving the use of six validated BH3-mimetics (A-1210477, A-1331852, ABT-737, navitoclax, S63845, venetoclax) and six putative BH3-mimetics (ApoG2, gossypol, obatoclax, sabutoclax, TW-37, and YC137). In preclinical settings, most validated BH3-mimetics were capable of inducing apoptosis (in-vitro) and tumour growth inhibition (in-vivo). The majority of putative BH3-mimetics were also capable of inducing cell death, although important off-target effects, such as autophagy induction, were also described. Combinations with conventional anticancer drugs, ionising radiation, or multiple BH3-mimetics generally resulted in enhanced anticancer effects, such as increased sensitivity to apoptotic stimuli, especially considering some cell lines that showed resistance to either treatment alone. In conclusion, although clinical data are still insufficient to evaluate the anticancer effects of BH3-mimetics in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, promising results in preclinical settings were observed concerning induction of cell death and inhibition of tumour growth. Therefore, further clinical trials are highly encouraged.

Implications of Three-Dimensional Cell Culture in Cancer Therapeutic Research

Replicating the naturalistic biomechanical milieu of cells is a primary requisite to uncover the fundamental life processes. The native milieu is significantly not replicated in the two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures. Alternatively, the current three-dimensional (3D) culture techniques can replicate the properties of extracellular matrix (ECM), though the recreation of the original microenvironment is challenging. The organization of cells in a 3D manner contributes to better insight about the tumorigenesis mechanism of the in vitro cancer models. Gene expression studies are susceptible to alterations in their microenvironment. Physiological interactions among neighboring cells also contribute to gene expression, which is highly replicable with minor modifications in 3D cultures. 3D cell culture provides a useful platform for identifying the biological characteristics of tumor cells, particularly in the drug sensitivity area of translational medicine. It promises to be a bridge between traditional 2D culture and animal experiments and is of great importance for further research in tumor biology. The new imaging technology and the implementation of standard protocols can address the barriers interfering with the live cell observation in a natural 3D physiological environment.

Fluorescent Polymers Conspectus

The development of luminescent materials is critical to humankind. The Nobel Prizes awarded in 2008 and 2010 for research on the development of green fluorescent proteins and super-resolved fluorescence imaging are proof of this (2014). Fluorescent probes, smart polymer machines, fluorescent chemosensors, fluorescence molecular thermometers, fluorescent imaging, drug delivery carriers, and other applications make fluorescent polymers (FPs) exciting materials. Two major branches can be distinguished in the field: (1) macromolecules with fluorophores in their structure and (2) aggregation-induced emission (AIE) FPs. In the first, the polymer (which may be conjugated) contains a fluorophore, conferring photoluminescent properties to the final material, offering tunable structures, robust mechanical properties, and low detection limits in sensing applications when compared to small-molecule or inorganic luminescent materials. In the latter, AIE FPs use a novel mode of fluorescence dependent on the aggregation state. AIE FP intra- and intermolecular interactions confer synergistic effects, improving their properties and performance over small molecules aggregation-induced, emission-based fluorescent materials (AIEgens). Despite their outstanding advantages (over classic polymers) of high emission efficiency, signal amplification, good processability, and multiple functionalization, AIE polymers have received less attention. This review examines some of the most significant advances in the broad field of FPs over the last six years, concluding with a general outlook and discussion of future challenges to promote advancements in these promising materials that can serve as a springboard for future innovation in the field.

Strategies for developing complex multi-component in vitro tumor models: Highlights in glioblastoma

In recent years, many research groups have begun to utilize bioengineered in vitro models of cancer to study mechanisms of disease progression, test drug candidates, and develop platforms to advance personalized drug treatment options. Due to advances in cell and tissue engineering over the last few decades, there are now a myriad of tools that can be used to create such in vitro systems. In this review, we describe the considerations one must take when developing model systems that accurately mimic the in vivo tumor microenvironment (TME) and can be used to answer specific scientific questions. We will summarize the importance of cell sourcing in models with one or multiple cell types and outline the importance of choosing biomaterials that accurately mimic the native extracellular matrix (ECM) of the tumor or tissue that is being modeled. We then provide examples of how these two components can be used in concert in a variety of model form factors and conclude by discussing how biofabrication techniques such as bioprinting and organ-on-a-chip fabrication can be used to create highly reproducible complex in vitro models. Since this topic has a broad range of applications, we use the final section of the review to dive deeper into one type of cancer, glioblastoma, to illustrate how these components come together to further our knowledge of cancer biology and move us closer to developing novel drugs and systems that improve patient outcomes.

Prognostic Biomarkers in Uveal Melanoma: The Status Quo, Recent Advances and Future Directions

Simple Summary

Although rare, uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common cancer that develops inside adult eyes. The prognosis is poor, since 50% of patients will develop lethal metastases in the first decade, especially to the liver. Once metastases are detected, life expectancy is limited, given that the available treatments are mostly unsuccessful. Thus, there is a need to find methods that can accurately predict UM prognosis and also effective therapeutic strategies to treat this cancer. In this manuscript, we initially compile the current knowledge on epidemiological, clinical, pathological and molecular features of UM. Then, we cover the most relevant prognostic factors currently used for the evaluation and follow-up of UM patients. Afterwards, we highlight emerging molecular markers in UM published over the last three years. Finally, we discuss the problems preventing meaningful advances in the treatment and prognostication of UM patients, as well as forecast new roadblocks and paths of UM-related research.

Abstract

Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common malignant intraocular tumour in the adult population. It is a rare cancer with an incidence of nearly five cases per million inhabitants per year, which develops from the uncontrolled proliferation of melanocytes in the choroid (≈90%), ciliary body (≈6%) or iris (≈4%). Patients initially present either with symptoms like blurred vision or photopsia, or without symptoms, with the tumour being detected in routine eye exams. Over the course of the disease, metastases, which are initially dormant, develop in nearly 50% of patients, preferentially in the liver. Despite decades of intensive research, the only approach proven to mildly control disease spread are early treatments directed to ablate liver metastases, such as surgical excision or chemoembolization. However, most patients have a limited life expectancy once metastases are detected, since there are limited therapeutic approaches for the metastatic disease, including immunotherapy, which unlike in cutaneous melanoma, has been mostly ineffective for UM patients. Therefore, in order to offer the best care possible to these patients, there is an urgent need to find robust models that can accurately predict the prognosis of UM, as well as therapeutic strategies that effectively block and/or limit the spread of the metastatic disease. Here, we initially summarized the current knowledge about UM by compiling the most relevant epidemiological, clinical, pathological and molecular data. Then, we revisited the most important prognostic factors currently used for the evaluation and follow-up of primary UM cases. Afterwards, we addressed emerging prognostic biomarkers in UM, by comprehensively reviewing gene signatures, immunohistochemistry-based markers and proteomic markers resulting from research studies conducted over the past three years. Finally, we discussed the current hurdles in the field and anticipated the future challenges and novel avenues of research in UM.

The Extensive and Expensive Impacts of HEp-2 [HeLa], Intestine 407 [HeLa], and Other False Cell Lines in Journal Publications

Cell lines are essential models for biomedical research. However, they have a common and important problem that needs to be addressed. Cell lines can be misidentified, meaning that they no longer correspond to the donor from whom the cells were first obtained. This problem may arise due to cross-contamination: the accidental introduction of cells from another culture. The contaminant, which is often a rapidly dividing cell line, will overgrow and replace the original culture. The end result is a false cell line, also known as a misidentified or imposter cell line. False cell lines may come from an entirely different species, tissue, or cell type than the original donor. If undetected, false cell lines produce unreliable and irreproducible results that pollute the biomedical literature and threaten the development of reliable drug discovery and meaningful patient treatments.The goal of this study was to ascertain how widespread this problem is and how it affects the literature, as well as to estimate how much funding has been used to produce pools of scientific literature of questionable value. We focus on HEp-2 [HeLa] and Intestine 407 [HeLa], two false cell lines that are widely used in the scientific literature but were shown to be cross-contaminated in 1967. These two cell lines have been used in 8497 and 1397 published articles and extensively described as laryngeal cancer and normal intestine, respectively, rather than their true identity: the cervical cancer cell line HeLa. Discussed are tools, approaches, and resources that can address this issue-both retrospectively and prospectively.

The Importance of Quality Control of LSDV Live Attenuated Vaccines for Its Safe Application in the Field

Vaccination is an effective approach to prevent, control and eradicate diseases, including lumpy skin disease (LSD). One of the measures to address farmer hesitation to vaccinate is guaranteeing the quality of vaccine batches. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the importance of a quality procedure via the evaluation of the LSD vaccine, Lumpivax (Kevevapi). The initial PCR screening revealed the presence of wild type LSD virus (LSDV) and goatpox virus (GTPV), in addition to vaccine LSDV. New phylogenetic PCRs were developed to characterize in detail the genomic content and a vaccination/challenge trial was conducted to evaluate the impact on efficacy and diagnostics. The characterization confirmed the presence of LSDV wild-, vaccine- and GTPV-like sequences in the vaccine vial and also in samples taken from the vaccinated animals. The analysis was also suggestive for the presence of GTPV-LSDV (vaccine/wild) recombinants. In addition, the LSDV status of some of the animal samples was greatly influenced by the differentiating real-PCR used and could result in misinterpretation. Although the vaccine was clinically protective, the viral genomic content of the vaccine (being it multiple Capripox viruses and/or recombinants) and the impact on the diagnostics casts serious doubts of its use in the field.

Fatty acyl availability modulates cardiolipin composition and alters mitochondrial function in HeLa cells

The molecular assembly of cells depends not only on the balance between anabolism and catabolism but to a large degree on the building blocks available in the environment. For cultured mammalian cells, this is largely determined by the composition of the applied growth medium. Here, we study the impact of lipids in the medium on mitochondrial membrane architecture and function by combining LC-MS/MS lipidomics and functional tests with lipid supplementation experiments in an otherwise serum-free and lipid-free cell culture model. We demonstrate that the composition of mitochondrial cardiolipins strongly depends on the lipid environment in cultured cells and favors the incorporation of essential linoleic acid over other fatty acids. Simultaneously, the mitochondrial respiratory complex I activity was altered, whereas the matrix-localized enzyme citrate synthase was unaffected. This raises the question on a link between membrane composition and respiratory control. In summary, we found a strong dependency of central mitochondrial features on the type of lipids contained in the growth medium. This underlines the importance of considering these factors when using and establishing cell culture models in biomedical research. In summary, we found a strong dependency of central mitochondrial features on the type of lipids contained in the growth medium.

Innovative lipoplexes formulations with enhanced siRNA efficacy for cancer treatment: Where are we now?

Over the past two decades, RNA interference has become an extensively studied mechanism to silence gene and treat diseases including cancer. siRNA appears as a promising strategy that could avoid some side effects related to traditional chemotherapy. Considering the weak stability of naked siRNA in blood, vectors like cationic liposomes or Lipid Nanoparticles (LNPs) are widely used to carry and protect siRNA until it reaches the tumor targeted. Despite extensive research, only three RNAi drugs are currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration, including only one LNP formulation of siRNA to treat hereditary ATTR amyloidosis. This shows the difficulty of lipoplexes clinical translation, in particular in cancer therapy. To overcome the lipoplexes limitations, searches are made on innovative lipoplexes formulations with enhanced siRNA efficacy. The present review is focusing on the recent use of pH-sensitive lipids, peptides and cell-penetrating peptides or polymers. The incorporation of some of these components in the lipoplex formulation induces a fusogenic property or an enhanced endosomal escape, an enhanced cellular uptake, an enhanced tumor targeting, an improved stability in the blood stream …These innovations appear critical to obtain an efficient siRNA accumulation in tumor cells with effective antitumor effect considering the complex tumor environment.

Photocytotoxicity of Thiophene- and Bithiophene-Dipicolinato Luminescent Lanthanide Complexes

New thiophene-dipicolinato-based compounds, K₂nTdpa (n = 1, 2), were isolated. Their anions are sensitizers of lanthanide ion (Ln^III) luminescence and singlet oxygen generation (¹O₂). Emission in the visible and near-infrared regions was observed for the Ln^III complexes with efficiencies (ϕ^Ln) ϕ^Eu = 33% and ϕ^Yb = 0.31% for 1Tdpa^2- and ϕ^Yb = 0.07% for 2Tdpa^2-. The latter does not sensitize Eu^III emission. Fluorescence imaging of HeLa live cells incubated with K₃[Eu(1Tdpa)₃] indicates that the complex permeates the cell membrane and localizes in the mitochondria. All complexes generate ¹O₂ in solution with efficiencies (ϕO12) as high as 13 and 23% for the Gd^III complexes of 1Tdpa^2- and 2Tdpa^2-, respectively. [Ln(nTdpa)₃]^3- (n = 1, 2) are phototoxic to HeLa cells when irradiated with UV light with IC₅₀ values as low as 4.2 μM for [Gd(2Tdpa)₃]^3- and 91.8 μM for [Eu(1Tdpa)₃]^3-. Flow cytometric analyses indicate both apoptotic and necrotic cell death pathways.

Bioinks for 3D Bioprinting: A Scientometric Analysis of Two Decades of Progress

This scientometric analysis of 393 original papers published from January 2000 to June 2019 describes the development and use of bioinks for 3D bioprinting. The main trends for bioink applications and the primary considerations guiding the selection and design of current bioink components (i.e., cell types, hydrogels, and additives) were reviewed. The cost, availability, practicality, and basic biological considerations (e.g., cytocompatibility and cell attachment) are the most popular parameters guiding bioink use and development. Today, extrusion bioprinting is the most widely used bioprinting technique. The most reported use of bioinks is the generic characterization of bioink formulations or bioprinting technologies (32%), followed by cartilage bioprinting applications (16%). Similarly, the cell-type choice is mostly generic, as cells are typically used as models to assess bioink formulations or new bioprinting methodologies rather than to fabricate specific tissues. The cell-binding motif arginine-glycine-aspartate is the most common bioink additive. Many articles reported the development of advanced functional bioinks for specific biomedical applications; however, most bioinks remain the basic compositions that meet the simple criteria: Manufacturability and essential biological performance. Alginate and gelatin methacryloyl are the most popular hydrogels that meet these criteria. Our analysis suggests that present-day bioinks still represent a stage of emergence of bioprinting technology.

Presence of complete murine viral genome sequences in patient-derived xenografts

Patient-derived xenografts are crucial for drug development but their use is challenged by issues such as murine viral infection. We evaluate the scope of viral infection and its impact on patient-derived xenografts by taking an unbiased data-driven approach to analyze unmapped RNA-Seq reads from 184 experiments. We find and experimentally validate the extensive presence of murine viral sequence reads covering entire viral genomes in patient-derived xenografts. The existence of viral sequences inside tumor cells is further confirmed by single cell sequencing data. Extensive chimeric reads containing both viral and human sequences are also observed. Furthermore, we find significantly changed expression levels of many cancer-, immune-, and drug metabolism-related genes in samples with high virus load. Our analyses indicate a need to carefully evaluate the impact of viral infection on patient-derived xenografts for drug development. They also point to a need for attention to quality control of patient-derived xenograft experiments.

Therapeutic Potential of Selenium and Selenium Compounds in Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer is a common female cancer. It is strongly associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. However, HPV infection alone is not sufficient to induce cervical cancer because its development is dependent on the coexistence of several factors that enable the virus to overcome the host immune system. These include individual genetic background, environmental factors, or diet, including dietary selenium intake. Selenium is an essential trace element with antiviral properties and has been shown to exert antitumor effects. Surprisingly, the role of selenium in cervical cancer has not been studied as intensively as in other cancers. Here, we have summarized the existing experimental data on selenium and cervical cancer. It may be helpful in evaluating the role of this nutrient in treatment of the mentioned malignancy as well as in planning further studies in this area.

Generation and Characterization of Immortalized Mouse Cortical Astrocytes From Wildtype and Connexin43 Knockout Mice

We transduced mouse cortical astrocytes cultured from four litters of embryonic wildtype (WT) and connexin43 (Cx43) null mouse pups with lentiviral vector encoding hTERT and measured expression of astrocyte-specific markers up to passage 10 (p10). The immortalized cell lines thus generated (designated IWCA and IKOCA, respectively) expressed biomarkers consistent with those of neonatal astrocytes, including Cx43 from wildtype but not from Cx43-null mice, lack of Cx30, and presence of Cx26. AQP4, the water channel that is found in high abundance in astrocyte end-feet, was expressed at moderately high levels in early passages, and its mRNA and protein declined to low but still detectable levels by p10. The mRNA levels of the astrocyte biomarkers aldehyde dehydrogenase 1L1 (ALDH1L1), glutamine synthetase (GS) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) remained relatively constant during successive passages. GS protein expression was maintained while GFAP declined with cell passaging but was still detectable at p10. Both mRNA and protein levels of glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) declined with passage number. Immunostaining at corresponding times was consistent with the data from Western blots and provided evidence that these proteins were expressed at appropriate intracellular locations. Consistent with our goal of generating immortalized cell lines in which Cx43 was either functionally expressed or absent, IWCA cells were found to be well coupled with respect to intercellular dye transfer and similar to primary astrocyte cultures in terms of time course of junction formation, electrical coupling strength and voltage sensitivity. Moreover, barrier function was enhanced in co-culture of the IWCA cell line with bEnd.3 microvascular endothelial cells. In addition, immunostaining revealed oblate endogenous Cx43 gap junction plaques in IWCA that were similar in appearance to those plaques obtained following transfection of IKOCA cells with fluorescent protein tagged Cx43. Re-expression of Cx43 in IKOCA cells allows experimental manipulation of connexins and live imaging of interactions between connexins and other proteins. We conclude that properties of these cell lines resemble those of primary cultured astrocytes, and they may provide useful tools in functional studies by facilitating genetic and pharmacological manipulations in the context of an astrocyte-appropriate cellular environment.

From Submerged Cultures to 3D Cell Culture Models: Evolution of Nasal Epithelial Cells in Asthma Research and Virus Infection

Understanding the response to viral infection in the context of respiratory diseases is of significant importance. Recently, there has been more focus on the role of the nasal epithelium in disease modeling. Here, we provide an overview of different submerged, organotypic 3D and spheroid cell culture models of nasal epithelial cells, which were used to study asthma and allergy with a special focus on virus infection. In detail, this review summarizes the importance, benefits, and disadvantages of patient-derived cell culture models of nasal- and bronchial epithelial cells, including a comparison of these cell culture models and a discussion on why investigators should consider using nasal epithelial cells in their research. Exposure experiments, simple virus transduction analyses as well as genetic studies can be performed in these models, which may provide first insights into the complexity of molecular signatures and may open new doors for drug discovery and biomarker research.

Bayo Lapawol (Let Their Voices Be Heard): Haitian Women's Barriers to and Facilitators of Cervical Cancer Prevention and Control

This study aimed to increase understanding of barriers to cervical cancer prevention and control in Haitian women using photovoice methodology. Consented participants were (1) trained to use a digital camera and encouraged to capture their screening barriers, (2) interviewed to unpack and analyze their images, and (3) invited to participate in follow-up focus groups for refined discussion and data triangulation for content analysis using NVivo software. The sample included women (n = 25) who were on average 42 years (SD = 9.8, range: 26-57) and born and raised in Haiti. Results highlighted multiple barriers, including gendered family responsibilities, concerns about quality of care, financial and time constraints, worries about discomfort and exam efficacy, and emotional deterrents such as frustration. Framed by the PEN-3 model's dimensions of cultural identity, relationships and expectations, and cultural empowerment, women's recommendations to overcome barriers spanned education, evaluation, and empowerment, respectively, across individual, interpersonal, and institutional systems. Study results call for more extensive examination of the diversity present in the groups of African origin to unearth transnational, multifaceted determinants of health by biology, beliefs, and behaviors including sociocultural and socioenvironmental access. Future interventions must include development of proactive policies, which deliberately pressure the government and global community to prioritize health infrastructure while simultaneously educating women about and dispelling fear of cervical cancer, thus empowering Haitian women to live their healthiest lives. Accordingly, this study may contribute to understanding global health equity advances and improving public health infrastructure in underresourced settings in low- and middle-income countries in the Caribbean.

Special review series on 3D organotypic culture models: Introduction and historical perspective

Three dimensional (3D) organ-like (organotypic) culture models are a rapidly advancing area of in vitro biological science. In contrast to monolayer cell culture methods which were developed to achieve proliferation of animal cells in the beginning of in vitro biology, the advancements in 3D culture methods are designed to promote cellular differentiation, and to achieve in vivo-like 3D structure and organotypic functions. This project was conceived through the Society for In Vitro Biology to draw on the expertise of individual scientists with special expertise in organotypic cultures of selected tissues or associated interrogation methods to prepare individual-focused reviews in this series. This introductory manuscript will review the early achievements of animal cell culture in monolayer culture and the limitations of that approach to reproduce functioning organ systems. Among these are the nature and 3D architecture of the substrate on which or in which the cells are grown, physical and mechanical clues from the substrate, cell-cell interactions, and defined biochemical factors that trigger the induction of the 3D organotypic differentiation. The organoid culture requires a source of cells with proliferative capacity (ranging from tissue-derived stem or immortalized cells to the iPSC cultures), a suitable substrate or matrix with the mechanical and stimulatory properties appropriate for the organotypic construct and the necessary stimulation of the culture to drive differentiation of the cell population to form the functioning organotypic construct. Details for each type of organotypic construct will be provided in the following papers.

An Assessment of InP/ZnS as Potential Anti-Cancer Therapy: Quantum Dot Treatment Increases Apoptosis in HeLa Cells

InP/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) are an emerging option in QD technologies for uses of fluorescent imaging as well as targeted drug and anticancer therapies based on their customizable properties. In this study we explored effects of InP/ZnS when treated with HeLa cervical cancer cells. We employed XTT viability assays, reactive oxygen species (ROS) analysis, and apoptosis analysis to better understand cytotoxicity extents at different concentrations of InP/ZnS. In addition, we compared the transcriptome profile from the QD-treated HeLa cells with that of untreated HeLa cells to identify changes to the transcriptome in response to the QD. RT-qPCR assay was performed to confirm the findings of transcriptome analysis, and the QD mode of action was illustrated. Our study determined both IC50 concentration of 69 µg/mL and MIC concentration of 167 µg/mL of InP/ZnS. It was observed via XTT assay that cell viability was decreased significantly at the MIC. Production of superoxide, measured by ROS assay with flow cytometry, was decreased, whereas levels of nitrogen radicals increased. Using analysis of apoptosis, we found that induced cell death in the QD-treated samples was shown to be significantly increased when compared to untreated cells. We conclude InP/ZnS QD to decrease cell viability by inducing stress via ROS levels, apoptosis induction, and alteration of transcriptome.

Overcoming Challenges to Make Bacteriophage Therapy Standard Clinical Treatment Practice for Cystic Fibrosis

Individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) are given antimicrobials as prophylaxis against bacterial lung infection, which contributes to the growing emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogens isolated. Pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa that are commonly isolated from individuals with CF are armed with an arsenal of protective and virulence mechanisms, complicating eradication and treatment strategies. While translation of phage therapy into standard care for CF has been explored, challenges such as the lack of an appropriate animal model demonstrating safety in vivo exist. In this review, we have discussed and provided some insights in the use of primary airway epithelial cells to represent the mucoenvironment of the CF lungs to demonstrate safety and efficacy of phage therapy. The combination of phage therapy and antimicrobials is gaining attention and has the potential to delay the onset of MDR infections. It is evident that efforts to translate phage therapy into standard clinical practice have gained traction in the past 5 years. Ultimately, collaboration, transparency in data publications and standardized policies are needed for clinical translation.

Newly established gastrointestinal cancer cell lines retain the genomic and immunophenotypic landscape of their parental cancers

Human cancer cell lines are frequently used as model systems to study molecular mechanisms and genetic changes in cancer. However, the model is repeatedly criticized for its lack of proximity to original patient tumors. Therefore, understanding to what extent cell lines cultured under artificial conditions reflect the phenotypic and genomic profiles of their corresponding parental tumors is crucial when analyzing their biological properties. To directly compare molecular alterations between patient tumors and derived cell lines, we have established new cancer cell lines from four patients with gastrointestinal tumors. Tumor entities comprised esophageal cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer and pancreatic cancer. Phenotype and genotype of both patient tumors and derived low-passage cell lines were characterized by immunohistochemistry (22 different antibodies), array-based comparative genomic hybridization and targeted next generation sequencing (48-gene panel). The immunophenotype was highly consistent between patient tumors and derived cell lines; the expression of most markers in cell lines was concordant with the respective parental tumor and characteristic for the respective tumor entities in general. The chromosomal aberration patterns of the parental tumors were largely maintained in the cell lines and the distribution of gains and losses was typical for the respective cancer entity, despite a few distinct differences. Cancer gene mutations (e.g., KRAS, TP53) and microsatellite status were also preserved in the respective cell line derivates. In conclusion, the four examined newly established cell lines exhibited a phenotype and genotype closely recapitulating their parental tumor. Hence, newly established cancer cell lines may be useful models for further pharmacogenomic studies.

Contributory factors to the evolution of the concept and practice of informed consent in clinical research: A narrative review

Informed consent can be defined as a freely-given decision or agreement following disclosure of relevant information. This review explores how legislation surrounding informed consent has impacted upon clinical research practices, with a focus on clinical trials involving individuals with the capacity to give consent in the non-emergency setting. We also highlight the challenges which remain with the informed consent process, including those which exist in the era of data protection legislation and genetic research. Modern ethicists agree that informed consent encompasses three principal factors: disclosure of information, capacity for decision making, and voluntariness. In the context of clinical research, informed consent is now required by regulatory and ethical frameworks as well as by law, and various guidelines govern the practice of informed consent, including the Declaration of Helsinki and the Good Clinical Practice Guidelines. Historically, however, researchers acted paternalistically and included participants in research without their knowledge or consent. Following societal and political revolution, an autonomy model of consent became prevalent, and individuals became free to make individual choices about whether to participate. Despite this, it is also recognized that an individual's community has a role in supporting their decision making, and this may be a strong influence, particularly within some societies. Research scandals and controversies and whistle-blowers which exposed unethical practices in the area of informed consent also contributed to changes in societal attitudes and legislation changed as a result. Medical journals also have an established, although indirect, role in strengthening good practices surrounding informed consent.

The Future of Anticancer Drugs: A Cytotoxicity Assessment Study of CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots

Quantum dots (QDs), including CdSe/ZnS, are nanoparticles emitting various wavelengths of fluorescent light depending on their size. Fluorescence allows them to be exploited for in vivo sensing/imaging of cancer cells. Nevertheless, thorough assessments of the effects of these commonly used QDs on cell stability are essentially required prior to their full applications. To investigate the effects of Cd QDs on the growth of human cervical cancer cells (HeLa), we utilized a growth assay, a reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay, an apoptosis assay, and RNA-seq. The growth assay results showed significant proliferation inhibition of HeLa cells by CdSe/ZnS. We revealed that smaller green CdSe/ZnS exerts more toxic effects than slightly larger yellow CdSe/ZnS. There were no significant increases of ROSs under the treatment of Cd QDs, which is consistent with the notion that low concentration of Cd QDs does not cause significant production of ROSs. In addition, we found that Cd QDs induced late apoptosis. RNA-Seq-based transcriptome analysis revealed that the exposure to green Cd QDs significantly upregulated antiapoptotic, antiproliferative, and antitumorigenic functions. The transcriptome profile also noted the downregulation of pro-proliferation, mitochondrial respiratory chain, detoxification, and receptor-mediated endocytosis. Taken together, our findings provide evidence that green CdSe/ZnS can be an alternative anticancer drug. In addition, our transcriptome analysis provides new insights into alteration of physiological state induced by CdSe/ZnS QDs in HeLa cancer cells.

Keeping It Clean: The Cell Culture Quality Control Experience at the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences

Quality control monitoring of cell lines utilized in biomedical research is of utmost importance and is critical for the reproducibility of data. Two key pitfalls in tissue culture are 1) cell line authenticity and 2) Mycoplasma contamination. As a collaborative research institute, the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) receives cell lines from a range of commercial and academic sources, which are adapted for high-throughput screening. Here, we describe the implementation of routine NCATS-wide Mycoplasma testing and short tandem repeat (STR) testing for cell lines. Initial testing identified a >10% Mycoplasma contamination rate. While the implementation of systematic testing has not fully suppressed Mycoplasma contamination rates, clearly defined protocols that include the immediate destruction of contaminated cell lines wherever possible has enabled rapid intervention and removal of compromised cell lines. Data for >2000 cell line samples tested over 3 years, and case studies are provided. STR testing of 186 cell lines with established STR profiles revealed only five misidentified cell lines, all of which were received from external labs. The data collected over the 3 years since implementation of this systematic testing demonstrate the importance of continual vigilance for rapid identification of "problem" cell lines, for ensuring reproducible data in translational science research.

Modeling the Tumor Microenvironment and Pathogenic Signaling in Bone Sarcoma

Investigations of cancer biology and screening of potential therapeutics for efficacy and safety begin in the preclinical laboratory setting. A staple of most basic research in cancer involves the use of tissue culture plates, on which immortalized cell lines are grown in monolayers. However, this practice has been in use for over six decades and does not account for vital elements of the tumor microenvironment that are thought to aid in initiation, propagation, and ultimately, metastasis of cancer. Furthermore, information gleaned from these techniques does not always translate to animal models or, more crucially, clinical trials in cancer patients. Osteosarcoma (OS) and Ewing sarcoma (ES) are the most common primary tumors of bone, but outcomes for patients with metastatic or recurrent disease have stagnated in recent decades. The unique elements of the bone tumor microenvironment have been shown to play critical roles in the pathogenesis of these tumors and thus should be incorporated in the preclinical models of these diseases. In recent years, the field of tissue engineering has leveraged techniques used in designing scaffolds for regenerative medicine to engineer preclinical tumor models that incorporate spatiotemporal control of physical and biological elements. We herein review the clinical aspects of OS and ES, critical elements present in the sarcoma microenvironment, and engineering approaches to model the bone tumor microenvironment. Impact statement The current paradigm of cancer biology investigation and therapeutic testing relies heavily on monolayer, monoculture methods developed over half a century ago. However, these methods often lack essential hallmarks of the cancer microenvironment that contribute to tumor pathogenesis. Tissue engineers incorporate scaffolds, mechanical forces, cells, and bioactive signals into biological environments to drive cell phenotype. Investigators of bone sarcomas, aggressive tumors that often rob patients of decades of life, have begun to use tissue engineering techniques to devise in vitro models for these diseases. Their efforts highlight how critical elements of the cancer microenvironment directly affect tumor signaling and pathogenesis.

Genetic Alterations Featuring Biological Models to Tailor Clinical Management of Pancreatic Cancer Patients

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. This high mortality rate is due to the disease's lack of symptoms, resulting in a late diagnosis. Biomarkers and treatment options for pancreatic cancer are also limited. In order to overcome this, new research models and novel approaches to discovering PDAC biomarkers are required. In this review, we outline the hereditary and somatic causes of PDAC and provide an overview of the recent genome wide association studies (GWAS) and pathway analysis studies. We also provide a summary of some of the systems used to study PDAC, including established and primary cell lines, patient-derived xenografts (PDX), and newer models such as organoids and organ-on-chip. These ex vitro laboratory systems allow for critical research into the development and progression of PDAC.

Investigation of the survival viability of cervical cancer cells (HeLa) under visible light induced photo-catalysis with facile synthesized WO3/ZnO nanocomposite

The photo catalytic degradation, a proven chemical process used for the decontamination of organic/inorganic pollutants and microorganisms in water was implemented. In this work for the selective killing of cervical cancer cells (HeLa cells) by using nano-composite of ZnO (Zinc Oxcide), WO₃ (tungsten oxide) and (n-WO₃/ZnO) as a photo-catalyst under the irradiation of visible light. All the three nanostructured semiconducting materials (WO3, ZnO and n-WO3/ZnO) were synthesized by facile chemical precipitation method and their morphological and optical characterization studies were carried out to elucidate the observed enhancement in the photo-catalytic killing of HeLa cancer cells with n-WO3/ZnO as a photo-catalyst. After 60 min of photo-catalytic reaction with n-WO₃/ZnO as a photo-catalyst, a survival viability of HeLa cancer cells as low as 15% was achieved (nearly 85% of killing), as compared to 65% of HeLa cancer cell survival viability (nearly 35% of killing) with individual use of WO₃ and ZnO as photo-catalysts under the same irradiation and experimental conditions. This improved photo-catalytic killing of HeLa cancer cells using n-WO₃/ZnO in the visible spectral region is attributed to the enhanced visible light absorption and reduced electron hole recombination, characteristically brought about in the n-WO₃/ZnO composite material. As photo-catalytic killing of the cancer cells can be selective, localized and reasonably efficient, in principle, this method can be considered as a non-invasive targeted treatment option for killing any type of cancer cells. HeLa cells, in particular are the cervical cancer cell and the tumors in and around cervix, containing HeLa cells can be non-surgically accessed and photo-catalytically treated with appropriate photo-catalyst and light source.

Murine cellular model of mucopolysaccharidosis, type IIIB (MPS IIIB) - A preliminary study with particular emphasis on the non-oxidative l-cysteine metabolism

The lack of the N-alpha-glucosaminidase (Naglu) is responsible for the incidence of a rare disease - mucopolysaccharidosis, type IIIB (MPS IIIB). To date, studies have been conducted based on cells derived from patients suffering from MPS or using in vivo MPS mouse models. These limitations have allowed for defining our research goal - to create and characterize the first in vitro murine cellular MPS IIIB model. In the current work we present a new, stable cell line with confirmed accumulation of glycosaminoglycans. The line stability was achieved by immortalization using a lentivirus carrying the T-antigens of SV40. The Naglu^-/- cells were confirmed to produce no Naglu enzyme. To confirm the proper functioning of the in vitro MPS IIIB model, we determined the activity and expression of cystathionine γ-lyase, rhodanese and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase, as well as the level of low molecular-weight thiols (reduced and oxidized glutathione, cysteine and cystine). The results were referred to our earlier findings originating from the studies on the tissues of the Naglu^-/- mice that were used to create the lines. The results obtained in the Naglu^-/- cells were in accordance with the results found in the mouse model of MPS IIIB. It suggests that the presented murine Naglu^-/- cell lines might be a convenient in vitro model of MPS IIIB.

Contaminated and misidentified cell lines commonly use in cancer research

Cell line authentication is important for credibility concern and scientific reproducibility. Authenticated cancer cell lines retain the properties of the cancers of origin and serve valuable resources for medical research. Experimental results commonly will be validated in more than one cell line to avoid specific cell line effect not generalizable to the disease on the whole. The use of appropriate and verified cell lines would therefore be very important in preclinical studies of translational research, bridging basic research to clinics.

Biogenic silver nanoparticles reduce adherence, infection, and proliferation of toxoplasma gondii RH strain in HeLa cells without inflammatory mediators induction

The highlights of biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNp-Bio) include low toxicity - depending on size and concentration - and efficient antiparasitic activity. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the action of the AgNp-Bio on HeLa cells in an infection with strain of RH Toxoplasma gondii. Firstly, we performed a cellular viability test and characterized the AgNp-Bio to proceed with the infection of HeLa cells with T. gondii to be treated using AgNp-Bio or conventional drugs. Subsequently, we determined the level of standard cytokines Th1/Th2 as well as the content of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Results indicated a mean size of 69 nm in diameter for the AgNp-Bio and obtained a dose-dependent toxicity. In addition, the concentrations of 3 and 6 μM promoted a significant decrease in adherence, infection, and intracellular proliferation. We also found lower IL-8 and production of inflammatory mediators. Thus, the nanoparticles reduced the adherence, infection, and proliferation of ROS and NO, in addition to immunomodulating the IL-8. Therefore, our data proved relevant to introduce a promising therapeutic alternative to toxoplasmosis.

A Beautiful Life: High Risk-High Payoff in Genetic Science

This narrative is a personal view of adventures in genetic science and society that have blessed my life and career across five decades. The advances I enjoyed and the lessons I learned derive from educational training, substantial collaboration, and growing up in the genomics age. I parse the stories into six research disciplines my students, fellows, and colleagues have entered and, in some cases, made an important difference. The first is comparative genetics, where evolutionary inference is applied to genome organization, from building gene maps in the 1970s to building whole genome sequences today. The second area tracks the progression of molecular evolutionary advances and applications to resolve the hierarchical relationship among living species in the silence of prehistory. The third endeavor outlines the birth and maturation of genetic studies and application to species conservation. The fourth theme discusses how emerging viruses studied in a genomic sense opened our eyes to host-pathogen interaction and interdependence. The fifth research emphasis outlines the population genetic-based search and discovery of human restriction genes that influence the epidemiological outcome of abrupt outbreaks, notably HIV-AIDS and several cancers. Finally, the last arena explored illustrates how genetic individualization in human and animals has improved forensic evidence in capital crimes. Each discipline has intuitive and technological overlaps, and each has benefitted from the contribution of genetic and genomic principles I learned so long ago from Drosophila. The journey continues.

Brain Organoids: A Promising Living Biobank Resource for Neuroscience Research

Biobanking plays an important role between clinical practice and translational research. In addition to the traditional biomolecular-based biobanks, there is a growing interest in establishing living biobanks, including organoid biobanks that can collect and store viable and functional tissues and proliferative cell types for long periods of time. An organoid is a three-dimensional cell complex derived by self-organization of small tissue blocks or stem cells, which can recapitulate the phenotypic and genetic characteristics of targeted human organs. Publications on brain organoids have increased recently, and several types of brain organoids have been reported to model normal and abnormal neural development, as well as different neurodegenerative diseases, neuropsychiatric disorders, and other neural conditions. Based on the current status of research, more exploration on brain organoids is needed, through technical advancements, to improve the reproducibility and scalability, as well as to decrease the diversity. Moreover, given their natural characteristics, more attention to ethical considerations is needed, considering the extent of maturation and complexity of brain organoids. Living biobanks that are engaged in collecting categories of brain organoids possessing different genetic backgrounds, and with spatial and temporal characteristics, will eventually contribute to the understanding of neural conditions and ultimately facilitate innovative treatment development.

Genetic diversity of laboratory strains and implications for research: The case of Aedes aegypti

The yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti), is the primary vector of dengue, Zika, and chikungunya fever, among other arboviral diseases. It is also a popular laboratory model in vector biology due to its ease of rearing and manipulation in the lab. Established laboratory strains have been used worldwide in thousands of studies for decades. Laboratory evolution of reference strains and contamination among strains are potential severe problems that could dramatically change experimental outcomes and thus is a concern in vector biology. We analyzed laboratory and field colonies of Ae. aegypti and an Ae. aegypti-derived cell line (Aag2) using 12 microsatellites and ~20,000 SNPs to determine the extent of divergence among laboratory strains and relationships to their wild relatives. We found that 1) laboratory populations are less genetically variable than their field counterparts; 2) colonies bearing the same name obtained from different laboratories may be highly divergent; 3) present genetic composition of the LVP strain used as the genome reference is incompatible with its presumed origin; 4) we document changes in two wild caught colonies over ~16 generations of colonization; and 5) the Aag2 Ae. aegypti cell line has experienced minimal genetic changes within and across laboratories. These results illustrate the degree of variability within and among strains of Ae. aegypti, with implications for cross-study comparisons, and highlight the need of a common mosquito repository and the implementation of strain validation tools.