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Rahman MM, Islam F, Afsana Mim S, Khan MS, Islam MR, Haque MA, Mitra S, Emran TB, Rauf A. Multifunctional Therapeutic Approach of Nanomedicines against Inflammation in Cancer and Aging. JOURNAL OF NANOMATERIALS 2022; 2022:1-19. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/4217529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a fatal disorder that affects people across the globe, yet existing therapeutics are ineffective. The development of submicrometer transport for optimizing the biodistribution of systemically provided medications is the focus of nanomedicine. Nanoparticle- (NP-) based treatments may enable the development of novel therapeutic approaches to combat this deadly disorder. In multifunctional, multimodal imaging, and drug delivery carriers, NPs generally play a major role. They have emerged as potential strategies for the invention of innovative therapeutic procedures in the last decade. The exponential growth of nanotechnologies in recent years has increased public awareness of the application of these innovative therapeutic approaches. Many tumor-targeted nanomedicines have been studied in cancer therapy, and there is clear evidence for a significant improvement in the therapeutic index of antineoplastic drugs. Age-related factors such as metabolic and physiological alterations in old age and inadequate animal models are currently understudied in nanomedicine and pharmacology. This review highlighted the most important targeting approaches, as well as public awareness, therapeutic advancements, and future prospects in age-related metabolic variations, and tumor-targeted nanomedicine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mominur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Fahadul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Sadia Afsana Mim
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Shajib Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Rezaul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Anamul Haque
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar, Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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Shapshak P. Astrovirology, Astrobiology, Artificial Intelligence: Extra-Solar System Investigations. GLOBAL VIROLOGY III: VIROLOGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY 2019. [PMCID: PMC7120930 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-29022-1_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This chapter attempts to encompass and tackle a large problem in Astrovirology and Astrobiology. There is a huge anthropomorphic prejudice that although life is unlikely, the just-right Goldilocks terrestrial conditions mean that the just-right balance of minerals and basic small molecules inevitably result in life as we know it throughout our solar system, galaxy, and the rest of the universe. Moreover, when such conditions on planets such as ours may not be quite right for the origin of life, it is popularly opined that asteroids and comets magically produce life or at the very least, the important, if not crucial components of terrestrial life so that life then blooms, when their fragments cruise the solar system, stars, and galaxies, and plummet onto appropriately bedecked planets and moons. It is no longer extraordinary to detect extraterrestrial solar systems. Moreover, since extra-solar system space exploration has commenced, this provides the problem of detecting life with enhanced achievability. Small organisms, which replicate outside of a living cell or host, would not be catalogued as viruses. How about viruses that cohabit with life? On the Earth, viruses are a major, if underestimated, condition of life – will that be the case elsewhere? Detection of extra-solar system viruses, if they exist, requires finding life, since viruses necessitate life to replicate. (It should be noted, though, that viruses could be detected through various types of portable ultra-microscopes, including Electron Microscopes (EM) (scanning and transmission) as well as Atomic Force Microscopes (AFM).) However, extra-solar system detection of life does not oblige that viruses exist ubiquitously. Viruses are important potential components of biospheres because of their multiple interactions and influence on evolution, although viruses are small and obligatory parasitic. In addition, nanotechnology – living or replicating nano-synthetic machine organisms might also be present out there, and require consideration as well. An imposing caveat is that, if found, could some extraterrestrial viruses and synthetic nanotechnological microorganisms infect humans? Possibly, intelligence and cognition may at times be contemporaneous with life. Concomitantly, life and viruses that may be detected, could well be impacted upon by intelligences existing on such exoplanets (and vice versa). Coming to an understanding of the plurality of extraterrestrial intelligence is an optimal objective, in order to avoid causing harm on exoplanets, as well as avoiding conflict and possible human devastation. This is especially the case if we encounter greatly advanced galactic-level civilizations, compared to terrestrial civilizations. Their machine and bionic technologies on the Dyson engineering civilization scale may be prominently superior to ours; their biological expertise may be similarly critically radical. For example, they may use viruses for purposes for which we are barely aware, and which could be utterly deadly for humans. A series of steps is being taken in space exploration. Scientists hypothesize and claim that types of life may be near the Earth, in the solar system, and outside the solar system, similar to ours in the sense that only such conditions, Goldilocks conditions, are key sine qua non requirements, based on our terrestrial chemistry and biochemistry. If detected within the solar system, will life or its remnants resemble terrestrial life? Outside the solar system a similar chauvinism exists, although the likelihood for life, in any event, remains probably low, according to more cautious approaches to the problem. The study of our solar system includes planets, asteroids, comets, and other planetesimals that have been in overall contiguity during several billion years; anthropomorphisms claims life consequently has been developing along terrestrial-type mechanisms. However, a non-anthropomorphic view would surmise, probably not, especially for extra-solar system locales. The prime warning and admonition in all these deliberations is the contamination and damage, which current and past practice and procedures has caused and continues, due to insufficient biocontainment concepts and technology to date. Advances in the development of robotics, artificial intelligence (AI), and high capacity ultrafast quantum computers (QC) greatly enhance the sophisticated control and logical development of extra-solar system studies. Consequently, future long-range manned space exploration seems unwarranted. Clearly, reduced dangers to human health and safety, will result from the use of intelligent machine-based investigations and besides, with increased cost-effectiveness. Space exploration comes at great cost to humanity as a whole and utilizes global resources. Consequently, appropriate organizational measures and planning/cooperation need to be in place. Moreover, the bottom line is that despite all the slogans and claims, there have been next to no financial benefits to our planet as a whole. Such financial and heedless difficulties need to be addressed, the sooner the better. In addition, prior to exposure to exoplanetary life, deep understanding of the problems of infectious diseases and immune dysfunction risks are needed. In addition, global efforts should avoid serendipity and stochasticity as this work should be directed with long-term organization, commitment, scientific, and technological methodology. This chapter briefly reviews such questions assuming a new paradigm for oversight of extrasolar system viral investigations including intelligence and life. Finances are included as an essential adjunct.
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Soni S, Ruhela RK, Medhi B. Nanomedicine in Central Nervous System (CNS) Disorders: A Present and Future Prospective. Adv Pharm Bull 2016; 6:319-335. [PMID: 27766216 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2016.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: For the past few decades central nervous system disorders were considered as a major strike on human health and social system of developing countries. The natural therapeutic methods for CNS disorders limited for many patients. Moreover, nanotechnology-based drug delivery to the brain may an exciting and promising platform to overcome the problem of BBB crossing. In this review, first we focused on the role of the blood-brain barrier in drug delivery; and second, we summarized synthesis methods of nanomedicine and their role in different CNS disorder. Method: We reviewed the PubMed databases and extracted several kinds of literature on neuro nanomedicines using keywords, CNS disorders, nanomedicine, and nanotechnology. The inclusion criteria included chemical and green synthesis methods for synthesis of nanoparticles encapsulated drugs and, their in-vivo and in-vitro studies. We excluded nanomedicine gene therapy and nanomaterial in brain imaging. Results: In this review, we tried to identify a highly efficient method for nanomedicine synthesis and their efficacy in neuronal disorders. SLN and PNP encapsulated drugs reported highly efficient by easily crossing BBB. Although, these neuro-nanomedicine play significant role in therapeutics but some metallic nanoparticles reported the adverse effect on developing the brain. Conclusion: Although impressive advancement has made via innovative potential drug development, but their efficacy is still moderate due to limited brain permeability. To overcome this constraint,powerful tool in CNS therapeutic intervention provided by nanotechnology-based drug delivery methods. Due to its small and biofunctionalization characteristics, nanomedicine can easily penetrate and facilitate the drug through the barrier. But still, understanding of their toxicity level, optimization and standardization are a long way to go.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shringika Soni
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Ruhela
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Bikash Medhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
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Tyagi M, Weber J, Bukrinsky M, Simon GL. The effects of cocaine on HIV transcription. J Neurovirol 2015; 22:261-74. [PMID: 26572787 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-015-0398-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Illicit drug users are a high-risk population for infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A strong correlation exists between prohibited drug use and an increased rate of HIV transmission. Cocaine stands out as one of the most frequently abused illicit drugs, and its use is correlated with HIV infection and disease progression. The central nervous system (CNS) is a common target for both drugs of abuse and HIV, and cocaine intake further accelerates neuronal injury in HIV patients. Although the high incidence of HIV infection in illicit drug abusers is primarily due to high-risk activities such as needle sharing and unprotected sex, several studies have demonstrated that cocaine enhances the rate of HIV gene expression and replication by activating various signal transduction pathways and downstream transcription factors. In order to generate mature HIV genomic transcript, HIV gene expression has to pass through both the initiation and elongation phases of transcription, which requires discrete transcription factors. In this review, we will provide a detailed analysis of the molecular mechanisms that regulate HIV transcription and discuss how cocaine modulates those mechanisms to upregulate HIV transcription and eventually HIV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudit Tyagi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, 2300 Eye Street, N.W., Washington, DC, 20037, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20037, USA.
| | - Jaime Weber
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, 2300 Eye Street, N.W., Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Michael Bukrinsky
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Gary L Simon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, 2300 Eye Street, N.W., Washington, DC, 20037, USA
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Barkhordarian A, Ajaj R, Ramchandani MH, Demerjian G, Cayabyab R, Danaie S, Ghodousi N, Iyer N, Mahanian N, Phi L, Giroux A, Manfrini E, Neagos N, Siddiqui M, Cajulis OS, Brant XMC, Shapshak P, Chiappelli F. Osteoimmunopathology in HIV/AIDS: A Translational Evidence-Based Perspective. PATHOLOGY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 2011:359242. [PMID: 21660263 PMCID: PMC3108376 DOI: 10.4061/2011/359242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) and the resulting acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) alter not only cellular immune regulation but also the bone metabolism. Since cellular immunity and bone metabolism are intimately intertwined in the osteoimmune network, it is to be expected that bone metabolism is also affected in patients with HIV/AIDS. The concerted evidence points convincingly toward impaired activity of osteoblasts and increased activity of osteoclasts in patients with HIV/AIDS, leading to a significant increase in the prevalence of osteoporosis. Research attributes these outcomes in part at least to the ART, PI, and HAART therapies endured by these patients. We review and discuss these lines of evidence from the perspective of translational clinically relevant complex systematic reviews for comparative effectiveness analysis and evidence-based intervention on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Barkhordarian
- Section of Oral Biology, Division of Oral Biology & Medicine, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Shapshak P, Kangueane P, Fujimura RK, Commins D, Chiappelli F, Singer E, Levine AJ, Minagar A, Novembre FJ, Somboonwit C, Nath A, Sinnott JT. Editorial neuroAIDS review. AIDS 2011; 25:123-41. [PMID: 21076277 PMCID: PMC4464840 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e328340fd42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Shapshak
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Tampa General Hospital, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Pandjassarame Kangueane
- Biomedical Informatics, 17A lrulan Sundai Annex, Pondicherry, India
- AIMST University, Kedha, Malaysia
| | - Robert K. Fujimura
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, Veterans Administration, Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington
| | - Deborah Commins
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles
| | | | - Elyse Singer
- Department of Neurology and National Neurological AIDS Bank, UCLA School of Medicine, Westwood, California
| | - Andrew J. Levine
- Department of Neurology and National Neurological AIDS Bank, UCLA School of Medicine, Westwood, California
| | - Alireza Minagar
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | | | - Charurut Somboonwit
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Tampa General Hospital, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Clinical Research Unit, Hillsborough Health Department, Tampa, Florida
| | - Avindra Nath
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John T. Sinnott
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Tampa General Hospital, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Clinical Research Unit, Hillsborough Health Department, Tampa, Florida
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Chiappelli F, Shapshak P, Commins D, Singer E, Minagar A, Oluwadara O, Prolo P, Pellionisz AJ. Molecular epigenetics, chromatin, and NeuroAIDS/HIV: immunopathological implications. Bioinformation 2008; 3:47-52. [PMID: 19052666 PMCID: PMC2586137 DOI: 10.6026/97320630003047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics studies factors related to the organism and environment that modulate inheritance from generation to generation. Molecular epigenetics examines non-coding DNA (ncdDNA) vs. coding DNA (cdDNA), and pertains to every domain of physiology, including immune and brain function. Molecular cartography, including genomics, proteomics, and interactomics, seeks to recognize and to identify the multi-faceted and intricate array of interacting genes and gene products that characterize the function and specialization of each individual cell in the context of cell-cell interaction, tissue, and organ function. Molecular cartography, epigenetics, and chromatin assembly, repair and remodeling (CARR), which, together with the RNA interfering signaling complex (RISC), is responsible for much of the control and regulation of gene expression, intersect.We describe current and ongoing studies aimed to apply these overlapping areas of research, CARR and RISC, to a novel understanding of the immuno-neuropathology of HIV-1 infection, as an example. Taken together, the arguments presented here lead to a novel working hypothesis of molecular immune epigenetics as it pertains to HIV/AIDS, and the immunopathology of HIV-1-infected CD4+ cells. Specifically, we discuss these views in the context of the structure-function relationship of chromatin, the cdDNA/ncdDNA ratio, and possible nucleotide divergence in the untranslated regions (UTRs) of mature mRNA intronic and intergenic DNA sequences, and putative catastrophic consequences for immune surveillance and the preservation of health in HIV/AIDS. Here, we discuss the immunopathology of HIV Infection, with emphasis on CARR in cellular, humoral and molecular immune epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Chiappelli
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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