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Chao TH, Lin TH, Cheng CI, Wu YW, Ueng KC, Wu YJ, Lin WW, Leu HB, Cheng HM, Huang CC, Wu CC, Lin CF, Chang WT, Pan WH, Chen PR, Ting KH, Su CH, Chu CS, Chien KL, Yen HW, Wang YC, Su TC, Liu PY, Chang HY, Chen PW, Juang JMJ, Lu YW, Lin PL, Wang CP, Ko YS, Chiang CE, Hou CJY, Wang TD, Lin YH, Huang PH, Chen WJ. 2024 Guidelines of the Taiwan Society of Cardiology on the Primary Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease --- Part I. ACTA CARDIOLOGICA SINICA 2024; 40:479-543. [PMID: 39308649 PMCID: PMC11413940 DOI: 10.6515/acs.202409_40(5).20240724a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and in Taiwan. It is highly prevalent and has a tremendous impact on global health. Therefore, the Taiwan Society of Cardiology developed these best-evidence preventive guidelines for decision-making in clinical practice involving aspects of primordial prevention including national policies, promotion of health education, primary prevention of clinical risk factors, and management and control of clinical risk factors. These guidelines cover the full spectrum of ASCVD, including chronic coronary syndrome, acute coronary syndrome, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral artery disease, and aortic aneurysm. In order to enhance medical education and health promotion not only for physicians but also for the general public, we propose a slogan (2H2L) for the primary prevention of ASCVD on the basis of the essential role of healthy dietary pattern and lifestyles: "Healthy Diet and Healthy Lifestyles to Help Your Life and Save Your Lives". We also propose an acronym of the modifiable risk factors/enhancers and relevant strategies to facilitate memory: " ABC2D2EFG-I'M2 ACE": Adiposity, Blood pressure, Cholesterol and Cigarette smoking, Diabetes mellitus and Dietary pattern, Exercise, Frailty, Gout/hyperuricemia, Inflammation/infection, Metabolic syndrome and Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease, Atmosphere (environment), Chronic kidney disease, and Easy life (sleep well and no stress). Some imaging studies can be risk enhancers. Some risk factors/clinical conditions are deemed to be preventable, and healthy dietary pattern, physical activity, and body weight control remain the cornerstone of the preventive strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Hsing Chao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University Hospital; School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung
| | - Tsung-Hsien Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital
- Faculty of Medicine and Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University
| | - Cheng-I Cheng
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan
| | - Yen-Wen Wu
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Medical Center, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan
| | - Kwo-Chang Ueng
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University Hospital; School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung
| | - Yih-Jer Wu
- Department of Medicine and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei
| | - Wei-Wen Lin
- Cardiovascular Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung
| | - Hsing-Ban Leu
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei
- Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University
- Healthcare and Management Center
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital
| | - Hao-Min Cheng
- Ph.D. Program of Interdisciplinary Medicine (PIM), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University College of Medicine; Division of Faculty Development; Center for Evidence-based Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Institute of Public Health; Institute of Health and Welfare Policy, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University College of Medicine
| | - Chin-Chou Huang
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei
| | - Chih-Cheng Wu
- Center of Quality Management, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu; College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu; Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan
| | - Chao-Feng Lin
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City; Department of Cardiology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei
| | - Wei-Ting Chang
- School of Medicine and Doctoral Program of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medicine and Center of Excellence for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan
| | - Wen-Han Pan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei; Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli; and Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, National Taiwan University
| | - Pey-Rong Chen
- Department of Dietetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei
| | - Ke-Hsin Ting
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yunlin Christian Hospital, Yunlin
| | - Chun-Hung Su
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University Hospital; School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung
| | - Chih-Sheng Chu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung
| | - Kuo-Liong Chien
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine; Population Health Research Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei
| | - Hsueh-Wei Yen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital
| | - Yu-Chen Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Asia University Hospital; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University; Division of Cardiology, China Medical University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taichung
| | - Ta-Chen Su
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine
| | - Pang-Yen Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center
| | - Hsien-Yuan Chang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan
| | - Po-Wei Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan
| | - Jyh-Ming Jimmy Juang
- Heart Failure Center and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, and National Taiwan University Hospital
| | - Ya-Wen Lu
- Cardiovascular Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung
- Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei
| | - Po-Lin Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu
| | - Chao-Ping Wang
- Division of Cardiology, E-Da Hospital; School of Medicine for International Students, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung
| | - Yu-Shien Ko
- Cardiovascular Division, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan
| | - Chern-En Chiang
- General Clinical Research Center and Division of Cardiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University
| | - Charles Jia-Yin Hou
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei
| | - Tzung-Dau Wang
- Cardiovascular Center and Divisions of Hospital Medicine and Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine
| | - Yen-Hung Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei
| | - Po-Hsun Huang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital
| | - Wen-Jone Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Min-Sheng General Hospital, Taoyuan; Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Prevalence and risk factors for vascular calcification based on the ankle-brachial index in the general population: a cross-sectional study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2022; 22:227. [PMID: 35585487 PMCID: PMC9118712 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-022-02668-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate the prevalence of vascular calcification based on the ankle‐brachial index (ABI) value and analyse the risk factors for vascular calcification in the general population. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted to collect clinical, laboratory, and lifestyle data in individuals aged 30–70 recruited from the physical examination centre. The automatic arteriosclerosis detector was used to measure the ABI. Difference tests, correlation analyses, and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors for vascular calcification. Results The overall prevalence of vascular calcification was 24.39% in 1033 subjects. The prevalence of vascular calcification in males was much higher than that in females (27.80% vs. 17.49%, P < 0.001). The differences in age, body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), hypertension, and fatty liver disease were statistically significant in males (P < 0.05). The differences between serum uric acid (UA), total cholesterol (TC), TG, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), alcohol consumption, exercise, and postmenopausal status were statistically significant in females (P < 0.05). Increased age (odds ratio (OR) = 1.028, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.008–1.049, P = 0.007), increased BMI (OR = 1.238, 95% CI 1.147–1.337, P < 0.001) and elevated DBP (OR = 2.563, 95% CI 1.262–5.205, P = 0.009) were independent risk factors for vascular calcification in males after adjusting for confounding factors. Increased BMI (OR = 1.159, 95% CI 1.029–1.304, P = 0.015), elevated UA (OR = 1.545, 95% CI 1.077–2.216, P = 0.018), elevated LDL-C (OR = 1.044, 95% CI 1.060–1.027, P < 0.001), and a lack of exercise (OR = 2.402, 95% CI 1.073–5.373, P = 0.033) were independent risk factors for vascular calcification in females. Conclusions The prevalence of vascular calcification based on the ABI value is also high in the general population of our centre. Increased age, BMI, and elevated DBP are independent risk factors for vascular calcification in males. Increased BMI, UA, LDL-C, and a lack of exercise are independent risk factors for vascular calcification in females. Attention should be given to strengthening the prevention and control of vascular calcification in the general population.
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