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Bril F, Pearce RW, Collier TS, McPhaul MJ. Differences in HDL-Bound Apolipoproteins in Patients With Advanced Liver Fibrosis Due to Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 108:42-51. [PMID: 36173828 PMCID: PMC9759171 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The mechanisms leading to increased cardiovascular disease in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and advanced liver fibrosis remain incompletely understood. OBJECTIVE This study assessed HDL-bound proteins in patients with NAFLD with or without advanced fibrosis. METHODS This cross-sectional study at a university hospital included 185 patients with or without type 2 diabetes (T2D). Patients underwent liver proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure intrahepatic triglyceride accumulation and those with NAFLD underwent a percutaneous liver biopsy. Advanced lipid testing with lipoprotein subfraction measurements and targeted proteomics of HDL-bound proteins was performed. RESULTS Patients with and without advanced fibrosis had similar clinical characteristics, except for lower HDL-C (34 ± 8 vs 38 ± 9 mg/dL, P = 0.024) and higher prevalence of T2D in advanced fibrosis. Patients with advanced fibrosis had lower HDL particle number. A panel of 28 HDL-bound proteins were targeted and quantified by multiple reaction monitoring liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Five proteins were found to be decreased in patients with advanced fibrosis (ApoC-I [P < 0.001], ApoC-IV [P = 0.012], ApoM [P = 0.008], LCAT [P = 0.014], and SAA4 [P = 0.016]). No differences were observed in these proteins in patients with vs without NAFLD or steatohepatitis. The pCAD index, associated with coronary artery disease and cardiovascular mortality, was significantly higher in patients with advanced fibrosis (97 ± 5 vs 86 ± 25, P = 0.04). CONCLUSION Patients with NAFLD with advanced fibrosis showed significant differences in HDL-bound protein levels; this translated into increased cardiovascular risk based on pCAD index. Different lipoprotein composition and function may explain the link between liver disease and increased cardiovascular mortality in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Bril
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Ryan W Pearce
- Quest Diagnostics Cardiometabolic Center of Excellence, Cleveland HeartLab, Cleveland, OH 44103, USA
| | - Timothy S Collier
- Quest Diagnostics Cardiometabolic Center of Excellence, Cleveland HeartLab, Cleveland, OH 44103, USA
| | - Michael J McPhaul
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA 92675, USA
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2
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Cheng G, Zheng L. Regulation of the apolipoprotein M signaling pathway: a review. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2021; 42:285-292. [PMID: 34006168 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2021.1924203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein M (apoM), an apolipoprotein predominantly associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL), is considered a mediator of the numerous roles of HDL, including reverse cholesterol transport, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant, and mediates pre-β-HDL formation. ApoM expression is known to be regulated by a variety of in vivo and in vitro factors. The transcription factors farnesoid X receptor, small heterodimer partner, liver receptor homolog-1, and liver X receptor comprise the signaling cascade network that regulates the expression and secretion of apoM. Moreover, hepatocyte nuclear factor-1α and c-Jun/JunB have been demonstrated to exert opposing regulatory effects on apoM through competitive binding to the same sites in the proximal region of the apoM gene. Furthermore, as a carrier and modulator of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), apoM binds to S1P within its hydrophobic-binding pocket. The apoM/S1P axis has been discovered to play a crucial role in the apoM signaling pathway through its ability to regulate glucose and lipid metabolism, vascular barrier homeostasis, inflammatory response and other pathological and physiological processes. Using the findings of previous studies, the present review aimed to summarize the regulation of apoM expression by various factors and its role in different physiological and pathological conditions, and provide a new perspective for the further treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangli Cheng
- Clinical Medical Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Lu Zheng
- Clinical Medical Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
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3
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Hua F. New insights into diabetes mellitus and its complications: a narrative review. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:1689. [PMID: 33490201 PMCID: PMC7812242 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-7243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder accompanied by complications of multiple organs and systems. Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most prevalent lethal complications of diabetes. Although numerous biomarkers have be clarified for early diagnosis of DN, renal biopsy is still the gold standard. As a noninvasive imaging diagnostic method, blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) MRI can help understand the kidney oxygenation status and fibrosis process and monitor the efficacy of new drugs for DN via monitoring renal blood oxygen levels. Recent studies have shown that noncoding RNAs including microRNAs (miRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) were all involved in the development of DN, which could be exploited as therapeutic strategy to control DN. Dyslipidemia is also a common complication of diabetes. Apolipoprotein M (apoM), as a novel apolipoprotein, may be related to the development and progression of diabetes, which need to further investigation. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is another common complication of diabetes and is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). At present, there is no simple, effective and rapid diagnostic method to early identification of OSA in patients with diabetes. A nomogram consisted of waist-to-hip ratio, smoking status, body mass index, serum uric acid, HOMA-IR and history of fatty liver might be an alternative method to early assess the risk of OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Hua
- Department of Endocrinology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
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4
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Chen Z, Hu M. The apoM-S1P axis in hepatic diseases. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 511:235-242. [PMID: 33096030 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver dysfunction is always accompanied by lipid metabolism dysfunction. Apolipoprotein M (apoM), a member of the apolipoprotein family, is primarily expressed and secreted from the liver. apoM is the main chaperone of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a small signalling molecule associated with numerous physiologic and pathophysiologic processes. In addition to transport, apoM also influences the biologic effects of S1P. Most recently, numerous studies have investigated the potential role of the apoM-S1P axis in a variety of hepatic diseases. These include liver fibrosis, viral hepatitis B and C infection, hepatobiliary disease, non-alcoholic and alcoholic steatohepatitis, acute liver injury and hepatocellular carcinoma. In this review, the roles of apoM and S1P in the development of hepatic diseases are summarized, and novel insights into the diagnosis and treatment of hepatic diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyang Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, PR China.
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5
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Li Y, Zhou J, Qiu J, Huang Z, Wang W, Wu P, Feng A. Berberine reduces gut-vascular barrier permeability via modulation of ApoM/S1P pathway in a model of polymicrobial sepsis. Life Sci 2020; 261:118460. [PMID: 32961234 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The hyperpermeability of gut-vascular barrier (GVB) plays a role in gut-derived sepsis. The goal of this study was to evaluate if berberine might improve hepatic apolipoprotein M (ApoM) generation and raise plasma ApoM level to protect the compromised GVB. MATERIALS AND METHODS The compromised GVB was induced by sepsis. Hepatic ApoM mRNA and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) mRNA and plasma ApoM level were assayed by qRT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. The permeability of intestinal capillary in vivo and of rat intestinal microvascular endothelial cells (RIMECs) in vitro was assayed by FITC-dextran. The blood glucose was detected by a glucometer. Plasma insulin, TNF-α and IL-1β were assayed by ELISA. The plasmalemma vesicle-associated protein-1 (PV1), β-catenin and occludin in RIMECs were assayed by Western blot. KEY FINDINGS Sepsis decreased hepatic ApoM mRNA and plasma ApoM level, but raised hepatic PEPCK mRNA and plasma glucose, insulin, TNF-α, and IL-1β levels. The increased vascular endothelial permeability was abrogated by recombinant rat ApoM in vivo or ApoM-bound S1P in vitro. ApoM-bound S1P decreased PV1 but increased occludin and β-catenin expression in LPS-treated RIMECs. Berberine in a dose-dependent manner raised hepatic ApoM mRNA and plasma ApoM level, but decreased septic hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and plasma TNF-α and IL-1β levels. Berberine reduced sepsis-induced PEPCK and TLR4 mRNA overexpression in the liver. SIGNIFICANCE This study demonstrated berberine inhibited TLR4-mediated hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and proinflammatory molecule production, thereby increasing ApoM gene expression and plasma ApoM. Berberine protected the damaged GVB via modulation of ApoM/S1P pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanning Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming Clinical Medical College, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming Clinical Medical College, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiasheng Qiu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming Clinical Medical College, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zudong Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming Clinical Medical College, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming Clinical Medical College, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming Clinical Medical School, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Aiwen Feng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming Clinical Medical College, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong Province, China.
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Yu Y, Zhang J, Yao S, Pan L, Luo G, Xu N. Apolipoprotein M overexpression through adeno-associated virus gene transfer improves insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in Goto-Kakizaki rats. J Diabetes Investig 2020; 11:1150-1158. [PMID: 32243104 PMCID: PMC7477524 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/OBJECTIVE The development of type 2 diabetes is a result of insulin resistance in various tissues, including skeletal muscle and liver. Apolipoprotein M (ApoM) plays an important role in the function of high-density lipoprotein, and also affects hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether ApoM overexpression modulates glucose metabolism and improves insulin sensitivity. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats were transfected with adeno-associated virus (AAV) encoding rat ApoM gene or control blank. The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (HEC) experiment were used to assess the insulin sensitivity of GK rats. RESULTS The results show that ApoM messenger ribonucleic acid and protein were significantly overexpressed in the pancreatic tissues. Overexpression of ApoM decreased fasting blood glucose and random blood glucose, improved glucose tolerance, and increased bodyweight and insulin levels in GK rats. The glucose infusion rate of rats in the AAV encoding rat ApoM gene group during HEC test was 1.04-, 1.23- and 1.95-fold higher than that in the AAV control blank group at 1-3 weeks after injection of AAV, respectively. A Wes-ProteinSimple assay and quantification was carried out to assess phosphorylated protein kinase B/protein kinase B protein levels in the muscle tissues of ApoM-overexpressing GK rats, and they were found to be higher than those of the control group at the seventh week after AAV injection. CONCLUSIONS ApoM overexpression through adeno-associated virus gene transfer might improve insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in GK rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Comprehensive Laboratorythe Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversityChangzhouChina
| | - Jun Zhang
- Comprehensive Laboratorythe Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversityChangzhouChina
| | - Shuang Yao
- Comprehensive Laboratorythe Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversityChangzhouChina
| | - Lili Pan
- Comprehensive Laboratorythe Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversityChangzhouChina
| | - Guanghua Luo
- Comprehensive Laboratorythe Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversityChangzhouChina
| | - Ning Xu
- Section of Clinical Chemistry and PharmacologyInstitute of Laboratory MedicineLunds UniversityLundSweden
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Yang L, Li T. LncRNA TUG1 regulates ApoM to promote atherosclerosis progression through miR-92a/FXR1 axis. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:8836-8848. [PMID: 32597038 PMCID: PMC7412710 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to explore the possible mechanism of TUG1 regulating ApoM in AS. To this end, expression levels of TUG1 and ApoM were measured in high fat dieted C57BL/6J mice, normal dieted C57BL/6J mice, ob/ob mice and db/db mice. LV‐TUG1 or sh‐TUG1 was injected into C57BL/6J mice before isolating peritoneal macrophages to measure cholesterol efflux (CE) and expression levels of ABCA1, ABCG1 and SR‐BI. Meanwhile, CE in RAW264.7 cells was also measured after cell transfection. Dual luciferase reporter assay and anti‐AGO2 RIP were applied to verify the relationship among TUG1, FXR1 and miR‐92a. Total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterin (LDL‐C), high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) as well as expressions of inflammatory cytokines (TNF‐α, IL‐1β and IL‐6) in plasma were measured. Knock‐down or expressed TUG1, FXR1 or miR‐92a in NCTC 1469 cells or in ApoE−/− AS mice to determine the alteration on ApoM and plaque size. TUG1 was highly expressed while ApoM was down‐regulated in high fat dieted C57BL/6J mice, b/ob and db/db mice. Overexpression of TUG1 could reduce the expression of ApoM, ABCA1 and ABCG1 in addition to slowing down CE rate. Reversed expression pattern was found in cells with knock‐down of TUG1. TUG1 can compete with FXR1 to bind miR‐92a. FXR1 negatively target ApoM. Overexpression of TUG1 in ApoE−/− mice can increase plaque size and enhance macrophage contents accordingly. TUG1 can inhibit ApoM in both liver tissues and plasma to inhibit CE through regulating miR‐92a/ FXR1 axis. TUG1 is a promising target for AS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- International Medical Center, Geriatric Department, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tie Li
- Department of Cardiology, Changsha Central Hospital, Changsha, China
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8
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Yao S, Zhang J, Zhan Y, Shi Y, Yu Y, Zheng L, Xu N, Luo G. Insulin Resistance in Apolipoprotein M Knockout Mice is Mediated by the Protein Kinase Akt Signaling Pathway. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 20:771-780. [PMID: 31702495 PMCID: PMC7360917 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666191023125820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous clinical studies have suggested that apolipoprotein M (apoM) is involved in glucose metabolism and plays a causative role in insulin sensitivity. OBJECTIVE The potential mechanism of apoM on modulating glucose homeostasis is explored and differentially expressed genes are analyzed by employing ApoM deficient (ApoM-/- ) and wild type (WT) mice. METHODS The metabolism of glucose in the hepatic tissues of high-fat diet ApoM-/- and WT mice was measured by a glycomics approach. Bioinformatic analysis was applied for analyzing the levels of differentially expressed mRNAs in the liver tissues of these mice. The insulin sensitivity of ApoM-/- and WT mice was compared using the insulin tolerance test and the phosphorylation levels of protein kinase Akt (AKT) and insulin stimulation in different tissues were examined by Western blot. RESULTS The majority of the hepatic glucose metabolites exhibited lower concentration levels in the ApoM-/- mice compared with those of the WT mice. Gene Ontology (GO) classification and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis indicated that ApoM deficiency affected the genes associated with the metabolism of glucose. The insulin tolerance test suggested that insulin sensitivity was impaired in ApoM-/- mice. The phosphorylation levels of AKT in muscle and adipose tissues of ApoM-/- mice were significantly diminished in response to insulin stimulation compared with those noted in WT mice. CONCLUSION ApoM deficiency led to the disorders of glucose metabolism and altered genes related to glucose metabolism in mice liver. In vivo data indicated that apoM might augment insulin sensitivity by AKT-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ning Xu
- Address correspondence to these two authors at the Comprehensive Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 213003, Changzhou, China; Tel: +86-0519-68870619; E-mail: , and the Section of Clinical Chemistry & Pharmacology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lunds University, S-22185 Lund, Sweden; E-mail:
| | - Guanghua Luo
- Address correspondence to these two authors at the Comprehensive Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 213003, Changzhou, China; Tel: +86-0519-68870619; E-mail: , and the Section of Clinical Chemistry & Pharmacology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lunds University, S-22185 Lund, Sweden; E-mail:
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Diarte-Añazco EMG, Méndez-Lara KA, Pérez A, Alonso N, Blanco-Vaca F, Julve J. Novel Insights into the Role of HDL-Associated Sphingosine-1-Phosphate in Cardiometabolic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246273. [PMID: 31842389 PMCID: PMC6940915 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are key signaling molecules involved in the regulation of cell physiology. These species are found in tissues and in circulation. Although they only constitute a small fraction in lipid composition of circulating lipoproteins, their concentration in plasma and distribution among plasma lipoproteins appears distorted under adverse cardiometabolic conditions such as diabetes mellitus. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), one of their main representatives, is involved in regulating cardiomyocyte homeostasis in different models of experimental cardiomyopathy. Cardiomyopathy is a common complication of diabetes mellitus and represents a main risk factor for heart failure. Notably, plasma concentration of S1P, particularly high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-bound S1P, may be decreased in patients with diabetes mellitus, and hence, inversely related to cardiac alterations. Despite this, little attention has been given to the circulating levels of either total S1P or HDL-bound S1P as potential biomarkers of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Thus, this review will focus on the potential role of HDL-bound S1P as a circulating biomarker in the diagnosis of main cardiometabolic complications frequently associated with systemic metabolic syndromes with impaired insulin signaling. Given the bioactive nature of these molecules, we also evaluated its potential of HDL-bound S1P-raising strategies for the treatment of cardiometabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena M. G. Diarte-Añazco
- Institut de Recerca de l’Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, and Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain;
| | - Karen Alejandra Méndez-Lara
- Institut de Recerca de l’Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, and Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain;
- Correspondence: (K.A.M.-L.); (F.B.-V.); (J.J.)
| | - Antonio Pérez
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Servei d’Endocrinologia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Alonso
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Servei d’Endocrinologia, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Blanco-Vaca
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Servei de Bioquímica, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (K.A.M.-L.); (F.B.-V.); (J.J.)
| | - Josep Julve
- Institut de Recerca de l’Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, and Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: (K.A.M.-L.); (F.B.-V.); (J.J.)
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10
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Regulation of the metabolism of apolipoprotein M and sphingosine 1-phosphate by hepatic PPARγ activity. Biochem J 2018; 475:2009-2024. [PMID: 29712716 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein M (apoM) is a carrier and a modulator of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), an important multifunctional bioactive lipid. Since peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is reportedly associated with the function and metabolism of S1P, we investigated the modulation of apoM/S1P homeostasis by PPARγ. First, we investigated the modulation of apoM and S1P homeostasis by the overexpression or knockdown of PPARγ in HepG2 cells and found that both the overexpression and the knockdown of PPARγ decreased apoM expression and S1P synthesis. When we activated or suppressed the PPARγ more mildly with pioglitazone or GW9662, we found that pioglitazone suppressed apoM expression and S1P synthesis, while GW9662 increased them. Next, we overexpressed PPARγ in mouse liver through adenoviral gene transfer and observed that both the plasma and hepatic apoM levels and the plasma S1P levels decreased, while the hepatic S1P levels increased, in the presence of enhanced sphingosine kinase activity. Treatment with pioglitazone decreased both the plasma and hepatic apoM and S1P levels only in diet-induced obese mice. Moreover, the overexpression of apoM increased, while the knockdown of apoM suppressed PPARγ activities in HepG2 cells. These results suggested that PPARγ regulates the S1P levels by modulating apoM in a bell-shaped manner, with the greatest levels of apoM/S1P observed when PPARγ was mildly expressed and that hepatic apoM/PPARγ axis might maintain the homeostasis of S1P metabolism.
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Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a potent lipid mediator that works on five kinds of S1P receptors located on the cell membrane. In the circulation, S1P is distributed to HDL, followed by albumin. Since S1P and HDL share several bioactivities, S1P is believed to be responsible for the pleiotropic effects of HDL. Plasma S1P levels are reportedly lower in subjects with coronary artery disease, suggesting that S1P might be deeply involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In basic experiments, however, S1P appears to possess both pro-atherosclerotic and anti-atherosclerotic properties; for example, S1P possesses anti-apoptosis, anti-inflammation, and vaso-relaxation properties and maintains the barrier function of endothelial cells, while S1P also promotes the egress and activation of lymphocytes and exhibits pro-thrombotic properties. Recently, the mechanism for the biased distribution of S1P on HDL has been elucidated; apolipoprotein M (apoM) carries S1P on HDL. ApoM is also a modulator of S1P, and the metabolism of apoM-containing lipoproteins largely affects the plasma S1P level. Moreover, apoM modulates the biological properties of S1P. S1P bound to albumin exerts both beneficial and harmful effects in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, while S1P bound to apoM strengthens anti-atherosclerotic properties and might weaken the pro-atherosclerotic properties of S1P. Although the detailed mechanisms remain to be elucidated, apoM and S1P might be novel targets for the alleviation of atherosclerotic diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kurano
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - Yutaka Yatomi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
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12
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Zhang PH, Gao JL, Pu C, Feng G, Wang LZ, Huang LZ, Zhang Y. A single-nucleotide polymorphism C-724 /del in the proter region of the apolipoprotein M gene is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:142. [PMID: 27576735 PMCID: PMC5006532 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0307-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein M (apoM) was the carrier of the biologically active lipid mediator sphingosine-1-phospate in high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and played a critical role in formation and maturation of prebeta-HDL-C particles. The plasma apoM levels were decreased obviously in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A new single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) C-724del in apoM promoter was associated with a higher risk for coronary artery diseases (CAD) and myocardial infarction, could reduce promoter activities and apoM expression in vitro. The primary aim of the present case-controls study was to investigate the effect of apoM SNP C-724del on apoM expression in vivo and its association with T2DM susceptibility in an eastern Han Chinese cohort. METHODS Two hundred and fifty-nine T2DM patients and seventy-six healthy controls were included in this study. Amplifying DNA of apoM proximal promoter region including SNP C-724del by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and amplicons sequencing. The plasma apoM concentrations were assayed by enzyme linked immunosorbentassay (ELISA). RESULTS Four polymorphic sites, rs805297 (C-1065A), rs9404941 (T-855C), rs805296 (T-778C), C-724del were confirmed. rs805297 (C-1065A) and rs9404941 (T-855C) showed no statistical difference in allele frequencies and genotype distributions between T2DM patients and healthy controls just as previous studies. It's worth noting that the difference of rs805296 (T-778C) between these two groups was not found in this study. In SNP C-724del, the frequency of del allele and mutant genotypes (del/del, C/del) were higher in T2DM patients compared with healthy controls (p = 0.035; P = 0.040, respectively), while the plasma apoM levels of C-724del mutant allele carriers compared with the wide-type homozygotes carriers were not statistically different in T2DM patients (18.20 ± 8.53 ng/uL vs 20.44 ± 10.21 ng/uL, P = 0.245). CONCLUSION The polymorphism C-724del in the promoter region of the apoM gene could confer the risk of T2DM among eastern Han Chinese. Unfortunately, the lowing of plasma apoM levels of C-724del mutant allele carriers compared with the wide-type homozygotes carriers in T2DM patients was not statistically different in present study, so further researchs were needed by enlarging the sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu-Hong Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biological Macro-molecules Research, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Lin Gao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biological Macro-molecules Research, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Pu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Feng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Zhuo Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wannan Medical College, 22 West Wenchang Road, Wuhu, 241002, People's Republic of China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biological Macro-molecules Research, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Zhu Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wannan Medical College, 22 West Wenchang Road, Wuhu, 241002, People's Republic of China. .,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biological Macro-molecules Research, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Jiang B, Zhang X, Di D, Luo G, Shi Y, Zhang J, Berggren-Söderlund M, Nilsson-Ehle P, Xu N. Hyperglycemia-induced downregulation of apolipoprotein M expression is not via the hexosamine pathway. Lipids Health Dis 2015; 14:110. [PMID: 26377577 PMCID: PMC4574082 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-015-0103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We previously demonstrated that hyperglycemia could suppress apolipoprotein M (apoM) synthesis both in vivo and in vitro; however, the mechanism of hyperglycemia-induced downregulation of apoM expression is unknown yet. Methods In the present study we further examined if hexosamine pathway, one of the most important pathways of glucose turnover, being involved in modulating apoM expression in the hyperglycemia condition. We examined the effect of glucosamine, a prominent component of hexosamine pathway and intracellular mediator of insulin resistance, on apoM expression in HepG2 cells and in rat’s models. In the present study we also determined apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1) as a control gene. Results Our results demonstrated that glucosamine could even up-regulate both apoM and apoA1 expressions in HepG2 cell cultures. The glucosamine induced upregulation of apoM expression could be blocked by addition of azaserine, an inhibitor of hexosamine pathway. Moreover, intravenous infusion of glucosamine could enhance hepatic apoM expression in rats, although serum apoM levels were not significantly influences. Conclusions It is concluded that both exogenous and endogenous glucosamine were essential for the over-expression of apoM, which may suggest that the increased intracellular content of glucosamine does not be responsible for the depressed apoM expression at hyperglycemia condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jiang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery in the Third Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery in the Third Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China.
| | - Dongmei Di
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery in the Third Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Guanghua Luo
- Comprehensive Laboratory, Third Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Yuanping Shi
- Comprehensive Laboratory, Third Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Comprehensive Laboratory, Third Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Maria Berggren-Söderlund
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, S-221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter Nilsson-Ehle
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, S-221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ning Xu
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, S-221 85, Lund, Sweden.
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14
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Gao JJ, Hu YW, Wang YC, Sha YH, Ma X, Li SF, Zhao JY, Lu JB, Huang C, Zhao JJ, Zheng L, Wang Q. ApoM Suppresses TNF-α-Induced Expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 Through Inhibiting the Activity of NF-κB. DNA Cell Biol 2015; 34:550-6. [PMID: 26057873 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2015.2892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the anti-inflammatory effect of apolipoprotein M (apoM) on regulation of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and further investigate the molecular mechanism of apoM in this process. We found that TNF-α could decrease expression of apoM and inhibitor of NF-κB-α (IκBα) in HepG2 cells. Overexpression of apoM caused a significant decrease of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression, while it caused a significant increase of IκBα expression in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, the treatment with TNF-α could increase ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression, decrease IκBα protein expression, and increase nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity, and these effects were markedly enhanced by small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated silencing of apoM in HepG2 cells. Our findings demonstrated that apoM suppressed TNF-α-induced expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 through inhibiting the activity of NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Juan Gao
- 1 Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Wei Hu
- 1 Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Chao Wang
- 1 Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Hua Sha
- 1 Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Ma
- 2 Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Fen Li
- 1 Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Yi Zhao
- 1 Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Bo Lu
- 3 Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuan Huang
- 1 Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhao
- 1 Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- 1 Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Wang
- 1 Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
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15
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Ren K, Tang ZL, Jiang Y, Tan YM, Yi GH. Apolipoprotein M. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 446:21-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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