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Huang X, Kaufman PE, Athrey GN, Fredregill C, Alvarez C, Shetty V, Slotman MA. Potential key genes involved in metabolic resistance to malathion in the southern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, and functional validation of CYP325BC1 and CYP9M12 as candidate genes using RNA interference. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:160. [PMID: 36991322 PMCID: PMC10061707 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09241-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic detoxification is one of the major mechanisms contributing to the development of resistance in mosquitoes, including the southern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus. The three major detoxification supergene families, cytochrome P450s, glutathione S-transferases and general esterases, have been demonstrated to play an important role in metabolic resistance. In this study, we performed differential gene expression analysis based on high-throughput transcriptome sequencing on samples from four experimental groups to give insight into key genes involved in metabolic resistance to malathion in Cx. quinquefasciatus. We conducted a whole transcriptome analysis of field captured wild Cx. quinquefasciatus from Harris County (WI), Texas and a malathion susceptible laboratory-maintained Sebring colony (CO) to investigate metabolic insecticide resistance. Field captured mosquitoes were also phenotypically classified into the malathion resistant and malathion susceptible groups following a mortality response measure conducted using a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) bottle assay. The live (MR) and dead (MS) specimens from the bottle assay, along with an unselected WI sample and a CO sample were processed for total RNA extraction and subjected to whole-transcriptome sequencing. RESULTS We demonstrated that the genes coding for detoxification enzymes, particularly cytochrome P450s, were highly up-regulated in the MR group compared to the MS group with similar up-regulation observed in the WI group compared to the CO group. A total of 1,438 genes were differentially expressed in comparison between MR and MS group, including 614 up-regulated genes and 824 down-regulated genes. Additionally, 1,871 genes were differentially expressed in comparison between WI and CO group, including 1,083 up-regulated genes and 788 down-regulated genes. Further analysis on differentially expressed genes from three major detoxification supergene families in both comparisons resulted in 16 detoxification genes as candidates potentially associated with metabolic resistance to malathion. Knockdown of CYP325BC1 and CYP9M12 using RNA interference on the laboratory-maintained Sebring strain significantly increased the mortality of Cx. quinquefasciatus after exposure to malathion. CONCLUSION We generated substantial transcriptomic evidence on metabolic detoxification of malathion in Cx. quinquefasciatus. We also validated the functional roles of two candidate P450 genes identified through DGE analysis. Our results are the first to demonstrate that knockdown of CYP325BC1 and CYP9M12 both significantly increased malathion susceptibility in Cx. quinquefasciatus, indicating involvement of these two genes in metabolic resistance to malathion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Huang
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University Minnie Bell Heep Center, TAMU 2475 370 Olsen Blvd College Station, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Phillip E. Kaufman
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University Minnie Bell Heep Center, TAMU 2475 370 Olsen Blvd College Station, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Giridhar N. Athrey
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Chris Fredregill
- Harris County Public Health, Mosquito & Vector Control Division, Houston, TX 77021 USA
| | - Christina Alvarez
- Harris County Public Health, Mosquito & Vector Control Division, Houston, TX 77021 USA
| | - Vinaya Shetty
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University Minnie Bell Heep Center, TAMU 2475 370 Olsen Blvd College Station, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Michel A. Slotman
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University Minnie Bell Heep Center, TAMU 2475 370 Olsen Blvd College Station, College Station, TX 77843 USA
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Yang YL, Li X, Wang J, Song QS, Stanley D, Wei SJ, Zhu JY. Comparative genomic analysis of carboxylesterase genes in Tenebrio molitor and other four tenebrionids. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 111:e21967. [PMID: 36111353 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Carboxylesterases (COEs) have various functions in wide taxons of organisms. In insects, COEs are important enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of a variety of ester-containing xenobiotics, neural signal transmission, pheromone degradation, and reproductive development. Understanding the diversity of COEs is basic to illustrate their functions. In this study, we identified 53, 105, 37, and 39 COEs from the genomes of Tenebrio molitor, Asbolus verucosus, Hycleus cichorii, and H. phaleratus in the superfamily of Tenebrionidea, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that 234 COEs from these four species and those reported in Tribolium castaneum (63) could be divided into 12 clades and three major classes. The α-esterases significantly expanded in T. molitor, A. verucosus, and T. castaneum compared to dipteran and hymenopteran insects. In T. molitor, most COEs showed tissue and stage-specific but not a sex-biased expression. Our results provide insights into the diversity and evolutionary characteristics of COEs in tenebrionids, and lay a foundation for the functional characterization of COEs in the yellow mealworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Institute of Alpine Economic Plant, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Science, Lijiang, China
| | - Xun Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Qi-Sheng Song
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - David Stanley
- USDA/ARS Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Shu-Jun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Ying Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
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Ali HS, Khaled AS, Hamouda LS, Ghallab EH. Comparative Molecular Description of a Novel GST Gene in Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:1440-1446. [PMID: 32322876 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Repeated exposure to insecticides, particularly pyrethroids and organophosphates, has resulted in the development of insecticide resistance in the mosquito Culex pipiens, a primary disease vector. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) is involved in the phase II detoxification of numerous xenobiotics, including insecticides. In this study, a GST gene (CPIJ002678) was amplified, sequenced, and used in comprehensive molecular analyses ending up in development of a rapid assay to distinguish more tolerant individuals from susceptible Culex pipiens using the Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) technique. Field collected Culex pipiens strains from untreated areas, organophosphates-treated areas and a lab strain reared for many generations, all were used in CDC bottle bioassays to evaluate the susceptibility status of the studied individuals to malathion insecticide. Interestingly, both field sites collected groups showed high levels of resistance at the malathion diagnostic time. Gene amplification, and bidirectional direct sequencing results were analyzed. Compared with the reference genome sequence, the pairwise alignment of the amplified sequences showed 96.6% similarity to the reference sequence in the GenBank database. The confirmed gene sequences were assembled and aligned using various bioinformatic softwares. The assembled contigs were used in NEBcutter V2.0 for constructing restriction maps and checked for the availability of differences (if present) between susceptible and more tolerant strains. Specific molecular RFLP markers were successfully recognized to differentiate the more tolerant from the susceptible Culex pipiens phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagar Samy Ali
- Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Laila Sayed Hamouda
- Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Enas Hamdy Ghallab
- Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Dos Santos CR, de Melo Rodovalho C, Jablonka W, Martins AJ, Lima JBP, Dos Santos Dias L, da Silva Neto MAC, Atella GC. Insecticide resistance, fitness and susceptibility to Zika infection of an interbred Aedes aegypti population from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:293. [PMID: 32513248 PMCID: PMC7281914 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04166-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aedes aegypti is a vector of high relevance, since it transmits several arboviruses, including dengue, chikungunya and Zika. Studies on vector biology are usually conducted with laboratory strains presenting a divergent genetic composition from field populations. This may impair vector control policies that were based on laboratory observations employing only long maintained laboratory strains. In the present study we characterized a laboratory strain interbreed with Ae. aegypti collected from five different localities in Rio de Janeiro (Aedes Rio), for insecticide resistance (IR), IR mechanisms, fitness and Zika virus infection. Methods We compared the recently established Aedes Rio with the laboratory reference strain Rockefeller. Insecticide resistance (deltamethrin, malathion and temephos), activity of metabolic resistance enzymes and kdr mutation frequency were determined. Some life table parameters (longevity, blood-feeding, number and egg viability) and Zika virus susceptibility was also determined. Results Aedes Rio showed resistance to deltamethrin (resistance ratio, RR50 = 32.6) and temephos (RR50 = 7.0) and elevated activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and esterases (α-EST and pNPA-EST), but not acetylcholinesterase (AChE). In total, 92.1% of males genotyped for kdr presented a “resistant” genotype. Weekly blood-fed females from both strains, presented reduced mortality compared to sucrose-fed mosquitoes; however, Aedes Rio blood-fed females did not live as long (mean lifespan: Rockefeller = 70 ± 3.07; Aedes Rio = 53.5 ± 2.16 days). There were no differences between strains in relation to blood-feeding and number of eggs, but Aedes Rio eggs presented reduced viability (mean hatch: Rockefeller = 77.79 ± 1.4%; Aedes Rio = 58.57 ± 1.77%). Zika virus infection (plaque-forming unit, PFU) was similar in both strains (mean PFU ± SE: Aedes Rio: 4.53 × 104 ± 1.14 × 104 PFU; Rockefeller: 2.02 × 104 ± 0.71 × 104 PFU). Conclusion Selected conditions in the field, such as IR mechanisms, may result in pleiotropic effects that interfere in general physiology of the insect. Therefore, it is important to well characterize field populations to be tested in parallel with laboratory reference strains. This practice would improve the significance of laboratory tests for vector control methods.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlucio Rocha Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Sinalização Celular Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Entomologia, Instituto de Biologia do Exército, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Cynara de Melo Rodovalho
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Laboratório de Entomologia, Instituto de Biologia do Exército, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Willy Jablonka
- Laboratório de Sinalização Celular Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ademir Jesus Martins
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Laboratório de Entomologia, Instituto de Biologia do Exército, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José Bento Pereira Lima
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Laboratório de Entomologia, Instituto de Biologia do Exército, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciana Dos Santos Dias
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Laboratório de Entomologia, Instituto de Biologia do Exército, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mário Alberto Cardoso da Silva Neto
- Laboratório de Sinalização Celular Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Georgia Correa Atella
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Lipídios e Lipoproteínas, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Transcriptomic analysis of insecticide resistance in the lymphatic filariasis vector Culex quinquefasciatus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11406. [PMID: 31388075 PMCID: PMC6684662 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47850-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Culex quinquefasciatus plays an important role in transmission of vector-borne diseases of public health importance, including lymphatic filariasis (LF), as well as many arboviral diseases. Currently, efforts to tackle C. quinquefasciatus vectored diseases are based on either mass drug administration (MDA) for LF, or insecticide-based interventions. Widespread and intensive insecticide usage has resulted in increased resistance in mosquito vectors, including C. quinquefasciatus. Herein, the transcriptome profile of Ugandan bendiocarb-resistant C. quinquefasciatus was explored to identify candidate genes associated with insecticide resistance. High levels of insecticide resistance were observed for five out of six insecticides tested, with the lowest mortality (0.97%) reported to permethrin, while for DDT, lambdacyhalothrin, bendiocarb and deltamethrin the mortality rate ranged from 1.63-3.29%. Resistance to bendiocarb in exposed mosquitoes was marked, with 2.04% mortality following 1 h exposure and 58.02% after 4 h. Genotyping of the G119S Ace-1 target site mutation detected a highly significant association (p < 0.0001; OR = 25) between resistance and Ace1-119S. However, synergist assays using the P450 inhibitor PBO, or the esterase inhibitor TPP resulted in markedly increased mortality (to ≈80%), suggesting a role of metabolic resistance in the resistance phenotype. Using a novel, custom 60 K whole-transcriptome microarray 16 genes significantly overexpressed in resistant mosquitoes were detected, with the P450 Cyp6z18 showing the highest differential gene expression (>8-fold increase vs unexposed controls). These results provide evidence that bendiocarb resistance in Ugandan C. quinquefasciatus is mediated by both target-site mechanisms and over-expression of detoxification enzymes.
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Xu N, Sun XH, Liu ZH, Xu Y, Sun Y, Zhou D, Shen B, Zhu CL. Identification and classification of differentially expressed genes in pyrethroid-resistant Culex pipiens pallens. Mol Genet Genomics 2019; 294:861-873. [PMID: 30904950 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-018-1521-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Culex pipiens pallens is an important vector that transmits Bancroftian filariasis, Japanese encephalitis and other diseases that pose a serious threat to human health. Extensive and improper use of insecticides has caused insecticide resistance in mosquitoes, which has become an important obstacle to the control of mosquito-borne diseases. It is crucial to investigate the underlying mechanism of insecticide resistance. The aims of this study were to identify genes involved in insecticide resistance based on the resistance phenotype, gene expression profile and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and to screen for major genes controlling insecticide resistance. Using a combination of SNP and transcriptome data, gene expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) were studied in deltamethrin-resistant mosquitoes. The most differentially expressed pathway in the resistant group was identified, and a regulatory network was built using these SNPs and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in this pathway. The major candidate genes involved in the control of insecticide resistance were analyzed by qPCR, siRNA microinjection and CDC bottle bioassays. A total of 85 DEGs that encoded putative detoxification enzymes (including 61 P450s) were identified in this pathway. The resistance regulatory network was built using SNPs, and these metabolic genes, and a major gene, CYP9AL1, were identified. The functional role of CYP9AL1 in insecticide resistance was confirmed by siRNA microinjection and CDC bottle bioassays. Using the eQTL approach, we identified important genes in pyrethroid resistance that may aid in understanding the mechanism underlying insecticide resistance and in targeting new measures for resistance monitoring and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Xu
- Xuzhou Central Hospital, 29 Taihang Road, Yunlong District, Xuzhou, 221111, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Hong Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Han Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Shen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chang-Liang Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China.
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Wu XM, Xu BY, Si FL, Li J, Yan ZT, Yan ZW, He X, Chen B. Identification of carboxylesterase genes associated with pyrethroid resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:159-169. [PMID: 28731595 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carboxylesterases (CCEs) are one of three large detoxification enzyme families. Some CCEs are active on synthetic insecticides with ester structures. Anopheles sinensis is an important malaria vector in eastern Asia. This study identified and characterized the CCE genes in the A. sinensis genome and determined CCE genes associated with pyrethroid resistance using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and quantitative reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), in A. sinensis from Anhui, Chongqing, and Yunnan in China. RESULTS Fifty-seven putative CCEs were identified and placed into three classes, 12 subfamilies and 14 clades through phylogenetic and homology analyses. Exon sizes ranged from 31 to 4317 bp, with 49 CCEs having two to five exons and eight having six to 11 exons. A total of 183 introns were recognized with sizes ranging from 31 to 4317 bp. The 57 CCEs were located on 14 scaffolds, with 70% located on four scaffolds. The alpha-esterase subfamily was significantly expanded compared with that of Anopheles gambiae. In a pyrethroid-resistant strain, RNA-seq detected five upregulated CCE genes and qRT-PCR detected 12 upregulated CCE genes. The α-esterase 10 (AsAe10) and acetylcholinesterase 1 (AsAce1) genes were the main CCE genes associated with pyrethroid resistance. CONCLUSION This information will be useful for further study of the CCE gene family and pyrethroid resistance mechanisms mediated by CCEs. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Mei Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo-Ying Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng-Ling Si
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianyong Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhen-Tian Yan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zheng-Wen Yan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiu He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
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Kalsi M, Palli SR. Transcription factor cap n collar C regulates multiple cytochrome P450 genes conferring adaptation to potato plant allelochemicals and resistance to imidacloprid in Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 83:1-12. [PMID: 28189748 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata is a notorious pest of potato. Co-evolution with Solanaceae plants containing high levels of toxins (glycoalkaloids) helped this insect to develop an efficient detoxification system and resist almost every chemical insecticide introduced for its control. Even though the cross-resistance between plant allelochemicals and insecticides is well acknowledged, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not understood. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms involved in detoxification of potato plant allelochemicals and imidacloprid resistance in the field-collected CPB. Our results showed that the imidacloprid-resistant beetles employ metabolic detoxification of both potato plant allelochemicals and imidacloprid by upregulation of common cytochrome P450 genes. RNAi aided knockdown identified four cytochromes P450 genes (CYP6BJa/b, CYP6BJ1v1, CYP9Z25, and CYP9Z29) that are required for defense against both natural and synthetic chemicals. These P450 genes are regulated by the xenobiotic transcription factors Cap n Collar C, CncC and muscle aponeurosis fibromatosis, Maf. Studies on the CYP9Z25 promoter using the luciferase reporter assay identified two binding sites (i.e. GCAGAAT and GTACTGA) for CncC and Maf. Overall, these data showed that CPB employs the metabolic resistance mediated through xenobiotic transcription factors CncC and Maf to regulate multiple P450 genes and detoxify both imidacloprid and potato plant allelochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Kalsi
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Subba Reddy Palli
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
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Schama R, Pedrini N, Juárez MP, Nelson DR, Torres AQ, Valle D, Mesquita RD. Rhodnius prolixus supergene families of enzymes potentially associated with insecticide resistance. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 69:91-104. [PMID: 26079630 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis, is a potentially life-threatening illness caused by the protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi. Once known as an endemic health problem of poor rural populations in Latin American countries, it has now spread worldwide. The parasite is transmitted by triatomine bugs, of which Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) is one of the vectors and a model organism. This species occurs mainly in Central and South American countries where the disease is endemic. Disease prevention focuses on vector control programs that, in general, rely intensely on insecticide use. However, the massive use of chemical insecticides can lead to resistance. One of the major mechanisms is known as metabolic resistance that is associated with an increase in the expression or activity of detoxification genes. Three of the enzyme families that are involved in this process - carboxylesterases (CCE), glutathione s-transferases (GST) and cytochrome P450s (CYP) - are analyzed in the R. prolixus genome. A similar set of detoxification genes to those of the Hemipteran Acyrthosiphon pisum but smaller than in most dipteran species was found in R. prolixus genome. All major CCE classes (43 genes found) are present but the pheromone/hormone processing class had fewer genes than usual. One main expansion was detected on the detoxification/dietary class. The phosphotriesterase family, recently associated with insecticide resistance, was also represented with one gene. One microsomal GST gene was found and the cytosolic GST gene count (14 genes) is extremely low when compared to the other hemipteran species with sequenced genomes. However, this is similar to Apis mellifera, a species known for its deficit in detoxification genes. In R. prolixus 88 CYP genes were found, with representatives in the four clans (CYP2, CYP3, CYP4 and mitochondrial) usually found in insects. R. prolixus seems to have smaller species-specific expansions of CYP genes than mosquitoes and beetles, among others. The number of R. prolixus CYP genes is similar to the hemipteran Ac. pisum, although with a bigger expansion in CYP3 and CYP4 clans, along with several gene fragments, mostly in CYP4 clan. Eleven founding members of new families were detected, consisting of ten genes in the CYP3 clan and 1 gene in the CYP4 clan. Members of these clans were proposed to have important detoxification roles in insects. The identification of CCE, GST and CYP genes is of utmost importance for directing detoxification studies on triatomines that can help insecticide management strategies in control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Schama
- Laboratório de Biologia Computacional e de Sistemas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Brazil.
| | - Nicolás Pedrini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (CONICET-CCT La Plata) - Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.
| | - M Patricia Juárez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (CONICET-CCT La Plata) - Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - David R Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - André Q Torres
- Laboratório de Biologia Computacional e de Sistemas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Denise Valle
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Brazil
| | - Rafael D Mesquita
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Brazil
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Zhou D, Liu X, Sun Y, Ma L, Shen B, Zhu C. Genomic Analysis of Detoxification Supergene Families in the Mosquito Anopheles sinensis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143387. [PMID: 26588704 PMCID: PMC4654499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Anopheles sinensis is an important malaria vector in China and other Southeast Asian countries, and the emergence of insecticide resistance in this mosquito poses a serious threat to the efficacy of malaria control programs. The recently published An. sinensis genome and transcriptome provide an opportunity to understand the molecular mechanisms of insecticide resistance. Analysis of the An. sinensis genome revealed 174 detoxification genes, including 93 cytochrome P450s (P450s), 31 glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), and 50 choline/carboxylesterases (CCEs). The gene number was similar to that in An. gambiae, but represented a decrease of 29% and 42% compared with Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus, respectively. The considerable contraction in gene number in Anopheles mosquitoes mainly occurred in two detoxification supergene families, P450s and CCEs. The available An. sinensis transcriptome was also re-analyzed to further identify key resistance-associated detoxification genes. Among 174 detoxification genes, 124 (71%) were detected. Several candidate genes overexpressed in a deltamethrin-resistant strain (DR-strain) were identified as belonging to the CYP4 or CYP6 family of P450s and the Delta GST class. These generated data provide a basis for identifying the resistance-associated genes of An. sinensis at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, P. R. China
| | - Xianmiao Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, P. R. China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, P. R. China
| | - Lei Ma
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, P. R. China
| | - Bo Shen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (BS); (CZ)
| | - Changliang Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (BS); (CZ)
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