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Wagner C, Kistler KE, Perchetti GA, Baker N, Frisbie LA, Torres LM, Aragona F, Yun C, Figgins M, Greninger AL, Cox A, Oltean HN, Roychoudhury P, Bedford T. Positive selection underlies repeated knockout of ORF8 in SARS-CoV-2 evolution. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3207. [PMID: 38615031 PMCID: PMC11016114 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47599-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Knockout of the ORF8 protein has repeatedly spread through the global viral population during SARS-CoV-2 evolution. Here we use both regional and global pathogen sequencing to explore the selection pressures underlying its loss. In Washington State, we identified transmission clusters with ORF8 knockout throughout SARS-CoV-2 evolution, not just on novel, high fitness viral backbones. Indeed, ORF8 is truncated more frequently and knockouts circulate for longer than for any other gene. Using a global phylogeny, we find evidence of positive selection to explain this phenomenon: nonsense mutations resulting in shortened protein products occur more frequently and are associated with faster clade growth rates than synonymous mutations in ORF8. Loss of ORF8 is also associated with reduced clinical severity, highlighting the diverse clinical impacts of SARS-CoV-2 evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassia Wagner
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Kathryn E Kistler
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Garrett A Perchetti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Noah Baker
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Frank Aragona
- Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA, USA
| | - Cory Yun
- Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA, USA
| | - Marlin Figgins
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alexander L Greninger
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alex Cox
- Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA, USA
| | - Hanna N Oltean
- Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA, USA
| | - Pavitra Roychoudhury
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Trevor Bedford
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
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2
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Meisner J, Baszler TV, Kuehl KE, Ramirez V, Baines A, Frisbie LA, Lofgren ET, de Avila DM, Wolking RM, Bradway DS, Wilson HR, Lipton B, Kawakami V, Rabinowitz PM. Household Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from Humans to Pets, Washington and Idaho, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:2425-2434. [PMID: 36288573 PMCID: PMC9707573 DOI: 10.3201/eid2812.220215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 likely emerged from an animal reservoir. However, the frequency of and risk factors for interspecies transmission remain unclear. We conducted a community-based study in Idaho, USA, of pets in households that had >1 confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections in humans. Among 119 dogs and 57 cats, clinical signs consistent with SARS-CoV-2 were reported for 20 dogs (21%) and 19 cats (39%). Of 81 dogs and 32 cats sampled, 40% of dogs and 43% of cats were seropositive, and 5% of dogs and 8% of cats were PCR positive. This discordance might be caused by delays in sampling. Respondents commonly reported close human‒animal contact and willingness to take measures to prevent transmission to their pets. Reported preventive measures showed a slightly protective but nonsignificant trend for both illness and seropositivity in pets. Sharing of beds and bowls had slight harmful effects, reaching statistical significance for sharing bowls and seropositivity.
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3
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Paredes MI, Lunn SM, Famulare M, Frisbie LA, Painter I, Burstein R, Roychoudhury P, Xie H, Mohamed Bakhash SA, Perez R, Lukes M, Ellis S, Sathees S, Mathias PC, Greninger A, Starita LM, Frazar CD, Ryke E, Zhong W, Gamboa L, Threlkeld M, Lee J, McDermot E, Truong M, Nickerson DA, Bates DL, Hartman ME, Haugen E, Nguyen TN, Richards JD, Rodriguez JL, Stamatoyannopoulos JA, Thorland E, Melly G, Dykema PE, MacKellar DC, Gray HK, Singh A, Peterson JM, Russell D, Marcela Torres L, Lindquist S, Bedford T, Allen KJ, Oltean HN. Associations between SARS-CoV-2 variants and risk of COVID-19 hospitalization among confirmed cases in Washington State: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:e536-e544. [PMID: 35412591 PMCID: PMC9047245 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is dominated by variant viruses; the resulting impact on disease severity remains unclear. Using a retrospective cohort study, we assessed the hospitalization risk following infection with 7 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants. Methods Our study includes individuals with positive SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in the Washington Disease Reporting System with available viral genome data, from 1 December 2020 to 14 January 2022. The analysis was restricted to cases with specimens collected through sentinel surveillance. Using a Cox proportional hazards model with mixed effects, we estimated hazard ratios (HR) for hospitalization risk following infection with a variant, adjusting for age, sex, calendar week, and vaccination. Results In total, 58 848 cases were sequenced through sentinel surveillance, of which 1705 (2.9%) were hospitalized due to COVID-19. Higher hospitalization risk was found for infections with Gamma (HR 3.20, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.40–4.26), Beta (HR 2.85, 95% CI 1.56–5.23), Delta (HR 2.28 95% CI 1.56–3.34), or Alpha (HR 1.64, 95% CI 1.29–2.07) compared to infections with ancestral lineages; Omicron (HR 0.92, 95% CI .56–1.52) showed no significant difference in risk. Following Alpha, Gamma, or Delta infection, unvaccinated patients show higher hospitalization risk, while vaccinated patients show no significant difference in risk, both compared to unvaccinated, ancestral lineage cases. Hospitalization risk following Omicron infection is lower with vaccination. Conclusions Infection with Alpha, Gamma, or Delta results in a higher hospitalization risk, with vaccination attenuating that risk. Our findings support hospital preparedness, vaccination, and genomic surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel I Paredes
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Michael Famulare
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA USA
| | | | - Ian Painter
- Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA USA
| | - Roy Burstein
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Pavitra Roychoudhury
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hong Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shah A Mohamed Bakhash
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ricardo Perez
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Maria Lukes
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sean Ellis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Saraswathi Sathees
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Patrick C Mathias
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alexander Greninger
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lea M Starita
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Chris D Frazar
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Erica Ryke
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Weizhi Zhong
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Luis Gamboa
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Machiko Threlkeld
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jover Lee
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Evan McDermot
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Melissa Truong
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Deborah A Nickerson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Daniel L Bates
- Altius Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Matthew E Hartman
- Altius Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Seattle, WA USA.,Department of Cardiovascular Services, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Eric Haugen
- Altius Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Seattle, WA USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Eric Thorland
- Altius Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Geoff Melly
- Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA USA
| | | | | | - Hannah K Gray
- Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA USA
| | - Avi Singh
- Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA USA
| | | | - Denny Russell
- Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA USA
| | | | | | - Trevor Bedford
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA USA
| | | | - Hanna N Oltean
- Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA USA
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4
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Meisner J, Baszler TV, Kuehl KH, Ramirez V, Baines A, Frisbie LA, Lofgren ET, DeAvila DM, Wolking RM, Bradway DS, Wilson H, Lipton B, Kawakami V, Rabinowitz PM. Household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from humans to pets in Washington and Idaho: burden and risk factors. bioRxiv 2022:2021.04.24.440952. [PMID: 35233573 PMCID: PMC8887074 DOI: 10.1101/2021.04.24.440952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is believed to have emerged from an animal reservoir; however, the frequency of and risk factors for inter-species transmission remain unclear. We carried out a community-based study of pets in households with one or more confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans. Among 119 dogs and 57 cats with completed surveys, clinical signs consistent with SARS-CoV-2 were reported in 20 dogs (21%) and 19 cats (39%). Out of 81 dogs and 32 cats sampled for testing, 40% of dogs and 43% of cats were seropositive, and 5% of dogs and 8% of cats were PCR positive; this discordance may be due to delays in sampling. Respondents commonly reported close human-animal contact and willingness to take measures to prevent transmission to their pets. Reported preventative measures showed a slightly protective trend for both illness and seropositivity in pets, while sharing of beds and bowls had slight harmful effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy V Baszler
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.,Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Kathryn H Kuehl
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Eric T Lofgren
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - David M DeAvila
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Rebecca M Wolking
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Dan S Bradway
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.,Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Hannah Wilson
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Beth Lipton
- Public Health - Seattle & King County, Seattle, WA, USA
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5
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Meisner J, Frisbie LA, Munayco CV, García PJ, Cárcamo CP, Morin CW, Pigott DM, Rabinowitz PM. A novel approach to modeling epidemic vulnerability, applied to Aedes aegypti-vectored diseases in Perú. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:846. [PMID: 34418974 PMCID: PMC8379593 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06530-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A proactive approach to preventing and responding to emerging infectious diseases is critical to global health security. We present a three-stage approach to modeling the spatial distribution of outbreak vulnerability to Aedes aegypti-vectored diseases in Perú. Methods Extending a framework developed for modeling hemorrhagic fever vulnerability in Africa, we modeled outbreak vulnerability in three stages: index case potential (stage 1), outbreak receptivity (stage 2), and epidemic potential (stage 3), stratifying scores on season and El Niño events. Subsequently, we evaluated the validity of these scores using dengue surveillance data and spatial models. Results We found high validity for stage 1 and 2 scores, but not stage 3 scores. Vulnerability was highest in Selva Baja and Costa, and in summer and during El Niño events, with index case potential (stage 1) being high in both regions but outbreak receptivity (stage 2) being generally high in Selva Baja only. Conclusions Stage 1 and 2 scores are well-suited to predicting outbreaks of Ae. aegypti-vectored diseases in this setting, however stage 3 scores appear better suited to diseases with direct human-to-human transmission. To prevent outbreaks, measures to detect index cases should be targeted to both Selva Baja and Costa, while Selva Baja should be prioritized for healthcare system strengthening. Successful extension of this framework from hemorrhagic fevers in Africa to an arbovirus in Latin America indicates its broad utility for outbreak and pandemic preparedness and response activities. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-06530-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne Meisner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Center for One Health Research, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Lauren A Frisbie
- Center for One Health Research, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - César V Munayco
- Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Prevención y Control de Enfermedades, Peruvian Ministry of Health, Lima, Peru
| | - Patricia J García
- School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - César P Cárcamo
- School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Cory W Morin
- Center for Health and the Global Environment, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David M Pigott
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter M Rabinowitz
- Center for One Health Research, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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6
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Gardner AM, Allan BF, Frisbie LA, Muturi EJ. Asymmetric effects of native and exotic invasive shrubs on ecology of the West Nile virus vector Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:329. [PMID: 26076589 PMCID: PMC4469247 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0941-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Exotic invasive plants alter the structure and function of native ecosystems and may influence the distribution and abundance of arthropod disease vectors by modifying habitat quality. This study investigated how invasive plants alter the ecology of Culex pipiens, an important vector of West Nile virus (WNV) in northeastern and midwestern regions of the United States. Methods Field and laboratory experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that three native leaf species (Rubus allegheniensis, blackberry; Sambucus canadensis, elderberry; and Amelanchier laevis, serviceberry), and three exotic invasive leaf species (Lonicera maackii, Amur honeysuckle; Elaeagnus umbellata, autumn olive; and Rosa multiflora, multiflora rose) alter Cx. pipiens oviposition site selection, emergence rates, development time, and adult body size. The relative abundance of seven bacterial phyla in infusions of the six leaf species also was determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction to test the hypothesis that variation in emergence, development, and oviposition site selection is correlated to differences in the diversity and abundance of bacteria associated with different leaf species, important determinants of nutrient quality and availability for mosquito larvae. Results Leaf detritus from invasive honeysuckle and autumn olive yielded significantly higher adult emergence rates compared to detritus from the remaining leaf species and honeysuckle alleviated the negative effects of intraspecific competition on adult emergence. Conversely, leaves of native blackberry acted as an ecological trap, generating high oviposition but low emergence rates. Variation in bacterial flora associated with different leaf species may explain this asymmetrical production of mosquitoes: emergence rates and oviposition rates were positively correlated to bacterial abundance and diversity, respectively. Conclusions We conclude that the displacement of native understory plant species by certain invasive shrubs may increase production of Cx. pipiens with potential negative repercussions for human and wildlife health. These findings may be relevant to mosquito control and invasive plant management practices in the geographic range of Cx. pipiens. Further, our discovery of a previously unknown ecological trap for an important vector of WNV has the potential to lead to novel alternatives to conventional insecticides in mosquito control by exploiting the apparent “attract-kill” properties of this native plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Gardner
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Brian F Allan
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. .,School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Lauren A Frisbie
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Ephantus J Muturi
- Illinois Natural History Survey, 1816 S. Oak St., Champaign, IL, 61820, USA.
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