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Senevirathne TH, Wekking D, Swain JWR, Solinas C, De Silva P. COVID-19: From emerging variants to vaccination. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2024; 76:127-141. [PMID: 38135574 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The vigorous spread of SARS-CoV-2 resulted in the rapid infection of millions of people worldwide and devastation of not only public healthcare, but also social, educational, and economic infrastructures. The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 over time is due to the mutations that occurred in the genome during each replication. These mutated forms of SARS-CoV-2, otherwise known as variants, were categorized as variants of interest (VOI) or variants of concern (VOC) based on the increased risk of transmissibility, disease severity, immune escape, decreased effectiveness of current social measures, and available vaccines and therapeutics. The swift development of COVID-19 vaccines has been a great success for biomedical research, and billions of vaccine doses, including boosters, have been administered worldwide. BNT162b2 vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech), mRNA-1273 (Moderna), ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AstraZeneca), and Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) are the four major COVID-19 vaccines that received early regulatory authorization based on their efficacy. However, some SARS-CoV-2 variants resulted in higher resistance to available vaccines or treatments. It has been four years since the first reported infection of SARS-CoV-2, yet the Omicron variant and its subvariants are still infecting people worldwide. Despite this, COVID-19 vaccines are still expected to be effective at preventing severe disease, hospitalization, and death from COVID. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the COVID-19 pandemic focused on evolution of VOC and vaccination strategies against them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilini H Senevirathne
- Faculty of Science, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Demi Wekking
- Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Cinzia Solinas
- Medical Oncology, AOU Cagliari, P.O. Duilio Casula, Monserrato (CA), Italy.
| | - Pushpamali De Silva
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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2
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Tylec A, Janiszewska M, Siejko K, Kucharska K. Determinants of the decision to be vaccinated against COVID-19 as exemplified by employees of a long-term health care centre. J Public Health (Oxf) 2023; 45:237-244. [PMID: 34929733 PMCID: PMC9383155 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdab395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Health care professionals cover the front line in the battle against infectious diseases. Vaccination of healthcare workers represents a vital element of the strategy for enhancing epidemic safety and improving the quality of health care, inter alia, by limiting microorganism transmission, and reducing patient morbidity and mortality. METHOD The study group consisted of all employees of the long-term health care centre in Lublin, Poland. Participants were requested to complete a questionnaire prepared for the purpose of the study, along with a mandatory COVID-19 vaccination interview questionnaire. RESULTS The vaccination coverage rate for the group of medical workers was 77.3% and of non-medical 86%. The most frequently indicated sources of information on vaccination were the mass media. Males more often than females used the press as a source of information on vaccination. Scientific articles were the most common source of information for both people with higher education and medical professionals. The most common motive for vaccination for females is concern for the health of one's family, and for HCWs and people with at least secondary education-concern for the health of patients. CONCLUSION At least one assessed factor influences the decision to be vaccinated. The mass media are of the greatest importance in obtaining information about vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Tylec
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-039, Poland
| | - Mariola Janiszewska
- Department of Medical Informatics and Statistics with E-Learning Lab, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-090, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Siejko
- Department of Public Health, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-090, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kucharska
- Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Warsaw 01-938, Poland
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Meisner J, Baszler TV, Kuehl KE, Ramirez V, Baines A, Frisbie LA, Lofgren ET, de Avila DM, Wolking RM, Bradway DS, Wilson HR, Lipton B, Kawakami V, Rabinowitz PM. Household Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from Humans to Pets, Washington and Idaho, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:2425-2434. [PMID: 36288573 PMCID: PMC9707573 DOI: 10.3201/eid2812.220215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 likely emerged from an animal reservoir. However, the frequency of and risk factors for interspecies transmission remain unclear. We conducted a community-based study in Idaho, USA, of pets in households that had >1 confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections in humans. Among 119 dogs and 57 cats, clinical signs consistent with SARS-CoV-2 were reported for 20 dogs (21%) and 19 cats (39%). Of 81 dogs and 32 cats sampled, 40% of dogs and 43% of cats were seropositive, and 5% of dogs and 8% of cats were PCR positive. This discordance might be caused by delays in sampling. Respondents commonly reported close human‒animal contact and willingness to take measures to prevent transmission to their pets. Reported preventive measures showed a slightly protective but nonsignificant trend for both illness and seropositivity in pets. Sharing of beds and bowls had slight harmful effects, reaching statistical significance for sharing bowls and seropositivity.
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Singhal R, Dickerson L, Sakran N, Pouwels S, Chiappetta S, Weiner S, Purkayastha S, Madhok B, Mahawar K. Safe Surgery During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Curr Obes Rep 2022; 11:203-214. [PMID: 34709586 PMCID: PMC8552630 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-021-00458-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) has had an enormous impact on all aspects of healthcare, but its effect on patients needing surgery and surgeons has been disproportionate. In this review, we aim to understand the impact of the pandemic on surgical patients and teams. We compiled the emerging data on pre-operative screening methods, vaccinations, safe-surgery pathways and surgical techniques and make recommendations for evidence-based safe-surgical pathways. We also present surgical outcomes for emergency, oncological and benign surgery in the context of the pandemic. Finally, we attempt to address the impact of the pandemic on patients, staff and surgical training and provide perspectives for the future. RECENT FINDINGS Surgical teams have developed consensus guidelines and established research priorities and safety precautions for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic. Evidence supports that surgery in patients with a peri-operative SARS-CoV-2 infection carries substantial risks, but risk mitigation strategies are effective at reducing harm to staff and patients. Surgery has increased risk for patients and staff, but this can be mitigated effectively, especially for elective surgery. Elective surgery can be safely performed during the COVID-19 pandemic employing the strategies discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Singhal
- Upper GI Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Luke Dickerson
- Department of General Surgery, Leighton Hospital, Crewe, UK
| | - Nasser Sakran
- Director Bariatric Centre, Department of Surgery, Emek Medical Centre, Afula, Israel
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Sjaak Pouwels
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Elisabeth-Tweesteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Sonja Chiappetta
- Head Obesity and Metabolic Surgery, Ospedale Evangelico Betania, Naples, Italy
| | - Sylvia Weiner
- Department of Obesity and Metabolic Surgery, Krankenhaus Nordwest, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | | | - Kamal Mahawar
- Bariatric Unit, South Tyneside and Sunderland NHS Trust, Sunderland, UK
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5
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Li T, Luo KQ. Recipients of COVID-19 vaccines face challenges of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:4642-4647. [PMID: 35874950 PMCID: PMC9305267 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.72424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) has been rampant since 2019, severely affecting global public health, and causing 5.75 million deaths worldwide. So far, many vaccines have been developed to prevent the infection of SARS-CoV-2 virus. However, the emergence of new variants may threat vaccine recipients as they might evade immunological surveillance that depends on the using of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody to neutralize the viral particles. Recent studies have found that recipients who received two doses of vaccination plus an additional booster shoot were able to quickly elevate neutralization response and immune response against wild-type SARS-CoV-2 virus and some initially appeared viral variants. In this review, we assessed the real-world effectiveness of different COVID-19 vaccines by population studies and neutralization assays and compared neutralization responses of booster vaccines in vitro. Finally, as the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccine is expected to decline over time, continued vaccination should be considered to achieve a long-term immune protection against coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhong Li
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Kathy Qian Luo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China.,Ministry of Education-Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
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6
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Ban DK, Bodily T, Karkisaval AG, Dong Y, Natani S, Ramanathan A, Ramil A, Srivastava S, Bandaru P, Glinsky G, Lal R. Rapid self-test of unprocessed viruses of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants in saliva by portable wireless graphene biosensor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2206521119. [PMID: 35763566 PMCID: PMC9282385 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2206521119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a DNA aptamer-conjugated graphene field-effect transistor (GFET) biosensor platform to detect receptor-binding domain (RBD), nucleocapsid (N), and spike (S) proteins, as well as viral particles of original Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) coronavirus and its variants in saliva samples. The GFET biosensor is a label-free, rapid (≤20 min), ultrasensitive handheld wireless readout device. The limit of detection (LoD) and the limit of quantitation (LoQ) of the sensor are 1.28 and 3.89 plaque-forming units (PFU)/mL for S protein and 1.45 and 4.39 PFU/mL for N protein, respectively. Cognate spike proteins of major variants of concern (N501Y, D614G, Y453F, Omicron-B1.1.529) showed sensor response ≥40 mV from the control (aptamer alone) for fM to nM concentration range. The sensor response was significantly lower for viral particles and cognate proteins of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) compared to SARS-CoV-2, indicating the specificity of the diagnostic platform for SARS-CoV-2 vs. MERS viral proteins. During the early phase of the pandemic, the GFET sensor response agreed with RT-PCR data for oral human samples, as determined by the negative percent agreement (NPA) and positive percent agreement (PPA). During the recent Delta/Omicron wave, the GFET sensor also reliably distinguished positive and negative clinical saliva samples. Although the sensitivity is lower during the later pandemic phase, the GFET-defined positivity rate is in statistically close alignment with the epidemiological population-scale data. Thus, the aptamer-based GFET biosensor has a high level of precision in clinically and epidemiologically significant SARS-CoV-2 variant detection. This universal pathogen-sensing platform is amenable for a broad range of public health applications and real-time environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deependra Kumar Ban
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093
| | - Tyler Bodily
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093
| | - Abhijith G. Karkisaval
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093
| | - Yongliang Dong
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093
| | - Shreyam Natani
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093
| | - Anirudh Ramanathan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093
| | - Armando Ramil
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093
| | | | - Prab Bandaru
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093
- Materials Science, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093
| | - Gennadi Glinsky
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093
| | - Ratnesh Lal
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093
- Materials Science, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093
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Qureshi A, Syed Sulaiman SA, Kumar N, Qureshi PAAA. Knowledge, perception, and fear among the global population towards newly evoked variant Omicron (B.1.1.529). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270761. [PMID: 35793377 PMCID: PMC9258860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-1), notoriously known as COVID-19, emerged in 2019 and was responsible for causing acute respiratory collapse. Moreover, in September 2020, new variant cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 were reported in the United Kingdom, with many patients and deaths. This study aimed to see knowledge, perception, and fear among the global population towards a new variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, known as Omicron (B.1.1.529). This online cross-sectional global study was conducted during the emergence of the B.1.1.529 variant, also known as the Omicron variant. The survey was carried out from 2nd December 2021 to 3rd January 2022. The descriptive analysis was presented as frequencies (N), percentages (%), and mean ± standard deviation (m ± SD). The association between dependent and categorical independent variables was determined using the Chi-square test (x2). Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS version 23. Of 353 respondents, approximately 61% were females. One hundred fifty-four respondents were in the age group of 18-27 years. The average age was 31.53±10.3 (mean± SD). The majority of respondents (43.9%) were from Indonesia. The mean knowledge score about the Omicron variant was 3.18±1.14. Our study suggests that people have some knowledge about the new variant, Omicron (B.1.1.529). Besides, there was a significant association (p = 0.05) for the perception of the fatality rate of Omicron among the respondents from different countries. However, there is still an ample research gap in enlightening people about this infection (B.1.1.529).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Qureshi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, USM, Pulau Penang, Malaysia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sindh Jamshoro, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | | | - Narendar Kumar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, USM, Pulau Penang, Malaysia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sindh Jamshoro, Jamshoro, Pakistan
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8
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Wang K, Wang L, Li M, Xie B, He L, Wang M, Zhang R, Hou N, Zhang Y, Jia F. Real-Word Effectiveness of Global COVID-19 Vaccines Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:820544. [PMID: 35665358 PMCID: PMC9160927 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.820544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Currently, promoted vaccinations against SARS-CoV-2 are being given out globally. However, the occurrence of numerous COVID-19 variants has hindered the goal of rapid mitigation of the COVID-19 pandemic by effective mass vaccinations. The real-word effectiveness of the current vaccines against COVID-19 variants has not been assessed by published reviews. Therefore, our study evaluated the overall effectiveness of current vaccines and the differences between the various vaccines and variants. Methods PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, medRxiv, bioRxiv, and arXiv were searched to screen the eligible studies. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale and the Egger test were applied to estimate the quality of the literature and any publication bias, respectively. The pooled incident rates of different variants after vaccination were estimated by single-arm analysis. Meanwhile, the pooled efficacies of various vaccines against variants were evaluated by two-arm analysis using odds ratios (ORs) and vaccine effectiveness (VE). Results A total of 6,118 studies were identified initially and 44 articles were included. We found that the overall incidence of variants post first/second vaccine were 0.07 and 0.03, respectively. The VE of the incidence of variants post first vaccine between the vaccine and the placebo or unvaccinated population was 40% and post second vaccine was 96%, respectively. The sub-single-arm analysis showed a low prevalence rate of COVID-19 variants after specific vaccination with the pooled incidence below 0.10 in most subgroups. Meanwhile, the sub-two-arm analysis indicated that most current vaccines had a good or moderate preventive effect on certain variants considering that the VE in these subgroups was between 66 and 95%, which was broadly in line with the results of the sub-single-arm analysis. Conclusion Our meta-analysis shows that the current vaccines that are used globally could prevent COVID-19 infection and restrict the spread of variants to a great extent. We would also support maximizing vaccine uptake with two doses, as the effectiveness of which was more marked compared with one dose. Although the mRNA vaccine was the most effective against variants according to our study, specific vaccines should be taken into account based on the local dominant prevalence of variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zibo Central Hospital, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Zibo, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zibo Central Hospital, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Zibo, China
| | - Mingzhe Li
- Independent Researcher, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Bing Xie
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Zibo Central Hospital, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Zibo, China
| | - Lu He
- Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Meiyu Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The People's Hospital of Zhangdian District, Zibo, China
| | - Rumin Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zibo Central Hospital, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Zibo, China
| | - Nianzong Hou
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Zibo Central Hospital, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Zibo, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Zibo Central Hospital, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Zibo, China
| | - Fusen Jia
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Zibo Central Hospital, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Zibo, China
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9
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Labandeira CM, Pedrosa MA, Suarez-Quintanilla JA, Cortes-Ayaso M, Labandeira-García JL, Rodríguez-Pérez AI. Angiotensin System Autoantibodies Correlate With Routine Prognostic Indicators for COVID-19 Severity. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:840662. [PMID: 35355599 PMCID: PMC8959920 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.840662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We previously showed that angiotensin type-1 receptor and ACE2 autoantibodies (AT1-AA, ACE2-AA) are associated with COVID-19 severity. Our aim is to find correlations of these autoantibodies with routine biochemical parameters that allow an initial classification of patients. Methods In an initial cohort of 119 COVID-19 patients, serum AT1-AA and ACE2-AA concentrations were obtained within 24 h after diagnosis. In 50 patients with a complete set of routine biochemical parameters, clinical data and disease outcome information, a Random Forest algorithm was used to select prognostic indicators, and the Spearman coefficient was used to analyze correlations with AT1-AA, ACE2-AA. Results Hemoglobin, lactate dehydrogenase and procalcitonin were selected. A decrease in one unit of hemoglobin, an increase in 0.25 units of procalcitonin, or an increase in 100 units of lactate dehydrogenase increased the severity of the disease by 35.27, 69.25, and 3.2%, respectively. Our binary logistic regression model had a predictive capability to differentiate between mild and moderate/severe disease of 84%, and between mild/moderate and severe disease of 76%. Furthermore, the selected parameters showed strong correlations with AT1-AA or ACE2-AA, particularly in men. Conclusion Hemoglobin, lactate dehydrogenase and procalcitonin can be used for initial classification of COVID-19 patients in the admission day. Subsequent determination of more complex or late arrival biomarkers may provide further data on severity, mechanisms, and therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen M Labandeira
- Hospital Alvaro Cunqueiro, University Hospital Complex, Vigo, Spain.,Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria A Pedrosa
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Juan A Suarez-Quintanilla
- Primary Health-Care Unit Fontiñas, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Cortes-Ayaso
- Emergency Department, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Luis Labandeira-García
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I Rodríguez-Pérez
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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10
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Meisner J, Baszler TV, Kuehl KH, Ramirez V, Baines A, Frisbie LA, Lofgren ET, DeAvila DM, Wolking RM, Bradway DS, Wilson H, Lipton B, Kawakami V, Rabinowitz PM. Household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from humans to pets in Washington and Idaho: burden and risk factors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2021.04.24.440952. [PMID: 35233573 PMCID: PMC8887074 DOI: 10.1101/2021.04.24.440952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is believed to have emerged from an animal reservoir; however, the frequency of and risk factors for inter-species transmission remain unclear. We carried out a community-based study of pets in households with one or more confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans. Among 119 dogs and 57 cats with completed surveys, clinical signs consistent with SARS-CoV-2 were reported in 20 dogs (21%) and 19 cats (39%). Out of 81 dogs and 32 cats sampled for testing, 40% of dogs and 43% of cats were seropositive, and 5% of dogs and 8% of cats were PCR positive; this discordance may be due to delays in sampling. Respondents commonly reported close human-animal contact and willingness to take measures to prevent transmission to their pets. Reported preventative measures showed a slightly protective trend for both illness and seropositivity in pets, while sharing of beds and bowls had slight harmful effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy V Baszler
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.,Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Kathryn H Kuehl
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Eric T Lofgren
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - David M DeAvila
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Rebecca M Wolking
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Dan S Bradway
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.,Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Hannah Wilson
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Beth Lipton
- Public Health - Seattle & King County, Seattle, WA, USA
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11
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Chakraborty C, Sharma AR, Bhattacharya M, Lee SS. A Detailed Overview of Immune Escape, Antibody Escape, Partial Vaccine Escape of SARS-CoV-2 and Their Emerging Variants With Escape Mutations. Front Immunol 2022; 13:801522. [PMID: 35222380 PMCID: PMC8863680 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.801522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The infective SARS-CoV-2 is more prone to immune escape. Presently, the significant variants of SARS-CoV-2 are emerging in due course of time with substantial mutations, having the immune escape property. Simultaneously, the vaccination drive against this virus is in progress worldwide. However, vaccine evasion has been noted by some of the newly emerging variants. Our review provides an overview of the emerging variants' immune escape and vaccine escape ability. We have illustrated a broad view related to viral evolution, variants, and immune escape ability. Subsequently, different immune escape approaches of SARS-CoV-2 have been discussed. Different innate immune escape strategies adopted by the SARS-CoV-2 has been discussed like, IFN-I production dysregulation, cytokines related immune escape, immune escape associated with dendritic cell function and macrophages, natural killer cells and neutrophils related immune escape, PRRs associated immune evasion, and NLRP3 inflammasome associated immune evasion. Simultaneously we have discussed the significant mutations related to emerging variants and immune escape, such as mutations in the RBD region (N439K, L452R, E484K, N501Y, K444R) and other parts (D614G, P681R) of the S-glycoprotein. Mutations in other locations such as NSP1, NSP3, NSP6, ORF3, and ORF8 have also been discussed. Finally, we have illustrated the emerging variants' partial vaccine (BioNTech/Pfizer mRNA/Oxford-AstraZeneca/BBIBP-CorV/ZF2001/Moderna mRNA/Johnson & Johnson vaccine) escape ability. This review will help gain in-depth knowledge related to immune escape, antibody escape, and partial vaccine escape ability of the virus and assist in controlling the current pandemic and prepare for the next.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, India
| | - Ashish Ranjan Sharma
- Institute for Skeletal Aging and Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si, South Korea
| | | | - Sang-Soo Lee
- Institute for Skeletal Aging and Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si, South Korea
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Salehi-Vaziri M, Fazlalipour M, Seyed Khorrami SM, Azadmanesh K, Pouriayevali MH, Jalali T, Shoja Z, Maleki A. The ins and outs of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs). Arch Virol 2022; 167:327-344. [PMID: 35089389 PMCID: PMC8795292 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05365-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, a newly emerging coronavirus that caused the COVID-19 epidemic, has been spreading quickly throughout the world. Despite immunization and some fairly effective therapeutic regimens, SARS-CoV-2 has been ravaging patients, health workers, and the economy. SARS-CoV-2 mutates and evolves to adapt to its host as a result of extreme selection pressure. As a consequence, new SARS-CoV-2 variants have emerged, some of which are classified as variants of concern (VOC) because they exhibit greater transmissibility, cause more-severe disease, are better able to escape immunity, or cause higher mortality than the original Wuhan strain. Here, we introduce these VOCs and review their characteristics, such as transmissibility, immune escape, mortality risk, and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Salehi-Vaziri
- COVID-19 National Reference Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69 Pasteur Ave, 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Fazlalipour
- COVID-19 National Reference Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69 Pasteur Ave, 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Kayhan Azadmanesh
- Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Pouriayevali
- COVID-19 National Reference Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69 Pasteur Ave, 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahmineh Jalali
- COVID-19 National Reference Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69 Pasteur Ave, 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zabihollah Shoja
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Maleki
- COVID-19 National Reference Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69 Pasteur Ave, 1316943551, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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13
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Johnson R, Sharma JR, Ramharack P, Mangwana N, Kinnear C, Viraragavan A, Glanzmann B, Louw J, Abdelatif N, Reddy T, Surujlal-Naicker S, Nkambule S, Mahlangeni N, Webster C, Mdhluli M, Gray G, Mathee A, Preiser W, Muller C, Street R. Tracking the circulating SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern in South Africa using wastewater-based epidemiology. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1182. [PMID: 35064174 PMCID: PMC8783013 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study uses wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) to rapidly and, through targeted surveillance, track the geographical distribution of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (Alpha, Beta and Delta) within 24 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the Western Cape of South Africa. Information obtained was used to identify the circulating variant of concern (VOC) within a population and retrospectively trace when the predominant variant was introduced. Genotyping analysis of SARS-CoV-2 showed that 50% of wastewater samples harbored signature mutations linked to the Beta variant before the third wave, with the Delta variant absent within the population. Over time, the prevalence of the beta variant decreased steadily. The onset of the third wave resulted in the Delta variant becoming the predominant variant, with a 100% prevalence supporting the theory that the Delta variant was driving the third wave. In silico molecular docking analysis showed that the signature mutations of the Delta variant increased binding to host proteins, suggesting a possible molecular mechanism that increased viral infectivity of the Delta variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Johnson
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa.
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre for Cardiometabolic Research in Africa, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
| | - Jyoti R Sharma
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
| | - Pritika Ramharack
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Noluxabiso Mangwana
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
| | - Craig Kinnear
- Genomics Centre, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Amsha Viraragavan
- Genomics Centre, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
| | - Brigitte Glanzmann
- Genomics Centre, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Johan Louw
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
| | - Nada Abdelatif
- Biostatistics Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Durban, South Africa
| | - Tarylee Reddy
- Biostatistics Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Durban, South Africa
| | - Swastika Surujlal-Naicker
- Scientific Services, Water and Sanitation Department, City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sizwe Nkambule
- Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Durban, South Africa
| | - Nomfundo Mahlangeni
- Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Durban, South Africa
| | - Candice Webster
- Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mongezi Mdhluli
- Office of the President, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, 7050, South Africa
| | - Glenda Gray
- Office of the President, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, 7050, South Africa
| | - Angela Mathee
- Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Wolfgang Preiser
- Division of Medical Virology at NHLS Tygerberg Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Christo Muller
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre for Cardiometabolic Research in Africa, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Renee Street
- Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Durban, South Africa
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Zepeda-Cervantes J, Martínez-Flores D, Ramírez-Jarquín JO, Tecalco-Cruz ÁC, Alavez-Pérez NS, Vaca L, Sarmiento-Silva RE. Implications of the Immune Polymorphisms of the Host and the Genetic Variability of SARS-CoV-2 in the Development of COVID-19. Viruses 2022; 14:94. [PMID: 35062298 PMCID: PMC8778858 DOI: 10.3390/v14010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the current pandemic affecting almost all countries in the world. SARS-CoV-2 is the agent responsible for coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), which has claimed millions of lives around the world. In most patients, SARS-CoV-2 infection does not cause clinical signs. However, some infected people develop symptoms, which include loss of smell or taste, fever, dry cough, headache, severe pneumonia, as well as coagulation disorders. The aim of this work is to report genetic factors of SARS-CoV-2 and host-associated to severe COVID-19, placing special emphasis on the viral entry and molecules of the immune system involved with viral infection. Besides this, we analyze SARS-CoV-2 variants and their structural characteristics related to the binding to polymorphic angiotensin-converting enzyme type 2 (ACE2). Additionally, we also review other polymorphisms as well as some epigenetic factors involved in the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19. These factors and viral variability could explain the increment of infection rate and/or in the development of severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Zepeda-Cervantes
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Daniel Martínez-Flores
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Josué Orlando Ramírez-Jarquín
- Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Ángeles C. Tecalco-Cruz
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México (UACM), Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - Noé Santiago Alavez-Pérez
- Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07340, Mexico;
| | - Luis Vaca
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Rosa Elena Sarmiento-Silva
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
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Ghiffari A, Hasyim H, Iskandar I, Kamaluddin MT, Anwar C. SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern Increased Transmission and Decrease Vaccine Efficacy in the COVID-19 Pandemic in Palembang Indonesia. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2022; 93:e2022018. [PMID: 35315393 PMCID: PMC8972875 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v93i1.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The number of COVID-19 cases surging despite the large scale of health promotion campaigns. This study aimed to find disease transmissibility and affected vaccine efficacy associated with the mutation of the SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern. METHODS The study was a descriptive temporal survey design with secondary ecological data: the whole-genome sequence (WGS) from the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza (GISAID) and COVID-19 data from the Palembang City Health Office website. Bioinformatics software was used to detect mutations. RESULTS Palembang submitted 43 whole genome sequences, 13 of which were Pangoline sequences classifications. CONCLUSIONS The two concern variations, Alpha and Delta, were associated with increased transmissions and decreased vaccination efficacy using temporal analysis. Regulations governing the relaxation of mobility restrictions should be based on high rates of testing and tracing, and universal vaccination programs should require that all received two doses of any vaccines as fast as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Ghiffari
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Muhammadiyah Palembang, Palembang, Indonesia, Department of Environmental Science, Graduate School, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia
| | - Hamzah Hasyim
- Faculty of Public Health Universitas Sriwijaya, Indralaya, Indonesia
| | - Iskhaq Iskandar
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Sriwijaya, Indralaya, Indonesia
| | | | - Chairil Anwar
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia
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Doi A, Iwata K, Kuroda H, Hasuike T, Nasu S, Nishioka H, Tomii K, Morimoto T, Kihara Y. A cross-sectional follow up study to estimate seroprevalence of coronavirus disease 2019 in Kobe, Japan. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e28066. [PMID: 35049228 PMCID: PMC9191319 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000028066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a study to estimate the seroprevalence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Kobe, Japan with positive immunoglobulin G (IgG) rate of 3.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.3%-4.6%) in April 2020. Because there were large concerns about the spread of COVID-19 among citizens thereafter, we conduct a follow-up cross-sectional study to estimate the seroprevalence, and we also added a validation study using a different assay.We conducted cross-sectional serologic testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibody using 1000 samples from patients at outpatient settings who visited the clinic from May 26 to June 7, 2020, stratified by the decade of age and sex. We used both Kurabo and Abbott serology assays to identify IgG against SARS-CoV-2.There were 18 and 2 positive IgG among 1000 serum samples using Kurabo and Abbott serology assays, respectively (1.8%, 95% CI 1.1%-2.8%, and 0.2%, 95% CI 0.02%-0.7% respectively). By applying the latter figure to the census of Kobe City (population: 1,518,870), it is estimated that the number of people with positive IgG is 3038 (95% CI: 304-10,632) while a total of 285 patients were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing at the end of the study period. Assuming Abbott assay as the reference, Kurabo assay had calculated sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 98.4% respectively. Age and sex adjusted prevalence of positivity was calculated to be 0.17%.We found a lower seroprevalence than 2 months before in Kobe city although the figures were still higher than those detected by PCR. Kurabo assay showed more false positives than true positives despite reasonable sensitivity and specificity, due to low prevalence in Kobe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asako Doi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Iwata
- Division of Infectious Diseases Therapeutics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kuroda
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Hasuike
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Seiko Nasu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nishioka
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tomii
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Morimoto
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Hyogo Medical College, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yasuki Kihara
- Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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17
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Gupta D, Sharma P, Singh M, Kumar M, Ethayathulla AS, Kaur P. Structural and functional insights into the spike protein mutations of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:7967-7989. [PMID: 34731254 PMCID: PMC11073194 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the emergence of the first case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), the viral genome has constantly undergone rapid mutations for better adaptation in the host system. These newer mutations have given rise to several lineages/ variants of the virus that have resulted in high transmission and virulence rates compared to the previously circulating variants. Owing to this, the overall caseload and related mortality have tremendously increased globally to > 233 million infections and > 4.7 million deaths as of Sept. 28th, 2021. SARS-CoV-2, Spike (S) protein binds to host cells by recognizing human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) receptor. The viral S protein contains S1 and S2 domains that constitute the binding and fusion machinery, respectively. Structural analysis of viral S protein reveals that the virus undergoes conformational flexibility and dynamicity to interact with the hACE2 receptor. The SARS-CoV-2 variants and mutations might be associated with affecting the conformational plasticity of S protein, potentially linked to its altered affinity, infectivity, and immunogenicity. This review focuses on the current circulating variants of SARS-CoV-2 and the structure-function analysis of key S protein mutations linked with increased affinity, higher infectivity, enhanced transmission rates, and immune escape against this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Gupta
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi,, Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Priyanka Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi,, Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Mandeep Singh
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi,, Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi,, Delhi, 110029, India
| | - A S Ethayathulla
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi,, Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Punit Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi,, Delhi, 110029, India.
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