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Motta A, Musella G, Dai Prà T, Ballini A, Dioguardi M, Bizzoca ME, Lo Muzio L, Cantore S. The literature discusses oral manifestations caused by sexually transmitted viruses: a narrative review. Minerva Dent Oral Sci 2024; 73:238-247. [PMID: 38869836 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-6329.24.04996-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
This review provides practical recommendations for dental practitioners in dealing with oral lesions associated with sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), offering clinically relevant insights to increase the awareness of these diseases in the mainstream of everyday practice. STDs are acquired through unprotected vaginal, anal or oral sex and are caused by more than 30 different types of bacteria, viruses and protozoa. Saliva, precum, semen, vaginal secretions and menstrual blood could be likely vehicles of infections and defensive barriers to infection by pathogenic microbes could be represented via intact mucosal membrane, the diluent function of saliva, and the antimicrobial action of salivary enzymes that collectively contribute to oral health and protection. STD, can directly and indirectly affect mucous membranes, manifesting with characteristic diagnostic signs and lesions. Given their potential oral manifestations, dental professionals need a comprehensive understanding of STD. The findings of this review lay a foundation for comprehending several STDs, emphasizing the importance of physicians as well dental practitioners being open to discussing sexuality issues with patients and providing appropriate therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Motta
- Unit of Oral Surgery for Special Needs and Dentistry, Borgo Valsugana, Trento, Italy
| | - Gennaro Musella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Tommaso Dai Prà
- Unit of Oral Surgery for Special Needs and Dentistry, Borgo Valsugana, Trento, Italy
| | - Andrea Ballini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Mario Dioguardi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Maria E Bizzoca
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy -
| | - Lorenzo Lo Muzio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Stefania Cantore
- Department of Precision Medicine, Luigi Vanvitelli University of Campania, Naples, Italy
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Menon S, Rodolfo R, Akudibillah G, Dusabimana A, Harmon S, Mabeya H. Effects of malaria/helminthic coinfections on cervical cancer progression among sub Saharan African women on highly active antiretroviral therapy: A scoping review. Gynecol Oncol Rep 2019; 29:64-69. [PMID: 31360742 PMCID: PMC6639590 DOI: 10.1016/j.gore.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In Africa, the HIV prevalence in rural areas has begun to reach levels estimated within urban settings, where women are also more at risk for both malaria and intestinal parasitic infections. The objective of this review is to assess whether concomitant infections with malaria and/or helminthic diseases have an impact on cervical disease progression in women on HAART. This scoping review was conducted in August 2018. To conduct this scoping review, we searched the relevant studies in electronic databases such as PUBMED, Global Health, EMBASE, CINAHL and SCOPUS published in the year between 1960 and 2018 using the following search terms HAART AND malaria OR Helminth and Female OR women. Eight studies qualified for this review. The literature underscores the need for women on HAART with multiple co-infections to use adjuncts to retain immune recovery and undetectable HIV viral load, to reduce risk of cervical disease progression. A trend for higher risk of CIN3+ in HIV+ women reporting recent malarial infection was observed in one study. Given the public health impact of synergistic interactions between malaria and helminthic infections in HIV/HPV co-infected women on HAART, it is urgent that these interactions are elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Menon
- International Centre for Reproductive Health (ICRH), Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185 P3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Social Solutions International, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Rossi Rodolfo
- International Committee of the Red Cross, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Stacy Harmon
- Georgia State University Alumni, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hillary Mabeya
- International Centre for Reproductive Health (ICRH), Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185 P3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya
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Thakker S, Verma SC. Co-infections and Pathogenesis of KSHV-Associated Malignancies. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:151. [PMID: 26913028 PMCID: PMC4753363 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also known as human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8) is one of the several carcinogenic viruses that infect humans. KSHV infection has been implicated in the development of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman’s Disease. While KSHV infection is necessary for the development of KSHV associated malignancies, it is not sufficient to induce tumorigenesis. Evidently, other co-factors are essential for the progression of KSHV induced malignancies. One of the most important co-factors, necessary for the progression of KSHV induced tumors, is immune suppression that frequently arises during co-infection with HIV and also by other immune suppressants. In this mini-review, we discuss the roles of co-infection with HIV and other pathogens on KSHV infection and pathogenesis.
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De Paoli P, Carbone A. Microenvironmental abnormalities induced by viral cooperation: Impact on lymphomagenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 34:70-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Maskew M, MacPhail AP, Whitby D, Egger M, Fox MP. Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpes virus and response to antiretroviral therapy: a prospective study of HIV-infected adults. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2013; 63:442-8. [PMID: 23614996 PMCID: PMC3712196 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e3182969cc1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The possible impact of coinfection with the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV) on the response to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is unknown. Prospective studies are rare, particularly in Africa. METHODS We enrolled a prospective cohort of HIV-infected adults initiating ART in Johannesburg, South Africa. The subjects were defined as seropositive to KSHV if they were reactive to either KSHV lytic K8.1 or latent Orf73 antigen or to both. The subjects were followed from ART initiation until 18 months of treatment. HIV viral load and CD4 counts were tested 6 monthly. Linear generalized estimating and log-binomial regression models were used to estimate the effect of KSHV infection on immunologic recovery and response and HIV viral load suppression within 18 months after ART initiation. RESULTS Three hundred eighty-five subjects initiating ART from November 2008 to March 2009 were considered to be eligible including 184 (48%) KSHV+. The KSHV+ group was similar to the KSHV- in terms of age, gender, initiating CD4 count, body mass index, tuberculosis, and hemoglobin levels. The KSHV+ group gained a similar number of cells at 6 [difference of 10 cells per cubic millimeter, 95% confidence interval (CI): -11 to 31], 12 (3 cells per cubic millimeter, 95% CI: -19 to 25), and 18 months (24 cells per cubic millimeter, 95% CI: -13 to 61) compared with that gained by the KSHV- group. Adjusted relative risk of failure to suppress viral load to <400 copies per milliliter (1.03; 95% CI: 0.90 to 1.17) were similar for KSHV+ and KSHV- by 6 months on treatment. CONCLUSIONS In a population with a high KSHV prevalence, HIV-positive adults coinfected with KSHV achieved similar immunologic and virologic responses to ART early after treatment initiation compared with those with KSHV-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mhairi Maskew
- Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South
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Liu W, Qin Y, Bai L, Lan K, Wang JH. Kaposi's-sarcoma-associated-herpesvirus-activated dendritic cells promote HIV-1 trans-infection and suppress CD4+ T cell proliferation. Virology 2013; 440:150-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Ramos da Silva S, Elgui de Oliveira D. HIV, EBV and KSHV: Viral cooperation in the pathogenesis of human malignancies. Cancer Lett 2011; 305:175-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Modjarrad K, Vermund SH. Effect of treating co-infections on HIV-1 viral load: a systematic review. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2010; 10:455-63. [PMID: 20610327 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(10)70093-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Co-infections contribute to HIV-related pathogenesis and often increase viral load in HIV-infected people. We did a systematic review to assess the effect of treating key co-infections on plasma HIV-1-RNA concentrations in low-income countries. We identified 18 eligible studies for review: two on tuberculosis, two on malaria, six on helminths, and eight on sexually transmitted infections, excluding untreatable or non-pathogenic infections. Standardised mean plasma viral load decreased after the treatment of co-infecting pathogens in all 18 studies. The standardised mean HIV viral-load difference ranged from -0.04 log(10) copies per mL (95% CI -0.24 to 0.16) after syphilis treatment to -3.47 log(10) copies per mL (95% CI -3.78 to -3.16) after tuberculosis treatment. Of 14 studies with variance data available, 12 reported significant HIV viral-load differences before and after treatment. Although many of the viral-load reductions were 1.0 log(10) copies per mL or less, even small changes in plasma HIV-RNA concentrations have been shown to slow HIV progression and could translate into population-level benefits in lowering HIV transmission risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayvon Modjarrad
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Medical Center, 2525 West End Avenue, Nashville, TN, USA.
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10
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Qin D, Lu C. The biology of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and the infection of human immunodeficiency virus. Virol Sin 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12250-008-2996-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Campo J, Perea MA, del Romero J, Cano J, Hernando V, Bascones A. Oral transmission of HIV, reality or fiction? An update. Oral Dis 2006; 12:219-28. [PMID: 16700731 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2005.01187.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and many other viruses can be isolated in blood and body fluids, including saliva, and can be transmitted by genital-genital and especially anal-genital sexual activity. The risk of transmission of HIV via oral sexual practices is very low. Unlike other mucosal areas of the body, the oral cavity appears to be an extremely uncommon transmission route for HIV. We present a review of available evidence on the oral-genital transmission of HIV and analyse the factors that act to protect oral tissues from infection, thereby reducing the risk of HIV transmission by oral sex. Among these factors we highlight the levels of HIV RNA in saliva, presence of fewer CD4+ target cells, presence of IgA antibodies in saliva, presence of other infections in the oral cavity and the endogenous salivary antiviral factors lysozyme, defensins, thrombospondin and secretory leucocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Campo
- Department of Buccofacial Medicine and Surgery, School of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain.
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12
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Caselli E, Galvan M, Cassai E, Caruso A, Sighinolfi L, Di Luca D. Human herpesvirus 8 enhances human immunodeficiency virus replication in acutely infected cells and induces reactivation in latently infected cells. Blood 2005; 106:2790-7. [PMID: 15976177 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-04-1390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is etiologically associated with Kaposi sarcoma (KS), the most common AIDS-associated malignancy. Previous results indicate that the HHV-8 viral transactivator ORF50 interacts synergistically with Tat protein in the transactivation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) long terminal repeat (LTR), leading to increased cell susceptibility to HIV infection. Here, we analyze the effect of HHV-8 infection on HIV replication in monocyte-macrophage and endothelial cells, as potential targets of coinfection. Primary or transformed monocytic and endothelial cells were infected with a cell-free HHV-8 inoculum and subsequently infected with lymphotropic or monocytotropic strains of HIV. The results show that HHV-8 coinfection markedly increases HIV replication in both cell types. HHV-8 infection induces also HIV reactivation in chronically infected cell lines and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with asymptomatic HIV, suggesting the possibility that similar interactions might take place also in vivo. Furthermore, coinfection is not an essential condition, since contiguity of differently infected cells is sufficient for HIV reactivation. The results suggest that HHV-8 might be a cofactor for HIV progression and that HHV-8-infected endothelial cells might play a relevant role in transendothelial HIV spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Caselli
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Section of Microbiology, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
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Sun Q, Matta H, Chaudhary PM. Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpes virus-encoded viral FLICE inhibitory protein activates transcription from HIV-1 Long Terminal Repeat via the classical NF-kappaB pathway and functionally cooperates with Tat. Retrovirology 2005; 2:9. [PMID: 15713234 PMCID: PMC554086 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2004] [Accepted: 02/15/2005] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nuclear transcription factor NF-kappaB binds to the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) and is a key regulator of HIV-1 gene expression in cells latently infected with this virus. In this report, we have analyzed the ability of Kaposi's sarcoma associate herpes virus (KSHV, also known as Human Herpes virus 8)-encoded viral FLIP (Fas-associated death domain-like IL-1 beta-converting enzyme inhibitory protein) K13 to activate the HIV-1 LTR. RESULTS We present evidence that vFLIP K13 activates HIV-1 LTR via the activation of the classical NF-kappaB pathway involving c-Rel, p65 and p50 subunits. K13-induced HIV-1 LTR transcriptional activation requires the cooperative interaction of all three components of the IKK complex and can be effectively blocked by inhibitors of the classical NF-kappaB pathway. K13 mutants that lacked the ability to activate the NF-kappaB pathway also failed to activate the HIV-1 LTR. K13 could effectively activate a HIV-1 LTR reporter construct lacking the Tat binding site but failed to activate a construct lacking the NF-kappaB binding sites. However, coexpression of HIV-1 Tat with K13 led to synergistic activation of HIV-1 LTR. Finally, K13 differentially activated HIV-1 LTRs derived from different strains of HIV-1, which correlated with their responsiveness to NF-kappaB pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that concomitant infection with KSHV/HHV8 may stimulate HIV-1 LTR via vFLIP K13-induced classical NF-kappaB pathway which cooperates with HIV-1 Tat protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinmiao Sun
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX 75390-8593, USA
| | - Hittu Matta
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX 75390-8593, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology and the Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Preet M Chaudhary
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX 75390-8593, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology and the Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Singh N. Interactions between viruses in transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40:430-6. [PMID: 15668868 DOI: 10.1086/427214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2004] [Accepted: 09/24/2004] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral coinfections may modulate disease expression, enhance pathogenicity, and lead to greater cumulative immunosuppression in the host. The pathophysiological basis of these may be direct virus-virus interactions, effect of cohabitating viruses on host cell function, or impaired host immune responses. The interrelationship between viral pathogens has become increasingly more relevant and its scope wider as new or previously unrecognized viruses continue to emerge as pathogens in transplant recipients. The pathways and mediators that modulate biological activity represent potential targets for immunomodulatory interventions as adjunctive therapies for transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Singh
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA. nis5+@pitt.edu
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Abstract
More than 42 million people worldwide are now infected with HIV, in spite of sustained prevention activities. Although the spread of HIV has been primarily sexual, epidemiological studies have indicated that the efficiency of the spread of HIV is poor, perhaps as infrequently as 1 in every 1,000 episodes of sexual intercourse. However, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) that cause ulcers or inflammation greatly increase the efficiency of HIV transmission--by increasing both the infectiousness of, and the susceptibility to HIV infection. STDs might be particularly important in the early stages of a localized HIV epidemic, when people with risky sexual behaviour are most likely to become infected. In China, eastern Europe and Russia, there has been a remarkable increase in the incidence of STDs in recent years, and this is reflected in the rapid increase in the spread of HIV in these areas. Targeted STD detection and treatment should have a central role in HIV prevention in these emerging epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon R Galvin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7030, USA
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Pati S, Foulke JS, Barabitskaya O, Kim J, Nair BC, Hone D, Smart J, Feldman RA, Reitz M. Human herpesvirus 8-encoded vGPCR activates nuclear factor of activated T cells and collaborates with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat. J Virol 2003; 77:5759-73. [PMID: 12719569 PMCID: PMC154031 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.10.5759-5773.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), the etiologic agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), encodes a chemokine receptor homologue, the viral G protein-coupled receptor (vGPCR), that has been implicated in KS pathogenesis. Expression of vGPCR constitutively activates several signaling pathways, including NF-kappa B, and induces the expression of proinflammatory and angiogenic factors, consistent with the inflammatory hyperproliferative nature of KS lesions. Here we show that vGPCR also constitutively activates the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NF-AT), another transcription factor important in regulation of the expression of inflammatory cytokines and related factors. NF-AT activation by vGPCR depended upon signaling through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt-glycogen synthetase kinase 3 (PI3-K/Akt/GSK-3) pathway and resulted in increased expression of NF-AT-dependent cell surface molecules (CD25, CD29, Fas ligand), proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-2 [IL-2], IL-4), and proangiogenic factors (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor GMCSF and TNF alpha). vGPCR expression also increased endothelial cell-T-cell adhesion. Although infection with HHV-8 is necessary to cause KS, coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), in the absence of antiretroviral suppressive therapy, increases the risk of KS by many orders of magnitude. NF-AT and NF-kappa B activation by vGPCR was greatly increased by the HIV-1 Tat protein, although Tat alone had little effect on NF-AT. The enhancement of NF-AT by Tat appears to be mediated through collaborative stimulation of the PI3-K/Akt/GSK-3 pathway by vGPCR and Tat. Our data further support the idea that vGPCR contributes to the pathogenesis of KS by a paracrine mechanism and, in addition, provide the first evidence of collaboration between an HIV-1 protein and an HHV-8 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibani Pati
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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Caselli E, Galvan M, Santoni F, Rotola A, Caruso A, Cassai E, Luca DD. Human herpesvirus-8 (Kaposi's sarcoma-associated virus) ORF50 increases in vitro cell susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Gen Virol 2003; 84:1123-1131. [PMID: 12692277 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.18799-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ORF50, an immediate-early gene of human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), encodes a transactivating protein necessary for virus reactivation and lytic replication. ORF50 was reported recently to synergize with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) tat at a post-transcriptional level. To study the effects of these molecular interactions on HIV replication and biology, cellular clones stably transformed with ORF50 were obtained by transfection of cell lines of different origin. These clones were infected subsequently with HIV. Experiments showed that ORF50 enhances HIV replication in T and B cells (Jurkat and BC-3 cells) and induces susceptibility and transient permissiveness in non-susceptible glial (A172) cells. Upregulation of viral receptors and co-receptors did not account for increased sensitivity to HIV infection and therefore the action of ORF50 might be modulated by the intracellular environment. Interestingly, non-susceptible cells transformed with ORF50 showed transient production of HIV particles that could spread to adjacent cells by direct contact. These findings show that HHV-8 ORF50 has an enhancing effect on HIV replication in vitro and suggest that the two viruses might interact in co-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Caselli
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Monica Galvan
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabio Santoni
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Antonella Rotola
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Arnaldo Caruso
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Brescia Medical School, Brescia, Italy
| | - Enzo Cassai
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Dario Di Luca
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
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Coombs RW, Reichelderfer PS, Landay AL. Recent observations on HIV type-1 infection in the genital tract of men and women. AIDS 2003; 17:455-80. [PMID: 12598766 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200303070-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Coombs
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Abstract
HHV-8 is a recently identified human herpes virus that can produce tumors, most often in immune compromised hosts. The virus is most closely associated with Kaposi's sarcoma, but is also clearly associated with primary effusion lymphomas and multicentric Castleman's disease. The prevalence of HHV-8 infection varies considerably, but is highest among men who have sex with men and others with histories of sexually transmitted diseases and high numbers of lifetime sexual partners. HHV-8 is shed in saliva, and less commonly in genital secretions. Treatment of HHV-8 associated diseases includes reversal of immune compromise either via discontinuation of immunosuppressives or immune reconstitution via antiretroviral regimens. Specific antiviral drug inhibit HHV-8 replication, and can result in responses in certain HHV-8-associated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Gandhi
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 405 Irving Street, Second Floor, San Francisco, CA 94122, USA
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Mbopi-Kéou FX, Bélec L, Teo CG, Scully C, Porter SR. Synergism between HIV and other viruses in the mouth. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2002; 2:416-24. [PMID: 12127353 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(02)00317-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The HIV family replicate in and are shed from the mouth. Oral sexual practices potentially contribute to the overall extent of HIV transmission, particularly if high-risk practices are not restricted. Herpesviruses and papillomaviruses that appear in the oral cavity can determine oral HIV replication. The mechanisms probably include heterologous transactivation, enhanced expression of HIV receptors and co-receptors in target cells, release of cytokines and chemokines, and production of superantigens. Oral diseases peculiar to, or more common in, the HIV-infected patient further predispose to heightened oral HIV replication and trafficking. Defining the mechanisms by which oral viruses interact with HIV in the co-infected host should permit intervention measures against oral HIV transmission to be more precisely targeted.
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