1
|
Mennen RH, Oldenburger MM, Piersma AH. Endoderm and mesoderm derivatives in embryonic stem cell differentiation and their use in developmental toxicity testing. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 107:44-59. [PMID: 34861400 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cell differentiation models have increasingly been applied in non-animal test systems for developmental toxicity. After the initial focus on cardiac differentiation, attention has also included an array of neuro-ectodermal differentiation routes. Alternative differentiation routes in the mesodermal and endodermal germ lines have received less attention. This review provides an inventory of achievements in the latter areas of embryonic stem cell differentiation, with a view to possibilities for their use in non-animal test systems in developmental toxicology. This includes murine and human stem cell differentiation models, and also gains information from the field of stem cell use in regenerative medicine. Endodermal stem cell derivatives produced in vitro include hepatocytes, pancreatic cells, lung epithelium, and intestinal epithelium, and mesodermal derivatives include cardiac muscle, osteogenic, vascular and hemopoietic cells. This inventory provides an overview of studies on the different cell types together with biomarkers and culture conditions that stimulate these differentiation routes from embryonic stem cells. These models may be used to expand the spectrum of embryonic stem cell based new approach methodologies in non-animal developmental toxicity testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R H Mennen
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | | | - A H Piersma
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells as a Tool for Modeling Hematologic Disorders and as a Potential Source for Cell-Based Therapies. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113250. [PMID: 34831472 PMCID: PMC8623953 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The breakthrough in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) has revolutionized the field of biomedical and pharmaceutical research and opened up vast opportunities for drug discovery and regenerative medicine, especially when combined with gene-editing technology. Numerous healthy and patient-derived hiPSCs for human disease modeling have been established, enabling mechanistic studies of pathogenesis, platforms for preclinical drug screening, and the development of novel therapeutic targets/approaches. Additionally, hiPSCs hold great promise for cell-based therapy, serving as an attractive cell source for generating stem/progenitor cells or functional differentiated cells for degenerative diseases, due to their unlimited proliferative capacity, pluripotency, and ethical acceptability. In this review, we provide an overview of hiPSCs and their utility in the study of hematologic disorders through hematopoietic differentiation. We highlight recent hereditary and acquired genetic hematologic disease modeling with patient-specific iPSCs, and discuss their applications as instrumental drug screening tools. The clinical applications of hiPSCs in cell-based therapy, including the next-generation cancer immunotherapy, are provided. Lastly, we discuss the current challenges that need to be addressed to fulfill the validity of hiPSC-based disease modeling and future perspectives of hiPSCs in the field of hematology.
Collapse
|
3
|
Brodsky RA. How I treat paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Blood 2021; 137:1304-1309. [PMID: 33512400 PMCID: PMC7955407 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019003812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare, clonal, complement-mediated hemolytic anemia with protean manifestations. PNH can present as a hemolytic anemia, a form of bone marrow failure, a thrombophilia, or any combination of the above. Terminal complement inhibition is highly effective for treating intravascular hemolysis from PNH and virtually eliminates the risk of thrombosis, but is not effective for treating bone marrow failure. Here, I present a variety of clinical vignettes that highlight the clinical heterogeneity of PNH and the attributes and limitations of the 2 US Food and Drug Administration-approved C5 inhibitors (eculizumab and ravulizumab) to treat PNH. I review the concept of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic breakthrough hemolysis and briefly discuss new complement inhibitors upstream of C5 that are in clinical development. Last, I discuss the rare indications for bone marrow transplantation in patients with PNH.
Collapse
|
4
|
Ebrahimi M, Forouzesh M, Raoufi S, Ramazii M, Ghaedrahmati F, Farzaneh M. Differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into erythroid cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:483. [PMID: 33198819 PMCID: PMC7667818 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01998-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last years, several strategies have been made to obtain mature erythrocytes or red blood cells (RBC) from the bone marrow or umbilical cord blood (UCB). However, UCB-derived hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are a limited source and in vitro large-scale expansion of RBC from HSC remains problematic. One promising alternative can be human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) that provide an unlimited source of cells. Human PSCs, including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), are self-renewing progenitors that can be differentiated to lineages of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Several previous studies have revealed that human ESCs can differentiate into functional oxygen-carrying erythrocytes; however, the ex vivo expansion of human ESC-derived RBC is subjected to ethical concerns. Human iPSCs can be a suitable therapeutic choice for the in vitro/ex vivo manufacture of RBCs. Reprogramming of human somatic cells through the ectopic expression of the transcription factors (OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, c-MYC, LIN28, and NANOG) has provided a new avenue for disease modeling and regenerative medicine. Various techniques have been developed to generate enucleated RBCs from human iPSCs. The in vitro production of human iPSC-derived RBCs can be an alternative treatment option for patients with blood disorders. In this review, we focused on the generation of human iPSC-derived erythrocytes to present an overview of the current status and applications of this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Ebrahimi
- Neonatal and Children's Health Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Forouzesh
- Legal Medicine Organization of Iran, Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Setareh Raoufi
- Faculty of Medical Sciences and Technologies, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ramazii
- Kerman University of Medical Sciences, University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Farhoodeh Ghaedrahmati
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Farzaneh
- Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zeng J, Zhang H, Liu Y, Sun W, Yi D, Zhu L, Zhang Y, Pan X, Chen Y, Zhou Y, Bian G, Lai M, Zhou Q, Liu J, Chen B, Ma F. Overexpression of p21 Has Inhibitory Effect on Human Hematopoiesis by Blocking Generation of CD43+ Cells via Cell-Cycle Regulation. Int J Stem Cells 2020; 13:202-211. [PMID: 32587134 PMCID: PMC7378898 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc20033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives p21, an important member of the Cip/Kip family, is involved in inhibitory effects of RUNX1b overexpression during the early stage of human hematopoiesis. Methods and Results We established a human embryonic stem cell (hESC) line with inducible expression of p21 (p21/hESCs). Overexpression of p21 did not influence either mesoderm induction or emergence of CD34+ cells, but it significantly decreased the production of CD43+ cells and changed the expression profile of hematopoiesis-related factors, leading to the negative effects of p21 on hematopoiesis. Conclusions In RUNX1b/hESC co-cultures when RUNX1b was induced from D0, perturbation of the cell cycle caused by upregulation of p21 probably prevented the appearance of CD43+ cells, but not CD34+ cells. The mechanisms via which CD34+ cells are blocked by RUNX1b overexpression remain to be elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Zeng
- Research Center for Stem Cell Therapies, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu, China
| | - Huifang Zhang
- Research Center for Stem Cell Therapies, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanling Liu
- Research Center for Stem Cell Therapies, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu, China
| | - Wencui Sun
- Research Center for Stem Cell Therapies, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu, China
| | - Danying Yi
- Research Center for Stem Cell Therapies, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu, China
| | - Lijiao Zhu
- Research Center for Stem Cell Therapies, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu, China
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- Research Center for Stem Cell Therapies, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu, China
| | - Xu Pan
- Research Center for Stem Cell Therapies, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu, China
| | - Yijing Chen
- Research Center for Stem Cell Therapies, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu, China
| | - Ya Zhou
- Research Center for Stem Cell Therapies, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu, China
| | - Guohui Bian
- Research Center for Stem Cell Therapies, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu, China
| | - Mowen Lai
- Research Center for Stem Cell Therapies, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu, China
| | - Qiongxiu Zhou
- Research Center for Stem Cell Therapies, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- Research Center for Stem Cell Therapies, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Research Center for Stem Cell Therapies, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Ma
- Research Center for Stem Cell Therapies, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, CAMS & PUMC, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is an acquired disorder characterized by hemolysis, thrombosis, and bone marrow failure caused by defective expression of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored (GPI-anchored) complement inhibitors. Most commonly, PNH is caused by loss of function of PIGA, which is required for GPI biosynthesis. In this issue of the JCI, Höchsmann et al. report on 4 PNH patients who also had marked autoinflammatory manifestations, including aseptic meningitis. All 4 patients had a germline mutation of the related gene PIGT and a somatically acquired myeloid common deleted region (CDR) on chromosome 20q that deleted the second PIGT allele. The biochemistry and clinical manifestations indicate that these patients have subtle but important differences from those with PNH resulting from PIGA mutations, suggesting PIGT-PNH may be a distinct clinical entity.
Collapse
|
7
|
Recent Updates on Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Hematological Disorders. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:5171032. [PMID: 31191673 PMCID: PMC6525795 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5171032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, enormous progress has been made in the field of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Patients' somatic cells such as skin fibroblasts or blood cells can be used to generate disease-specific pluripotent stem cells, which have unlimited proliferation and can differentiate into all cell types of the body. Human iPSCs offer great promises and opportunities for treatments of degenerative diseases and studying disease pathology and drug screening. So far, many iPSC-derived disease models have led to the discovery of novel pathological mechanisms as well as new drugs in the pipeline that have been tested in the iPSC-derived cells for efficacy and potential toxicities. Furthermore, recent advances in genome editing technology in combination with the iPSC technology have provided a versatile platform for studying stem cell biology and regenerative medicine. In this review, an overview of iPSCs, patient-specific iPSCs for disease modeling and drug screening, applications of iPSCs and genome editing technology in hematological disorders, remaining challenges, and future perspectives of iPSCs in hematological diseases will be discussed.
Collapse
|
8
|
Bemis JC, Heflich RH. In vitro mammalian cell mutation assays based on the Pig-a gene: A report of the 7th International Workshop on Genotoxicity Testing (IWGT) Workgroup. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2019; 847:403028. [PMID: 31699348 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pig-a gene mutation assays enumerate cells with the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor-deficient phenotype as a reporter of mutation in the endogenous Pig-a gene. Methods for measuring mutation in this gene are quite well established for in vivo systems. This approach to mutagenicity assessment has now been extended to in vitro mammalian cell-based systems. An expert workgroup from the 7th International Workshop on Genotoxicity Testing tasked with assessing the status of in vitro mammalian cell mutation assays has investigated the merits and limitations of in vitro Pig-a gene mutation assays. A review of the current status of these developing methodologies and the formation of consensus statements on the utility and application of these assays were performed to provide guidance for their potential use in genotoxicity hazard identification and risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C Bemis
- Litron Laboratories, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - R H Heflich
- US Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hematopoiesis by iPSC-derived hematopoietic stem cells of aplastic anemia that escape cytotoxic T-cell attack. Blood Adv 2019; 2:390-400. [PMID: 29472446 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017013342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that lack HLA-class I alleles as a result of copy-number neutral loss of heterozygosity of the short arm of chromosome 6 (6pLOH) or HLA allelic mutations often constitute hematopoiesis in patients with acquired aplastic anemia (AA), but the precise mechanisms underlying clonal hematopoiesis induced by these HLA-lacking (HLA-) HSCs remain unknown. To address this issue, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from an AA patient who possessed HLA-B4002-lacking (B4002-) leukocytes. Three different iPSC clones (wild-type [WT], 6pLOH+, and B*40:02-mutant) were established from the patient's monocytes. Three-week cultures of the iPSCs in the presence of various growth factors produced hematopoietic cells that make up 50% to 70% of the CD34+ cells of each phenotype. When 106 iPSC-derived CD34+ (iCD34+) cells with the 3 different genotypes were injected into the femoral bone of C57BL/6.Rag2 mice, 2.1% to 7.3% human multilineage CD45+ cells of each HLA phenotype were detected in the bone marrow, spleen, and peripheral blood of the mice at 9 to 12 weeks after the injection, with no significant difference in the human:mouse chimerism ratio among the 3 groups. Stimulation of the patient's CD8+ T cells with the WT iCD34+ cells generated a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) line capable of killing WT iCD34+ cells but not B4002- iCD34+ cells. These data suggest that B4002- iCD34+ cells show a repopulating ability similar to that of WT iCD34+ cells when autologous T cells are absent and CTL precursors capable of selectively killing WT HSCs are present in the patient's peripheral blood.
Collapse
|
10
|
Elbadry MI, Espinoza JL, Nakao S. Disease modeling of bone marrow failure syndromes using iPSC-derived hematopoietic stem progenitor cells. Exp Hematol 2019; 71:32-42. [PMID: 30664904 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The plasticity of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with the potential to differentiate into virtually any type of cells and the feasibility of generating hematopoietic stem progenitor cells (HSPCs) from patient-derived iPSCs (iPSC-HSPCs) has many potential applications in hematology. For example, iPSC-HSPCs are being used for leukemogenesis studies and their application in various cell replacement therapies is being evaluated. The use of iPSC-HSPCs can now provide an invaluable resource for the study of diseases associated with the destruction of HSPCs, such as bone marrow failure syndromes (BMFSs). Recent studies have shown that generating iPSC-HSPCs from patients with acquired aplastic anemia and other BMFSs is not only feasible, but is also a powerful tool for understanding the pathogenesis of these disorders. In this article, we highlight recent advances in the application of iPSCs for disease modeling of BMFSs and discuss the discoveries of these studies that provide new insights in the pathophysiology of these conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud I Elbadry
- Hematology/Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Egypt
| | - J Luis Espinoza
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinji Nakao
- Hematology/Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Thiffault I, Zuccarelli B, Welsh H, Yuan X, Farrow E, Zellmer L, Miller N, Soden S, Abdelmoity A, Brodsky RA, Saunders C. Hypotonia and intellectual disability without dysmorphic features in a patient with PIGN-related disease. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2017; 18:124. [PMID: 29096607 PMCID: PMC5668960 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-017-0481-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Defects in the human glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor biosynthetic pathway are associated with inherited glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-deficiencies characterized by a broad range of clinical phenotypes including multiple congenital anomalies, dysmorphic faces, developmental delay, hypotonia, and epilepsy. Biallelic variants in PIGN, encoding phosphatidylinositol-glycan biosynthesis class N have been recently associated with multiple congenital anomalies hypotonia seizure syndrome. Case presentation Our patient is a 2 year old male with hypotonia, global developmental delay, and focal epilepsy. Trio whole-exome sequencing revealed heterozygous variants in PIGN, c.181G > T (p.Glu61*) and c.284G > A (p.Arg95Gln). Analysis of FLAER and anti-CD59 by flow-cytometry demonstrated a shift in this patient’s granulocytes, confirming a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-biosynthesis defect, consistent with PIGN-related disease. Conclusions To date, a total of 18 patients have been reported, all but 2 of whom have congenital anomalies and/or obvious dysmorphic features. Our patient has no significant dysmorphic features or multiple congenital anomalies, which is consistent with recent reports linking non-truncating variants with a milder phenotype, highlighting the importance of functional studies in interpreting sequence variants. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12881-017-0481-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Thiffault
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital, 2420 Pershing Road, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospitals, Kansas City, MO, USA. .,University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA.
| | - Britton Zuccarelli
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospitals, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Holly Welsh
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospitals, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Xuan Yuan
- Johns Hopkins Division of Hematology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emily Farrow
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital, 2420 Pershing Road, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Lee Zellmer
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital, 2420 Pershing Road, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Neil Miller
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital, 2420 Pershing Road, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Sarah Soden
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital, 2420 Pershing Road, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.,University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospitals, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Ahmed Abdelmoity
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospitals, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | | | - Carol Saunders
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital, 2420 Pershing Road, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospitals, Kansas City, MO, USA.,University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Elbadry MI, Espinoza JL, Nakao S. Induced pluripotent stem cell technology: A window for studying the pathogenesis of acquired aplastic anemia and possible applications. Exp Hematol 2017; 49:9-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
13
|
A hypomorphic PIGA gene mutation causes severe defects in neuron development and susceptibility to complement-mediated toxicity in a human iPSC model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174074. [PMID: 28441409 PMCID: PMC5404867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in genes involved in glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor biosynthesis underlie a group of congenital syndromes characterized by severe neurodevelopmental defects. GPI anchored proteins have diverse roles in cell adhesion, signaling, metabolism and complement regulation. Over 30 enzymes are required for GPI anchor biosynthesis and PIGA is involved in the first step of this process. A hypomorphic mutation in the X-linked PIGA gene (c.1234C>T) causes multiple congenital anomalies hypotonia seizure syndrome 2 (MCAHS2), indicating that even partial reduction of GPI anchored proteins dramatically impairs central nervous system development, but the mechanism is unclear. Here, we established a human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) model containing the PIGAc.1234C>T mutation to study the effects of a hypomorphic allele of PIGA on neuronal development. Neuronal differentiation from neural progenitor cells generated by EB formation in PIGAc.1234C>T is significantly impaired with decreased proliferation, aberrant synapse formation and abnormal membrane depolarization. The results provide direct evidence for a critical role of GPI anchor proteins in early neurodevelopment. Furthermore, neural progenitors derived from PIGAc.1234C>T hiPSCs demonstrate increased susceptibility to complement-mediated cytotoxicity, suggesting that defective complement regulation may contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders.
Collapse
|
14
|
Sabapathy V, Kumar S. hiPSC-derived iMSCs: NextGen MSCs as an advanced therapeutically active cell resource for regenerative medicine. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:1571-88. [PMID: 27097531 PMCID: PMC4956943 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are being assessed for ameliorating the severity of graft‐versus‐host disease, autoimmune conditions, musculoskeletal injuries and cardiovascular diseases. While most of these clinical therapeutic applications require substantial cell quantities, the number of MSCs that can be obtained initially from a single donor remains limited. The utility of MSCs derived from human‐induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) has been shown in recent pre‐clinical studies. Since adult MSCs have limited capability regarding proliferation, the quantum of bioactive factor secretion and immunomodulation ability may be constrained. Hence, the alternate source of MSCs is being considered to replace the commonly used adult tissue‐derived MSCs. The MSCs have been obtained from various adult and foetal tissues. The hiPSC‐derived MSCs (iMSCs) are transpiring as an attractive source of MSCs because during reprogramming process, cells undergo rejuvination, exhibiting better cellular vitality such as survival, proliferation and differentiations potentials. The autologous iMSCs could be considered as an inexhaustible source of MSCs that could be used to meet the unmet clinical needs. Human‐induced PSC‐derived MSCs are reported to be superior when compared to the adult MSCs regarding cell proliferation, immunomodulation, cytokines profiles, microenvironment modulating exosomes and bioactive paracrine factors secretion. Strategies such as derivation and propagation of iMSCs in chemically defined culture conditions and use of footprint‐free safer reprogramming strategies have contributed towards the development of clinically relevant cell types. In this review, the role of iPSC‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells (iMSCs) as an alternate source of therapeutically active MSCs has been described. Additionally, we also describe the role of iMSCs in regenerative medical applications, the necessary strategies, and the regulatory policies that have to be enforced to render iMSC's effectiveness in translational medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Sabapathy
- Center for Stem Cell Research, A Unit of inStem Bengaluru, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Center for Stem Cell Research, A Unit of inStem Bengaluru, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Modeling Human Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes Using Pluripotent Stem Cells and Genome Engineering. Mol Ther 2015; 23:1832-42. [PMID: 26435409 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of epigenetic reprogramming with advanced genome editing technologies opened a new avenue to study disease mechanisms, particularly of disorders with depleted target tissue. Bone marrow failure syndromes (BMFS) typically present with a marked reduction of peripheral blood cells due to a destroyed or dysfunctional bone marrow compartment. Somatic and germline mutations have been etiologically linked to many cases of BMFS. However, without the ability to study primary patient material, the exact pathogenesis for many entities remained fragmentary. Capturing the pathological genotype in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) allows studying potential developmental defects leading to a particular phenotype. The lack of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in these patients can also be overcome by differentiating patient-derived iPSCs into hematopoietic lineages. With fast growing genome editing techniques, such as CRISPR/Cas9, correction of disease-causing mutations in iPSCs or introduction of mutations in cells from healthy individuals enable comparative studies that may identify other genetic or epigenetic events contributing to a specific disease phenotype. In this review, we present recent progresses in disease modeling of inherited and acquired BMFS using reprogramming and genome editing techniques. We also discuss the challenges and potential shortcomings of iPSC-based models for hematological diseases.
Collapse
|
16
|
Paladino S, Lebreton S, Zurzolo C. Trafficking and Membrane Organization of GPI-Anchored Proteins in Health and Diseases. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2015; 75:269-303. [PMID: 26015286 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) are a class of lipid-anchored proteins attached to the membranes by a glycolipid anchor that is added, as posttranslation modification, in the endoplasmic reticulum. GPI-APs are expressed at the cell surface of eukaryotes where they play diverse vital functions. Like all plasma membrane proteins, GPI-APs must be correctly sorted along the different steps of the secretory pathway to their final destination. The presence of both a glycolipid anchor and a protein portion confers special trafficking features to GPI-APs. Here, we discuss the recent advances in the field of GPI-AP trafficking, focusing on the mechanisms regulating their biosynthetic pathway and plasma membrane organization. We also discuss how alterations of these mechanisms can result in different diseases. Finally, we will examine the strict relationship between the trafficking and function of GPI-APs in epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Paladino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Federico II, Napoli, Italy; CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Napoli, Italy
| | - Stéphanie Lebreton
- Unité de Trafic Membranaire et Pathogénèse, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Chiara Zurzolo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Federico II, Napoli, Italy; Unité de Trafic Membranaire et Pathogénèse, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chou BK, Gu H, Gao Y, Dowey SN, Wang Y, Shi J, Li Y, Ye Z, Cheng T, Cheng L. A facile method to establish human induced pluripotent stem cells from adult blood cells under feeder-free and xeno-free culture conditions: a clinically compliant approach. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:320-32. [PMID: 25742692 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming human adult blood mononuclear cells (MNCs) cells by transient plasmid expression is becoming increasingly popular as an attractive method for generating induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells without the genomic alteration caused by genome-inserting vectors. However, its efficiency is relatively low with adult MNCs compared with cord blood MNCs and other fetal cells and is highly variable among different adult individuals. We report highly efficient iPS cell derivation under clinically compliant conditions via three major improvements. First, we revised a combination of three EBNA1/OriP episomal vectors expressing five transgenes, which increased reprogramming efficiency by ≥10-50-fold from our previous vectors. Second, human recombinant vitronectin proteins were used as cell culture substrates, alleviating the need for feeder cells or animal-sourced proteins. Finally, we eliminated the previously critical step of manually picking individual iPS cell clones by pooling newly emerged iPS cell colonies. Pooled cultures were then purified based on the presence of the TRA-1-60 pluripotency surface antigen, resulting in the ability to rapidly expand iPS cells for subsequent applications. These new improvements permit a consistent and reliable method to generate human iPS cells with minimal clonal variations from blood MNCs, including previously difficult samples such as those from patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. In addition, this method of efficiently generating iPS cells under feeder-free and xeno-free conditions allows for the establishment of clinically compliant iPS cell lines for future therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Kuan Chou
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, and Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, People's Republic of China; Department of Transfusion, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology of Ministry of Health, Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Haihui Gu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, and Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, People's Republic of China; Department of Transfusion, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology of Ministry of Health, Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongxing Gao
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, and Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, People's Republic of China; Department of Transfusion, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology of Ministry of Health, Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Sarah N Dowey
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, and Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, People's Republic of China; Department of Transfusion, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology of Ministry of Health, Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, and Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, People's Republic of China; Department of Transfusion, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology of Ministry of Health, Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Shi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, and Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, People's Republic of China; Department of Transfusion, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology of Ministry of Health, Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanxin Li
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, and Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, People's Republic of China; Department of Transfusion, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology of Ministry of Health, Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaohui Ye
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, and Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, People's Republic of China; Department of Transfusion, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology of Ministry of Health, Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Cheng
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, and Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, People's Republic of China; Department of Transfusion, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology of Ministry of Health, Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Linzhao Cheng
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, and Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, People's Republic of China; Department of Transfusion, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology of Ministry of Health, Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare bone marrow failure disorder that manifests with hemolytic anemia, thrombosis, and peripheral blood cytopenias. The absence of two glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins, CD55 and CD59, leads to uncontrolled complement activation that accounts for hemolysis and other PNH manifestations. GPI anchor protein deficiency is almost always due to somatic mutations in phosphatidylinositol glycan class A (PIGA), a gene involved in the first step of GPI anchor biosynthesis; however, alternative mutations that cause PNH have recently been discovered. In addition, hypomorphic germ-line PIGA mutations that do not cause PNH have been shown to be responsible for a condition known as multiple congenital anomalies-hypotonia-seizures syndrome 2. Eculizumab, a first-in-class monoclonal antibody that inhibits terminal complement, is the treatment of choice for patients with severe manifestations of PNH. Bone marrow transplantation remains the only cure for PNH but should be reserved for patients with suboptimal response to eculizumab.
Collapse
|