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Andrusier O, Raz A, Minari J. Cultivating awareness of donation in cutting-edge allogenic cell therapies. Cell Stem Cell 2024; 31:947-948. [PMID: 38971146 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2024.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Andrusier
- Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Aviad Raz
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheba, Israel.
| | - Jusaku Minari
- Uehiro Research Division for iPS Cell Ethics, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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2
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Hoppe M, Habib A, Desai R, Edwards L, Kodavali C, Sherry Psy NS, Zinn PO. Human brain organoid code of conduct. FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2023; 3:1143298. [PMID: 39086687 PMCID: PMC11285598 DOI: 10.3389/fmmed.2023.1143298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Human brain organoids are models derived from human embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cells that mimic basic cerebral microanatomy and demonstrate simple functional neuronal networks. Brain organoids have been a rapidly expanding avenue for biomedical research in general and specifically: neural development, regeneration, and central nervous system pathophysiology. However, technology replicating functional aspects of the human brain, including electrically active neural networks, requires a responsible code of conduct. In this review, we focus the discussion on intrinsic and extrinsic ethical factors associated with organoids: intrinsic considerations arise with the growing complexity of human brain organoids, including human-animal chimerism, consciousness development, and questions of where these human-like beings fall in a moral hierarchy. Extrinsic considerations explore ethics on obtainment, manufacturing, and production of sophisticated human products. In summary, a thoughtful code of conduct using human brain organoids towards the advancement of science and medicine is crucial. This article shall facilitate a structured thought process approaching the moral landscape of organoid technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan Hoppe
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ahmed Habib
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Riya Desai
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Lincoln Edwards
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Chowdari Kodavali
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Natalie Sandel Sherry Psy
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Hematology University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Pascal O. Zinn
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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3
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de Jongh D, Massey EK, Cronin AJ, Schermer MHN, Bunnik EM. Early-Phase Clinical Trials of Bio-Artificial Organ Technology: A Systematic Review of Ethical Issues. Transpl Int 2022; 35:10751. [PMID: 36388425 PMCID: PMC9659568 DOI: 10.3389/ti.2022.10751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine has emerged as a novel alternative solution to organ failure which circumvents the issue of organ shortage. In preclinical research settings bio-artificial organs are being developed. It is anticipated that eventually it will be possible to launch first-in-human transplantation trials to test safety and efficacy in human recipients. In early-phase transplantation trials, however, research participants could be exposed to serious risks, such as toxicity, infections and tumorigenesis. So far, there is no ethical guidance for the safe and responsible design and conduct of early-phase clinical trials of bio-artificial organs. Therefore, research ethics review committees will need to look to related adjacent fields of research, including for example cell-based therapy, for guidance. In this systematic review, we examined the literature on early-phase clinical trials in these adjacent fields and undertook a thematic analysis of relevant ethical points to consider for early-phase clinical trials of transplantable bio-artificial organs. Six themes were identified: cell source, risk-benefit assessment, patient selection, trial design, informed consent, and oversight and accountability. Further empirical research is needed to provide insight in patient perspectives, as this may serve as valuable input in determining the conditions for ethically responsible and acceptable early clinical development of bio-artificial organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dide de Jongh
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands,Department of Medical Ethics, Philosophy and History of Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands,*Correspondence: Dide de Jongh,
| | - Emma K. Massey
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Antonia J. Cronin
- Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom,King’s College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maartje H. N. Schermer
- Department of Medical Ethics, Philosophy and History of Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eline M. Bunnik
- Department of Medical Ethics, Philosophy and History of Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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4
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de Jongh D, Massey EK, Bunnik EM. Organoids: a systematic review of ethical issues. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:337. [PMID: 35870991 PMCID: PMC9308907 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02950-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoids are 3D structures grown from pluripotent stem cells derived from human tissue and serve as in vitro miniature models of human organs. Organoids are expected to revolutionize biomedical research and clinical care. However, organoids are not seen as morally neutral. For instance, tissue donors may perceive enduring personal connections with their organoids, setting higher bars for informed consent and patient participation. Also, several organoid sub-types, e.g., brain organoids and human-animal chimeric organoids, have raised controversy. This systematic review provides an overview of ethical discussions as conducted in the scientific literature on organoids. The review covers both research and clinical applications of organoid technology and discusses the topics informed consent, commercialization, personalized medicine, transplantation, brain organoids, chimeras, and gastruloids. It shows that further ethical research is needed especially on organoid transplantation, to help ensure the responsible development and clinical implementation of this technology in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dide de Jongh
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Ethics, Philosophy and History of Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emma K. Massey
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eline M. Bunnik
- Department of Medical Ethics, Philosophy and History of Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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Ruden JB, Dixit M, Zepeda JC, Grueter BA, Dugan LL. Robust Expression of Functional NMDA Receptors in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neuronal Cultures Using an Accelerated Protocol. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:777049. [PMID: 34899184 PMCID: PMC8661903 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.777049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are critical for higher-order nervous system function, but in previously published protocols to convert human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to mature neurons, functional NMDA receptors (NMDARs) are often either not reported or take an extended time to develop. Here, we describe a protocol to convert human iPSC-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs) to mature neurons in only 37 days. We demonstrate that the mature neurons express functional NMDARs exhibiting ligand-activated calcium flux, and we document the presence of NMDAR-mediated electrically evoked postsynaptic current. In addition to being more rapid than previous procedures, our protocol is straightforward, does not produce organoids which are difficult to image, and does not involve co-culture with rodent astrocytes. This could enhance our ability to study primate/human-specific aspects of NMDAR function and signaling in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob B Ruden
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Mrinalini Dixit
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - José C Zepeda
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Brad A Grueter
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.,Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Laura L Dugan
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.,Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.,VA Tennessee Valley Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Nashville, TN, United States
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6
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Choudhury S, Surendran N, Das A. Recent advances in the induced pluripotent stem cell-based skin regeneration. Wound Repair Regen 2021; 29:697-710. [PMID: 33970525 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Skin regeneration has been a challenging clinical problem especially in cases of chronic wounds such as diabetic foot ulcers, and epidermolysis bullosa-related skin blisters. Prolonged non-healing wounds often lead to bacterial infections increasing the severity of wounds. Current treatment strategies for chronic wounds include debridement of wounds along with antibiotics, growth factors, and stem cell transplantation therapies. However, the compromised nature of autologous stem cells in patients with comorbidities such as diabetes limits the efficacy of the therapy. The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology has immensely influenced the field of regenerative therapy. Enormous efforts have been made to develop integration-free iPSCs suitable for clinical therapies. This review focuses on recent advances in the methods and reprogramming factors for generating iPSCs along with the existing challenges such as genetic alterations, tumorigenicity, immune rejection, and regulatory hurdles for the clinical application of iPSCs. Furthermore, this review also highlights the benefits of using iPSCs for the generation of skin cells and skin disease modeling over the existing clinical therapies for skin regeneration in chronic wounds and skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subholakshmi Choudhury
- Department of Applied Biology, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, India
- Academy of Science and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Nidhi Surendran
- Department of Applied Biology, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Amitava Das
- Department of Applied Biology, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, India
- Academy of Science and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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7
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Orzechowski M, Schochow M, Kühl M, Steger F. Content and Method of Information for Participants in Clinical Studies With Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs). Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:627816. [PMID: 33996790 PMCID: PMC8113756 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.627816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research with induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) involves specific ethical challenges, which should be addressed in the informed consent process. Up to now, little concern has been paid to the practice of information in iPSC-clinical studies. In order to fill this research gap, we have searched the documentation of the Research Ethics Committee at Ulm University from the years 2007 to 2019. In our previous research, we have identified 11 items for evaluation of the process of information in iPSC research. We used these items to analyze content and form of information provided for participants in the iPSC studies conducted at Ulm University and Ulm University Hospital in Germany. All analyzed studies provide general information regarding the study's aim, method, and collection of donor's personal data and specimen. The information for participants in these studies adheres to general guidelines for research involving human subjects; however, in several areas fails to take into account the specific nature of research with iPSCs. The majority of analyzed studies fail to provide information about possible individual consequences connected with genetic research, such as the possibility of re-identification of the donor or incidental findings acquired during research. Missing is also information about the possibility of future studies involving reproductive research or transplantation of cells and organs. The donor information process in all analyzed studies is conducted in form of the information sheet and oral information. The results of our research show that the process of informed consent in iPSC research should be updated as new developments emerge in this area. However, comprehension of information should not be jeopardized through information overload. Effective communication of essential information requires improved information methods tailored to the needs of participants, such as video animations, interactive consent modules or social media instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Orzechowski
- Institute of the History, Philosophy and Ethics of Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Maximilian Schochow
- Institute of the History, Philosophy and Ethics of Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Kühl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Florian Steger
- Institute of the History, Philosophy and Ethics of Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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8
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Flahou C, Morishima T, Takizawa H, Sugimoto N. Fit-For-All iPSC-Derived Cell Therapies and Their Evaluation in Humanized Mice With NK Cell Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:662360. [PMID: 33897711 PMCID: PMC8059435 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.662360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be limitlessly expanded and differentiated into almost all cell types. Moreover, they are amenable to gene manipulation and, because they are established from somatic cells, can be established from essentially any person. Based on these characteristics, iPSCs have been extensively studied as cell sources for tissue grafts, blood transfusions and cancer immunotherapies, and related clinical trials have started. From an immune-matching perspective, autologous iPSCs are perfectly compatible in principle, but also require a prolonged time for reaching the final products, have high cost, and person-to-person variation hindering their common use. Therefore, certified iPSCs with reduced immunogenicity are expected to become off-the-shelf sources, such as those made from human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-homozygous individuals or genetically modified for HLA depletion. Preclinical tests using immunodeficient mice reconstituted with a human immune system (HIS) serve as an important tool to assess the human alloresponse against iPSC-derived cells. Especially, HIS mice reconstituted with not only human T cells but also human natural killer (NK) cells are considered crucial. NK cells attack so-called “missing self” cells that do not express self HLA class I, which include HLA-homozygous cells that express only one allele type and HLA-depleted cells. However, conventional HIS mice lack enough reconstituted human NK cells for these tests. Several measures have been developed to overcome this issue including the administration of cytokines that enhance NK cell expansion, such as IL-2 and IL-15, the administration of vectors that express those cytokines, and genetic manipulation to express the cytokines or to enhance the reconstitution of human myeloid cells that express IL15R-alpha. Using such HIS mice with enhanced human NK cell reconstitution, alloresponses against HLA-homozygous and HLA-depleted cells have been studied. However, most studies used HLA-downregulated tumor cells as the target cells and tested in vitro after purifying human cells from HIS mice. In this review, we give an overview of the current state of iPSCs in cell therapies, strategies to lessen their immunogenic potential, and then expound on the development of HIS mice with reconstituted NK cells, followed by their utilization in evaluating future universal HLA-engineered iPSC-derived cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Flahou
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Morishima
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Stress, International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Engineering, International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Takizawa
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Stress, International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Naoshi Sugimoto
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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9
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Orzechowski M, Schochow M, Kühl M, Steger F. Donor information in research and drug evaluation with induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:126. [PMID: 32192531 PMCID: PMC7083011 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01644-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) opened the possibilities for reprogramming cells back to a pluripotent state. Because of no apparent ethical issues connected with donation and derivation of biomaterial, iPSCs are considered as a research alternative to ethically highly disputed human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). However, the unique character of iPSCs leads to numerous ethical considerations, which mainly concern the issue of donor information and consent for the use of biospecimen in research and drug evaluation. Methods For the purpose of this analysis, we conducted a review of the literature in the PubMed/MEDLINE and Web of Science databases. The search algorithm led to the identification of 1461 results. After removing duplicates and screening of title and abstract, 90 articles were found to be relevant to the study’s objective. Full texts of these articles were apprised and 62 articles were excluded at this step for not properly addressing the study’s objective. In the final step, 28 articles were included in the analysis. Analyzed were both research and non-research manuscripts published in peer-reviewed journals. Results In the case of iPSC research, the information process should be guided by general frameworks established for research on human subjects but also by specific characteristics of iPSCs. We determined four main domains and 12 thematic subdomains that should be included in donor information. Our results show that majority of authors agree to the content of information with regard to the areas of general information, storage of cells, and protection of privacy. Two main issues that are discussed in the literature are donor’s consent for use in future studies and the process of donor information. Conclusions Given the unique character of iPSCs and the possibility of their various uses in the future, the content of donor information should contain specific information central to iPSC research. Effective methods of communicating information to donors should combine written and oral information with the possible use of multimedia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Orzechowski
- Institute of the History, Philosophy and Ethics of Medicine, Ulm University, Parkstraße 11, 89073, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Schochow
- Institute of the History, Philosophy and Ethics of Medicine, Ulm University, Parkstraße 11, 89073, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Kühl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Florian Steger
- Institute of the History, Philosophy and Ethics of Medicine, Ulm University, Parkstraße 11, 89073, Ulm, Germany
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10
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Yildirimer L, Zhang Q, Kuang S, Cheung CWJ, Chu KA, He Y, Yang M, Zhao X. Engineering three-dimensional microenvironments towards
in vitro
disease models of the central nervous system. Biofabrication 2019; 11:032003. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab17aa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Alvarez-Palomo B, Vives J, Casaroli-Marano RPP, G Gomez SG, Rodriguez Gómez L, Edel MJ, Querol Giner S. Adapting Cord Blood Collection and Banking Standard Operating Procedures for HLA-Homozygous Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Production and Banking for Clinical Application. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E476. [PMID: 30965661 PMCID: PMC6518259 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8040476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we will discuss the main aspects to be considered to define standard operation procedures (SOPs) for the creation of an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) bank using cord blood (CB)-or similar cell type-bank guidelines for clinical aims. To do this, we adapt the pre-existing SOP for CB banking that can be complementary for iPSCs. Some aspects of iPSC manufacturing and the particular nature of these cells call for special attention, such as the potential multiple applications of the cells, proper explanation to the donor for consent of use, the genomic stability and the risk of genetic privacy disclosure. Some aspects of the iPSC SOP are solidly established by CB banking procedures, other procedures have good consensus in the scientific and medical community, while others still need to be further debated and settled. Given the international sharing vocation of iPSC banking, there is an urgent need by scientists, clinicians and regulators internationally to harmonize standards and allow future sample interchange between many iPSC bank initiatives that are springing up worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Alvarez-Palomo
- Banc de Sang i Teixits, Edifici Dr. Frederic Duran i Jordà, Passeig Taulat 116, 08005 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Joaquim Vives
- Banc de Sang i Teixits, Edifici Dr. Frederic Duran i Jordà, Passeig Taulat 116, 08005 Barcelona, Spain.
- Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig de la Vall d'Hebron 129-139, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig de la Vall d'Hebron 129-139, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ricardo P P Casaroli-Marano
- Banc de Sang i Teixits, Edifici Dr. Frederic Duran i Jordà, Passeig Taulat 116, 08005 Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine & Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedical Research Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Susana G G Gomez
- Banc de Sang i Teixits, Edifici Dr. Frederic Duran i Jordà, Passeig Taulat 116, 08005 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Luciano Rodriguez Gómez
- Banc de Sang i Teixits, Edifici Dr. Frederic Duran i Jordà, Passeig Taulat 116, 08005 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Michael J Edel
- Previous Address: Molecular Genetics and Control of Pluripotency Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia.
- Harry Perkins Research Institute, Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine (CCTRM), School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
- Current address: Centro de Oftalmología Barraquer, Institut Universitari Barraquer, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Sergi Querol Giner
- Banc de Sang i Teixits, Edifici Dr. Frederic Duran i Jordà, Passeig Taulat 116, 08005 Barcelona, Spain.
- Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig de la Vall d'Hebron 129-139, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
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13
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Warner TD, Weil CJ, Andry C, Degenholtz HB, Parker L, Carithers LJ, Feige M, Wendler D, Pentz RD. Broad Consent for Research on Biospecimens: The Views of Actual Donors at Four U.S. Medical Centers. J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics 2018; 13:115-124. [PMID: 29390947 PMCID: PMC5869128 DOI: 10.1177/1556264617751204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Commentators are concerned that broad consent may not provide biospecimen donors with sufficient information regarding possible future research uses of their tissue. We surveyed with interviews 302 cancer patients who had recently provided broad consent at four diverse academic medical centers. The majority of donors believed that the consent form provided them with sufficient information regarding future possible uses of their biospecimens. Donors expressed very positive views regarding tissue donation in general and endorsed the use of their biospecimens in future research across a wide range of contexts. Concerns regarding future uses were limited to for-profit research and research by investigators in other countries. These results support the use of broad consent to store and use biological samples in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Latarsha J. Carithers
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (USA)
- Now at the National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research (USA)
| | - Michelle Feige
- Association for the Accreditation of Human Research Protection Programs, Inc. (USA)
| | | | - Rebecca D. Pentz
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine (USA)
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14
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Boers SN, de Winter-de Groot KM, Noordhoek J, Gulmans V, van der Ent CK, van Delden JJM, Bredenoord AL. Mini-guts in a dish: Perspectives of adult Cystic Fibrosis (CF) patients and parents of young CF patients on organoid technology. J Cyst Fibros 2018. [PMID: 29523474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organoid technology enables the cultivation of human tissues in a dish. Its precision medicine potential could revolutionize the Cystic Fibrosis (CF) field. We provide a first thematic exploration of the patient perspective on organoid technology to set the further research agenda, which is necessary for responsible development of this ethically challenging technology. METHODS 23 semi-structured qualitative interviews with 14 Dutch adult CF patients and 12 parents of young CF patients to examine their experiences, opinions, and attitudes regarding organoid technology. RESULTS Four themes emerged: (1) Respondents express a close as well as a distant relationship to organoids; (2) the open-endedness of organoid technology sparks hopes and concerns, (3) commercial use evokes cautiousness. (4) Respondents mention the importance of sound consent procedures, long-term patient engagement, responsible stewardship, and stringent conditions for commercial use. CONCLUSIONS The precision medicine potential of organoid technology can only be realized if the patient perspective is taken adequately into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Boers
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Department of Medical Humanities, University Medical Center Utrecht, Internal post Str. 6.131, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Karin M de Winter-de Groot
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Internal post KH.01.419.0, P.O. Box 85090, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jacquelien Noordhoek
- Dutch Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (NCFS), Dr. A. Schweitzerweg 3A, 3744 MG Baarn, The Netherlands.
| | - Vincent Gulmans
- Dutch Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (NCFS), Dr. A. Schweitzerweg 3A, 3744 MG Baarn, The Netherlands.
| | - Cornelis K van der Ent
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Internal post KH.01.419.0, P.O. Box 85090, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Johannes J M van Delden
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Department of Medical Humanities, University Medical Center Utrecht, Internal post Str. 6.131, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Annelien L Bredenoord
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Department of Medical Humanities, University Medical Center Utrecht, Internal post Str. 6.131, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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15
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Kwak KA, Lee SP, Yang JY, Park YS. Current Perspectives regarding Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Alzheimer's Disease. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:6392986. [PMID: 29686714 PMCID: PMC5852851 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6392986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder featuring memory loss and cognitive impairment, is caused by synaptic failure and the excessive accumulation of misfolded proteins. Many unsuccessful attempts have been made to develop new small molecules or antibodies to intervene in the disease's pathogenesis. Stem cell-based therapies cast a new hope for AD treatment as a replacement or regeneration strategy. The results from recent preclinical studies regarding stem cell-based therapies are promising. Human clinical trials are now underway. However, a number of questions remain to be answered prior to safe and effective clinical translation. This review explores the pathophysiology of AD and summarizes the relevant stem cell research according to cell type. We also briefly summarize related clinical trials. Finally, future perspectives are discussed with regard to their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong-Ah Kwak
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Pyo Lee
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Young Yang
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Daejeon Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Seok Park
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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16
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Ilic D, Ogilvie C, Noli L, Kolundzic N, Khalaf Y. Human embryos from induced pluripotent stem cell-derived gametes: ethical and quality considerations. Regen Med 2017; 12:681-691. [PMID: 28976837 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2017-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protocols for successful differentiation of male and female gametes from induced pluripotent stem cells have been published. Although culture of precursor cells in a natural microenvironment remains necessary to achieve terminal differentiation, the creation of human preimplantation embryos from induced pluripotent stem cell-derived gametes is technically feasible. Such embryos could provide a solution to the scarcity of human cleavage-stage embryos donated for research. Here, we discuss current technology, major research-related ethical concerns and propose the norms that would assure the quality and reliability of such embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusko Ilic
- Division of Women's Health, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London and Assisted Conception Unit, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | | | - Laila Noli
- Division of Women's Health, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London and Assisted Conception Unit, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Nikola Kolundzic
- Division of Women's Health, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London and Assisted Conception Unit, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Yacoub Khalaf
- Division of Women's Health, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London and Assisted Conception Unit, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
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17
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Levin LA, Miller JW, Zack DJ, Friedlander M, Smith LEH. Special Commentary: Early Clinical Development of Cell Replacement Therapy: Considerations for the National Eye Institute Audacious Goals Initiative. Ophthalmology 2017; 124:926-934. [PMID: 28365209 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The National Eye Institute launched the Audacious Goals Initiative (AGI) in 2013 with the aim "to restore vision through the regeneration of neurons and neural connections in the eye and visual system." An AGI Town Hall held at the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting in 2016 brought together basic, translational, and clinical scientists to address the clinical implications of the AGI, with a particular emphasis on diseases amenable to regenerative medicine and strategies to deal with barriers to progess. An example of such a barrier is that replacement of lost neurons may be insufficient because damage to other neurons and non-neuronal cells is common in retinal and optic nerve disease. Reparative processes such as gliosis and fibrosis also can make it difficult to replenish and regenerate neurons. Other issues include choice of animal models, selecting appropriate endpoints, ethics of informed consent, and regulatory issues. Another area critical to next steps in the AGI is the choice of target diseases and the stage at which early development studies should be focused. For example, an advantage of doing clinical trials in patients with early disease is that supporting cellular and structural constituents are still likely to be present. However, regenerative studies in patients with late disease make it easier to detect the effects of replacement therapy against the background of severe visual loss, whereas it may be harder to detect incremental improvement in visual function in those with early disease and considerable remaining visual function. Achieving the goals of the AGI also requires preclinical advances, new imaging techniques, and optimizing translational issues. The work of the AGI is expected to take at least 10 years but should eventually result in therapies to restore some degree of vision to the blind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard A Levin
- Department of Ophthalmology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.
| | - Joan W Miller
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Donald J Zack
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Neuroscience, Molecular Biology and Genetics, and Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Martin Friedlander
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California; The Lowy Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Lois E H Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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18
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McCaughey T, Chen CY, De Smit E, Rees G, Fenwick E, Kearns LS, Mackey DA, MacGregor C, Munsie M, Cook AL, Pébay A, Hewitt AW. Participant understanding and recall of informed consent for induced pluripotent stem cell biobanking. Cell Tissue Bank 2016; 17:449-56. [PMID: 27299783 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-016-9563-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The ability to generate human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has opened new avenues for human disease modelling and therapy. The aim of our study was to determine research participants' understanding of the information given when donating skin biopsies for the generation of patient-specific iPSCs. A customised 35-item questionnaire based on previous iPSC consent guidelines was sent to participants who had previously donated samples for iPSC research. The questionnaire asked pertinent demographic details, participants' motivation to take part in iPSC research and their attitudes towards related ethical issues. 234 participants were contacted with 141 (60.3 %) complete responses received. The median duration between recruitment and follow-up questioning was 313 days (range 10-573 days). The majority of participants (n = 129, 91.5 %) believed they understood what a stem cell was; however, only 22 (16.1 %) correctly answered questions related to basic stem cell properties. We found no statistically significant difference in responses from participants with different levels of education, or those with a health sciences background. The poor understanding amongst participants of iPSC research is unlikely to be unique to our study and may impact future research if not improved. As such, there is a need to develop an easily understood yet comprehensive consent process to ensure ongoing ethical progress of iPSC biobanking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan McCaughey
- Department of Surgery, Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Christine Y Chen
- Department of Surgery, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Elisabeth De Smit
- Department of Surgery, Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gwyneth Rees
- Department of Surgery, Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Eva Fenwick
- Department of Surgery, Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lisa S Kearns
- Department of Surgery, Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David A Mackey
- Lions Eye Institute, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Menzies Institute for Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Casimir MacGregor
- School of Social Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Megan Munsie
- Stem Cells Australia, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony L Cook
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Alice Pébay
- Department of Surgery, Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alex W Hewitt
- Department of Surgery, Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Lions Eye Institute, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia. .,Menzies Institute for Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.
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19
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Azuma K, Yamanaka S. Recent policies that support clinical application of induced pluripotent stem cell-based regenerative therapies. Regen Ther 2016; 4:36-47. [PMID: 31245486 PMCID: PMC6581825 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In Japan, a research center network consisting of Kyoto University to provide clinical-grade induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSC) and several major research centers to develop iPSC-based regenerative therapies was formed for the clinical application of iPSCs. This network is under the supervision of a newly formed funding agency, the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development. In parallel, regulatory authorities of Japan, including the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, and Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, are trying to accelerate the development process of regenerative medicine products (RMPs) by several initiatives: 1) introduction of a conditional and time-limited approval scheme only applicable to RMPs under the revised Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Act, 2) expansion of a consultation program at the early stage of development, 3) establishment of guidelines to support efficient development and review and 4) enhancement of post-market safety measures such as introduction of patient registries and setting user requirements with cooperation from relevant academic societies and experts. Ultimately, the establishment of a global network among iPSC banks that derives clinical-grade iPSCs from human leukocyte antigens homozygous donors has been proposed. In order to share clinical-grade iPSCs globally and to facilitate global development of iPSC-based RMPs, it will be necessary to promote regulatory harmonization and to establish common standards related to iPSCs and differentiated cells based on scientific evidence.
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Key Words
- AMED, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
- BLA, Biological License Approval
- CFR, Code of Federal Regulations
- CiRA, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application
- DMF, Drug Master File
- ESC, embryonic stem cell
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- FY, fiscal year
- GAiT, Global Alliance for iPS Cell Therapies
- GCTP, Good Gene, Cell, Cellular and Tissue-based Products Manufacturing Practice
- GMP, good manufacturing practice
- HLA, human leukocyte antigen
- Haplobank
- IBRI, Institution of Biomedical Research and Innovation
- ICH, The International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use
- IND, Investigational New Drug
- INTERMACS, Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support
- IRB, Institutional Review Board
- J-MACS, Japanese Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support
- JST, Japan Science and Technology Agency
- Japan
- LVAD, left ventricular assist device
- METI, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
- MEXT, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- MHLW, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare
- NEDO, New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization
- NIBIO, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation
- NIHS, National Institute of Health Science
- PAL, Pharmaceutical Affairs Law
- PIC/S, The Pharmaceutical Inspection Convention and Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme
- PMD Act, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Act
- PMDA, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency
- Policy
- R&D, research and development
- RM Act, the Act on the Safety of Regenerative Medicine
- RMP, regenerative medicine product
- Regenerative medicine
- Regulation
- Riken CDB, Riken Center for Developmental Biology
- U.S., United States
- WHO, World Health Organization
- iPS cells
- iPSC, induced pluripotent stem cell
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Azuma
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shinya Yamanaka
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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20
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Hansel MC, Davila JC, Vosough M, Gramignoli R, Skvorak KJ, Dorko K, Marongiu F, Blake W, Strom SC. The Use of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for the Study and Treatment of Liver Diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 67:14.13.1-14.13.27. [PMID: 26828329 DOI: 10.1002/0471140856.tx1413s67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Liver disease is a major global health concern. Liver cirrhosis is one of the leading causes of death in the world and currently the only therapeutic option for end-stage liver disease (e.g., acute liver failure, cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis, cholestatic diseases, metabolic diseases, and malignant neoplasms) is orthotropic liver transplantation. Transplantation of hepatocytes has been proposed and used as an alternative to whole organ transplant to stabilize and prolong the lives of patients in some clinical cases. Although these experimental therapies have demonstrated promising and beneficial results, their routine use remains a challenge due to the shortage of donor livers available for cell isolation, variable quality of those tissues, the potential need for lifelong immunosuppression in the transplant recipient, and high costs. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies and more reliable clinical treatments are urgently needed. Recent and continuous technological advances in the development of stem cells suggest they may be beneficial in this respect. In this review, we summarize the history of stem cell and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology in the context of hepatic differentiation and discuss the potential applications the technology may offer for human liver disease modeling and treatment. This includes developing safer drugs and cell-based therapies to improve the outcomes of patients with currently incurable health illnesses. We also review promising advances in other disease areas to highlight how the stem cell technology could be applied to liver diseases in the future. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc C Hansel
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Julio C Davila
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roberto Gramignoli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristen J Skvorak
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kenneth Dorko
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Fabio Marongiu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Experimental Pathology, Unit of Experimental Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - William Blake
- Genetically Modified Models Center of Emphasis, Pfizer, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Stephen C Strom
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Golas MM, Sander B. Use of human stem cells in Huntington disease modeling and translational research. Exp Neurol 2016; 278:76-90. [PMID: 26826449 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Huntington disease (HD) is a devastating neurological disorder caused by an extended CAG repeat in exon 1 of the gene that encodes the huntingtin (HTT) protein. HD pathology involves a loss of striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) and progressive neurodegeneration affects the striatum and other brain regions. Because HTT is involved in multiple cellular processes, the molecular mechanisms of HD pathogenesis should be investigated on multiple levels. On the cellular level, in vitro stem cell models, such as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from HD patients and HD embryonic stem cells (ESCs), have yielded progress. Approaches to differentiate functional MSNs from ESCs, iPSCs, and neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs/NPCs) have been established, enabling MSN differentiation to be studied and disease phenotypes to be recapitulated. Isolation of target stem cells and precursor cells may also provide a resource for grafting. In animal models, transplantation of striatal precursors differentiated in vitro to the striatum has been reported to improve disease phenotype. Initial clinical trials examining intrastriatal transplantation of fetal neural tissue suggest a more favorable clinical course in a subset of HD patients, though shortcomings persist. Here, we review recent advances in the development of cellular HD models and approaches aimed at cell regeneration with human stem cells. We also describe how genome editing tools could be used to correct the HTT mutation in patient-specific stem cells. Finally, we discuss the potential and the remaining challenges of stem cell-based approaches in HD research and therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika M Golas
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Bjoern Sander
- Stereology and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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22
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Hostiuc S, Moldoveanu A, Dascălu MI, Unnthorsson R, Jóhannesson ÓI, Marcus I. Translational research-the need of a new bioethics approach. J Transl Med 2016; 14:16. [PMID: 26767499 PMCID: PMC4714424 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0773-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Translational research tries to apply findings from basic science to enhance human health and well-being. Many phases of the translational research may include non-medical tasks (information technology, engineering, nanotechnology, biochemistry, animal research, economy, sociology, psychology, politics, and so on). Using common bioethics principles to these areas might sometimes be not feasible, or even impossible. However, the whole process must respect some fundamental, moral principles. The purpose of this paper is to argument the need for a different approach to the morality in translational bioethics, and to suggest some directions that might be followed when constructing such a bioethics. We will show that a new approach is needed and present a few ethical issues that are specific to the translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorin Hostiuc
- Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University, Bucharest, Romania.
- National Institute of Legal Medicine, Bucharest, Romania.
- Sos.Vitan Barzesti 9, Sector 4, 042122, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Alin Moldoveanu
- Faculty of Automatic Control and Computers, Polytechnic University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Maria-Iuliana Dascălu
- Department of Engineering in Foreign Languages, Polytechnic University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Runar Unnthorsson
- Faculty of Industrial Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | | | - Ioan Marcus
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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23
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Hunsberger JG, Rao M, Kurtzberg J, Bulte JWM, Atala A, LaFerla FM, Greely HT, Sawa A, Gandy S, Schneider LS, Doraiswamy PM. Accelerating stem cell trials for Alzheimer's disease. Lancet Neurol 2015; 15:219-230. [PMID: 26704439 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00332-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
At present, no effective cure or prophylaxis exists for Alzheimer's disease. Symptomatic treatments are modestly effective and offer only temporary benefit. Advances in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology have the potential to enable development of so-called disease-in-a-dish personalised models to study disease mechanisms and reveal new therapeutic approaches, and large panels of iPSCs enable rapid screening of potential drug candidates. Different cell types can also be produced for therapeutic use. In 2015, the US Food and Drug Administration granted investigational new drug approval for the first phase 2A clinical trial of ischaemia-tolerant mesenchymal stem cells to treat Alzheimer's disease in the USA. Similar trials are either underway or being planned in Europe and Asia. Although safety and ethical concerns remain, we call for the acceleration of human stem cell-based translational research into the causes and potential treatments of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua G Hunsberger
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Mahendra Rao
- New York Stem Cell Foundation, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joanne Kurtzberg
- Robertson Clinical and Translational Cell Therapy Program, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jeff W M Bulte
- Department of Radiology and Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Frank M LaFerla
- Institute for Memory Impairment and Neurological Disorders, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Henry T Greely
- Center for Law and the Biosciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sam Gandy
- Center for Cognitive Health and National Football League Neurological Care, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Lon S Schneider
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - P Murali Doraiswamy
- Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Psychiatry Department, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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24
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Baghbaderani BA, Tian X, Neo BH, Burkall A, Dimezzo T, Sierra G, Zeng X, Warren K, Kovarcik DP, Fellner T, Rao MS. cGMP-Manufactured Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Are Available for Pre-clinical and Clinical Applications. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 5:647-59. [PMID: 26411904 PMCID: PMC4624993 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and the concurrent development of protocols for their cell-type-specific differentiation have revolutionized our approach to cell therapy. It has now become critical to address the challenges related to the generation of iPSCs under current good manufacturing practice (cGMP) compliant conditions, including tissue sourcing, manufacturing, testing, and storage. Furthermore, regarding the technical challenges, it is very important to keep the costs of manufacturing and testing reasonable and solve logistic hurdles that permit the global distribution of these products. Here we describe our efforts to develop a process for the manufacturing of iPSC master cell banks (MCBs) under cGMPs and announce the availability of such banks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xinghui Tian
- Lonza Walkersville, Inc., Walkersville, MD 21793, USA
| | - Boon Hwa Neo
- Lonza Walkersville, Inc., Walkersville, MD 21793, USA
| | - Amy Burkall
- Lonza Walkersville, Inc., Walkersville, MD 21793, USA
| | - Tracy Dimezzo
- Lonza Walkersville, Inc., Walkersville, MD 21793, USA
| | | | - Xianmin Zeng
- XCell Science, Inc., Novato, CA 94947 USA; Buck Institute for Age Research, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Kim Warren
- Lonza Walkersville, Inc., Walkersville, MD 21793, USA
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25
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Lowenthal J, Sugarman J. Ethics and policy issues for stem cell research and pulmonary medicine. Chest 2015; 147:824-834. [PMID: 25732448 DOI: 10.1378/chest.14-1696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell research and related initiatives in regenerative medicine, cell-based therapy, and tissue engineering have generated considerable scientific and public interest. Researchers are applying stem cell technologies to chest medicine in a variety of ways: using stem cells as models for drug discovery, testing stem cell-based therapies for conditions as diverse as COPD and cystic fibrosis, and producing functional lung and tracheal tissue for physiologic modeling and potential transplantation. Although significant scientific obstacles remain, it is likely that stem cell-based regenerative medicine will have a significant clinical impact in chest medicine. However, stem cell research has also generated substantial controversy, posing a variety of ethical and regulatory challenges for research and clinical practice. Some of the most prominent ethical questions related to the use of stem cell technologies in chest medicine include (1) implications for donors, (2) scientific prerequisites for clinical testing and use, (3) stem cell tourism, (4) innovation and clinical use of emerging stem cell-based interventions, (5) responsible translation of stem cell-based therapies to clinical use, and (6) appropriate and equitable access to emerging therapies. Having a sense of these issues should help to put emerging scientific advances into appropriate context and to ensure the responsible clinical translation of promising therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Lowenthal
- School of Medicine, Medical Scientist Training Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jeremy Sugarman
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Department of Medicine, Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
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26
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Harmonizing standards for producing clinical-grade therapies from pluripotent stem cells. Nat Biotechnol 2015; 32:724-6. [PMID: 25093882 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Carpenter MK, Rao MS. Concise review: making and using clinically compliant pluripotent stem cell lines. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:381-8. [PMID: 25722426 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) is in a state of dynamic flux driven by significant advances in the derivation of specific phenotypes from embryonic stem cells, breakthroughs in somatic cell nuclear transfer, and dramatic improvements in generating induced PSCs using zero footprint methods. Spurred by these technological advances, companies have begun to plan clinical studies using human PSC derivatives manufactured in current Good Manufacturing Practice-compliant conditions. In the present review, we discuss the challenges in making these biological products, starting from tissue sourcing to the processes involved in manufacture, storage, and distribution. Additional challenges exist to meeting the regulatory requirements and keeping costs affordable. A model is described that has been proposed by the U.S. National Institutes of Health for reducing the costs and permitting flexibility and innovation by individual investigators. This model, combined with small adjustments in the regulatory processes tailored to address the unique properties of PSCs, has the potential of significantly accelerating the implementation of PSC-based cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K Carpenter
- Carpenter Group Consulting Inc., Black Diamond, Washington, USA; NxCell Inc., Novato, California, USA; Q Therapeutics Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Mahendra S Rao
- Carpenter Group Consulting Inc., Black Diamond, Washington, USA; NxCell Inc., Novato, California, USA; Q Therapeutics Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Abstract
Integration of physiologically relevant in vitro assays at the earliest stages of drug discovery may improve the likelihood of successfully translating preclinical discoveries to the clinic. Assays based on in vitro-differentiated, human pluripotent stem cell (IVD hPSC)-derived cells, which may better model human physiology, are starting to impact the drug discovery process, but their implementation has been slower than originally anticipated. In this Perspective, we discuss imperatives for incorporating IVD hPSCs into drug discovery and the associated challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra J Engle
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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Dasgupta I, Bollinger J, Mathews DJH, Neumann NM, Rattani A, Sugarman J. Patients' attitudes toward the donation of biological materials for the derivation of induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 14:9-12. [PMID: 24388172 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Although academics have raised ethical issues with iPSCs, patients' perspectives on them and their attitudes toward donating biological materials for iPSC research are unclear. Here, we provide such information to aid in developing policies for consent, collection, and use of biological materials for deriving iPSCs based on patient focus groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishan Dasgupta
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205 USA
| | - Juli Bollinger
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205 USA; Genetics and Public Policy Center, Johns Hopkins University, Washington, D.C., 20036 USA
| | - Debra J H Mathews
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205 USA; School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Neil M Neumann
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 212105, USA
| | - Abbas Rattani
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205 USA
| | - Jeremy Sugarman
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205 USA; School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Abstract
Rapid progress in biotechnology has introduced a host of pressing ethical and policy issues pertaining to stem cell research. In this review, we provide an overview of the most significant issues with which the stem cell research community should be familiar. We draw on a sample of the bioethics and scientific literatures to address issues that are specific to stem cell research and therapy, as well as issues that are important for stem cell research and therapy but also for translational research in related fields, and issues that apply to all clinical research and therapy. Although debate about the moral status of the embryo in human embryonic stem cell research continues to have relevance, the discovery of other highly multipotent stem cell types and alternative methods of isolating and creating highly multipotent stem cells has raised new questions and concerns. Induced pluripotent stem cells hold great promise, but care is needed to ensure their safety in translational clinical trials, despite the temptation to move quickly from bench to bedside. A variety of highly multipotent stem cells - such as mesenchymal stem/stromal cells and stem cells derived from amniotic fluid, umbilical cord blood, adipose tissue, or urine - present the opportunity for widespread biobanking and increased access. With these increased opportunities, however, come pressing policy issues of consent, control, and justice. The imperatives to minimize risks of harm, obtain informed consent, reduce the likelihood of the therapeutic misconception, and facilitate sound translation from bench to bedside are not unique to stem cell research; their application to stem cell research and therapy nonetheless merits particular attention. Because stem cell research is both scientifically promising and ethically challenging, both the application of existing ethical frameworks and careful consideration of new ethical implications are necessary as this broad and diverse field moves forward.
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Wright LS, Phillips MJ, Pinilla I, Hei D, Gamm DM. Induced pluripotent stem cells as custom therapeutics for retinal repair: progress and rationale. Exp Eye Res 2014; 123:161-72. [PMID: 24534198 PMCID: PMC4047146 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells have made a remarkable impact on science, technology and medicine by providing a potentially unlimited source of human cells for basic research and clinical applications. In recent years, knowledge gained from the study of human embryonic stem cells and mammalian somatic cell reprogramming has led to the routine production of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) in laboratories worldwide. hiPSCs show promise for use in transplantation, high throughput drug screening, "disease-in-a-dish" modeling, disease gene discovery, and gene therapy testing. This review will focus on the first application, beginning with a discussion of methods for producing retinal lineage cells that are lost in inherited and acquired forms of retinal degenerative disease. The selection of appropriate hiPSC-derived donor cell type(s) for transplantation will be discussed, as will the caveats and prerequisite steps to formulating a clinical Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) product for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda S Wright
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - M Joseph Phillips
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Isabel Pinilla
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lozano Blesa Hospital and Aragones Health Sciences Institute, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Derek Hei
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David M Gamm
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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32
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Hermerén G. Human stem-cell research in gastroenterology: experimental treatment, tourism and biobanking. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2014; 28:257-68. [PMID: 24810187 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The growing interest in the possibility of applying stem-cell therapies to gastroenterological diseases is outlined. Some promising results have been reported, but more research is needed in view of the uncertainties and knowledge gaps that still exist. The ethical issues raised by this kind of research are then indicated and classified. Three problematic kinds of situation are outlined: experimental treatments, stem-cell tourism and biobanking. A four-question approach - which is not to be confused with the well-known four-principle approach introduced by Beauchamp and Childress - is described and applied to these three challenging situations. In conclusion, it is pointed out that the analysis of these situations illustrates the interplay between definitions, empirical research and ethics. They are interrelated and need to be integrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göran Hermerén
- Dept. of Medical Ethics, Lund University, Biomedical Center BMC I 12, 22184 Lund, Sweden.
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33
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Bharti K, Rao M, Hull SC, Stroncek D, Brooks BP, Feigal E, van Meurs JC, Huang CA, Miller SS. Developing cellular therapies for retinal degenerative diseases. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:1191-202. [PMID: 24573369 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-13481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomedical advances in vision research have been greatly facilitated by the clinical accessibility of the visual system, its ease of experimental manipulation, and its ability to be functionally monitored in real time with noninvasive imaging techniques at the level of single cells and with quantitative end-point measures. A recent example is the development of stem cell-based therapies for degenerative eye diseases including AMD. Two phase I clinical trials using embryonic stem cell-derived RPE are already underway and several others using both pluripotent and multipotent adult stem cells are in earlier stages of development. These clinical trials will use a variety of cell types, including embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cell-derived RPE, bone marrow- or umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells, fetal neural or retinal progenitor cells, and adult RPE stem cells-derived RPE. Although quite distinct, these approaches, share common principles, concerns and issues across the clinical development pipeline. These considerations were a central part of the discussions at a recent National Eye Institute meeting on the development of cellular therapies for retinal degenerative disease. At this meeting, emphasis was placed on the general value of identifying and sharing information in the so-called "precompetitive space." The utility of this behavior was described in terms of how it could allow us to remove road blocks in the clinical development pipeline, and more efficiently and economically move stem cell-based therapies for retinal degenerative diseases toward the clinic. Many of the ocular stem cell approaches we discuss are also being used more broadly, for nonocular conditions and therefore the model we develop here, using the precompetitive space, should benefit the entire scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Bharti
- Unit on Ocular and Stem Cell Translational Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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34
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Banking of Pluripotent Stem Cells: Issues and Opportunities from the NIH Perspective. STEM CELL BIOLOGY AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0585-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wendler
- Department of Bioethics National Institutes of Health Clinical Center
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36
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Gerbal-Chaloin S, Funakoshi N, Caillaud A, Gondeau C, Champon B, Si-Tayeb K. Human induced pluripotent stem cells in hepatology: beyond the proof of concept. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 184:332-47. [PMID: 24269594 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of the wide plasticity of most cell types means that it is now possible to produce virtually any cell type in vitro. This concept, developed because of the possibility of reprogramming somatic cells toward induced pluripotent stem cells, provides the opportunity to produce specialized cells that harbor multiple phenotypical traits, thus integrating genetic interindividual variability. The field of hepatology has exploited this concept, and hepatocyte-like cells can now be differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells. This review discusses the choice of somatic cells to be reprogrammed by emergent new and nonintegrative strategies, as well as the application of differentiated human induced pluripotent stem cells in hepatology, including liver development, disease modeling, host-pathogen interactions, and drug metabolism and toxicity. The actual consensus is that hepatocyte-like cells generated in vitro present an immature phenotype. Currently, developed strategies used to resolve this problem, such as overexpression of transcription factors, mimicking liver neonatal and postnatal modifications, and re-creating the three-dimensional hepatocyte environment in vitro and in vivo, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Gerbal-Chaloin
- INSERM, U1087, Montpellier, France; UMR 1040, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Natalie Funakoshi
- INSERM, U1087, Montpellier, France; UMR 1040, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France; Hepato-Gastroenterology Service B, Saint Eloi Hospital, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Amandine Caillaud
- INSERM, UMR 1087, the Institute of the Thorax, Nantes, France; CNRS, UMR 6291, Nantes, France; School of Medicine, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Claire Gondeau
- INSERM, U1087, Montpellier, France; UMR 1040, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Benoite Champon
- INSERM, UMR 1087, the Institute of the Thorax, Nantes, France; CNRS, UMR 6291, Nantes, France; School of Medicine, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Karim Si-Tayeb
- INSERM, UMR 1087, the Institute of the Thorax, Nantes, France; CNRS, UMR 6291, Nantes, France; School of Medicine, University of Nantes, Nantes, France.
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37
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Lomax GP, Hull SC, Lowenthal J, Rao M, Isasi R. The DISCUSS Project: induced pluripotent stem cell lines from previously collected research biospecimens and informed consent: points to consider. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 2:727-30. [PMID: 23990574 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human somatic cell reprogramming is a leading technology for accelerating disease modeling and drug discovery. Research organizations are sponsoring initiatives to create libraries of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines for broad distribution and application. Donor informed consent plays a critical role in supporting the ethical conduct of iPSC research. To date, our organizations have focused on informed consent considerations for somatic cell collection intended specifically for iPSC derivation and distribution. This article considers how somatic cells obtained under general (biomedical) research protocols can be used for iPSC derivation. We present draft Points to Consider regarding the use of human somatic cells for iPSC research. Our goal is to initiate a process designed to develop consensus for the use of previously collected specimens for iPSC research. We anticipate publishing final considerations in early 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey P Lomax
- California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
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38
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Rao MS. LULL(ed) into complacency: a perspective on licenses and stem cell translational science. Stem Cell Res Ther 2013; 4:98. [PMID: 23953837 PMCID: PMC3854754 DOI: 10.1186/scrt309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The US has had a very successful model for facilitating the translation of a basic discovery to a commercial application. The success of the model has hinged on providing clarity on ownership of a discovery, facilitating the licensing process, providing adequate incentive to the inventors, and developing a self-sustaining model for reinvestment. In recent years, technological, political, and regulatory changes have put strains on this model and in some cases have hindered progress rather than facilitated it. This is particularly true for the nascent field of regenerative medicine. To illustrate this, I will describe the contributing practices of several different entities, including universities, repositories, patent trolls, and service providers. It is my hope that the scientific community will be motivated to coordinate efforts against these obstacles to translation.
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39
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Panchision DM. Meeting report: using stem cells for biological and therapeutics discovery in mental illness, April 2012. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 2:217-22. [PMID: 23408104 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2012-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This report synthesizes the discussions during a workshop convened April 24-25, 2012, by the National Institute of Mental Health and the Foundation for the NIH in Bethesda, Maryland, that focused on progress and challenges in the use of patient-derived reprogrammed cells for basic biological discovery, target identification, screening, and drug development for mental illnesses such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism spectrum disorders. The workshop revealed that the greatest progress has been made in reprogramming methods and agreed-upon standards for validating the resulting induced pluripotent stem cell lines. However, challenges remain in several areas, including efficiently generating and validating specific neural cell types with respect to regional identity, establishing assays with predictive validity to mental illness pathophysiology, and generating sufficient statistical power and data reproducibility across laboratories. A brainstorming session yielded a number of suggestions, including calls to (a) facilitate the replication of results by standardizing protocols and samples used across laboratories; (b) improve technology by generating cheaper/faster targeting methods, reporters, and assays; and (c) improve resource sharing and collaboration, with an emphasis on rapid sharing of new cell lines, technologies, and best practices, possibly incorporated into a public-private partnership. The meeting provided an important venue for academic, government, and private sector scientists to address potential opportunities for translational and clinical applications of reprogrammed cell research. A number of activities since the workshop have reflected the feedback from meeting participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Panchision
- Division of Neuroscience and Basic Behavioral Science, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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40
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41
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Return of results in translational iPS cell research: considerations for donor informed consent. Stem Cell Res Ther 2013; 4:6. [PMID: 23336317 PMCID: PMC3706983 DOI: 10.1186/scrt154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Efforts have emerged internationally to recruit donors with specific disease indications and to derive induced pluripotent cell lines. These disease-specific induced pluripotent stem cell lines have the potential to accelerate translational goals such as drug discovery and testing. One consideration for donor recruitment and informed consent is the possibility that research will result in findings that are clinically relevant to the cell donor. Management protocols for such findings should be developed a priori and disclosed during the informed consent process. The California Institute for Regenerative Medicine has developed recommendations for informing donors in sponsored research. These recommendations include obtaining consent to recontact tissue donors for a range of scientific, medical and ethical considerations. This article reviews the basis for these recommendations and suggests conditions that may be appropriate when reporting findings to donors.
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