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Boroojerdi S, Weidemann S, Menz A, Lennartz M, Dwertmann Rico S, Schlichter R, Kind S, Reiswich V, Viehweger F, Bawahab AA, Höflmeyer D, Fraune C, Gorbokon N, Luebke AM, Hube-Magg C, Büscheck F, Krech T, Hinsch A, Jacobsen F, Burandt E, Sauter G, Simon R, Kluth M, Steurer S, Minner S, Marx AH, Bernreuther C, Clauditz TS, Dum D, Lebok P. Staining pattern of specific and cross-reacting Melan-A antibodies: A comparative study on 15,840 samples from 133 human tumor types. APMIS 2024; 132:479-491. [PMID: 38757248 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The Melan-A (melanocyte antigen) protein, also termed 'melanoma antigen recognized by T cells 1' (MART-1) is a protein with unknown function whose expression is specific for the melanocyte lineage. Antibodies against Melan-A are thus used for identifying melanocytic tumors, but some Melan-A antibodies show an additional - diagnostically useful - cross-reactivity against an unspecified protein involved in corticosteroid hormone synthesis. To comprehensively compare the staining patterns of a specific and a cross-reactive Melan-A antibody in normal and neoplastic tissues, tissue microarrays containing 15,840 samples from 133 different tumor types and subtypes as well as 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. For the Melan-A-specific antibody 'Melan-A specific' (MSVA-900M), Melan-A positivity was seen in 96.0% of 25 benign nevi, 93.0% of 40 primary and 86.7% of 75 metastatic melanomas, 82.4% of 85 renal angiomyolipomas as well as 96.4% of 84 neurofibromas, 2.2% of 46 granular cell tumors, 1.0% of 104 schwannomas, and 1.1% of 87 leiomyosarcomas. The cross-reactive antibody 'Melan-A+' (MSVA-901M+) stained 98.1% of the tumors stained by 'Melan-A specific'. In addition, high positivity rates were seen in sex-cord-stroma tumors of the ovary (35.3%-100%) and the testis (86.7%) as well as for adrenocortical neoplasms (76.3%-83.0%). Only nine further tumor groups showed Melan-A+ staining, including five different categories of urothelial carcinomas. Our data provide a comprehensive overview on the staining patterns of specific and cross-reactive Melan-A antibodies. The data demonstrate that both antibodies are highly useful for their specific purpose. It is important for pathologists to distinguish these two Melan-A antibody subtypes for their daily work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Boroojerdi
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sören Weidemann
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anne Menz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Lennartz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Ria Schlichter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simon Kind
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Viktor Reiswich
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Florian Viehweger
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ahmed Abdulwahab Bawahab
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Doris Höflmeyer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Fraune
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Natalia Gorbokon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas M Luebke
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Hube-Magg
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Büscheck
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Till Krech
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Clinical Center Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Andrea Hinsch
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank Jacobsen
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eike Burandt
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ronald Simon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martina Kluth
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Steurer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Minner
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas H Marx
- Department of Pathology, Academic Hospital Fuerth, Fuerth, Germany
| | - Christian Bernreuther
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Till S Clauditz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - David Dum
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Lebok
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Clinical Center Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany
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Chen HC, Hsu TI, Chao TY, Yang ST. Neurocutaneous Melanosis with Meningeal Melanocytosis: A Rare Case of Intracranial Hypertension and Cutaneous Manifestations. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:139. [PMID: 38255754 PMCID: PMC10817463 DOI: 10.3390/life14010139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
A 50-year-old male presented to the emergency room after experiencing sudden right upper limb facial numbness and dysphasia, followed by full recovery. A brain CT scan showed hyperdense lesions within the left hemispheric sulcus, which raised suspicion of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage. A T1-weighted MRI showed multiple tiny leptomeningeal enhancements in the same area, and a digital subtraction angiography showed no signs of vascular abnormality. Cerebrospinal fluid cytology revealed atypical melanin-containing cells with minimal pleomorphism. One month later, the patient developed sixth nerve palsy, which was determined to be due to intracranial hypertension. Multiple giant nevi on the legs, trunk, and scalp were also observed. A skin biopsy showed well-defined and symmetrical proliferation of melanocytic nevus cell nests in the dermis. An open biopsy was performed due to the suspicious leptomeningeal lesions, which surprisingly revealed diffuse and thick black-colored tissue infiltration of the leptomeninges. Pathology confirmed the diagnosis of meningeal melanocytosis. A ventriculoperitoneal shunt was then placed, and the patient's neurological symptoms gradually improved. Based on the presence of multiple giant nevi on the patient's skin and the finding of diffuse meningeal melanocytosis during the open biopsy, the patient was diagnosed with neurocutaneous melanosis. The patient received 6 cycles triweekly of Ipilimumab and Nivolumab 8 months after initial diagnosis. Unfortunately, the disease progressed and the patient passed away 14 months after initial diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Chung Chen
- Ph.D. Program in Medical Neuroscience, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institutes, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (H.-C.C.); (T.-I.H.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-I Hsu
- Ph.D. Program in Medical Neuroscience, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institutes, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (H.-C.C.); (T.-I.H.)
- TMU Research Center of Neuroscience, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- International Master Program in Medical Neuroscience, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Tsu-Yi Chao
- Cancer Center, Attending Physician, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
| | - Shun-Tai Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
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3
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Bolovan LM, Ceausu M, Stanciu AE, Panait ME, Busca A, Hotnog CM, Bleotu C, Gales LN, Georgescu MT, Prunoiu VM, Brasoveanu LI, Voinea SC. Correlation Studies between S100 Protein Level and Soluble MIA or Tissue MelanA and gp100 (HMB45) Expression in Cutaneous Melanoma. J Pers Med 2023; 13:898. [PMID: 37373887 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13060898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Cutaneous melanoma (CM) originates from melanocytes and causes 90% of skin cancer deaths; therefore, the comparison of different soluble and tissue markers could be valuable in the detection of melanoma progression and therapy monitoring. The present study is focused on the potential correlations between soluble S100B and MIA protein levels in different melanoma stages or with tissue expression of S100, gp100 (HMB45), and MelanA biomarkers. (2) Methods: Soluble S100B and MIA levels were evaluated by means of immunoassay methods in blood samples from 176 patients with CM, while tissue expressions of S100, MelanA, and gp100 (HMB45) were detected by means of immunohistochemistry in 76 melanomas. (3) Results: Soluble S100B correlated with MIA in stages III (r = 0.677, p < 0.001) and IV (r = 0.662, p < 0.001) but not in stages I and II; however, 22.22% and 31.98% of stage I and II patients, respectively, had high values for at least one of the two soluble markers. S100 tissue expression correlated with both MelanA (r = 0.610, p < 0.001) and HMB45 (r = 0.476, p < 0.01), while HMB45 and MelanA also significantly positively correlated (r = 0.623, p < 0.001). (4) Conclusions: Blood levels of S100B and MIA corroborated with melanoma tissue markers expression could help to improve the stratification process for patients with a high risk of tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucica Madalina Bolovan
- Carcinogenesis and Molecular Biology Department, Institute of Oncology "Prof. Dr. Alexandru Trestioreanu", 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Ceausu
- Pathology Department, Institute of Oncology "Prof. Dr. Alexandru Trestioreanu", 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adina Elena Stanciu
- Carcinogenesis and Molecular Biology Department, Institute of Oncology "Prof. Dr. Alexandru Trestioreanu", 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marieta Elena Panait
- Cancer Biology Department, Institute of Oncology "Prof. Dr. Alexandru Trestioreanu", 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Antonela Busca
- Cancer Biology Department, Institute of Oncology "Prof. Dr. Alexandru Trestioreanu", 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Camelia Mia Hotnog
- Center of Immunology, "Stefan S. Nicolau" Institute of Virology, Romanian Academy, 030304 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Coralia Bleotu
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Department, "Stefan S. Nicolau" Institute of Virology, Romanian Academy, 030304 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Laurentia Nicoleta Gales
- Oncology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila" Bucharest, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Oncology Department, Institute of Oncology "Prof. Dr. Alexandru Trestioreanu", 252 Fundeni Ave, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Teodor Georgescu
- Oncology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila" Bucharest, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Oncology Department, Institute of Oncology "Prof. Dr. Alexandru Trestioreanu", 252 Fundeni Ave, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Virgiliu Mihail Prunoiu
- Oncological Surgery Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila" Bucharest, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Oncological Surgery Department, Institute of Oncology "Prof. Dr. Alexandru Trestioreanu", 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Lorelei Irina Brasoveanu
- Center of Immunology, "Stefan S. Nicolau" Institute of Virology, Romanian Academy, 030304 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Silviu Cristian Voinea
- Oncological Surgery Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila" Bucharest, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Oncological Surgery Department, Institute of Oncology "Prof. Dr. Alexandru Trestioreanu", 022328 Bucharest, Romania
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Histopathological Diagnosis of Malignant Melanoma at the Dawn of 2023: Knowledge Gained and New Challenges. Dermatopathology (Basel) 2023; 10:91-92. [PMID: 36810571 PMCID: PMC9944108 DOI: 10.3390/dermatopathology10010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Year after year, the incidence and prevalence rates of cutaneous Malignant Melanoma (MM) show a continuous increase and, according to the most up-to-date American Cancer Society (ACS) projections, it is estimated that 97,610 new melanomas will be diagnosed in 2023 (about 58,120 in men and 39,490 in women) and approximately 7990 people are expected to die of melanoma (about 5420 men and 2570 women) [...].
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Lam GT, Prabhakaran S, Sorvina A, Martini C, Ung BSY, Karageorgos L, Hickey SM, Lazniewska J, Johnson IRD, Williams DB, Klebe S, Malone V, O'Leary JJ, Jackett L, Brooks DA, Logan JM. Pitfalls in Cutaneous Melanoma Diagnosis and the Need for New Reliable Markers. Mol Diagn Ther 2023; 27:49-60. [PMID: 36477449 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-022-00628-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is one of the most aggressive forms of skin cancer, with the development of advanced stage disease resulting in a high rate of patient mortality. Accurate diagnosis of melanoma at an early stage is essential to improve patient outcomes, as this enables treatment before the cancer has metastasised. Histopathologic analysis is the current gold standard for melanoma diagnosis, but this can be subjective due to discordance in interpreting the morphological heterogeneity in melanoma and other skin lesions. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is sometimes employed as an adjunct to conventional histology, but it remains occasionally difficult to distinguish some benign melanocytic lesions and melanoma. Importantly, the complex morphology and lack of specific biomarkers that identify key elements of melanoma pathogenesis can make an accurate confirmation of diagnosis challenging. We review the diagnostic constraints of melanoma heterogeneity and discuss issues with interpreting routine histology and problems with current melanoma markers. Innovative approaches are required to find effective biomarkers to enhance patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giang T Lam
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sarita Prabhakaran
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Department of Anatomical Pathology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Alexandra Sorvina
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Carmela Martini
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ben S-Y Ung
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Litsa Karageorgos
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Shane M Hickey
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Joanna Lazniewska
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ian R D Johnson
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Desmond B Williams
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sonja Klebe
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Department of Surgical Pathology, SA Pathology at Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Victoria Malone
- Department of Pathology, The Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John J O'Leary
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Louise Jackett
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Doug A Brooks
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jessica M Logan
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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6
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Saleem A, Narala S, Raghavan SS. Immunohistochemistry in melanocytic lesions: Updates with a practical review for pathologists. Semin Diagn Pathol 2022; 39:239-247. [PMID: 35016807 DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This review provides a summary of the immunohistochemical markers pertinent to the diagnosis of melanocytic lesions. There is considerable morphologic overlap between benign and malignant melanocytic lesions, and given the significant differences in clinical management, the diagnostic workup becomes crucial. Immunohistochemistry aids in the distinction between various melanocytic proliferations and recent contributions to the literature have furthered our optimization of panels in the diagnostic workup. In recent years, SOX10 has been considered as the optimal marker for melanocytic lesions given the similar sensitivity but higher specificity than S100. HMB-45 is less sensitive than S100 but demonstrates utility in confirmation of deceptively banal small cell and nevoid melanoma variants where deep nests of melanocytes are highlighted. Melan-A (MART-1) and MiTF show similar sensitivity to S100 however there is a lack of expression in spindle cell and desmoplastic melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Saleem
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Saisindhu Narala
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Shyam S Raghavan
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, 200 Jeanette Lancaster Way, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA.
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7
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KIT Expression Is Regulated by DNA Methylation in Uveal Melanoma Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910748. [PMID: 34639089 PMCID: PMC8509522 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is an ocular tumor with a dismal prognosis. Despite the availability of precise molecular and cytogenetic techniques, clinicopathologic features with limited accuracy are widely used to predict metastatic potential. In 51 UM tissues, we assessed a correlation between the expression of nine proteins evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) (Melan-A, S100, HMB45, Cyclin D1, Ki-67, p53, KIT, BCL2, and AIFM1) and the presence of UM-specific chromosomal rearrangements measured by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA), to find IHC markers with increased prognostic information. Furthermore, mRNA expression and DNA methylation values were extracted from the whole-genome data, achieved by analyzing 22 fresh frozen UM tissues. KIT positivity was associated with monosomy 3, increasing the risk of poor prognosis more than 17-fold (95% CI 1.53–198.69, p = 0.021). A strong negative correlation was identified between mRNA expression and DNA methylation values for 12 of 20 analyzed positions, five located in regulatory regions of the KIT gene (r = −0.658, p = 0.001; r = −0.662, p = 0.001; r = −0.816; p < 0.001; r = −0.689, p = 0.001; r = −0.809, p < 0.001, respectively). DNA methylation β values were also inversely associated with KIT protein expression (p = 0.001; p = 0.001; p = 0.015; p = 0.025; p = 0.002). Our findings, showing epigenetic deregulation of KIT expression, may contribute to understanding the past failure to therapeutically target KIT in UM.
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Madheswaran S, Mungra N, Biteghe FAN, De la Croix Ndong J, Arowolo AT, Adeola HA, Ramamurthy D, Naran K, Khumalo NP, Barth S. Antibody-Based Targeted Interventions for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Skin Cancers. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 21:162-186. [PMID: 32723261 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200728123006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous malignancies most commonly arise from skin epidermal cells. These cancers may rapidly progress from benign to a metastatic phase. Surgical resection represents the gold standard therapeutic treatment of non-metastatic skin cancer while chemo- and/or radiotherapy are often used against metastatic tumors. However, these therapeutic treatments are limited by the development of resistance and toxic side effects, resulting from the passive accumulation of cytotoxic drugs within healthy cells. OBJECTIVE This review aims to elucidate how the use of monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs) targeting specific Tumor Associated Antigens (TAAs) is paving the way to improved treatment. These mAbs are used as therapeutic or diagnostic carriers that can specifically deliver cytotoxic molecules, fluorophores or radiolabels to cancer cells that overexpress specific target antigens. RESULTS mAbs raised against TAAs are widely in use for e.g. differential diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of skin cancers. Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs) particularly show remarkable potential. The safest ADCs reported to date use non-toxic photo-activatable Photosensitizers (PSs), allowing targeted Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) resulting in targeted delivery of PS into cancer cells and selective killing after light activation without harming the normal cell population. The use of near-infrared-emitting PSs enables both diagnostic and therapeutic applications upon light activation at the specific wavelengths. CONCLUSION Antibody-based approaches are presenting an array of opportunities to complement and improve current methods employed for skin cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Madheswaran
- Medical Biotechnology & Immunotherapy Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Neelakshi Mungra
- Medical Biotechnology & Immunotherapy Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Fleury A N Biteghe
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jean De la Croix Ndong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Langone Orthopedic Hospital, 301 East 17th Street, New York, NY, United States
| | - Afolake T Arowolo
- The Hair and Skin Research Lab, Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Henry A Adeola
- The Hair and Skin Research Lab, Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dharanidharan Ramamurthy
- Medical Biotechnology & Immunotherapy Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Krupa Naran
- Medical Biotechnology & Immunotherapy Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nonhlanhla P Khumalo
- The Hair and Skin Research Lab, Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Stefan Barth
- Medical Biotechnology & Immunotherapy Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Porcelli L, Guida M, De Summa S, Di Fonte R, De Risi I, Garofoli M, Caputo M, Negri A, Strippoli S, Serratì S, Azzariti A. uPAR + extracellular vesicles: a robust biomarker of resistance to checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy in metastatic melanoma patients. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-002372. [PMID: 33972390 PMCID: PMC8112420 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Emerging evidence has highlighted the importance of extracellular vesicle (EV)-based biomarkers of resistance to immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic melanoma. Considering the tumor-promoting implications of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) signaling, this study aimed to assess uPAR expression in the plasma-derived EVs of patients with metastatic melanoma to determine its potential correlation with clinical outcomes. Methods Blood samples from 71 patients with metastatic melanoma were collected before initiating immunotherapy. Tumor-derived and immune cell-derived EVs were isolated and analyzed to assess the relative percentage of uPAR+ EVs. The associations between uPAR and clinical outcomes, sex, BRAF status, baseline lactate dehydrogenase levels and number of metastatic sites were assessed. Results Responders had a significantly lower percentage of tumor-derived, dendritic cell (DC)-derived and CD8+ T cell-derived uPAR +EVs at baseline than non-responders. The Kaplan-Meier survival curves for the uPAR+EV quartiles indicated that higher levels of melanoma-derived uPAR+ EVs were strongly correlated with poorer progression-free survival (p<0.0001) and overall survival (p<0.0001). We also found a statistically significant correlation between lower levels of uPAR+ EVs from both CD8+ T cells and DCs and better survival. Conclusions Our results indicate that higher levels of tumor-derived, DC-derived and CD8+ T cell-derived uPAR+ EVs in non-responders may represent a new biomarker of innate resistance to immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors. Moreover, uPAR+ EVs represent a new potential target for future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Porcelli
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Guida
- Rare tumors and Melanoma Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | - Simona De Summa
- Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | - Roberta Di Fonte
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | - Ivana De Risi
- Rare tumors and Melanoma Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | - Marianna Garofoli
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | - Mariapia Caputo
- Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Negri
- Haematology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | - Sabino Strippoli
- Rare tumors and Melanoma Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | - Simona Serratì
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology, IRCCS-Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | - Amalia Azzariti
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
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Bernal L, Restrepo J, Alarcón ML, Carvajal C, Bonilla CE, Ramírez AM, Beltrán R. Primary BRAF Mutant Melanoma of the Lung Treated with Immunotherapy and Pulmonary Bilobectomy: A Case Report. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2021; 22:e927757. [PMID: 33731665 PMCID: PMC7985358 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.927757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary melanoma of the lung is a rare tumor that represents 0.01% of primary lung tumors, with only 40 cases reported in the literature. Mucosal melanomas are tumors with a biological and clinical presentation that differs from that of cutaneous melanomas; therefore, the therapeutic approach differs as well. Survival rates of patients with primary melanoma of the lung are much lower than those of patients with cutaneous melanoma, and there are no diagnostic or treatment guidelines for this entity. Radical surgery is the treatment of choice when disease is resectable. The effectiveness of current established treatments for cutaneous melanoma (eg, immunotherapy and targeted therapy) is unknown in this particular subgroup. CASE REPORT We present the case of a patient who presented with cough and hemoptysis. The fiberoptic bronchoscopy revealed an endobronchial mass and the computed tomography images suggested an unresectable mass. The patient was initially diagnosed with an unresectable primary lung melanoma with a clinical stage IIIB (T4N2M0). This lesion achieved partial response after treatment with Pembrolizumab, which allowed radical surgery to be performed, achieving complete resection with negative margins and adequate postoperative evolution. Despite the delays in our health care system, she is currently alive and disease-free more than 24 months after diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Immunotherapy can reduce the size of mucosal melanoma to the point that it can be resectable and this therapeutic approach increases the survival opportunities of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bernal
- Department of Clinical Oncology, National Cancer Institute, El Bosque University, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juliana Restrepo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Nueva Granada Military University, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Martha L Alarcón
- Department of Clinical Oncology, National Cancer Institute, El Bosque University, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carlos Carvajal
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Institute, El Bosque University, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carlos E Bonilla
- Department of Clinical Oncology, National Cancer Institute, El Bosque University, Bogotá, Colombia.,Clinical Oncology, Universidad el Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Ana Maria Ramírez
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Institute, El Bosque University, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Rafael Beltrán
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Institute, El Bosque University, Bogotá, Colombia
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11
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Gassenmaier M, Lenders MM, Forschner A, Leiter U, Weide B, Garbe C, Eigentler TK, Wagner NB. Serum S100B and LDH at Baseline and During Therapy Predict the Outcome of Metastatic Melanoma Patients Treated with BRAF Inhibitors. Target Oncol 2021; 16:197-205. [PMID: 33555543 PMCID: PMC7935737 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-021-00792-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite impressive response rates, most patients with advanced melanoma ultimately progress following therapy with B-Raf proto-oncogene (BRAF) inhibitors (BRAFi). Therefore, frequent radiologic assessments are necessary, and reliable serum biomarkers would be beneficial for disease monitoring. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the ability of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) to detect response and disease progression during treatment with BRAFi. PATIENTS AND METHODS Baseline levels of LDH and S100B and repeated measurements during therapy were recorded retrospectively in 191 patients with metastatic melanoma. LDH and S100B levels were compared between distinct time points (baseline, first follow-up visit [FV], best objective response [BR], and progressive disease [PD]). The prognostic ability of the serum biomarkers in relation to disease-specific survival (DSS) was assessed with univariable and multivariable Cox regression analysis. RESULTS Elevated baseline LDH and S100B correlated with impaired DSS. In contrast with LDH (P = 0.12), S100B levels at FV correlated with response (P = 0.0030). Both markers significantly decreased during the first weeks of BRAFi treatment (LDH, P = 0.00034; S100B, P < 0.0001) and increased between BR and PD (LDH, P = 0.016; S100B, P < 0.0001). Patients with elevated S100B (P = 0.00062) but not with elevated LDH (P = 0.067) at the time point of radiologically confirmed PD showed significantly impaired DSS after PD. Interestingly, DSS after PD differed significantly according to S100B levels determined as early as 8 weeks (median) before PD (P = 0.0024). CONCLUSIONS LDH and S100B are suitable serum biomarkers during therapy with BRAFi. S100B shows stronger correlation with response and exhibits more accuracy in predicting PD. Close biomarker monitoring with S100B is recommended during treatment with BRAFi to detect PD early.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Max M Lenders
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Forschner
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Leiter
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Weide
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Claus Garbe
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas K Eigentler
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nikolaus B Wagner
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. .,Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Rorschacherstrasse 95, 9007, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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12
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Chatterjee D, Bhattacharjee R. Immunohistochemistry in Dermatopathology and its Relevance in Clinical Practice. Indian Dermatol Online J 2018; 9:234-244. [PMID: 30050812 PMCID: PMC6042184 DOI: 10.4103/idoj.idoj_8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is an important diagnostic tool in histopathology. Dermatopathology is a rapidly developing subspecialty of histopathology. Although IHC is not widely used in routine dermatopathology practice, its application is gradually increasing. IHC is used to differentiate two conditions with similar morphology, to confirm a diagnosis as well as to assess prognosis. It is more commonly used for neoplastic conditions like melanocytic, hematolymphoid, and spindle cell tumors, although uses can be very wide. Although IHC can aid in diagnosis, sometimes interpretation can be difficult as there may be overlapping findings. Thus, IHC should not be interpreted in isolation and should be done in the context of clinical and histological findings. In this review, we have discussed the uses of various immunohistochemical markers in dermatopathology in the light of current literature and their clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debajyoti Chatterjee
- Department of Pathology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rajsmita Bhattacharjee
- Department of Dermatology, Leprology and Venereology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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13
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Chang O, Argenyi Z. Loss of Conventional Melanocytic Markers in Malignant Melanoma and Lymph Node Metastasis; an Uncommon but Dangerous Pitfall. Am J Dermatopathol 2017; 39:760-763. [PMID: 27759690 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000000737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although malignant melanomas exhibit a wide range of immunophenotypes, concurrent loss of all 3 conventional melanocytic markers (S-100, Melan-A, and HMB-45) is relatively rare. We report a case of primary malignant melanoma with lymph node metastasis, both exhibiting loss of immunoreactivity for conventional melanocytic markers, while aberrantly expressing epithelial antigenicity (pancytokeratin, CAM 5.2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Chang
- *Department of Anatomic Pathology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA; and †Department of Anatomic Pathology, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA
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14
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Oh CT, Kwon TR, Choi EJ, Kim SR, Seok J, Mun SK, Yoo KH, Choi YS, Choi SY, Kim BJ. Inhibitory effect of 660-nm LED on melanin synthesis inin vitroandin vivo. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2016; 33:49-57. [DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Taek Oh
- Department of Dermatology; Chung-Ang University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Department of Medicine; Graduate School; Chung-Ang University; Seoul Korea
| | - Tae-Rin Kwon
- Department of Dermatology; Chung-Ang University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Eun Ja Choi
- Department of Dermatology; Chung-Ang University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Soon Re Kim
- Department of Dermatology; Chung-Ang University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Joon Seok
- Department of Dermatology; Chung-Ang University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Seog Kyun Mun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Chung-Ang University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Kwang Ho Yoo
- Department of Dermatology; College of Medicine; Catholic Kwandong University; International St. Mary's Hospital; Incheon Korea
| | - Yeon Shik Choi
- Medical IT Convergence Research Center; Korea Electronics Technology Institute; Gyeonggi-do Korea
| | - Sun Young Choi
- Department of Dermatology; Chung-Ang University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Beom Joon Kim
- Department of Dermatology; Chung-Ang University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Department of Medicine; Graduate School; Chung-Ang University; Seoul Korea
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Zand S, Buzney E, Duncan LM, Dadras SS. Heterogeneity of Metastatic Melanoma: Correlation of MITF With Its Transcriptional Targets MLSN1, PEDF, HMB-45, and MART-1. Am J Clin Pathol 2016; 146:353-60. [PMID: 27515936 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqw115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Histologic and molecular heterogeneity is well recognized in malignant melanoma; however, the diversity of expression of new and classic melanoma markers has not been correlated in serial sections of metastases. METHODS We examined and correlated the expression of microphthalmia transcription factor (MITF) with its transcriptional targets, including melastatin (MLSN1/TRPM1), pigment epithelium-derived factor (SERPINF1/PEDF), SILV/PMEL17/GP100 (human melanoma black 45 [HMB-45]), and melanoma antigen recognized by T cells 1 (MART-1)/MLANA, in 13 melanoma metastases in lymph nodes of 13 patients. The expression levels and patterns of marker expression were recorded by a semiquantitative, 4-point ordinal reactivity method. RESULTS Our results showed a consistently robust and diffuse expression of MITF protein in 12 (92%) of 13 metastatic tumors compared with variable expression of MLSN1 (46%) messenger RNA or PEDF (75%), HMB-45 (54%), and MART-1 (46%) proteins. CONCLUSIONS Overall, in melanoma lymph node metastases, MITF protein expression was not tightly correlated with its gene targets. Moreover, the immunoreactivity for MITF, compared with MART-1 and HMB-45, was retained, supporting immunohistochemical detection of MITF as a more sensitive method of detecting metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvenaz Zand
- From the Cosmetic & Laser Surgery Institute, Kentfield, CA
| | - Elizabeth Buzney
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Lyn M Duncan
- Dermatopathology Unit and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Soheil S Dadras
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, University of Connecticut, Farmington.
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16
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Standard melanoma-associated markers do not identify the MM127 metastatic melanoma cell line. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24569. [PMID: 27087056 PMCID: PMC4834532 DOI: 10.1038/srep24569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reliable identification of different melanoma cell lines is important for many aspects of melanoma research. Common markers used to identify melanoma cell lines include: S100; HMB-45; and Melan-A. We explore the expression of these three markers in four different melanoma cell lines: WM35; WM793; SK-MEL-28; and MM127. The expression of these markers is examined at both the mRNA and protein level. Our results show that the metastatic cell line, MM127, cannot be detected using any of the commonly used melanoma-associated markers. This implies that it would be very difficult to identify this particular cell line in a heterogeneous sample, and as a result this cell line should be used with care.
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17
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Martinelli-Kläy CP, Laporte ML, Martinelli CR, Martinelli C, Lombardi T. Oral Malignant Melanoma Initially Misdiagnosed as a Racial Pigmentation: A Case Report. Dermatopathology (Basel) 2016; 3:1-7. [PMID: 27195264 PMCID: PMC4868936 DOI: 10.1159/000444049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral malignant melanoma (OMM) is rare, representing less than 0.5% of all oral malignancies. The most affected sites are the palate and the maxillary gingiva. Histological examination is important to establish the diagnosis of any suspicious pigmented lesion in the oral cavity, mainly if a precise clinical diagnosis is not possible. We present one case of OMM that was initially diagnosed as a racial pigmentation elsewhere 2 years earlier. Clinical examination showed multiple macules and nodules located on the hard and soft palate, gingiva and superior alveolar mucosa. These lesions were painless and presented a color variation going from dark blue to black. Histological analysis showed sheets and nests of atypical melanocytes displaying a range of shapes such as plasmacytoid, epithelioid, and round cells, located in the superficial corium extending to the deep tissues. A few tumor cells contained variable amounts of melanin. There was no invasion of blood vessels or nerve fibers. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the neoplastic cells were positive for HMB-45, melan-A, S-100 and negative for AE1/AE3, confirming the diagnosis of melanoma. The Ki-67 labeling index was around 25%. The patient refused any treatment and died 11 months later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Patrícia Martinelli-Kläy
- Oral Medicine and Oral Maxillofacial Pathology Unit, Division of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Oral Diseases, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Marcel Leandro Laporte
- Oral Medicine and Oral Maxillofacial Pathology Unit, Division of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Celso Martinelli
- Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Oral Diseases, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Tommaso Lombardi
- Oral Medicine and Oral Maxillofacial Pathology Unit, Division of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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18
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Compton LA, Murphy GF, Lian CG. Diagnostic Immunohistochemistry in Cutaneous Neoplasia: An Update. Dermatopathology (Basel) 2015; 2:15-42. [PMID: 27047932 PMCID: PMC4816435 DOI: 10.1159/000377698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is an important adjunct in the diagnosis of neoplastic skin diseases. In addition to the many established IHC markers currently in use, new markers continue to emerge, although their general acceptance and routine application requires robust validation. Here, we summarize the most well-established and commonly used biomarkers along with an array of newer ones reported in the past several decades that either demonstrate or hold high clinical promise in the field of cutaneous pathology. We also highlight recent applications of novel IHC markers in melanoma diagnosis including genetic mutation status markers [e.g. BRAF (v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B) and NRAS (neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog)] and an epigenetic alteration marker (e.g. 5-hydroxymethylcytosine). We specifically focus on the role of IHC in the differential diagnosis of cutaneous lesions that fall under the following categories: melanoma, epidermal tumors with an intraepidermal epitheliomatous pattern, spindle cell lesions of the dermis, small round blue cell tumors of the dermis, and cutaneous adnexal tumors. While IHC is a valuable tool in diagnostic dermatopathology, marker selection and interpretation must be highly informed by clinical context and the histologic differential diagnosis. With rapid progress in our understanding of the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of tumorigenesis, new IHC markers will continue to emerge in the field of diagnostic dermatopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh A Compton
- Program in Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass., USA
| | - George F Murphy
- Program in Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass., USA
| | - Christine G Lian
- Program in Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass., USA
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19
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Yi X, Zhu G, Li Y, Liu Y, Luan Q, Dai W, Wang L, Liao W, Gao T, Li C. Establishment of a novel Chinese metastatic melanoma cell line showing the new cytogenetic and biological properties. Cell Biol Int 2015; 39:508-14. [PMID: 25639772 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Yi
- Department of Dermatology; Xijing Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Guannan Zhu
- Department of Dermatology; Xijing Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Dermatology; Xijing Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | | | - Qi Luan
- Department of Dermatology; Xijing Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Wei Dai
- Department of Dermatology; Xijing Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Dermatology; Xijing Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Wenjun Liao
- Department of Dermatology; Xijing Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Tianwen Gao
- Department of Dermatology; Xijing Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Chunying Li
- Department of Dermatology; Xijing Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shaanxi China
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20
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Jensen T, Cessna M, Miller D, Hansen J. Tissue microarray advanced techniques for sampling donor blocks with limited tissues – introduction to ‘the radical-TMA’. J Histotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/2046023613y.0000000035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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