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Culig Z, Puhr M. Androgen Receptor-Interacting Proteins in Prostate Cancer Development and Therapy Resistance. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 194:324-334. [PMID: 38104650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine therapy for prostate cancer is based on the use of drugs that diminish androgen concentration and androgen receptor (AR) signaling inhibitors and is limited by the functional consequences of AR point mutations and increased expression of constitutively active receptors. Many coactivators (>280) interact with different AR regions. Most studies have determined the expression of coactivators and their effects in the presence of increasing concentrations of androgen or the antiandrogen enzalutamide. The p160 group of coactivators (SRC-1, SRC-2, and SRC-3) is highly expressed in prostate cancer and contributes to ligand-dependent activation of the receptor in models that represent therapy-sensitive and therapy-resistant cell lines. The transcriptional coactivators p300 and CREB-binding protein (CBP) are implicated in the regulation of a large number of cellular events, such as proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion. AR coactivators also may predict biochemical and clinical recurrence. The AR coactivator expression, which is enhanced in enzalutamide resistance, includes growth regulating estrogen receptor binding 1 (GREB1) and GATA-binding protein 2 (GATA2). Several coactivators also activate AR-unrelated signaling pathways, such as those of insulin-like growth factors, which inhibit apoptosis in cancer cells. They are expressed in multiple models of resistance to therapy and can be targeted by various inhibitors in vitro and in vivo. The role of the glucocorticoid receptor in endocrine therapy-resistant prostate cancer has been documented previously. Specific coactivators may interact with the glucocorticoid receptor, thus contributing to therapy failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Culig
- Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Martin Puhr
- Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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2
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Tong D. Unravelling the molecular mechanisms of prostate cancer evolution from genotype to phenotype. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 163:103370. [PMID: 34051300 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in men in the Western society. Unfortunately, although the vast majority of patients are initially responsive to androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT), most cases eventually develop from hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (HSPC) to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). The main reason is PC heterogeneity and evolution during therapy. PC evolution is a continuously progressive process with combination of genomic alterations including canonical AR, TMPRSS2-ERG fusion, SPOP/FOXA1, TP53/RB1/PTEN, BRCA2. Meanwhile, signaling pathways including PI3K, WNT/β-catenin, SRC, IL-6/STAT3 are activated, to promote epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), cancer stem cell (CSC)-like features/stemness and neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) of PC. These improve our understanding of the genotype-phenotype relationships. The identification of canonical genetic alterations and signaling pathway activation in PC has shed more insight into genetic background, molecular subtype and disease landscape of PC evolution, resulting in a more flexible role of individual therapies targeting diverse genotype and phenotype presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dali Tong
- Department of Urology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, PR China.
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3
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SRC-3, a Steroid Receptor Coactivator: Implication in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094760. [PMID: 33946224 PMCID: PMC8124743 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroid receptor coactivator-3 (SRC-3), also known as amplified in breast cancer 1 (AIB1), is a member of the SRC family. SRC-3 regulates not only the transcriptional activity of nuclear receptors but also many other transcription factors. Besides the essential role of SRC-3 in physiological functions, it also acts as an oncogene to promote multiple aspects of cancer. This review updates the important progress of SRC-3 in carcinogenesis and summarizes its mode of action, which provides clues for cancer therapy.
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4
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Jin J, Cheng S, Wang Y, Wang T, Zeng D, Li Z, Li X, Wang J. SRC3 expressed in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells promotes the development of multiple myeloma. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2019; 51:1258-1266. [PMID: 31769473 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmz130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SRC3 plays critical roles in various biological processes of diseases, including proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and cell cycle arrest. However, the effect of SRC3 expression in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on multiple myeloma (MM) is not clear yet. In our study, MSCs (MSC-SRC3, MSC-SRC3-/-) and MM cells were co-cultured in a direct or indirect way. The proliferation of MM cells was studied by CCK-8 and colony formation assays. The apoptosis and cell cycle of MM cells were detected by flow cytometry. In addition, the expressions of proteins in MM cells were detected by western blot analysis and the secretions of cytokines were measured by ELISA. Our data showed that the expression of SRC3 in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) could promote cell proliferation and colony formation of MM cells through accelerating the transformation of the G1/S phase, no matter what kind of culture method was adopted. Meanwhile, SRC3 expressed in BM-MSCs could inhibit the apoptosis of MM cells through the caspase apoptosis pathway and mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Moreover, SRC3 could enhance the adhesion ability of MM cells through up-regulating the expression of adhesion molecules including CXCL4, ICAM1, VLA4, and syndecan-1. SRC3 also played a regulatory role in the progress of MM through the NF-κB and PI-3K/Akt pathways. SRC3 expressed in MSCs was found to promote the growth and survival of MM cells, while SRC3 silencing in MSCs could inhibit the development of MM. These results would be useful for developing a more effective new strategy for MM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jin
- Department of Hematology, the Third affiliated Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Shidi Cheng
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Dongfeng Zeng
- Department of Hematology, the Third affiliated Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Hematology, the Third affiliated Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Hematology, the Third affiliated Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Hematology, the Third affiliated Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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5
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Lee DK, Liu Y, Liao L, Li W, Danielpour D, Xu J. Neuroendocrine prostate carcinoma cells originate from the p63-expressing basal cells but not the pre-existing adenocarcinoma cells in mice. Cell Res 2019; 29:420-422. [PMID: 30778177 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-019-0149-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Kee Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yonghong Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Lan Liao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Wenliang Li
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - David Danielpour
- Division of General Medical Sciences-Oncology, and Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Jianming Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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6
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Wu H, Bi J, Peng Y, Huo L, Yu X, Yang Z, Zhou Y, Qin L, Xu Y, Liao L, Xie Y, Conneely OM, Jonkers J, Xu J. Nuclear receptor NR4A1 is a tumor suppressor down-regulated in triple-negative breast cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:54364-54377. [PMID: 28903348 PMCID: PMC5589587 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily contains hormone-inducible transcription factors that regulate many physiological and pathological processes through regulating gene expression. NR4A1 is an NR family member that still does not have an identified endogenous ligand, and its role in cancer is also currently unclear and controversial. In this study, we aimed to define the expression profiles and specific role of NR4A1 in the highly malignant triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), which still lacks available targeted therapies. Bioinformatic analysis revealed a decrease of NR4A1 mRNA expression in human TNBC samples. Semi-quantitative analysis of NR4A1 protein expression by immunohistochemistry also identified a progressive NR4A1 reduction during the development of mouse basal-like mammary tumors and a significant NR4A1 downregulation in human TNBC samples. Furthermore, the expression levels of NR4A1 in human TNBC were negatively associated with tumor stage, lymph node metastasis and disease recurrence. Moreover, ectopic expression of NR4A1 in MDA-MB-231, a TNBC cell line with little endogenous NR4A1, inhibited the proliferation, viability, migration and invasion of these cells, and these inhibitions were associated with an attenuated JNK1–AP-1–cyclin D1 pathway. NR4A1 expression also largely suppressed the growth and metastasis of these cell-derived tumors in mice. These results demonstrate that NR4A1 is downregulated in TNBC and restoration of NR4A1 expression inhibits TNBC growth and metastasis, suggesting that NR4A1 is a tumor suppressor in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Current address: College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, China
| | - Jiong Bi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Current address: Departments of General Surgical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yan Peng
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lei Huo
- Department of Pathology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiaobin Yu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhihui Yang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Institute for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Department of Pathology, Xinan Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Yunyun Zhou
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Current address: Department of Data Science, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Li Qin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yixiang Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lan Liao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yang Xie
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Orla M Conneely
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jianming Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Institute for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Department of Pathology, Xinan Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
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7
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Xu Y, Qin L, Sun T, Wu H, He T, Yang Z, Mo Q, Liao L, Xu J. Twist1 promotes breast cancer invasion and metastasis by silencing Foxa1 expression. Oncogene 2016; 36:1157-1166. [PMID: 27524420 PMCID: PMC5311074 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneous breast cancers can be classified into different subtypes according to their histopathological characteristics and molecular signatures. Foxa1 expression is linked with luminal breast cancer (LBC) with good prognosis, whereas Twist1 expression is associated with basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) with poor prognosis owing to its role in promoting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasiveness and metastasis. However, the regulatory and functional relationships between Twist1 and Foxa1 in breast cancer progression are unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that in the estrogen receptor (ERα)-positive LBC cells Twist1 silences Foxa1 expression, which has an essential role in relieving Foxa1-arrested migration, invasion and metastasis of breast cancer cells. Mechanistically, Twist1 binds to Foxa1 proximal promoter and recruits the NuRD transcriptional repressor complex to de-acetylate H3K9 and repress RNA polymerase II recruitment. Twist1 also silences Foxa1 promoter by inhibiting AP-1 recruitment. Twist1 expression in MCF7 cells silenced Foxa1 expression, which was concurrent with the induction of EMT, migration, invasion and metastasis of these cells. Importantly, restored Foxa1 expression in these cells largely inhibited Twist1-promoted migration, invasion and metastasis. Restored Foxa1 expression did not change the Twist1-induced mesenchymal cellular morphology and the expression of Twist1-regulated E-cadherin, β-catenin, vimentin and Slug, but it partially rescued Twist1-silenced ERα and cytokeratin 8 expression and reduced Twist1-induced integrin α5, integrin β1 and MMP9 expression. In a xenografted mouse model, restored Foxa1 also increased Twist1-repressed LBC markers and decreased Twist1-induced BLBC markers. Furthermore, Twist1 expression is negatively correlated with Foxa1 in the human breast tumors. The tumors with high Twist1 and low Foxa1 expressions are associated with poor distant metastasis-free survival. These results demonstrate that Twist1's silencing effect on Foxa1 expression is largely responsible for Twist1-induced migration, invasion and metastasis, but less responsible for Twist1-induced mesenchymal morphogenesis and expression of certain EMT markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - L Qin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - T Sun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - H Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - T He
- Institution for Cancer Medicine and College of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Z Yang
- Institution for Cancer Medicine and College of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Q Mo
- Department of Medicine-Hematology/Oncology, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - L Liao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Institution for Cancer Medicine and College of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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8
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Qin L, Xu Y, Xu Y, Ma G, Liao L, Wu Y, Li Y, Wang X, Wang X, Jiang J, Wang J, Xu J. NCOA1 promotes angiogenesis in breast tumors by simultaneously enhancing both HIF1α- and AP-1-mediated VEGFa transcription. Oncotarget 2016; 6:23890-904. [PMID: 26287601 PMCID: PMC4695159 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptor coactivator 1 (NCOA1) is overexpressed in a subset of breast cancer and its increased expression positively correlates with disease recurrence and metastasis. Although NCOA1 is known to promote breast cancer metastasis through working with multiple transcription factors to upregulate the expression of Twist1, ITGA5, CSF-1, SDF1 and CXCR4, the role of NCOA1 in breast tumor angiogenesis has not been investigated. In this study, we found that the microvascular density (MVD) was significantly decreased and increased in Ncoa1-knockout and NCOA1-overexpressing mammary tumors, respectively, in several breast cancer mouse models. Knockout or knockdown of NCOA1 in breast cancer cell lines also markedly compromised their capability to induce angiogenesis in Matrigel plugs embedded subcutaneously in mice, while this compromised capability could be rescued by VEGFa treatment. At the molecular level, NCOA1 upregulates VEGFa expression in both mouse mammary tumors and cultured breast cancer cells, and it does so by associating with both c-Fos, which is recruited to the AP-1 site at bp −938 of the VEGFa promoter, and HIF1α, which is recruited to the HIF1α-binding element at bp −979 of the VEGFa promoter, to enhance VEGFa transcription. In 140 human breast tumors, high NCOA1 protein correlates with high MVD and patients with both high NCOA1 and high MVD showed significantly shorter survival time. In summary, this study revealed a novel mechanism that NCOA1 potentiates breast cancer angiogenesis through upregulating HIF1α and AP-1-mediated VEGFa expression, which reinforces the rational of targeting NCOA1 in controlling breast cancer progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yixiang Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gang Ma
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lan Liao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yelin Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Li
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xian Wang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaosong Wang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jun Jiang
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jianming Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Institute for Cancer Medicine and College of Basic Medical Sciences, Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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Chen X, Qin L, Liu Z, Liao L, Martin JF, Xu J. Knockout of SRC-1 and SRC-3 in Mice Decreases Cardiomyocyte Proliferation and Causes a Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy Phenotype. Int J Biol Sci 2015. [PMID: 26221073 PMCID: PMC4515817 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Noncompaction cardiomyopathy (NCC) is a congenital heart disease that causes ventricular dysfunction and high mortality rate in children. The mechanisms responsible for NCC are still unknown. The steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1) and SRC-3 are transcriptional coactivators for nuclear hormone receptors and certain other transcription factors that regulate many genes in development and organ function. However, the roles of SRC-1/3 in heart morphogenesis, function and NCC occurrence are unknown. This study aims to examine the spatial and temporal expression patterns of SRC-1/3 in the heart and investigate the specific roles of SRC-1/3 in heart development, function and NCC occurrence. Immunochemical analysis detected SRC-1/3 expressions in the proliferating cardiomyocytes of mouse heart at prenatal and neonatal stages, while these expressions disappeared within two weeks after birth. Through generating and characterizing mouse lines with global or cardiomyocyte-specific knockouts of SRC-1/3, we found ablation of SRC-1/3 in the myocardial lineage resulted in prominent trabeculae, deep intertrabecular recesses and thin ventricular wall and septum. These developmental defects caused a failure of trabecular compaction, decreased internal ventricular dimension, reduced cardiac ejection fraction and output and led to a high rate of postnatal mortality. Collectively, these structural and functional abnormalities closely simulate the phenotype of NCC patients. Further molecular analysis of cardiomyocytes in vivo and in vitro revealed that SRC-1/3 directly up-regulate cyclin E2, cyclin B1 and myocardin to promote cardiomyocyte proliferation and differentiation. In conclusion, SRC-1/3 are required for cardiomyocyte proliferation and differentiation at earlier developmental stages, and their dysfunction causes NCC-like abnormalities in the hearts of newborn and adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Chen
- 1. Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Li Qin
- 1. Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhaoliang Liu
- 1. Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lan Liao
- 1. Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - James F Martin
- 2. Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jianming Xu
- 1. Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. ; 3. Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
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