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Taghizadeh S, Hashemi MG, Zarnag RK, Fayyazishishavan E, Gholami M, Farhangi MA, Gojani LJ. Barriers and facilitators of childhood obesity prevention policies: A systematic review and meta-synthesis. Front Pediatr 2023; 10:1054133. [PMID: 36714652 PMCID: PMC9874939 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.1054133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Childhood obesity is one of the worldwide considerable public health challenges and many factors can play a role in its management. Therefore, this article examined the facilitators and barriers of childhood obesity prevention (COP) policies. Methods This systematic review of qualitative studies was conducted via a search of the SCOPUS, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases between 1 January 2010 and 11 February 2022 and examined factors that influence the implementation of COP policies at a community approach. Results The parents' reluctance to engage in COP activities, lack of sufficient knowledge, and financial problems were the most reported barriers at the individual level. In addition, the beliefs about COP at the sociocultural level and limited funding and resources, time limitations in stakeholders at the implementation level, and lack of policy support at the structural level were the most frequently reported barriers. Further, effective communication between stakeholders and parents and school staff at the sociocultural level and flexibility of the intervention, delivery of healthy food programs in schools, low-cost and appropriate resources, and the availability of appropriate facilities are the most frequently reported facilitators in the structural level. Conclusion Individual, sociocultural, and structural level-related barriers and facilitators influence the implementation of COP policies. Most of the barriers and facilitators in this systematic review were related to the structural level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnaz Taghizadeh
- Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Rahim Khodayari Zarnag
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ehsan Fayyazishishavan
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, United States
| | - Marjan Gholami
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Islamic Azad University Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Tehran, Iran
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Taghizadeh S, Farhangi MA, Khodayari-Zarnaq R. Stakeholders perspectives of barriers and facilitators of childhood obesity prevention policies in Iran: A Delphi method study. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:2260. [PMID: 34895191 PMCID: PMC8665716 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-12282-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents is one of the most important health challenges of the present century. Many factors affect the prevention policies related to this health problem and make their implementation difficult. This study examined perceived barriers and facilitators of childhood obesity prevention policies by stakeholders. Methods A qualitative descriptive research design based on Delphi method was conducted. In addition, semi-structured one-to-one interviews were conducted with childhood obesity prevention policy stakeholders (n=39) and initial identification of barriers and facilitators in this area. Interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed verbatim, and finally analyzed, followed by using thematic analysis. Subsequently, two-round Delphi panel was done by sending e-mails to stakeholders (21 stakeholders participated in the first round and 15 stakeholders in the second round) for the final selection of barriers and facilitators of obesity prevention policies among children and adolescents in Iran. Results The identified barriers and facilitators were divided into three levels: individual, executive, and structural. Barriers and facilitators of the structural level showed a high score and priority regarding obesity prevention policies among children and adolescents. Conclusion The existence of significant barriers at all three levels and especially at the structural level were among the concerns of stakeholders. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-12282-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnaz Taghizadeh
- Department of Community Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Rahim Khodayari-Zarnaq
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 14711, Tabriz, 5166614711, Iran.
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3
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Ayala GX, Monge-Rojas R, King AC, Hunter R, Berge JM. [Entorno social y obesidad infantil: implicaciones para la investigación y la práctica en Estados Unidos y en los países latinoamericanos]. Obes Rev 2021; 22 Suppl 5:e13350. [PMID: 34708540 PMCID: PMC9138052 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The environments of children influence their risk for childhood obesity through, among other factors, a child's weight-related behaviors (i.e., diet and physical activity). In this article, we present evidence on social environmental factors associated with a child's diet and physical activity, and more generally, the prevention and control of childhood obesity among Hispanic/Latinx children in the United States and children from countries in Latin America. Using a socio-ecologic lens, we present evidence from cross-sectional and longitudinal studies conducted in the United States involving Hispanic/Latinx children, and evidence from studies involving children in Latin America. Studies examining parenting factors in the home environment (e.g., parenting strategies) are especially emphasized, with more limited evidence on social environmental factors in other lived contexts (e.g., school). The influence of acculturation on social relationships cuts across levels of the socio-ecological framework. Intervention research identified strategies and research gaps for intervening on social factors to promote healthy behaviors and reduce risk for childhood obesity. Community health workers and others forms of peer support were identified as relevant approaches at multiple levels of the socio-ecological framework. This article concludes with directions for future research to further understand the environment using newer information and communication technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe X Ayala
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, the Institute for Behavioral and Community Health, and the SDSU HealthLINK Center, San Diego, California, EE. UU
| | - Rafael Monge-Rojas
- Unidad de Salud y Nutrición, Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud (INCIENSA), Cartago, Costa Rica
| | - Abby C King
- Departments of Epidemiology & Population Health and Medicine (Stanford Prevention Research Center), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, EE. UU
| | - Ruth Hunter
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Irlanda del Norte, Belfast, Reino Unido
| | - Jerica M Berge
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Mineápolis, Minesota, EE. UU
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Ayala GX, Monge‐Rojas R, King AC, Hunter R, Berge JM. The social environment and childhood obesity: Implications for research and practice in the United States and countries in Latin America. Obes Rev 2021; 22 Suppl 3:e13246. [PMID: 33951272 PMCID: PMC8365653 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The environments of children influence their risk for childhood obesity through, among other factors, a child's weight-related behaviors (i.e., diet and physical activity). In this article, we present evidence on social environmental factors associated with a child's diet and physical activity, and more generally, the prevention and control of childhood obesity among Hispanic/Latinx children in the United States and children from countries in Latin America. Using a socio-ecologic lens, we present evidence from cross-sectional and longitudinal studies conducted in the United States involving Hispanic/Latinx children, and evidence from studies involving children in Latin America. Studies examining parenting factors in the home environment (e.g., parenting strategies) are especially emphasized, with more limited evidence on social environmental factors in other lived contexts (e.g., school). The influence of acculturation on social relationships cuts across levels of the socio-ecological framework. Intervention research identified strategies and research gaps for intervening on social factors to promote healthy behaviors and reduce risk for childhood obesity. Community health workers and others forms of peer support were identified as relevant approaches at multiple levels of the socio-ecological framework. This article concludes with directions for future research to further understand the environment using newer information and communication technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe X. Ayala
- School of Public HealthSan Diego State University, the Institute for Behavioral and Community Health, and the SDSU HealthLINK CenterSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Rafael Monge‐Rojas
- Health and Nutrition UnitCosta Rican Institute for Research and Education on Nutrition and Health (INCIENSA)CartagoCosta Rica
| | - Abby C. King
- Departments of Epidemiology & Population Health and Medicine (Stanford Prevention Research Center)Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ruth Hunter
- Centre for Public HealthQueen's University Belfast, North IrelandBelfastUK
| | - Jerica M. Berge
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Medical SchoolUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
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5
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Children's perceptions of their parent's parenting strategies and child influence on purchases in a supermarket. Appetite 2021; 162:105149. [PMID: 33548351 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This field study identified, through observation, child influence on food and beverage purchases within a supermarket, as well as the influence of the children's perceptions of their parents' parenting strategies related to eating behaviors on these purchases. Four supermarkets were recruited to participate and agreed to allow recruitment of parent-child dyads and implementation of data collection protocols within their stores. Parent-child (7-14 yo) dyads were recruited to wear eye-tracking glasses during the supermarket visit, complete separate individual interviews, and have their store receipts scanned. The receipt data provided evidence of what was purchased, including overall purchases, as well as purchases of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods and beverages. The eye-tracking data, together with the receipt data, identified which items were requested by the child and purchased. The child interviews provided the child's perceptions of parenting strategies (i.e., parental monitoring, control). Seventy-six dyads agreed to participate and completed the study protocols. During most of the shopping trips, items were purchased as a result of child-initiated request interactions. Children's perceptions of their parent's use of monitoring was consistently associated with fewer purchases overall and of energy-dense, nutrient-poor items, and with reduced child influence on what was purchased.
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Ledoux T, Thompson D, O'Connor T, Avery D, Kochi C, O'Connor DP, Lin SF, Binggeli-Vallarta A, Blaine RE, Sharma S, Hoelscher DM. Cross-Site Process Evaluation Results for the Early Childhood Education Center Setting: CORD Study. Child Obes 2020; 16:350-357. [PMID: 32471316 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2019.0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: The Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration project aimed to deliver evidence-based obesity prevention interventions to at-risk families at three demonstration sites. The interventions were delivered in multiple settings, including early childhood education centers (ECECs), public schools, and primary care clinics. An evaluation center conducted cross-site process, impact, and sustainability evaluations. Results of the cross-site process evaluation for the ECECs will be described. Methods: Reach (proportion of the target population who participated), dose delivered (materials and interventions that were distributed), and fidelity (proportion of planned intervention components delivered) were assessed at two levels (researcher-to-provider and provider-to-family levels). Standardized data forms were completed by research team members at each demonstration site with assistance from the evaluation center. Results: The Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration project reached 5174 children and 390 teachers in 58 ECECs. The centers delivered an average of 3.9 hours of training to teachers. A total of 1382 different types of materials were distributed to providers, and from 1.3 to 4.3 hours of technical support were delivered to centers monthly. For fidelity at the researcher-to-provider level, 49.5% (n = 370) of eligible teachers completed all training sessions. Considerable variations across demonstration sites in reach, dose delivered, and fidelity across were observed. Conclusion: The Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration project reached large numbers of children, families, teachers, and ECECs. Maintaining intervention fidelity while reaching large numbers of at-risk individuals proved to be a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Ledoux
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Debbe Thompson
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Teresia O'Connor
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dana Avery
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Camila Kochi
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Daniel P O'Connor
- Department of Health and Human Performance, HEALTH Research Institute, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shih-Fan Lin
- Institute for Behavioral and Community Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Rachel E Blaine
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Shreela Sharma
- Michael & Susan Dell Center for Health Living, University of Texas Health Science Center, School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Deanna M Hoelscher
- Michael & Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) School of Public Health, Austin Campus, Austin, TX, USA
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Smith JD, Fu E, Kobayashi MA. Prevention and Management of Childhood Obesity and Its Psychological and Health Comorbidities. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2020; 16:351-378. [PMID: 32097572 PMCID: PMC7259820 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-100219-060201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Childhood obesity has become a global pandemic in developed countries, leading to a host of medical conditions that contribute to increased morbidity and premature death. The causes of obesity in childhood and adolescence are complex and multifaceted, presenting researchers and clinicians with myriad challenges in preventing and managing the problem. This article reviews the state of the science for understanding the etiology of childhood obesity, the preventive interventions and treatment options for overweight and obesity, and the medical complications and co-occurring psychological conditions that result from excess adiposity, such as hypertension, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and depression. Interventions across the developmental span, varying risk levels, and service contexts (e.g.,community, school, home, health care systems) are reviewed. Future directions for research are offered with an emphasis on translational issues for taking evidence-based interventions to scale in a manner that will reduce the public health burden of the childhood obesity pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA; ,
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Emily Fu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA; ,
| | - Marissa A Kobayashi
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA;
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8
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Nam CS, Ross A, Ruggiero C, Ferguson M, Mui Y, Lee BY, Gittelsohn J. Process Evaluation and Lessons Learned From Engaging Local Policymakers in the B'More Healthy Communities for Kids Trial. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2019; 46:15-23. [PMID: 29969930 PMCID: PMC6440198 DOI: 10.1177/1090198118778323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Partnerships linking researchers to the policymaking process can be effective in increasing communication and supporting health policy. However, these policy partnerships rarely conduct process evaluation. The Policy Working Group (Policy WG) was the policy-level intervention of the multilevel B'More Healthy Communities for Kids (BHCK) trial. The group sought to align interests of local policymakers, inform local food and nutrition policy, introduce policymakers to a new simulation modeling, and sustain intervention levels of BHCK. We conducted an evaluation on the Policy WG between July 2013 and May 2016. We evaluated process indicators for reach, dose-delivered, and fidelity and developed a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis. The policy intervention was implemented with high reach and dose-delivered. Fidelity measures improved from moderate to nearly high over time. The number of health-related issues on policymakers' agenda increased from 50% in the first 2 years to 150% of the high standard in Year 3. SWOT analysis integrated a stakeholder feedback survey to consider areas of strength, weakness, opportunity, and threats. Although the fidelity of the modeling was low at 37% of the high standard, stakeholders indicated that the simulation modeling should be a primary purpose for policy intervention. Results demonstrate that process evaluation and SWOT analysis is useful for tracking the progress of policy interventions in multilevel trials and can be used to monitor the progress of building partnerships with policymakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyd S. Nam
- The Joint Learning Initiative on Faith and Local Communities, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Cara Ruggiero
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | - Yeeli Mui
- University at Buffalo—The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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9
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Ruggiero CF, Poirier L, Trude ACB, Yang T, Schwendler T, Gunen B, Loh IH, Perepezko K, Nam CS, Sato P, Gittelsohn J. Implementation of B'More Healthy Communities for Kids: process evaluation of a multi-level, multi-component obesity prevention intervention. HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2018; 33:458-472. [PMID: 30202959 PMCID: PMC6293311 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyy031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
B'More Healthy Communities for Kids was a multi-level, multi-component obesity prevention intervention to improve access, demand and consumption of healthier foods and beverages in 28 low-income neighborhoods in Baltimore City, MD. Process evaluation assesses the implementation of an intervention and monitor progress. To the best of our knowledge, little detailed process data from multi-level obesity prevention trials have been published. Implementation of each intervention component (wholesaler, recreation center, carryout restaurant, corner store, policy and social media/text messaging) was classified as high, medium or low according to set standards. The wholesaler component achieved high implementation for reach, dose delivered and fidelity. Recreation center and carryout restaurant components achieved medium reach, dose delivered and fidelity. Corner stores achieved medium reach and dose delivered and high fidelity. The policy component achieved high reach and medium dose delivered and fidelity. Social media/text messaging achieved medium reach and high dose delivered and fidelity. Overall, study reach and dose delivered achieved a high implementation level, whereas fidelity achieved a medium level. Varying levels of implementation may have balanced the performance of an intervention component for each process evaluation construct. This detailed process evaluation of the B'More Healthy Communities for Kids allowed the assessment of implementation successes, failures and challenges of each intervention component.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Ruggiero
- Global Obesity Prevention Center, International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - L Poirier
- Global Obesity Prevention Center, International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A C B Trude
- Global Obesity Prevention Center, International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - T Yang
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - T Schwendler
- Peace Corps, Serekunda, The Gambia, Washington, DC, USA
| | - B Gunen
- Global Obesity Prevention Center, International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - I H Loh
- Global Obesity Prevention Center, International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - K Perepezko
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - C S Nam
- Joint Learning Initiative on Faith and Local Communities, Washington, DC, USA
| | - P Sato
- University of S�o Paulo, S�o Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - J Gittelsohn
- Global Obesity Prevention Center, International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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10
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Bailey K, Easterbrook B, Blinder H, Hoogenes J, Morrison K. Understanding paediatric patients' attitudes toward obesity and expectations prior to entering a weight management program. Paediatr Child Health 2018; 24:e26-e32. [PMID: 30792606 DOI: 10.1093/pch/pxy068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This qualitative study explored attitudes toward weight management and knowledge of healthy, active living among paediatric patients referred to a weight management program. The objective of this study was to determine the emotional state and attitudes of patients entering into a paediatric weight management program. Methods Study participants (aged 7 to 17 years old) were recruited during clinic orientation. Semistructured interviews were conducted, audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Qualitative content analysis generated a thematic coding scheme, identifying concepts and linkages in the data. Study rigour was achieved collaboratively through an audit trail, and data triangulation. Results Fifteen patients (median age 11 years) consented to interviews. Three recurring themes emerged: emotions, motivation and learning. A total of nine subthemes were identified. Four key spheres of influence (family, peers, school and health care providers) affected the patient's outlook on obesity positively by providing support or negatively by adversely influencing their emotions and motivation. The level of individual motivation to engage in the weight management program varied. A positive outlook toward learning about obesity from school officials and health care providers emerged. Conclusions This study provided insight regarding paediatric attitudes related to entering a weight management program. The negative emotional state and sometimes fear of the program expressed should be considered by the referring physician and by clinicians in weight management programs engaging in their care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bailey
- McMaster Pediatric Surgery Research Collaborative, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario.,Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario
| | - Bethany Easterbrook
- McMaster Pediatric Surgery Research Collaborative, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario.,Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario.,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario
| | - Henrietta Blinder
- McMaster Pediatric Surgery Research Collaborative, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario.,Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario
| | - Jen Hoogenes
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario.,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario
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Dooyema CA, Belay B, Blanck HM. Implementation of Multisetting Interventions to Address Childhood Obesity in Diverse, Lower-Income Communities: CDC's Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration Projects. Prev Chronic Dis 2017; 14:E140. [PMID: 29267154 PMCID: PMC5743023 DOI: 10.5888/pcd14.170491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carrie A Dooyema
- Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, National Center for Chronic Disease and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, MS F-77, Atlanta, GA 30341.
| | - Brook Belay
- Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, National Center for Chronic Disease and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta Georgia
| | - Heidi M Blanck
- Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, National Center for Chronic Disease and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta Georgia.,US Public Health Service, Atlanta, Georgia
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