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Zeng J, Zhou Y, Lyu M, Huang X, Xie M, Huang M, Chen BX, Wei T. Cordyceps militaris: A novel mushroom platform for metabolic engineering. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 74:108396. [PMID: 38906495 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris, widely recognized as a medicinal and edible mushroom in East Asia, contains a variety of bioactive compounds, including cordycepin (COR), pentostatin (PTN) and other high-value compounds. This review explores the potential of developing C. militaris as a cell factory for the production of high-value chemicals and nutrients. This review comprehensively summarizes the fermentation advantages, metabolic networks, expression elements, and genome editing tools specific to C. militaris and discusses the challenges and barriers to further research on C. militaris across various fields, including computational biology, existing DNA elements, and genome editing approaches. This review aims to describe specific and promising opportunities for the in-depth study and development of C. militaris as a new chassis cell. Additionally, to increase the practicability of this review, examples of the construction of cell factories are provided, and promising strategies for synthetic biology development are illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapeng Zeng
- Institute of Food Biotechnology & College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China; Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Institute of Food Biotechnology & College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China; Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mengdi Lyu
- Institute of Food Biotechnology & College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China; Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xinchang Huang
- Institute of Food Biotechnology & College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China; Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Muyun Xie
- School of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519090, China
| | - Mingtao Huang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510641, China.
| | - Bai-Xiong Chen
- School of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519090, China.
| | - Tao Wei
- Institute of Food Biotechnology & College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China; Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Hoang CQ, Duong GHT, Tran MH, Vu TX, Tran TB, Pham HTN. Molecular mechanisms underlying phenotypic degeneration in Cordyceps militaris: insights from transcriptome reanalysis and osmotic stress studies. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2231. [PMID: 38278834 PMCID: PMC10817986 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51946-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic degeneration in Cordyceps militaris poses a significant concern for producers, yet the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain elusive. To address this concern, we isolated two strains that differ in their abilities to form fruiting bodies. Our observations revealed that the degenerated strain lost the capacity to develop fruiting bodies, exhibited limited radial expansion, increased spore density, and elevated intracellular glycerol levels. Transcriptome reanalysis uncovered dysregulation of genes involved in the MAPK signaling pathway in the degenerate strain. Our RT-qPCR results demonstrated reduced expression of sexual development genes, along with upregulation of genes involved in asexual sporulation, glycerol synthesis, and MAPK regulation, when compared to the wild-type strain. Additionally, we discovered that osmotic stress reduced radial growth but increased conidia sporulation and glycerol accumulation in all strains. Furthermore, hyperosmotic stress inhibited fruiting body formation in all neutralized strains. These findings indicate dysregulation of the MAPK signaling pathway, the possibility of the activation of the high-osmolarity glycerol and spore formation modules, as well as the downregulation of the pheromone response and filamentous growth cascades in the degenerate strain. Overall, our study sheds light on the mechanisms underlying Cordyceps militaris degeneration and identifies potential targets for improving cultivation practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinh Q Hoang
- Center of Experimental Biology, National Center for Technical Progress, C6 Thanh Xuan Bac, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Giang H T Duong
- Center of Experimental Biology, National Center for Technical Progress, C6 Thanh Xuan Bac, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of New Technology, Academy of Military Science and Technology, 17 Hoang Sam, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Mai H Tran
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Vingroup Big Data Institute, and GeneStory JSC, 458 Minh Khai, Hai Ba Trung, Hanoi, Vietnam
- GeneStory JSC, 458 Minh Khai, Hai Ba Trung, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tao X Vu
- Center of Experimental Biology, National Center for Technical Progress, C6 Thanh Xuan Bac, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tram B Tran
- Center of Experimental Biology, National Center for Technical Progress, C6 Thanh Xuan Bac, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hang T N Pham
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, National Institute of Medicinal Materials, 3B Quang Trung, Hoan Kiem District, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National University, 144 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
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3
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Wang Y, Yang LH, Tong LL, Yuan L, Ren B, Guo DS. Comparative metabolic profiling of mycelia, fermentation broth, spore powder and fruiting bodies of Ophiocordyceps gracilis by LC-MS/MS. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2023; 34:984-996. [PMID: 37482969 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ophiocordyceps gracilis, a type of edible and medicinal fungus, exhibits multiple health-promoting effects. Due to the scarcity of natural O. gracilis, artificial cultures have been developed as its substitutes. However, lacking comprehension of the metabolite composition of cultures limits its utilisation. OBJECTIVE This research aimed to evaluate the nutritional and medicinal value of four cultures of O. gracilis by analysing their metabolite composition. In addition, metabolic pathways in mycelia and fruiting bodies were analysed to explore fruiting body formation mechanism at metabolic level. METHOD The mycelia, fermentation broth, spore powder and fruiting bodies of O. gracilis were cultivated in this study. Their metabolite composition was compared using an untargeted metabolomics approach based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). RESULTS Principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) showed that the four cultures have noticeable differences in metabolite composition. A total of 612 metabolites were identified, among which 159 metabolites showed significant differences, and these differential metabolites were classified into 13 categories. The metabolites in the fruiting bodies were the most abundant compared with other cultures. However, each culture had its own advantages and significantly accumulates some active metabolites respectively. Pearson's correlation analysed the mutual relationship among metabolites. In addition, seven metabolic pathways were closely related to fruiting body formation, such as "Biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites", "amino acids metabolism", "tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle". CONCLUSION This study offered a reference to mycelia, fermentation broth, spore powder and fruiting bodies of O. gracilis as health-promoting functional foods and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin-Hui Yang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling-Ling Tong
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Yuan
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Ren
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Guo
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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4
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Thi TTV, Khoa TV, Son LL, Minh TT, Chau NDG, Kiet TT, Vinh NQ, Chien NC, Hieu LT. Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Ophiocordyceps Sobolifera extract for renal injury prevention. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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5
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Le TH, Thi Tran TV, Tran VK, Vu Ho XA, Tran TM, Chau Nguyen DG, Chuong Nguyen TH, Varma RS, Trinh TK, Ho TT, Hac Nguyen TB, Ahamad T, Nguyen CC, Le QV. Structural Characterization of Mannoglucan Isolated from Ophiocordyceps sobolifera and Its Antioxidant Activities. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:9397-9405. [PMID: 35350314 PMCID: PMC8945084 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel polysaccharide structure (PS-T80) was collected from Ophiocordyceps sobolifera biomass and characterized via a combination of chemical and spectral analyses. Employing high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC), the average molecular weight is proven to be 7.4 × 104 Da. Furthermore, a sugar composition analysis of the obtained polysaccharide suggests two main sugars, β-d-glucose and α-d-mannose, at a molar ratio of 2:1, respectively, in the backbone. The structure analysis unveils that PS-T80 is a mannoglucan, possessing the repeating unit of [→3)-β-d-Glcp-(1 → 3)-α-d-Manp-(1 → 3)-β-d-Glcp-(1→] n . Such a configuration could be considered a novel polysaccharide. Impressively, in vitro antioxidant tests revealed that PS-T80 has a promising antioxidant activity. These results demonstrate that the obtained PS is a potential bioactive material for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trung Hieu Le
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Hue University of Sciences,
Hue University, Thua Thien
Hue 530000, Vietnam
| | - Thi Van Thi Tran
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Hue University of Sciences,
Hue University, Thua Thien
Hue 530000, Vietnam
| | - Van Khoa Tran
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Hue University of Sciences,
Hue University, Thua Thien
Hue 530000, Vietnam
| | - Xuan Anh Vu Ho
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Hue University of Sciences,
Hue University, Thua Thien
Hue 530000, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Minh Tran
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Hue University of Sciences,
Hue University, Thua Thien
Hue 530000, Vietnam
| | - Dang Giang Chau Nguyen
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Hue University of Sciences,
Hue University, Thua Thien
Hue 530000, Vietnam
| | - Thi Hong Chuong Nguyen
- Institute
of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
- Faculty
of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Rajender S. Varma
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tam Kiet Trinh
- Institute
of Microbiology and Biotechnologv, Hanoi
National University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Thanh-Tam Ho
- Institute
for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
| | | | - Tansir Ahamad
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud
University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chinh Chien Nguyen
- Institute
of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
- Faculty
of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Quyet Van Le
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Green Manufacturing
Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic
of Korea
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6
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Kontogiannatos D, Koutrotsios G, Xekalaki S, Zervakis GI. Biomass and Cordycepin Production by the Medicinal Mushroom Cordyceps militaris-A Review of Various Aspects and Recent Trends towards the Exploitation of a Valuable Fungus. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7110986. [PMID: 34829273 PMCID: PMC8621325 DOI: 10.3390/jof7110986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris is an entomopathogenic ascomycete with similar pharmacological importance to that of the wild caterpillar fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis. C. militaris has attracted significant research and commercial interest due to its content in bioactive compounds beneficial to human health and the relative ease of cultivation under laboratory conditions. However, room for improvement exists in the commercial-scale cultivation of C. militaris and concerns issues principally related to appropriate strain selection, genetic degeneration of cultures, and substrate optimization. In particular, culture degeneration-usually expressed by abnormal fruit body formation and reduced sporulation-results in important economic losses and is holding back investors and potential growers (mainly in Western countries) from further developing this highly promising sector. In the present review, the main factors that influence the generation of biomass and metabolites (with emphasis on cordycepin biosynthesis) by C. militaris are presented and evaluated in conjunction with the use of a wide range of supplements or additives towards the enhancement of fungal productivity in large-scale cultivation processes. Moreover, physiological and genetic factors that increase or reduce the manifestation of strain degeneration in C. militaris are outlined. Finally, methodologies for developing protocols to be used in C. militaris functional biology studies are discussed.
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7
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Liu G, Cao L, Rao Z, Qiu X, Han R. Identification of the genes involved in growth characters of medicinal fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis based on Agrobacterium tumefaciens–mediated transformation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:2663-2674. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10417-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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8
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Tong X, Zhang H, Wang F, Xue Z, Cao J, Peng C, Guo J. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed genes involved in the fruiting body development of Ophiocordyceps sinensis. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8379. [PMID: 31988806 PMCID: PMC6970007 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ophiocordyceps sinensis is a highly valued fungus that has been used as traditional Asian medicine. This fungus is one of the most important sources of income for the nomadic populations of the Tibetan Plateau. With global warming and excessive collection, the wild O. sinensis resources declined dramatically. The cultivation of O. sinensis hasn’t been fully operational due to the unclear genetic basis of the fruiting body development. Here, our study conducted pairwise comparisons between transcriptomes acquired from different growth stages of O. sinensis including asexual mycelium (CM), developing fruiting body (DF) and mature fruiting body (FB). All RNA-Seq reads were aligned to the genome of O. sinensis CO18 prior to comparative analyses. Cluster analysis showed that the expression profiles of FB and DF were highly similar compared to CM. Alternative splicing analysis (AS) revealed that the stage-specific splicing genes may have important functions in the development of fruiting body. Functional enrichment analyses showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched in protein synthesis and baseline metabolism during fruiting body development, indicating that more protein and energy might be required for fruiting body development. In addition, some fruiting body development-associated genes impacted by ecological factors were up-regulated in FB samples, such as the nucleoside diphosphate kinase gene (ndk), β subunit of the fatty acid synthase gene (cel-2) and the superoxide dismutase gene (sod). Moreover, the expression levels of several cytoskeletons genes were significantly altered during all these growth stages, suggesting that these genes play crucial roles in both vegetative growth and the fruiting body development. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to validate the gene expression profile and the results supported the accuracy of the RNA-Seq and DEGs analysis. Our study offers a novel perspective to understand the underlying growth stage-specific molecular differences and the biology of O. sinensis fruiting body development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Tong
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources in Sichuan Province-Key Laboratory Breeding Base founded by Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources in Sichuan Province-Key Laboratory Breeding Base founded by Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources in Sichuan Province-Key Laboratory Breeding Base founded by Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhengyao Xue
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Jing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources in Sichuan Province-Key Laboratory Breeding Base founded by Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources in Sichuan Province-Key Laboratory Breeding Base founded by Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinlin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources in Sichuan Province-Key Laboratory Breeding Base founded by Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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9
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Li SZ, Ren JW, Fei J, Zhang XD, Du RL. Cordycepin induces Bax‑dependent apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2018; 19:901-908. [PMID: 30535479 PMCID: PMC6323220 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cordycepin, or 3′-deoxyadenosine, is a derivative of the nucleoside adenosine. Initially extracted from the fungus Cordyceps militaris, cordycepin exhibits antitumor activity against certain cancer cell lines; however, the mechanism by which cordycepin counteracts colorectal cancer (CRC) remains poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to explore the underlying mechanisms of cordycepin against human CRC. To investigate the molecular mechanisms of cordycepin against colon cancer and in driving apoptosis, p53 and Bcl-2-like protein 4-null (Bax−/−) colon cancer HCT116 cell lines were used. Cell viability and growth were repressed in a dose-dependent manner in cells treated with cordycepin. Treatment with cordycepin resulted in increased apoptosis in HCT116 cells; however, flow cytometic analysis demonstrated that apoptosis was notably decreased in the Bax−/− HCT116 cell lines, but not in the p53−/− HCT116 cell lines. Furthermore, cordycepin exposure resulted in the translocation of Bax from the cytosol to the mitochondria and the subsequent release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria. Results from the present study demonstrated that cordycepin inhibited colon cancer cell growth in vitro and this appears to be through the endogenous Bax-dependent mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, which suggested a molecular mechanism for cordycepin against human colon cancer. These results indicated the possibility of cordycepin as a novel drug for the prevention of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Ze Li
- Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Wei Ren
- Tibet University Medical College, Lhasa, Tibet 850000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Fei
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P.R. China
| | - Run-Lei Du
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P.R. China
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10
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Wu B, Xu Z, Knudson A, Carlson A, Chen N, Kovaka S, LaButti K, Lipzen A, Pennachio C, Riley R, Schakwitz W, Umezawa K, Ohm RA, Grigoriev IV, Nagy LG, Gibbons J, Hibbett D. Genomics and Development of Lentinus tigrinus: A White-Rot Wood-Decaying Mushroom with Dimorphic Fruiting Bodies. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:3250-3261. [PMID: 30398645 PMCID: PMC6305247 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentinus tigrinus is a species of wood-decaying fungi (Polyporales) that has an agaricoid form (a gilled mushroom) and a secotioid form (puffball-like, with enclosed spore-bearing structures). Previous studies suggested that the secotioid form is conferred by a recessive allele of a single locus. We sequenced the genomes of one agaricoid (Aga) strain and one secotioid (Sec) strain (39.53–39.88 Mb, with 15,581–15,380 genes, respectively). We mated the Sec and Aga monokaryons, genotyped the progeny, and performed bulked segregant analysis (BSA). We also fruited three Sec/Sec and three Aga/Aga dikaryons, and sampled transcriptomes at four developmental stages. Using BSA, we identified 105 top candidate genes with nonsynonymous SNPs that cosegregate with fruiting body phenotype. Transcriptome analyses of Sec/Sec versus Aga/Aga dikaryons identified 907 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) along four developmental stages. On the basis of BSA and DEGs, the top 25 candidate genes related to fruiting body development span 1.5 Mb (4% of the genome), possibly on a single chromosome, although the precise locus that controls the secotioid phenotype is unresolved. The top candidates include genes encoding a cytochrome P450 and an ATP-dependent RNA helicase, which may play a role in development, based on studies in other fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojun Wu
- Biology Department, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Zhangyi Xu
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Alicia Knudson
- Biology Department, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Alexis Carlson
- Biology Department, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Naiyao Chen
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sam Kovaka
- Biology Department, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Kurt LaButti
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California
| | - Anna Lipzen
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California
| | - Christa Pennachio
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California
| | - Robert Riley
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California
| | - Wendy Schakwitz
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California
| | - Kiwamu Umezawa
- Biology Department, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Department of Environmental and Natural Resource Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan
| | - Robin A Ohm
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Igor V Grigoriev
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California.,Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley
| | - László G Nagy
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, BRC-HAS, Szeged, Hungary
| | - John Gibbons
- Biology Department, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - David Hibbett
- Biology Department, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts
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11
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Identification of Enzymes Involved in Sesterterpene Biosynthesis in Marine Fungi. Methods Enzymol 2018; 604:441-498. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2018.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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12
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Liu GQ, Qiu XH, Cao L, Han RC. Scratching Stimuli of Mycelia Influence Fruiting Body Production and ROS-Scavenging Gene Expression of Cordyceps militaris. MYCOBIOLOGY 2018; 46:382-387. [PMID: 30637146 PMCID: PMC6319459 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2018.1544769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The entomopathogenic fungus Cordyceps militaris is a valuable medicinal ascomycete, which degenerates frequently during subsequent culture. To avoid economic losses during industrialized production, scratching stimuli of mycelia was introduced to improve the fruiting body production. The present results indicated that higher yields and biological efficiency were obtained from two degenerate strains (YN1-14 and YN2-7) but not from g38 (an insertional mutant in Rhf1 gene with higher yields and shorter growth periods). Furthermore, the growth periods of the fruiting bodies were at least 5 days earlier when the mycelia were scratched before stromata differentiation. Three ROS-scavenging genes including Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (CmSod1), Glutathione peroxidase (CmGpx), and Catalase A (CmCat A) were isolated and their expression profiles against scratching were determined in degenerate strain YN1-14 and mutant strain g38. At day 5 after scratching, the expression level of CmGpx significantly decreased for strain g38, but that of CmSod1 significantly increased for YN1-14. These results indicated that scratching is an effective way to promote fruiting body production of degenerate strain, which may be related at least with Rhf1 and active oxygen scavenging genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Qing Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Hong Qiu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Cao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ri-Chou Han
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China
- CONTACT Ri-Chou Han
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13
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Abstract
Cordyceps is one of the most well-known mushroom with numerous bioactive compounds possess wide range of biotherapeutic activities. This mushroom has been used for many years as medicinal food particularly in China and in different regions of south East Asia. Cordycepin is a nucleoside compound extracted from different species of Cordyceps and considered as one of the most important bioactive metabolites of this fungus. This low molecular weight compound exhibit several medicinal functions as anticancer, antitumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, immunomodulatory agent. In this chapter we reviewed recent published research on the cordycepin chemistry, production, extraction, isolation, purification, biotherapeutic activities and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhim Pratap Singh
- Molecular Microbiology and Systematics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram India
| | - Ajit Kumar Passari
- Molecular Microbiology and Systematics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram India
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14
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Lin Q, Long L, Wu L, Zhang F, Wu S, Zhang W, Sun X. Evaluation of different agricultural wastes for the production of fruiting bodies and bioactive compounds by medicinal mushroom Cordyceps militaris. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:3476-3480. [PMID: 27747890 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In commercial production of Cordyceps militaris (a famous Chinese medicine), cereal grains are usually utilized as cultivation substrates. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of agricultural wastes as substitute materials in the low-cost production of C. militaris. Cottonseed shells (CS), corn cob particles (CCP), Italian poplar sawdusts (IPS) and substrates spent by Flammulina velutipes (SS) were employed to cultivate C. militaris, using rice medium as control. RESULTS CS and CCP were suitable for fruit body formation of C. militaris, with yields of 22 and 20 g per bottle respectively. Fruit bodies grown on CCP showed the highest levels of cordycepin and adenosine, up to 9.45 and 5.86 mg g-1 respectively. The content of d-mannitol in fruit bodies obtained on CS was 120 mg g-1 (80% of the control group), followed by that on CCP, 100 mg g-1 . Fruit bodies cultivated on CCP displayed a high crude polysaccharide level of 26.9 mg g-1 , which was the closest to that of the control group (34.5 mg g-1 ). CONCLUSION CS and CCP are effective substrates for the production of fruit bodies and bioactive compounds by C. militaris. This study provides a new approach to decreasing the cost of C. militaris cultivation and dealing with these agricultural wastes. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunying Lin
- Nanjing Institute for the Comprehensive Utilization of Wild Plants, Nanjing, 210042, China
- Jiangsu Hongfeng Fruit and Vegetable Food Co., Ltd, Suqian, 223700, China
| | - Liangkun Long
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Liangliang Wu
- Nanjing Institute for the Comprehensive Utilization of Wild Plants, Nanjing, 210042, China
- Jiangsu Hongfeng Fruit and Vegetable Food Co., Ltd, Suqian, 223700, China
| | - Fenglun Zhang
- Nanjing Institute for the Comprehensive Utilization of Wild Plants, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Shuling Wu
- Nanjing Institute for the Comprehensive Utilization of Wild Plants, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Weiming Zhang
- Nanjing Institute for the Comprehensive Utilization of Wild Plants, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Xiaoming Sun
- Nanjing Institute for the Comprehensive Utilization of Wild Plants, Nanjing, 210042, China
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15
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Wang F, Song X, Dong X, Zhang J, Dong C. DASH-type cryptochromes regulate fruiting body development and secondary metabolism differently than CmWC-1 in the fungus Cordyceps militaris. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:4645-4657. [PMID: 28409381 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8276-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cryptochromes (CRYs) belong to the photolyase/cryptochrome flavoprotein family, which is widely distributed in all kingdoms. A phylogenetic analysis indicated that three Cordyceps militaris proteins [i.e., cryptochrome DASH (CmCRY-DASH), (6-4) photolyase, and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) class I photolyase] belong to separate fungal photolyase/cryptochrome subfamilies. CmCRY-DASH consists of DNA photolyase and flavin adenine dinucleotide-binding domains, with RGG repeats in a C-terminal extension. Considerably, more carotenoids and cordycepin accumulated in the ΔCmcry-DASH strain than in the wild-type or ΔCmwc-1 strains, indicating an inhibitory role for CmCRY-DASH in these biosynthetic pathways. Fruiting body primordia could form in the ΔCmcry-DASH strain, but the fruiting bodies were unable to elongate normally, differently from the Cmwc-1 disruption strain, where primordium differentiation did not occur. Cmcry-DASH expression is induced by light in the wild-type strain, but not in the ΔCmwc-1 strain. CmCRY-DASH is also necessary for the expression of Cmwc-1, implying that Cmcry-DASH and Cmwc-1 exhibit interdependent expression. The Cmvvd expression levels in the wild-type and ΔCmcry-DASH strains increased considerably following irradiation, while Cmvvd expression in the ΔCmwc-1 strain was not induced by light. It is speculated that the photo adaptation may be faster in the Cmcry-DASH mutant based on Cmvvd transcript dynamics. These results provide new insights into the biological functions of fungal DASH CRYs. Furthermore, the DASH CRYs may regulate fruiting body development and secondary metabolism differently than WC-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3 1st Beichen West Road, Beijing, Chaoyang District, 100101, China
| | - Xinhua Song
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255000, China
| | - Xiaoming Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3 1st Beichen West Road, Beijing, Chaoyang District, 100101, China.,School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255000, China
| | - Jiaojiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3 1st Beichen West Road, Beijing, Chaoyang District, 100101, China
| | - Caihong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3 1st Beichen West Road, Beijing, Chaoyang District, 100101, China.
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16
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León-Ramírez CG, Cabrera-Ponce JL, Martínez-Soto D, Sánchez-Arreguin A, Aréchiga-Carvajal ET, Ruiz-Herrera J. Transcriptomic analysis of basidiocarp development in Ustilago maydis (DC) Cda. Fungal Genet Biol 2017; 101:34-45. [PMID: 28285895 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that when Ustilago maydis (DC) Cda., a phytopathogenic basidiomycete and the causal agent of corn smut, is grown in the vicinity of maize embryogenic calli in a medium supplemented with the herbicide Dicamba, it developed gastroid-like basidiocarps. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in the basidiocarp development by the fungus, we proceeded to analyze the transcriptome of the process, identifying a total of 2002 and 1064 differentially expressed genes at two developmental stages, young and mature basidiocarps, respectively. Function of these genes was analyzed with the use of different databases. MIPS analysis revealed that in the stage of young basidiocarp, among the ca. two thousand differentially expressed genes, there were some previously described for basidiocarp development in other fungal species. Additional elements that operated at this stage included, among others, genes encoding the transcription factors FOXO3, MIG3, PRO1, TEC1, copper and MFS transporters, and cytochromes P450. During mature basidiocarp development, important up-regulated genes included those encoding hydrophobins, laccases, and ferric reductase (FRE/NOX). The demonstration that a mapkk mutant was unable to form basidiocarps, indicated the importance of the MAPK signaling pathway in this developmental process.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G León-Ramírez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Unidad Irapuato, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, 36825 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - J L Cabrera-Ponce
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Unidad Irapuato, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, 36825 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.
| | - D Martínez-Soto
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Unidad Irapuato, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, 36825 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - A Sánchez-Arreguin
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Unidad Irapuato, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, 36825 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico; Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - E T Aréchiga-Carvajal
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - J Ruiz-Herrera
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Unidad Irapuato, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, 36825 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.
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Baral B. Entomopathogenicity and Biological Attributes of Himalayan Treasured Fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Yarsagumba). J Fungi (Basel) 2017; 3:E4. [PMID: 29371523 PMCID: PMC5715966 DOI: 10.3390/jof3010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the entomophagous fungi are considered very crucial in the fungal domain relative to their natural phenomenon and economic perspectives; however, inadequate knowledge of their mechanisms of interaction keeps them lagging behind in parallel studies of fungi associated with agro-ecology, forest pathology and medical biology. Ophiocordyceps sinensis (syn. Cordyceps sinensis), an intricate fungus-caterpillar complex after it parasitizes the larva of the moth, is a highly prized medicinal fungus known widely for ages due to its peculiar biochemical assets. Recent technological innovations have significantly contributed a great deal to profiling the variable clinical importance of this fungus and other related fungi with similar medicinal potential. However, a detailed mechanism behind fungal pathogenicity and fungal-insect interactions seems rather ambiguous and is poorly justified, demanding special attention. The goal of the present review is to divulge an update on the published data and provides promising insights on different biological events that have remained underemphasized in previous reviews on fungal biology with relation to life-history trade-offs, host specialization and selection pressures. The infection of larvae by a fungus is not a unique event in Cordyceps; hence, other fungal species are also reviewed for effective comparison. Conceivably, the rationale and approaches behind the inheritance of pharmacological abilities acquired and stored within the insect framework at a time when they are completely hijacked and consumed by fungal parasites, and the molecular mechanisms involved therein, are clearly documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Baral
- Research, Community Development and Conservation Center (C3DR), Pokhara 33700, Nepal.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finn-20014, Finland.
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Sari N, Suparmin A, Kato T, Park EY. Improved cordycepin production in a liquid surface culture of Cordyceps militaris isolated from wild strain. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-016-0405-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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