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Pérez-Hernández O, González-Reimers E, García-Rodríguez A, Fernández-Rodríguez C, Abreu-González P, González-Pérez JM, Sánchez-Pérez MJ, Ferraz-Amaro I, Martín-González C. Value of inflammatory response and oxidative damage in the diagnosis of infections in severe alcoholic hepatitis. Eur J Intern Med 2024; 119:64-70. [PMID: 37586986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2023.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Severe alcoholic hepatitis is the most lethal complication in alcohol dependent patients. The concurrence of infections in these patients is very frequent. Both produce a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), secondary to intense release of inflammatory cytokines, which can complicate the diagnosis. In our study, Interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 levels are higher in patients with SIRS (p<0.001 and p = 0.033, respectively). IL-4, IL-6, Interferon-gamma (IFNγ), Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and IL-17 levels correlate with liver function, as estimated by MELD-Na (p = 0.018, p = 0.008, p = 0.009, p = 0.016 and p = 0.006, respectively). Malondialdehyde (MDA), a product of lipid peroxidation and marker of cell damage, also correlates with liver function (p = 0.002), but not with SIRS or infections. Only elevated IL-6 correlates independently with the presence of infections (RR=1.023 IC 95% 1.000-1.047), so it may be useful for the correct diagnosis in these patients. Values greater than 30 pg/mL have a sensitivity: 86.7% and specificity: 94.7% for the diagnosis of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onán Pérez-Hernández
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Canarias, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Emilio González-Reimers
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Alen García-Rodríguez
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Canarias, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Camino Fernández-Rodríguez
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Canarias, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Pedro Abreu-González
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Unidad de Fisiología, Universidad de la Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - José María González-Pérez
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Canarias, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - María José Sánchez-Pérez
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Canarias, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Iván Ferraz-Amaro
- Servicio de Reumatología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Canarias, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Candelaria Martín-González
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Canarias, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain; Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain.
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2
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Medina Pizaño MY, Loera Arias MDJ, Montes de Oca Luna R, Saucedo Cárdenas O, Ventura Juárez J, Muñoz Ortega MH. Neuroimmunomodulation of adrenoblockers during liver cirrhosis: modulation of hepatic stellate cell activity. Ann Med 2023; 55:543-557. [PMID: 36826975 PMCID: PMC9970206 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2164047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system and the immune system are responsible for producing neurotransmitters and cytokines that interact by binding to receptors; due to this, there is communication between these systems. Liver immune cells and nerve fibres are systematically distributed in the liver, and the partial overlap of both patterns may favour interactions between certain elements. Dendritic cells are attached to fibroblasts, and nerve fibres are connected via the dendritic cell-fibroblast complex. Receptors for most neuroactive substances, such as catecholamines, have been discovered on dendritic cells. The sympathetic nervous system regulates hepatic fibrosis through sympathetic fibres and adrenaline from the adrenal glands through the blood. When there is liver damage, the sympathetic nervous system is activated locally and systemically through proinflammatory cytokines that induce the production of epinephrine and norepinephrine. These neurotransmitters bind to cells through α-adrenergic receptors, triggering a cellular response that secretes inflammatory factors that stimulate and activate hepatic stellate cells. Hepatic stellate cells are key in the fibrotic process. They initiate the overproduction of extracellular matrix components in an active state that progresses from fibrosis to liver cirrhosis. It has also been shown that they can be directly activated by norepinephrine. Alpha and beta adrenoblockers, such as carvedilol, prazosin, and doxazosin, have recently been used to reverse CCl4-induced liver cirrhosis in rodent and murine models.KEY MESSAGESNeurotransmitters from the sympathetic nervous system activate and increase the proliferation of hepatic stellate cells.Hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis treatment might depend on neurotransmitter and hepatic nervous system regulation.Strategies to reduce hepatic stellate cell activation and fibrosis are based on experimentation with α-adrenoblockers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Odila Saucedo Cárdenas
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Javier Ventura Juárez
- Department of Morphology, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
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Lyu C, Kong W, Liu Z, Wang S, Zhao P, Liang K, Niu Y, Yang W, Xiang C, Hu X, Li X, Du Y. Advanced glycation end-products as mediators of the aberrant crosslinking of extracellular matrix in scarred liver tissue. Nat Biomed Eng 2023; 7:1437-1454. [PMID: 37037967 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-023-01019-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix of cirrhotic liver tissue is highly crosslinked. Here we show that advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) mediate crosslinking in liver extracellular matrix and that high levels of crosslinking are a hallmark of cirrhosis. We used liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to quantify the degree of crosslinking of the matrix of decellularized cirrhotic liver samples from patients and from two mouse models of liver fibrosis and show that the structure, biomechanics and degree of AGE-mediated crosslinking of the matrices can be recapitulated in collagen matrix crosslinked by AGEs in vitro. Analyses via cryo-electron microscopy and optical tweezers revealed that crosslinked collagen fibrils form thick bundles with reduced stress relaxation rates; moreover, they resist remodelling by macrophages, leading to reductions in their levels of adhesion-associated proteins, altering HDAC3 expression and the organization of their cytoskeleton, and promoting a type II immune response of macrophages. We also show that rosmarinic acid inhibited AGE-mediated crosslinking and alleviated the progression of fibrosis in mice. Our findings support the development of therapeutics targeting crosslinked extracellular matrix in scarred liver tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Lyu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyu Kong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Sihan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Kaini Liang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yudi Niu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Canhong Xiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueming Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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Huang Y, Liangpunsakul S, Rudraiah S, Ma J, Keshipeddy SK, Wright D, Costa A, Burgess D, Zhang Y, Huda N, Wang L, Yang Z. HMGB2 is a potential diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Hepatol Commun 2023; 7:e0299. [PMID: 37930124 PMCID: PMC10629741 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High mobility group proteins 1 and 2 (HMGB1 and HMGB2) are 80% conserved in amino acid sequence. The function of HMGB1 in inflammation and fibrosis has been extensively characterized. However, an unaddressed central question is the role of HMGB2 on liver fibrosis. In this study, we provided convincing evidence that the HMGB2 expression was significantly upregulated in human liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, as well as in several mouse liver fibrosis models. METHODS The carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver fibrosis mouse model was used. AAV8-Hmgb2 was utilized to overexpress Hmgb2 in the liver, while Hmgb2-/- mice were used for loss of function experiments. The HMGB2 inhibitor inflachromene and liposome-shHMGB2 (lipo-shHMGB2) were employed for therapeutic intervention. RESULTS The serum HMGB2 levels were also markedly elevated in patients with liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Deletion of Hmgb2 in Hmgb2-/- mice or inhibition of HMGB2 in mice using a small molecule ICM slowed the progression of CCl4-induced liver fibrosis despite constant HMGB1 expression. In contrast, AAV8-mediated overexpression of Hmgb2 enchanced CCl4-incuded liver fibrosis. Primary hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) isolated from Hmgb2-/- mice showed significantly impaired transdifferentiation and diminished activation of α-SMA, despite a modest induction of HMGB1 protein. RNA-seq analysis revealed the induction of top 45 CCl4-activated genes in multiple signaling pathways including integrin signaling and inflammation. The activation of these genes by CCl4 were abolished in Hmgb2-/- mice or in ICM-treated mice. These included C-X3-C motif chemokine receptor 1 (Cx3cr1) associated with inflammation, cyclin B (Ccnb) associated with cell cycle, DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha (Top2a) associated with intracellular component, and fibrillin (Fbn) and fibromodulin (Fmod) associated with extracellular matrix. CONCLUSION We conclude that HMGB2 is indispensable for stellate cell activation. Therefore, HMGB2 may serve as a potential therapeutic target to prevent HSC activation during chronic liver injury. The blood HMGB2 level may also serve as a potential diagnostic marker to detect early stage of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Huang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Suthat Liangpunsakul
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Medicine Service, Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Swetha Rudraiah
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Santosh K. Keshipeddy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Dennis Wright
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Antonio Costa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Diane Burgess
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yuxia Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Nazmul Huda
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Zhihong Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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5
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Lingas EC. Hematological Abnormalities in Cirrhosis: A Narrative Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e39239. [PMID: 37337504 PMCID: PMC10277171 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.39239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cirrhosis remains a major public health issue. Liver fibrosis leading to cirrhosis is the terminal stage of various chronic liver diseases. Inflammatory cytokines are involved in the pathogenesis. Patients with cirrhosis often have hematological abnormalities, such as anemia and thrombocytopenia, which have multifactorial etiologies. Anemia in cirrhosis could be related to bleeding leading to iron deficiency anemia or other nutritional anemia such as vitamin B12 and folate deficiency. The pathophysiology of thrombocytopenia in liver cirrhosis has been postulated to range from splenic sequestration to bone marrow suppression from toxic agents, such as alcohol. It often complicates management due to the risk of bleeding with severely low platelets. This review aimed to highlight pathogenesis of liver cirrhosis, hematological abnormalities in liver cirrhosis, and their clinical significance.
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Ali FEM, Abd El-Aziz MK, Sharab EI, Bakr AG. Therapeutic interventions of acute and chronic liver disorders: A comprehensive review. World J Hepatol 2023; 15:19-40. [PMID: 36744165 PMCID: PMC9896501 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v15.i1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver disorders are one of the most common pathological problems worldwide. It affects more than 1.5 billion worldwide. Many types of hepatic cells have been reported to be involved in the initiation and propagation of both acute and chronic liver diseases, including hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, sinusoidal endothelial cells, and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). In addition, oxidative stress, cytokines, fibrogenic factors, microRNAs, and autophagy are also involved. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of liver diseases leads to discovering new therapeutic interventions that can be used in clinics. Recently, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-HSCs therapy, gene therapy, cell therapy, gut microbiota, and nanoparticles have great potential for preventing and treating liver diseases. Here, we explored the recent possible molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic liver diseases. Besides, we overviewed the recent therapeutic interventions that targeted liver diseases and summarized the recent studies concerning liver disorders therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fares EM Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | | | - Elham I Sharab
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Adel G Bakr
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt
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7
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Fu K, Wang C, Ma C, Zhou H, Li Y. The Potential Application of Chinese Medicine in Liver Diseases: A New Opportunity. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:771459. [PMID: 34803712 PMCID: PMC8600187 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.771459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases have been a common challenge for people all over the world, which threatens the quality of life and safety of hundreds of millions of patients. China is a major country with liver diseases. Metabolic associated fatty liver disease, hepatitis B virus and alcoholic liver disease are the three most common liver diseases in our country, and the number of patients with liver cancer is increasing. Therefore, finding effective drugs to treat liver disease has become an urgent task. Chinese medicine (CM) has the advantages of low cost, high safety, and various biological activities, which is an important factor for the prevention and treatment of liver diseases. This review systematically summarizes the potential of CM in the treatment of liver diseases, showing that CM can alleviate liver diseases by regulating lipid metabolism, bile acid metabolism, immune function, and gut microbiota, as well as exerting anti-liver injury, anti-oxidation, and anti-hepatitis virus effects. Among them, Keap1/Nrf2, TGF-β/SMADS, p38 MAPK, NF-κB/IκBα, NF-κB-NLRP3, PI3K/Akt, TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB and IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathways are mainly involved. In conclusion, CM is very likely to be a potential candidate for liver disease treatment based on modern phytochemistry, pharmacology, and genomeproteomics, which needs more clinical trials to further clarify its importance in the treatment of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yunxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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8
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George J, Zhang Y, Sloan J, Sims JM, Imig JD, Zhao X. Tim-1 Deficiency Aggravates High-Fat Diet-Induced Steatohepatitis in Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:747794. [PMID: 34675931 PMCID: PMC8523998 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.747794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is commonly associated with obesity and characterized by excessive lipid accumulation and liver inflammation. The T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 1 (Tim-1), also known as hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1 (Havcr-1) and kidney injury molecule 1 (Kim-1), has been shown to affect innate immunity-driven proinflammatory cascade in liver ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, its contribution to obesity-related NAFLD/NASH remains unknown. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the role of Tim-1 in obesity-related liver inflammation and injury in wild-type (WT) and Tim-1-deficient (Tim-1-/-) C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 5-6 months. HFD feeding induced steatosis and upregulated Tim-1 gene expression in the liver of WT mice. Surprisingly, Tim-1-/- mice on HFD diet exhibited an exacerbation of hepatic steatosis, accompanied with an elevation of protein levels of fatty acid translocase CD36 and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1). Tim-1 deficiency also enhanced HFD-induced liver inflammation and injury, as evidenced by augmented increase in hepatic expression of pro-inflammatory factor lipocalin 2 and elevated serum alanine transaminase (ALT). In addition, gene expression of type I, III and IV collagens and liver fibrosis were greatly enhanced in HFD Tim-1-/- mice compared with HFD WT mice. HFD-induced hepatic expression of YM-1, a specific mouse M2 macrophage marker, was further upregulated by deletion of Tim-1. Together, these results show that Tim-1 deficiency aggravates the effects of HFD diet on lipid accumulation and liver fibrosis, most likely through enhanced infiltration and activation of inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine George
- Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jacob Sloan
- Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Joya M Sims
- Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - John D Imig
- Drug Discovery Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Xueying Zhao
- Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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9
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Michalik M, Gładyś A, Czekaj P. Differentiation of Cells Isolated from Afterbirth Tissues into Hepatocyte-Like Cells and Their Potential Clinical Application in Liver Regeneration. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 17:581-603. [PMID: 32974851 PMCID: PMC8036182 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10045-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Toxic, viral and surgical injuries can pose medical indications for liver transplantation. The number of patients waiting for a liver transplant still increases, but the number of organ donors is insufficient. Hepatocyte transplantation was suggested as a promising alternative to liver transplantation, however, this method has some significant limitations. Currently, afterbirth tissues seem to be an interesting source of cells for the regenerative medicine, because of their unique biological and immunological properties. It has been proven in experimental animal models, that the native stem cells, and to a greater extent, hepatocyte-like cells derived from them and transplanted, can accelerate regenerative processes and restore organ functioning. The effective protocol for obtaining functional mature hepatocytes in vitro is still not defined, but some studies resulted in obtaining functionally active hepatocyte-like cells. In this review, we focused on human stem cells isolated from placenta and umbilical cord, as potent precursors of hepatocyte-like cells for regenerative medicine. We summarized the results of preclinical and clinical studies dealing with the introduction of epithelial and mesenchymal stem cells of the afterbirth origin to the liver failure therapy. It was concluded that the use of native afterbirth epithelial and mesenchymal cells in the treatment of liver failure could support liver function and regeneration. This effect would be enhanced by the use of hepatocyte-like cells obtained from placental and/or umbilical stem cells. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Michalik
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Gładyś
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Piotr Czekaj
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland.
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10
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Sovaila S, Purcarea A, Gheonea D, Ionescu S, Ciurea T. Cellular Interactions in the Human Fatty Liver. J Med Life 2020; 12:338-340. [PMID: 32025251 PMCID: PMC6993300 DOI: 10.25122/jml-2019-1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis morbidity and mortality is on the rise due to the obesity pandemic. Its pathophysiology is not well understood and implies complex interactions between local hepatic cells populations, adipocytes, immune effectors that lead to hepatic lipid excess, lipotoxicity, cellular stress and inflammation, as well as programmed cell death. A better understanding of these pathogenic interactions would allow better identification of therapeutic targets in a disease that has no known pharmacological therapy until now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sovaila
- Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania
| | | | - Dan Gheonea
- Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania
| | - Sanziana Ionescu
- First Surgical Clinic, Colentina University Hospital, Carol Davila Univeristy of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Tudorel Ciurea
- Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania
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11
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Zhangdi HJ, Su SB, Wang F, Liang ZY, Yan YD, Qin SY, Jiang HX. Crosstalk network among multiple inflammatory mediators in liver fibrosis. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:4835-4849. [PMID: 31543677 PMCID: PMC6737310 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i33.4835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is the common pathological basis of all chronic liver diseases, and is the necessary stage for the progression of chronic liver disease to cirrhosis. As one of pathogenic factors, inflammation plays a predominant role in liver fibrosis via communication and interaction between inflammatory cells, cytokines, and the related signaling pathways. Damaged hepatocytes induce an increase in pro-inflammatory factors, thereby inducing the development of inflammation. In addition, it has been reported that inflammatory response related signaling pathway is the main signal transduction pathway for the development of liver fibrosis. The crosstalk regulatory network leads to hepatic stellate cell activation and proinflammatory cytokine production, which in turn initiate the fibrotic response. Compared with the past, the research on the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis has been greatly developed. However, the liver fibrosis mechanism is complex and many pathways involved need to be further studied. This review mainly focuses on the crosstalk regulatory network among inflammatory cells, cytokines, and the related signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory liver diseases. Moreover, we also summarize the recent studies on the mechanisms underlying liver fibrosis and clinical efforts on the targeted therapies against the fibrotic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Jing Zhangdi
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Si-Biao Su
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zi-Yu Liang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yu-Dong Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Shan-Yu Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Hai-Xing Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
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12
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2-Methoxyestradiol attenuates liver fibrosis in mice: implications for M2 macrophages. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2018; 392:381-391. [PMID: 30535572 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-018-1577-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a major health problem worldwide due to its serious complications including cirrhosis and liver cancer. 2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME) is an end metabolite of estradiol with anti-proliferative, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the protective role of 2-ME in liver fibrosis has not been fully investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the protective effect of 2-ME in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis in mice. Animals were injected intraperitoneally with CCl4 twice weekly for 6 weeks. 2-ME 50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg was administrated intraperitoneally every day over the same period. Our data showed that 2-ME reduced the extent of liver toxicity and fibrosis due to CCl4 exposure. It restored the elevated serum liver enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels and ameliorated oxidative status. In addition, 2-ME significantly reduced collagen deposition and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) protein expressions. Furthermore, 2-ME markedly lowered macrophage infiltration and macrophage alternative activation marker chitinase-like molecules (CHI3L3/YM1). The results of this study indicate an important protective activity of 2-ME in liver fibrosis and highlight the role of macrophage recruitment and alternative activation as a possible target.
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13
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Zheng XF, Hu XY, Ma B, Fang H, Zhang F, Mao YF, Yang FY, Xiao SC, Xia ZF. Interleukin-35 Attenuates D-Galactosamine/Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Liver Injury via Enhancing Interleukin-10 Production in Kupffer Cells. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:959. [PMID: 30197594 PMCID: PMC6117388 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL) -35 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine which exerts various beneficial effects on autoimmune diseases. However, whether IL-35 plays a role in endotoxin induced hepatitis demands clarification. This study aims to reveal the effect and mechanism of IL-35 on endotoxin induced liver injury. Acute hepatic injury was induced by D-galactosamine (D-GalN, 400 mg/kg) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 5 μg/kg) administration in mice. IL-35 treatment ameliorated D-GalN/LPS induced liver injury in a dose dependent manner as shown by histological examination, ALT determination and Caspase-3 activity assay. It also reduced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, and increased production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-4, IL-10, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. This hepato-protective effect was proved mainly mediated by Kupffer cells (KC) via gadolinium chloride depletion and cell adoptive transfer experiment. In addition, IL-35 emolliated the cytotoxicity of LPS-triggered KCs to hepatocytes, suppressed nitric oxide (NO) and TNF-α production, and elevated IL-10 production in LPS stimulated KCs. Furthermore, IL-35 could not exert hepato-protective effect in IL-10-deficient mice in vivo and it could not suppress LPS induced NO and TNF-α production in IL-10-deficient KCs in vitro. In conclusion, IL-35 protects endotoxin-induced acute liver injury, which mainly acts thought increasing IL-10 production in KCs. This finding demonstrates a role of IL-35 in anti-infectious immunity and provides a potential therapeutic target in treating fulminant hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Feng Zheng
- Department of Burn Surgery, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Hu
- Department of Burn Surgery, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Ma
- Department of Burn Surgery, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - He Fang
- Department of Burn Surgery, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Department of Burn Surgery, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Fei Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng-Yong Yang
- Intensive Care Unit, The People's Hospital of Laiwu City, Laiwu, China
| | - Shi-Chu Xiao
- Department of Burn Surgery, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao-Fan Xia
- Department of Burn Surgery, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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14
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Alabbas SY, Begun J, Florin TH, Oancea I. The role of IL-22 in the resolution of sterile and nonsterile inflammation. Clin Transl Immunology 2018; 7:e1017. [PMID: 29713472 PMCID: PMC5905349 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In a broad sense, inflammation can be conveniently characterised by two phases: the first phase, which is a pro-inflammatory, has evolved to clear infection and/or injured tissue; and the second phase concerns regeneration of normal tissue and restitution of normal physiology. Innate immune cell-derived pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines activate and recruit nonresident immune cells to the site of infection, thereby amplifying the inflammatory responses to clear infection or injury. This phase is followed by a cytokine milieu that promotes tissue regeneration. There is no absolute temporal distinction between these two phases, and cytokines may have dual pleiotropic effects depending on the timing of release, inflammatory microenvironment or concentrations. IL-22 is a cytokine with reported pro- and anti-inflammatory roles; in this review, we contend that this protein has primarily a function in restitution of normal tissue and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Y Alabbas
- Faculty of MedicineSchool of Clinical MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
- Chronic Disease Biology and Care Group at Mater Research InstituteTranslational Research InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Jakob Begun
- Chronic Disease Biology and Care Group at Mater Research InstituteTranslational Research InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Timothy H Florin
- Chronic Disease Biology and Care Group at Mater Research InstituteTranslational Research InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Iulia Oancea
- Faculty of MedicineSchool of Clinical MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
- Chronic Disease Biology and Care Group at Mater Research InstituteTranslational Research InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
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15
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Yang Y, Dong R, Zheng C, Zheng S, Chen G. Infiltration of polarized macrophages associated with liver fibrosis in infants with biliary atresia. J Pediatr Surg 2017; 52:1984-1988. [PMID: 28927974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2017.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Macrophages exert critical functions in liver homeostasis and have been proposed as potential targets in combatting fibrosis. We aimed to evaluate polarized functional status of liver infiltrated macrophages in infants with biliary atresia (BA). METHODS Immunohistochemical staining for CD68, CD163, and IRF5 was performed in 40 BA infants. Liver biopsies were scored for fibrosis and tested for association with clinical biochemical characteristics. RESULTS Developing lesions in BA liver progressively accumulated both CD163+ macrophages (M2) and IRF5+ macrophages (M1), while CD163 and IRF5 staining was stronger than the control group (p<0.001). In BA, the higher staining density of CD163 and CD68 was related with elevated serum conjugated bilirubin level (p=0.014 and 0.021, respectively). The CD163/IRF5 macrophages ratio was related with liver fibrosis scores (high vs. low, p=0.004). CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated a strong presence of polarized macrophages in BA liver, and macrophage phenotypes were involved in disease development. The balance of different polarized macrophage subpopulations may play a key role in fibrogenesis of BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Yang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, and Key Laboratory of Neonatal Disease, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Dong
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, and Key Laboratory of Neonatal Disease, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Zheng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, and Key Laboratory of Neonatal Disease, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Zheng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, and Key Laboratory of Neonatal Disease, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.
| | - Gong Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, and Key Laboratory of Neonatal Disease, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.
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16
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Alhomrani M, Correia J, Zavou M, Leaw B, Kuk N, Xu R, Saad MI, Hodge A, Greening DW, Lim R, Sievert W. The Human Amnion Epithelial Cell Secretome Decreases Hepatic Fibrosis in Mice with Chronic Liver Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:748. [PMID: 29114223 PMCID: PMC5660722 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the primary collagen-secreting cells in the liver. While HSCs are the major cell type involved in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis, hepatic macrophages also play an important role in mediating fibrogenesis and fibrosis resolution. Previously, we observed a reduction in HSC activation, proliferation, and collagen synthesis following exposure to human amnion epithelial cells (hAEC) and hAEC-conditioned media (hAEC-CM). This suggested that specific factors secreted by hAEC might be effective in ameliorating liver fibrosis. hAEC-derived extracellular vesicles (hAEC-EVs), which are nanosized (40–100 nm) membrane bound vesicles, may act as novel cell–cell communicators. Accordingly, we evaluated the efficacy of hAEC-EV in modulating liver fibrosis in a mouse model of chronic liver fibrosis and in human HSC. Methods: The hAEC-EVs were isolated and characterized. C57BL/6 mice with CCl4-induced liver fibrosis were administered hAEC-EV, hAEC-CM, or hAEC-EV depleted medium (hAEC-EVDM). LX2 cells, a human HSC line, and bone marrow-derived mouse macrophages were exposed to hAEC-EV, hAEC-CM, and hAEC-EVDM. Mass spectrometry was used to examine the proteome profile of each preparation. Results: The extent of liver fibrosis and number of activated HSCs were reduced significantly in CCl4-treated mice given hAEC-EVs, hAEC-CM, and hAEC EVDM compared to untreated controls. Hepatic macrophages were significantly decreased in all treatment groups, where a predominant M2 phenotype was observed. Human HSCs cultured with hAEC-EV and hAEC-CM displayed a significant reduction in collagen synthesis and hAEC-EV, hAEC-CM, and hAEC-EVDM altered macrophage polarization in bone marrow-derived mouse macrophages. Proteome analysis showed that 164 proteins were unique to hAEC-EV in comparison to hAEC-CM and hAEC-EVDM, and 51 proteins were co-identified components with the hAEC-EV fraction. Conclusion: This study provides novel data showing that hAEC-derived EVs significantly reduced liver fibrosis and macrophage infiltration to an extent similar to hAEC-EVDM and hAEC-CM. hAEC-EV-based therapy may be a potential therapeutic option for liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Alhomrani
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Medical College, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jeanne Correia
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Marcus Zavou
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Bryan Leaw
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Nathan Kuk
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Rong Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mohamed I Saad
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Alexander Hodge
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - David W Greening
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rebecca Lim
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - William Sievert
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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17
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Liu J, Yang XF. Role of cyclooxygenase-2 in immune response in liver fibrosis and mechanisms involved. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2017; 25:702-708. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v25.i8.702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an inducible enzyme, is almost not expressed in normal human and rat liver tissues, but is highly expressed in liver tissues of patients with chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. Inhibition or interference of COX-2 expression can significantly inhibit the formation of hepatic fibrosis in rats, suggesting that COX-2 is involved in the occurrence and development of hepatic fibrosis; however, the underlying mechanism is unclear. Recent studies have shown that the role of COX-2 in the development of hepatic fibrosis may be related to immune response. In this paper, we review the role of COX-2 and its metabolites in the immune response in liver fibrosis, with an aim to provide a theoretical basis for clinical prevention and treatment of hepatic fibrosis.
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18
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Liu H, Cheng Y, Yang J, Wang W, Fang S, Zhang W, Han B, Zhou Z, Yao H, Chao J, Liao H. BBC3 in macrophages promoted pulmonary fibrosis development through inducing autophagy during silicosis. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2657. [PMID: 28277537 PMCID: PMC5386570 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Following inhalation into the lungs, silica particles are engulfed by alveolar macrophages, which triggers endogenous or exogenous apoptosis signaling pathways. As an inducer of apoptosis, the role of BBC3/PUMA (BCL2-binding component 3) in macrophages during silicosis remains unknown. Here, we exposed U937 cell-derived macrophages (UDMs) to SiO2in vitro to explore the function of BBC3 in SiO2-induced disease. We found that SiO2 induced increased BBC3 expression, as well as macrophage activation and apoptosis. Knockdown of Bbc3 with specific siRNA significantly mitigated the SiO2-induced effects. In addition, our results clearly showed increased levels of autophagy in macrophages exposed to SiO2. However, inhibition of BBC3 decreased the occurrence of autophagy. Furthermore, we observed that the blockade of autophagy with 3-MA, an autophagy inhibitor, inhibited SiO2-induced macrophage activation and apoptosis. In contrast, rapamycin, an autophagy inducer, further enhanced the effects induced by SiO2. The conditioned medium from macrophages exposed to SiO2 promoted the proliferation and migration of fibroblasts, and the inhibition of BBC3/autophagy reduced the effects of the conditioned medium on fibroblasts. In the mouse model of silicosis, Bbc3 knockout mice clearly exhibited decreased levels of autophagy and fibrosis progression. These results suggest that downregulation of BBC3 expression may become a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of silicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Liu
- Neurobiology Laboratory, New Drug Screening Centre, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yusi Cheng
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Nine Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Chest Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Shencun Fang
- Nine Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Chest Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zewei Zhou
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Honghong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Chao
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Respiration, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Neurobiology Laboratory, New Drug Screening Centre, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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19
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Liu H, Fang S, Wang W, Cheng Y, Zhang Y, Liao H, Yao H, Chao J. Macrophage-derived MCPIP1 mediates silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis via autophagy. Part Fibre Toxicol 2016; 13:55. [PMID: 27782836 PMCID: PMC5078901 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0167-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Silicosis is characterized by accumulation of fibroblasts and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix. Monocyte chemotactic protein-1-induced protein 1 (MCPIP1) plays a critical role in fibrosis induced by SiO2. However, the details of the downstream events of MCPIP1 activity in pulmonary fibrosis remain unclear. To elucidate the role of MCPIP1-induced autophagy in SiO2-induced fibrosis, both the upstream molecular mechanisms and the functional effects of SiO2 on cell apoptosis, proliferation and migration were investigated. Results Experiments using primary cultures of alveolar macrophages from healthy donors and silicosis patients as well as differentiated U937 macrophages demonstrated the following results: 1) SiO2 induced macrophage autophagy in association with enhanced expression of MCPIP1; 2) autophagy promoted apoptosis and activation of macrophages exposed to SiO2, and these events induced the development of silicosis; 3) MCPIP1 facilitated macrophage apoptosis and activation via p53 signaling-mediated autophagy; and 4) SiO2-activated macrophages promoted the proliferation and migration of fibroblasts via the MCPIP1/p53-mediated autophagy pathway. Conclusions Our results elucidated a link between SiO2-induced fibrosis and MCPIP1/p53 signaling-mediated autophagy. These findings provide novel insight into the potential targeting of MCPIP1 or autophagy in the development of potential therapeutic strategies for silicosis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-016-0167-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Rd, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China.,Neurobiology Laboratory, New Drug Screening Centre, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Shencun Fang
- Nine Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Chest Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Nine Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Chest Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Yusi Cheng
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Rd, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Yingming Zhang
- Nine Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Chest Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Neurobiology Laboratory, New Drug Screening Centre, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Honghong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Rd, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China. .,Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Jie Chao
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Rd, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China. .,Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China. .,Department of Respiration, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China.
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20
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Giglio D, Wasén C, Mölne J, Suchy D, Swanpalmer J, Jabonero Valbuena J, Tobin G, Ny L. Downregulation of toll-like receptor 4 and IL-6 following irradiation of the rat urinary bladder. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2016; 43:698-705. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Giglio
- Department of Pharmacology; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Oncology; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - C Wasén
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - J Mölne
- Department of Pathology; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - D Suchy
- Department of Pharmacology; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - J Swanpalmer
- Department of Radiation Physics; The Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | | | - G Tobin
- Department of Pharmacology; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - L Ny
- Department of Oncology; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
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21
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Rieder F, Bettenworth D, Imai J, Inagaki Y. Intestinal Fibrosis and Liver Fibrosis: Consequences of Chronic Inflammation or Independent Pathophysiology? Inflamm Intest Dis 2016; 1:41-49. [PMID: 29922656 DOI: 10.1159/000445135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal fibrosis and liver fibrosis represent a significant burden for our patients and health-care systems. Despite the severe clinical problem and the observation that fibrosis is reversible, no specific antifibrotic therapies exist. Summary In this review, using an 'East-West' scientific collaboration, we summarize the current knowledge on principal mechanisms shared by intestinal fibrosis and liver fibrosis. We furthermore discuss inflammation as the cause of fibrogenesis in both entities, depict unique features of intestinal and hepatic fibrosis, and provide a future outlook on the development of antifibrotic therapies. Key Messages A collaborative effort in the field of fibrosis, covering multiple organ systems, will have the highest chance of leading to the development of a successful antifibrotic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Rieder
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Jin Imai
- Center for Matrix Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Yutaka Inagaki
- Center for Matrix Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
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22
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Zhao Y, Bao L, Chan LS, DiPietro LA, Chen L. Aberrant Wound Healing in an Epidermal Interleukin-4 Transgenic Mouse Model of Atopic Dermatitis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146451. [PMID: 26752054 PMCID: PMC4709197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound healing in a pre-existing Th2-dominated skin milieu was assessed by using an epidermal specific interleukin-4 (IL-4) transgenic (Tg) mouse model, which develops a pruritic inflammatory skin condition resembling human atopic dermatitis. Our results demonstrated that IL-4 Tg mice had delayed wound closure and re-epithelialization even though these mice exhibited higher degrees of epithelial cell proliferation. Wounds in IL-4 Tg mice also showed a marked enhancement in expression of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, elevated infiltration of inflammatory cells including neutrophils, macrophages, CD3+ lymphocytes, and epidermal dendritic T lymphocytes. In addition, these mice exhibited a significantly higher level of angiogenesis as compared to wild type mice. Furthermore, wounds in IL-4 Tg mice presented with larger amounts of granulation tissue, but had less expression and deposition of collagen. Taken together, an inflamed skin condition induced by IL-4 has a pronounced negative influence on the healing process. Understanding more about the pathogenesis of wound healing in a Th2- dominated environment may help investigators explore new potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Lei Bao
- Departments of Dermatology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Lawrence S. Chan
- Departments of Dermatology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Medicine Service, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Luisa A. DiPietro
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Lin Chen
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Brown HR, Castellino S, Groseclose MR, Elangbam CS, Mellon-Kusibab K, Yoon LW, Gates LD, Krull DL, Cariello NF, Arrington-Brown L, Tillman T, Fowler S, Shah V, Bailey D, Miller RT. Drug-induced Liver Fibrosis. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 44:112-31. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623315617033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Nevirapine (NVP) is associated with hepatotoxicity in 1–5% of patients. In rodent studies, NVP has been shown to cause hepatic enzyme induction, centrilobular hypertrophy, and skin rash in various rat strains but not liver toxicity. In an effort to understand whether NVP is metabolized differently in a transiently inflamed liver and whether a heightened immune response alters NVP-induced hepatic responses, female brown Norway rats were dosed with either vehicle or NVP alone (75 mg/kg/day for 15 days) or galactosamine alone (single intraperitoneal [ip] injection on day 7 to mimic viral hepatitis) or a combination of NVP (75/100/150 mg/kg/day for 15 days) and galactosamine (single 750 mg/kg ip on day 7). Livers were collected at necropsy for histopathology, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry and gene expression. Eight days after galactosamine, hepatic fibrosis was noted in rats dosed with the combination of NVP and galactosamine. No fibrosis occurred with NVP alone or galactosamine alone. Gene expression data suggested a viral-like response initiated by galactosamine via RNA sensors leading to apoptosis, toll-like receptor, and dendritic cell responses. These were exacerbated by NVP-induced growth factor, retinol, apoptosis, and periostin effects. This finding supports clinical reports warning against exacerbation of fibrosis by NVP in patients with hepatitis C.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Roger Brown
- Department of Safety Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stephen Castellino
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - M. Reid Groseclose
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chandikumar S. Elangbam
- Department of Safety Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kathryn Mellon-Kusibab
- Department of Safety Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lawrence W. Yoon
- Department of Safety Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lisa D. Gates
- Department of Safety Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - David L. Krull
- Department of Safety Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Neal F. Cariello
- Department of Safety Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Leigh Arrington-Brown
- Department of Safety Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tony Tillman
- Department of Safety Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Serita Fowler
- Department of Safety Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Vishal Shah
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - David Bailey
- Department of Safety Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Richard T. Miller
- Department of Safety Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Afifi MA, Jiman-Fatani AA, El Saadany S, Fouad MA. Parasites-allergy paradox: Disease mediators or therapeutic modulators. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2015; 3:53-61. [PMID: 30023182 PMCID: PMC6014186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmau.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The noticeable phenomenon of an increased frequency of immune-inflammatory disorders, in the industrialized world, has led to the implication of parasitic infections in the pathophysiology of these diseases. Most of the studies investigated the infection connection to allergy have centered on helminthes. Parasitic helminthes are a group of metazoans that are evolutionary diverse, yet converge to evolve common modes of immunomodulation. Helminth immunoregulation is mainly mediated by a regulatory response including Treg and Breg cells with alternatively-activated macrophages. There is increasing evidence for a causal relationship between helminth infection and allergic hyporesponsiveness, however, conflicting data are still generating. The helminth immunoregulation seems to be species-specific and phase-specific. It depends on the stage of the clinical disease which correlates with a corresponding parasitic stage (egg, larva or mature adult). Here, we review the cellular and molecular mechanisms utilized by helminthes to manipulate the immune system and the consequent bystander immunomodulatory responses toward environmental allergens. We especially focus on parasitic species and molecules involved in the modulation of allergic disorders and summarize the experimental and clinical trials using them as therapeutic agents. We also discuss the potentials and obstacles, for helminthes and/or their derived molecules, to emerge as novel therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A. Afifi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding author at: Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80205, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia. Tel.: +966 569722590. E-mail address: (M.A. Afifi)
| | - Asif A. Jiman-Fatani
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherif El Saadany
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud A. Fouad
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Beljaars L, Schippers M, Reker-Smit C, Martinez FO, Helming L, Poelstra K, Melgert BN. Hepatic Localization of Macrophage Phenotypes during Fibrogenesis and Resolution of Fibrosis in Mice and Humans. Front Immunol 2014; 5:430. [PMID: 25250030 PMCID: PMC4157549 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages have been found to both promote liver fibrosis and contribute to its resolution by acquiring different phenotypes based on signals from the micro-environment. The best-characterized phenotypes in the macrophage spectrum are labeled M1 (classically activated) and M2 (alternatively activated). Until now the in situ localization of these phenotypes in diseased livers is poorly described. In this study, we therefore aimed to localize and quantify M1- and M2-dominant macrophages in diseased mouse and human livers. The scarred collagen-rich areas in cirrhotic human livers and in CCl4-damaged mouse livers contained many macrophages. Though total numbers of macrophages were higher in fibrotic livers, the number of parenchymal CD68-positive macrophages was significantly lower as compared to normal. Scar-associated macrophages were further characterized as either M1-dominant (IRF-5 and interleukin-12) or M2-dominant (CD206, transglutaminase-2, and YM-1) and significantly higher numbers of both of these were detected in diseased livers as compared to healthy human and mouse livers. Interestingly, in mouse, livers undergoing resolution of fibrosis, the total number of CD68+ macrophages was significantly lower compared to their fibrotic counterparts. M2-dominant (YM-1) macrophages were almost completely gone in livers undergoing resolution, while numbers of M1-dominant (IRF-5) macrophages were almost unchanged and the proteolytic activity (MMP9) increased. In conclusion, this study shows the distribution of macrophage subsets in livers of both human and murine origin. The presence of M1- and M2-dominant macrophages side by side in fibrotic lesions suggests that both are involved in fibrotic responses, while the persistence of M1-dominant macrophages during resolution may indicate their importance in regression of fibrosis. This study emphasizes that immunohistochemical detection of M1/M2-dominant macrophages provides valuable information in addition to widely used flow cytometry and gene analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Beljaars
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
| | - Marlies Schippers
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
| | - Catharina Reker-Smit
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
| | - Fernando O Martinez
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Laura Helming
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München , Munich , Germany
| | - Klaas Poelstra
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
| | - Barbro N Melgert
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
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Zhou WC, Zhang QB, Qiao L. Pathogenesis of liver cirrhosis. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:7312-7324. [PMID: 24966602 PMCID: PMC4064077 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i23.7312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cirrhosis is the final pathological result of various chronic liver diseases, and fibrosis is the precursor of cirrhosis. Many types of cells, cytokines and miRNAs are involved in the initiation and progression of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is a pivotal event in fibrosis. Defenestration and capillarization of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells are major contributing factors to hepatic dysfunction in liver cirrhosis. Activated Kupffer cells destroy hepatocytes and stimulate the activation of HSCs. Repeated cycles of apoptosis and regeneration of hepatocytes contribute to pathogenesis of cirrhosis. At the molecular level, many cytokines are involved in mediation of signaling pathways that regulate activation of HSCs and fibrogenesis. Recently, miRNAs as a post-transcriptional regulator have been found to play a key role in fibrosis and cirrhosis. Robust animal models of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, as well as the recently identified critical cellular and molecular factors involved in the development of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis will facilitate the development of more effective therapeutic approaches for these conditions.
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Yang JJ, Tao H, Li J. Hedgehog signaling pathway as key player in liver fibrosis: new insights and perspectives. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:1011-21. [PMID: 24935558 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.927443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is a pivotal cellular event in liver fibrosis. Therefore, improving our understanding of the molecular pathways that are involved in these processes is essential to generate new therapies for liver fibrosis. Greater knowledge of the role of the hedgehog signaling pathway in liver fibrosis could improve understanding of the liver fibrosis pathogenesis. AREAS COVERED The aim of this review is to describe the present knowledge about the hedgehog signaling pathway, which significantly participates in liver fibrosis and HSC activation, and look ahead on new perspectives of hedgehog signaling pathway research. Moreover, we will discuss the different interactions with hedgehog signaling pathway-regulated liver fibrosis. EXPERT OPINION The hedgehog pathway modulates several important aspects of function, including cell proliferation, activation and differentiation. Targeting the hedgehog pathway can be a promising direction in liver fibrosis treatment. We discuss new perspectives of hedgehog signaling pathway activation in liver fibrosis and HSC fate, including DNA methylation, methyl CpG binding protein 2, microRNA, irradiation and metabolism that influence hedgehog signaling pathway transduction. These findings identify the hedgehog pathway as a potentially important for biomarker development and therapeutic targets in liver fibrosis. Future studies are needed in order to find safer and more effective hedgehog-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Yang
- The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Department of Pharmacology , Hefei 230601 , China
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Dutta-Moscato J, Solovyev A, Mi Q, Nishikawa T, Soto-Gutierrez A, Fox IJ, Vodovotz Y. A Multiscale Agent-Based in silico Model of Liver Fibrosis Progression. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2014; 2:18. [PMID: 25152891 PMCID: PMC4126446 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2014.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatic inflammation involves a complex interplay of inflammatory and mechanical influences, ultimately manifesting in a characteristic histopathology of liver fibrosis. We created an agent-based model (ABM) of liver tissue in order to computationally examine the consequence of liver inflammation. Our liver fibrosis ABM (LFABM) is comprised of literature-derived rules describing molecular and histopathological aspects of inflammation and fibrosis in a section of chemically injured liver. Hepatocytes are modeled as agents within hexagonal lobules. Injury triggers an inflammatory reaction, which leads to activation of local Kupffer cells and recruitment of monocytes from circulation. Portal fibroblasts and hepatic stellate cells are activated locally by the products of inflammation. The various agents in the simulation are regulated by above-threshold concentrations of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and damage-associated molecular pattern molecules. The simulation progresses from chronic inflammation to collagen deposition, exhibiting periportal fibrosis followed by bridging fibrosis, and culminating in disruption of the regular lobular structure. The ABM exhibited key histopathological features observed in liver sections from rats treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). An in silico “tension test” for the hepatic lobules predicted an overall increase in tissue stiffness, in line with clinical elastography literature and published studies in CCl4-treated rats. Therapy simulations suggested differential anti-fibrotic effects of neutralizing tumor necrosis factor alpha vs. enhancing M2 Kupffer cells. We conclude that a computational model of liver inflammation on a structural skeleton of physical forces can recapitulate key histopathological and macroscopic properties of CCl4-injured liver. This multiscale approach linking molecular and chemomechanical stimuli enables a model that could be used to gain translationally relevant insights into liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyeeta Dutta-Moscato
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA , USA ; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA , USA ; Center for Inflammation and Regenerative Modeling, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
| | - Alexey Solovyev
- Center for Inflammation and Regenerative Modeling, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA , USA ; Department of Mathematics, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
| | - Qi Mi
- Center for Inflammation and Regenerative Modeling, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA , USA ; Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
| | - Taichiro Nishikawa
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA , USA ; Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
| | - Alejandro Soto-Gutierrez
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA , USA ; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA , USA ; Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
| | - Ira J Fox
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA , USA ; Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA , USA ; Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
| | - Yoram Vodovotz
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA , USA ; Center for Inflammation and Regenerative Modeling, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
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Gharib SA, Johnston LK, Huizar I, Birkland TP, Hanson J, Wang Y, Parks WC, Manicone AM. MMP28 promotes macrophage polarization toward M2 cells and augments pulmonary fibrosis. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 95:9-18. [PMID: 23964118 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1112587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the MMP family function in various processes of innate immunity, particularly in controlling important steps in leukocyte trafficking and activation. MMP28 (epilysin) is a member of this family of proteinases, and we have found that MMP28 is expressed by macrophages and regulates their recruitment to the lung. We hypothesized that MMP28 regulates other key macrophage responses, such as macrophage polarization. Furthermore, we hypothesized that these MMP28-dependent changes in macrophage polarization would alter fibrotic responses in the lung. We examined the gene expression changes in WT and Mmp28-/- BMDMs, stimulated with LPS or IL-4/IL-13 to promote M1 and M2 cells, respectively. We also collected macrophages from the lungs of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-exposed WT and Mmp28-/- mice to evaluate changes in macrophage polarization. Lastly, we evaluated the macrophage polarization phenotypes during bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in WT and Mmp28-/- mice and assessed mice for differences in weight loss and total collagen levels. We found that MMP28 dampens proinflammatory macrophage function and promots M2 programming. In both in vivo models, we found deficits in M2 polarization in Mmp28-/- mice. In bleomycin-induced lung injury, these changes were associated with reduced fibrosis. MMP28 is an important regulator of macrophage polarization, promoting M2 function. Loss of MMP28 results in reduced M2 polarization and protection from bleomycin-induced fibrosis. These findings highlight a novel role for MMP28 in macrophage biology and pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina A Gharib
- *Center for Lung Biology, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Laura K Johnston
- *Center for Lung Biology, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Isham Huizar
- †Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Timothy P Birkland
- *Center for Lung Biology, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Josiah Hanson
- *Center for Lung Biology, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- *Center for Lung Biology, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - William C Parks
- *Center for Lung Biology, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anne M Manicone
- *Center for Lung Biology, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA,Correspondence: Center for Lung Biology, Div. of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, 850 Republican Ave., Seattle, WA 98109, USA. E-mail:
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30
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Escobedo G, Arjona-Román JL, Meléndez-Pérez R, Suárez-Álvarez K, Guzmán C, Aguirre-García J, Gutiérrez-Reyes G, Vivas O, Varela-Fascinetto G, Rodríguez-Romero A, Robles-Díaz G, Kershenobich D. Liver exhibits thermal variations according to the stage of fibrosis progression: A novel use of modulated-differential scanning calorimetry for research in hepatology. Hepatol Res 2013; 43:785-94. [PMID: 23252661 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Liver fibrosis results in a disproportion of the hepatic composition and architecture, characterized by a progressive accumulation of fibrillar proteins at the liver parenchyma. Modulated-differential scanning calorimetry (mDSC) is an experimental methodology able to determine the specific thermal signature from any biological substance, based on the variation in heat flow and heat capacity. As these physicochemical properties are directly influenced by compositional and structural changes, we decided to study the thermal behavior of the liver during fibrosis using mDSC. METHODS Liver fibrosis was induced in rats by bile duct ligation or carbon tetrachloride administration. Degree of liver fibrosis was determined by histological examination using the Masson-trichrome stain, accompanied by hepatic expression of α-smooth muscle actin. The thermal analysis was performed in a modulated-differential scanning calorimeter using 20 mg of fresh liver mass. RESULTS The liver showed a characteristic thermal signature in control animals, which progressively differed among mild (F1), moderate (F2) and advanced (F3-F4) liver fibrosis. For heat flow, the hepatic thermal signature from F3-F4 rats exhibited significant differences when compared with F1, F2 and controls. In terms of heat capacity, liver specimens provided a specific thermal signature for each stage of disease, characterized by a transition temperature onset at 95°C for controls, whereas in F1, F2 and F3-F4 animals this temperature significantly decreased to 93°C, 84°C and 75°C, respectively. CONCLUSION Because the liver shows a differential thermal signature according to the degree of fibrosis, mDSC could be a novel tool in the study of liver fibrosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galileo Escobedo
- Unit of Experimental Medicine, General Hospital of Mexico, México D.F., México; Laboratory for Liver, Pancreas and Motility, Department of Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, General Hospital of Mexico, México D.F., México
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Wang J, Jiang ZP, Su N, Fan JJ, Ruan YP, Peng WX, Li YF, Yu XQ. The role of peritoneal alternatively activated macrophages in the process of peritoneal fibrosis related to peritoneal dialysis. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:10369-82. [PMID: 23685870 PMCID: PMC3676844 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140510369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been confirmed that alternatively activated macrophages (M2) participate in tissue remodeling and fibrosis occurrence, but the effect of M2 on peritoneal fibrosis related to peritoneal dialysis (PD) hasn’t been elucidated. This study was therefore conducted to assess the association between M2 and peritoneal fibrosis related to PD. In this study, peritoneal fibrosis was induced by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of Lactate-4.25% dialysate (100 mL/kg) to C57BL/6J mice for 28 days, and liposome-encapsulated clodronate (LC, the specific scavenger of macrophages) was used to treat the peritoneal fibrosis mice model by i.p. injection at day 18 and day 21. All animals were sacrificed at day 29. Parietal peritonea were stained with Masson’s trichrome, and the expression of type I collagen (Col-I), fibronectin, mannose receptor (CD206), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7), chitinase 3-like 3 (Ym-1) and arginase-1 (Arg-1) was determined by Western blotting, immunofluorescence and quantitative real-time PCR. Our results revealed that peritoneal thickness, Col-I, fibronectin, CD206, TGF-β, Ym-1 and Arg-1 were upregulated in the peritoneal fibrosis mice model, and all of these indexes were downregulated in those treated with LC. Additionally, there was no difference in the level of CCR7 between the model and treatment group. Our study indicated that peritoneal M2 played an important role in the process of peritoneal fibrosis related to PD and might be a potential target for intervention therapy of peritoneal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Ministry of Health, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (J.W.); (Z.-P.J.); (N.S.); (J.-J.F.); (Y.-P.R.); (W.-X.P.); (Y.-F.L.)
| | - Zong-Pei Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Ministry of Health, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (J.W.); (Z.-P.J.); (N.S.); (J.-J.F.); (Y.-P.R.); (W.-X.P.); (Y.-F.L.)
- Department of Nephrology, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Ning Su
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Ministry of Health, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (J.W.); (Z.-P.J.); (N.S.); (J.-J.F.); (Y.-P.R.); (W.-X.P.); (Y.-F.L.)
| | - Jin-Jin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Ministry of Health, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (J.W.); (Z.-P.J.); (N.S.); (J.-J.F.); (Y.-P.R.); (W.-X.P.); (Y.-F.L.)
| | - Yi-Ping Ruan
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Ministry of Health, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (J.W.); (Z.-P.J.); (N.S.); (J.-J.F.); (Y.-P.R.); (W.-X.P.); (Y.-F.L.)
| | - Wen-Xing Peng
- Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Ministry of Health, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (J.W.); (Z.-P.J.); (N.S.); (J.-J.F.); (Y.-P.R.); (W.-X.P.); (Y.-F.L.)
| | - Ya-Fang Li
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Ministry of Health, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (J.W.); (Z.-P.J.); (N.S.); (J.-J.F.); (Y.-P.R.); (W.-X.P.); (Y.-F.L.)
| | - Xue-Qing Yu
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Ministry of Health, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; E-Mails: (J.W.); (Z.-P.J.); (N.S.); (J.-J.F.); (Y.-P.R.); (W.-X.P.); (Y.-F.L.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +86-20-8776-6335; Fax: +86-20-8776-9673
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Peón AN, Espinoza-Jiménez A, Terrazas LI. Immunoregulation by Taenia crassiceps and its antigens. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:498583. [PMID: 23484125 PMCID: PMC3591211 DOI: 10.1155/2013/498583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Taenia crassiceps is a cestode parasite of rodents (in its larval stage) and canids (in its adult stage) that can also parasitize immunocompromised humans. We have studied the immune response elicited by this helminth and its antigens in mice and human cells, and have discovered that they have a strong capacity to induce chronic Th2-type responses that are primarily characterized by high levels of Th2 cytokines, low proliferative responses in lymphocytes, an immature and LPS-tolerogenic profile in dendritic cells, the recruitment of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and, specially, alternatively activated macrophages. We also have utilized the immunoregulatory capabilities of this helminth to successfully modulate autoimmune responses and the outcome of other infectious diseases. In the present paper, we review the work of others and ourselves with regard to the immune response induced by T. crassiceps and its antigens, and we compare the advances in our understanding of this parasitic infection model with the knowledge that has been obtained from other selected models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto N. Peón
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida De los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, 54090 Tlalnepantla, MEX, Mexico
| | - Arlett Espinoza-Jiménez
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida De los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, 54090 Tlalnepantla, MEX, Mexico
| | - Luis I. Terrazas
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida De los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, 54090 Tlalnepantla, MEX, Mexico
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Hernandez JLR, Leung G, McKay DM. Cestode regulation of inflammation and inflammatory diseases. Int J Parasitol 2012; 43:233-43. [PMID: 23058631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Helminth parasites are masters of immune regulation; a likely prerequisite for long-term survival by circumventing their hosts' attempt to eradicate them. From a translational perspective, knowledge of immune events as a response to infection with a helminth parasite could be used to reduce the intensity of unwanted inflammatory reactions. Substantial data have accumulated showing that inflammatory reactions that promote a variety of auto-inflammatory diseases are dampened as a consequence of infection with helminth parasites, via either the mobilization of an anti-worm spectrum of immune events or by the direct effect of secretory/excretory bioactive immunomodulatory molecules released from the parasite. However, many issues are outstanding in the definition of the mechanism(s) by which infection with helminth parasites can affect the outcome, positively or negatively, of concomitant disease. We focus on a subgroup of this complex group of metazoan parasites, the cestodes, summarizing studies from rodent models that illustrate if, and by what mechanisms, infection with tapeworms ameliorate or exaggerate disease in their host. The ability of infection with cestodes, or other classes of helminth, to worsen a disease course or confer susceptibility to intracellular pathogens should be carefully considered in the context of 'helminth therapy'. In addition, poorly characterised cestode extracts can regulate murine and human immunocyte function, yet the impact of these in the context of autoimmune or allergic diseases is poorly understood. Thus, studies with cestodes, as representative helminths, have helped cement the concept that infection with parasitic helminths can inhibit concomitant disease; however, issues relating to long-term effects, potential side-effects, mixed pathogen infections and purification of immunomodulatory molecules from the parasite remain as challenges that need to be addressed in order to achieve the use of helminths as anti-inflammatory agents for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose-Luis Reyes Hernandez
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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34
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Induction of alternatively activated macrophages enhances pathogenesis during severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. J Virol 2012; 86:13334-49. [PMID: 23015710 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01689-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) causes acute lung injury (ALI) that often leads to severe lung disease. A mouse model of acute SARS-CoV infection has been helpful in understanding the host response to infection; however, there are still unanswered questions concerning SARS-CoV pathogenesis. We have shown that STAT1 plays an important role in the severity of SARS-CoV pathogenesis and that it is independent of the role of STAT1 in interferon signaling. Mice lacking STAT1 have greater weight loss, severe lung pathology with pre-pulmonary-fibrosis-like lesions, and an altered immune response following infection with SARS-CoV. We hypothesized that STAT1 plays a role in the polarization of the immune response, specifically in macrophages, resulting in a worsened outcome. To test this, we created bone marrow chimeras and cell-type-specific knockouts of STAT1 to identify which cell type(s) is critical to protection from severe lung disease after SARS-CoV infection. Bone marrow chimera experiments demonstrated that hematopoietic cells are responsible for the pathogenesis in STAT1(-/-) mice, and because of an induction of alternatively activated (AA) macrophages after infection, we hypothesized that the AA macrophages were critical for disease severity. Mice with STAT1 in either monocytes and macrophages (LysM/STAT1) or ciliated lung epithelial cells (FoxJ1/STAT1) deleted were created. Following infection, LysM/STAT1 mice display severe lung pathology, while FoxJ1/STAT1 mice display normal lung pathology. We hypothesized that AA macrophages were responsible for this STAT1-dependent pathology and therefore created STAT1/STAT6(-/-) double-knockout mice. STAT6 is essential for the development of AA macrophages. Infection of the double-knockout mice displayed a lack of lung disease and prefibrotic lesions, suggesting that AA macrophage production may be the cause of STAT1-dependent lung disease. We propose that the control of AA macrophages by STAT1 is critical to regulating immune pathologies and for protection from long-term progression to fibrotic lung disease in a mouse model of SARS-CoV infection.
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Malaviya R, Venosa A, Hall L, Gow AJ, Sinko PJ, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Attenuation of acute nitrogen mustard-induced lung injury, inflammation and fibrogenesis by a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 265:279-91. [PMID: 22981630 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen mustard (NM) is a toxic vesicant known to cause damage to the respiratory tract. Injury is associated with increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). In these studies we analyzed the effects of transient inhibition of iNOS using aminoguanidine (AG) on NM-induced pulmonary toxicity. Rats were treated intratracheally with 0.125 mg/kg NM or control. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) and lung tissue were collected 1 d-28 d later and lung injury, oxidative stress and fibrosis assessed. NM exposure resulted in progressive histopathological changes in the lung including multifocal lesions, perivascular and peribronchial edema, inflammatory cell accumulation, alveolar fibrin deposition, bronchiolization of alveolar septal walls, and fibrosis. This was correlated with trichrome staining and expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Expression of heme oxygenase (HO)-1 and manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) was also increased in the lung following NM exposure, along with levels of protein and inflammatory cells in BAL, consistent with oxidative stress and alveolar-epithelial injury. Both classically activated proinflammatory (iNOS⁺ and cyclooxygenase-2⁺) and alternatively activated profibrotic (YM-1⁺ and galectin-3⁺) macrophages appeared in the lung following NM administration; this was evident within 1d, and persisted for 28 d. AG administration (50 mg/kg, 2×/day, 1d-3 d) abrogated NM-induced injury, oxidative stress and inflammation at 1d and 3d post exposure, with no effects at 7 d or 28 d. These findings indicate that nitric oxide generated via iNOS contributes to acute NM-induced lung toxicity, however, transient inhibition of iNOS is not sufficient to protect against pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Malaviya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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